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Markejevaitė, Lada. "TRAINING OF TECTONIC SKILLS IN ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES/TEKTONIZAVIMO ĮGŪDŽIŲ UGDYMAS ARCHITEKTŪROS STUDIJOSE." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 32, no. 1 (2008): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2008.32.34-40.
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Tectonic expression of forms maintains the importance developed in architecture for a long time, but changing conditions force it to become more complex and integrate more factors. Tectonics creates preconditions for architecture as a sincretic art. So the tectonic nature of architecture becomes of great interest for the creative process. It becomes meaningful to introduce multiple and diverse problems of tectonics into architectural education. The creative work of a contemporary architect is stimulated by generation of distinctive architectural forms which are based on the nature of materials, logical adoption of structures and development of artistic appearance. Skills in modelling a tectonic form play an important role in the process of creation a sound architectural form. Therefore, it is worth to improve the methods of teaching and develop tectonic skills in a more effective way. In the process of education understanding of the interrelation of the main tectonic elements – material, structure and form (artistic appearance) – is developed. It is important to develop tectonic skills during the entire educational process. At separate educational stages different problems of architectural tectonics should be analysed, while interrelation of the main tectonic elements is to be disclosed constantly. Tectonic skills are to be developed simultaneously integrating all the relating disciplines. The educational programs of some schools feel lack of complexity in developing tectonic skills and demonstrate insufficient interdisciplinary connection and the continuity of knowledge. The necessity of a new model of complex studies is evident. To secure a gradual process of tectonic studies, a complex three-levelled model of acquiring tectonic skills is presented. Each level of the model is characterized by progressive acquaintance with the tectonic form. The first level examines tectonic characteristics in non-architectural objects and is an experimental stage; the second level is cognition of architectural tectonic systems and tectonic features of an architectural context; the third level is interpretation based on the tectonic theme: with the help of artistic appearance, an architectural object is tectonically embodied and made meaningful. The stage of interpretation of a tectonic system is the highest level of training compositional skills which integrates the main study disciplines and intensifies students’ artistic intuition. At each level of the model one of the three main elements of tectonics is emphasized: at the first level – material, at the second level – structure and at the third level – form. Santrauka Per ilgą laiką susiformavusi tektoninė formų raiška išlieka svarbi architektūroje ir šiais laikais, tačiau kintant gyvenimo sąlygoms tampa kompleksiškesnė ir integruojanti daugiau raiškos aspektų. Tektonika sukuria prielaidas architektūrai reikštis kaip sinkretiniam menui – taigi tektoninio formos pavidalo paieška atsiduria kūrybinio proceso dėmesio centre. Atsirado poreikis daugialypę, įvairiapusę tektonikos problematiką įtraukti į architektūros studijas – tektonizavimo įgūdžių ugdymo procesą. Kūrybinis šiuolaikino architekto darbas yra įkvėptas išskirtinių architektūrinių formų, kurios yra pagrįstos medžiagų prigimtimi, logišku konstrukcijos panaudojimu ir meninės raiškos sukūrimu. Formos tektoninio modeliavimo įgūdžiai yra svarbūs kuriant visapusiškai užbaigtą architektūrinę formą. Todėl svarbu patobulinti mokymo metodus ir ugdyti tektoninius įgūdžius efektyvesniu būdu. Mokymo procese formuojamas trijų tektonikos elementų tarpusavio ryšio supratimas – medžiagos, konstrukcijos ir formos (meninės raiškos). Svarbu ugdyti tektonizavimo įgūdžius viso mokymo proceso metu. Skirtingose pakopose turi būti analizuojamos vis kitokios architektūrinės tektonikos temos ir nuosekliai atskleidžiamas tektonikos elementų tarpusavio ryšys. Tektonizavimo gebėjimai turi būti ugdomi vienu metu integruojant visas su juo susijusias disciplinas. Kai kurių aukštųjų mokyklų mokymo programoms trūksta kompleksiškumo, nepakanka tarpdisciplininio ryšio ir žinių perimamumo, todėl naujo mokymo modelio poreikis yra akivaizdus. Siekiant užtikrinti nuoseklų tektonikos studijų procesą, pateiktas kompleksinis trijų pakopų tektonizavimo įgūdžių ugdymo modelis. Kiekviena kompleksinio tektonizavimo įgūdžių ugdymo modelio pakopa skiriama formos tektonizavimo įgūdžiams įtvirtinti skirtinguose lygmenyse. Pirmoji pakopa – tektoninių ypatybių atskleidimas nearchitektūriniuose dariniuose – galėtų būti apibūdinta kaip eksperimentinis etapas, antroji pakopa – architektūros tektoninių sistemų tipų ir jų raidos pažinimas, trečioji pakopa – tektoninių sistemų interpretavimas kaip meninės interpretacijos, pagrįstos tektonikos tematika, etapas: meninės raiškos priemonėmis objektas yra tektoniškai įkūnijamas ir įprasminamas. Interpretavimo pakopa yra aukščiausia kompozicinių gebėjimų įtvirtinimo pakopa, kuri integruoja studijų disciplinas ir sustiprina studento meninę intuiciją. Kiekvienoje modelio pakopoje yra akcentuojamas vienas iš trijų pagrindinių tektonikos elementų: pirmojoje – medžiaga, antrojoje – konstrukcija, trečiojoje – forma.
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Ghelichkhani, Milad. "Investigating the tectonic effects of openings as ‘built-things’: case of Çavuşoğlu house." Open House International 45, no. 1/2 (2020): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2020-0014.
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Purpose This paper aims to trace the tectonic effects of openings as Heideggerian “built-things”. Design/methodology/approach This study has been organized in two phases. The first phase attempts to set up the theoretical framework through exploring the links between Heidegger’s notion of “built-thing” and contemporary tectonic discourses on dialectics between the values of matheme (construction, technology) and poetics (representation, meaning) to identify the key indicators in tectonic effects of openings. Accordingly, as the term “tectonic effects” is concerned with feelings and emotions that tectonics may evoke in people, the author searches for the indicators based on the poetic aspects of tectonic values and applies them within the phenomenological method implemented in the second phase of the research to explore the indicators in the designated case of the “Çavuşoğlu house”. Findings The results of this study indicate the significance of ontological nexus between tectonics as “poetic revealing” and the ability of the “built-thing” to generate tectonic effects within the embodied experience of dwellers. In fact, an opening can generate ontological tectonic effects in space only if it is brought about through a truthful build-dwell process which responds in a poetic way to the daily-life needs of the dwellers. The tangible examples of this fact are evident in the openings of the Çavuşoğlu house. Originality/value The theory of tectonics of openings as a separate “built-thing”, which is put forward in the present study, is a subject that has not been sufficiently studied so far and has the potential to be developed through further research. In light of this, the theoretical results of this study can contribute to tectonic thinking during the design process.
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Chemale, F. "Brazilian tectonic studies 1995." Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 14, no. 5 (1996): XVII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-9547(97)88159-7.
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Chemale, F. "Brazilian tectonic studies 1995." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 10, no. 3-4 (1997): XVII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0895-9811(97)90012-2.
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Chemale, F. "Brazilian tectonic studies 1995." Journal of African Earth Sciences 23, no. 2 (1996): XVII. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(97)86880-7.
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Ruban, Dmitry A., Anna V. Mikhailenko, and Vladimir A. Ermolaev. "Tectonics-Related Geosites: Towards Accurate Nomenclature." Geosciences 9, no. 6 (2019): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060275.
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Accurate nomenclature of geological heritage sites (geosites) is necessary to facilitate their description and territorial geodiversity evaluation (both important for sustainable development and efficient land-use planning). As suggested by previous geological heritage studies, tectonics-related geosites are termed differently and, chiefly, provisionally (e.g., as tectonic geosites or structural geosites). Moreover, the nomenclature should take into account modern advances in the understanding of some basic tectonic phenomena. We propose abandoning the separation of structural, neotectonic, and seismic types of geosites and replacing with a single tectonic type. This can be further subdivided into subtypes, although one should consider the complexities in the links between tectonic and other geological phenomena (e.g., unique seismic features are essentially tectonic, but these can be expressed via geomorphological or sedimentary features—a geosite retains tectonic and geomorphological/sedimentary types in this case). The development of accurate nomenclature of tectonics-related geosites requires debates by experts in geological heritage.
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Whitehouse, Ian E. "Tectonic geomorphology: recent studies of faulting and tectonic landforms." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 16, no. 3 (1992): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339201600306.
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Barnes, Gina L. "Tectonic Archaeology as a Foundation for Geoarchaeology." Land 10, no. 5 (2021): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10050453.
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This article proposes a new subdiscipline, Tectonic Archaeology, based on the efforts of Japanese archaeologists to deal with the effects of earthquakes, volcanic tephra cover, and tsunami on archaeological sites. Tectonic Archaeology is conceived as an umbrella term for those efforts and as a foundation for Geoarchaeology in general. Comparisons distinguish between Geoarchaeology and Tectonic Archaeology, and a survey of major archaeological journals and textbooks reveals how the concept of ‘tectonics’ and specifically the processes of Plate Tectonics have been treated. Al-though the term ‘tectonics’ occurred fairly frequently, particularly as affecting coastlines and sea levels, it was not thoroughly defined and discussed. Volcanic activity was most mentioned in journals due to its provision of resources and modification of the landscape, while the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan seems to have stimulated more studies in Archaeoseismology. The textbooks were found to have scattered references to Plate Tectonic processes but no clear approach tying these together. The major exception is the Encyclopedia of Archaeology which addresses volcanoes, Archaeoseismology, and tsunami—soon to be linked together vis à vis Earth processes. Tectonic Archaeology attempts first to explain the processes of Plate Tectonics to underwrite investigation of their effects; it is applicable worldwide, in continental and coastal contexts.
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Zovoili, E., E. Konstantinidi та I. K. Koukouvelas. "TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGY OF ESCARPMENTS: THE CASES OF KOMPOTADES AND ΝΕΑ ANCHIALOS FAULTS". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, № 4 (2004): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16579.
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Most active processes on the surface imply that tectonics and geomorphology converge in a way that landscape change may be used as a tectonic signal, given that erosion and weathering have been taken into account. We selected two faults, the Kompotades and the Nea Anchialos faults in the Sperchios and South Thessaly rift zones respectively, and we performed a morphometric analysis. This analysis comprises geomorphic indices that have been used successfully in studies of active tectonics, as the mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), stream gradient index (SL) and valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf). At both studied mountain fronts, the Vf index ranged between 0,4 to 1,2, implying high uplift rates, while the Smf «1 index revealed relatively high tectonic activity, which decreases towards the west. On the other hand, the SL index though more sensitive to non-tectonic processes, (i.e. the rock resistance, stream length) is less indicative of tectonic activity. Based on the distribution of the geomorphic indices a two-fault strand model is suggested forming the mountain front in the two examples with the range-ward fault strand to be more appropriate for Kompotades fault and the basinward fault strand for Nea Anchialos fault.
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Heron, Philip J., Russell N. Pysklywec, and Randell Stephenson. "Exploring the theory of plate tectonics: the role of mantle lithosphere structure." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 470, no. 1 (2018): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp470.7.
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AbstractThis review of the role of the mantle lithosphere in plate tectonic processes collates a wide range of recent studies from seismology and numerical modelling. A continually growing catalogue of deep geophysical imaging has illuminated the mantle lithosphere and generated new interpretations of how the lithosphere evolves. We review current ideas about the role of continental mantle lithosphere in plate tectonic processes. Evidence seems to be growing that scarring in the continental mantle lithosphere is ubiquitous, which implies a reassessment of the widely held view that it is the inheritance of crustal structure only (rather than the lithosphere as a whole) that is most important in the conventional theory of plate tectonics (e.g. the Wilson cycle). Recent studies have interpreted mantle lithosphere heterogeneities to be pre-existing structures and, as such, linked to the Wilson cycle and inheritance. We consider the current fundamental questions in the role of the mantle lithosphere in causing tectonic deformation, reviewing recent results and highlighting the potential of the deep lithosphere in infiltrating every aspect of plate tectonics processes.
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Brocklehurst, Simon H. "Tectonics and geomorphology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 34, no. 3 (2010): 357–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309360632.
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The field of tectonic geomorphology is in a state of tension. The widespread availability of high-quality, high-resolution digital topographic data encourages the development of simple morphological ‘tools’ which can be used to deduce recent tectonic evolution. Meanwhile, process geomorphologists recognize that current models have a significant empirical basis, and lack insight into the underlying physics of erosion processes. Most tectonic geomorphology research is concerned with rivers, but glaciers, debris flows and hillslope processes also play a key role in hypotheses linking climate to tectonics, via surface processes, while submarine geomorphology has barely been investigated in a tectonic context. Studies combining field data collection, exposure, burial and low-temperature thermochronologic dating, digital topographic analysis, laboratory experiments and numerical models are successfully incorporating physics into geomorphic process ‘laws’, and demonstrating key tectonic geomorphology hypotheses. The approaches required for further progress have been outlined, but many exciting challenges remain.
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LaFemina, Peter, John Stix, and Armando Saballos. "Interdisciplinary Studies of Magma-Tectonic Interactions." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 94, no. 35 (2013): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013eo350004.
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Tanner, Geoff. "Tectonic studies group: 14th annual meeting." Journal of the Geological Society 142, no. 3 (1985): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.142.3.0573.
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Goto, Hideaki, Kohsaku Arai, and Taichi Sato. "Topographic Anaglyphs from Detailed Digital Elevation Models Covering Inland and Seafloor for the Tectonic Geomorphology Studies in and around Yoron Island, Ryukyu Arc, Japan." Geosciences 8, no. 10 (2018): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8100363.
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Anaglyphs produced using a digital elevation model (DEM) are effective to identify the characteristic tectono–geomorphic features. The objective of this study is to reinvestigate the tectonic geomorphology and to present novel tectonic maps of the late Quaternary in and around the Yoron island based on the interpretation of extensive topographical anaglyphs along the map areas that cover the inland and seafloor. Vintage aerial photographs are used to produce the 3-m mesh inland digital surface model (DSM); further, the 0.6-s to 2-s-mesh seafloor DEM is processed using the cloud point data generated through previous surveys. Thus, we identify anticlinal deformation on both the Pleistocene marine terrace and the seafloor to the north of the island. The deformation axis extends in a line and is parallel to the general trend of the island shelf. The Tsujimiya fault cuts the marine terraces, which extend to the Yoron basin’s seafloor. If we assume that the horizontal compressive stress axis is perpendicular to the island shelf, these properties can easily explain the distribution and style of the active faults and deformation. This study presents an effective methodology to understand the island arc tectonics, especially in case of small isolated islands.
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Guo, Weiyao, Qingheng Gu, Yunliang Tan, and Shanchao Hu. "Case Studies of Rock Bursts in Tectonic Areas with Facies Change." Energies 12, no. 7 (2019): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071330.
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Although tectonic areas with facies change (i.e., variation of coal seam thickness, coal seam dip angle, or coal quality) are one of the three major geological structures that induce rock bursts, case studies of rock bursts in these tectonic structures are rare. The main objective of this study is to illustrate this issue and provide case studies that may inspire future research. Based on several typical cases of rock bursts induced by tectonic areas with facies change, the conditions conducive for these bursts are introduced and investigated in detail. Subsequently, numerical simulation is performed, showing that stress concentration exists in regions with variable coal seam thicknesses or dip angle. When stoping or tunnelling approaches this region, the peak stress increases rapidly. Thus, the burst occurs via a mechanism involving the superposition of high in-situ stress from tectonic areas with facies change and abutment pressure from stoping or tunnelling, leading to high stress concentration. Strategies for mitigating rock bursts are also provided. Rock bursts induced by tectonic areas with facies change can be mitigated by avoiding regions of high tectonic stress concentration and reducing mining induced stress.
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Matano, Fabio, Silvio Di Nocera, Sara Criniti, and Salvatore Critelli. "Geology of the Epicentral Area of the November 23, 1980 Earthquake (Irpinia, Italy): New Stratigraphical, Structural and Petrological Constrains." Geosciences 10, no. 6 (2020): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10060247.
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The geology of the epicentral area of the 1980 earthquake (Irpinia-Lucania, Italy) is described with new stratigraphic, petrographic and structural data. Subsurface geological data have been collected during the studies for the excavation works of the Pavoncelli bis hydraulic tunnel, developing between Caposele and Conza della Campania in an area that was highly damaged during 1980 earthquake. Our approach includes geological, stratigraphic, structural studies, and petrological analyses of rock samples collected along the tunnel profile and in outcropping sections. Stratigraphic studies and detailed geological and structural mapping were carried out in about 200 km2 wide area. The main units cropping out have been studied and correlated in order to document the effects of tectonic changes during the orogenic evolution on the foreland basin systems and the sandstone detrital modes in this sector of the southern Apennines. The multi-disciplinary and updated datasets have allowed getting new insights on the tectono-stratigraphic evolution and stratigraphic architecture of the southern Apennines foreland basin system and on the structural and stratigraphic relations of Apennines tectonic units and timing of their kinematic evolution. They also allowed to better understand the relationships between internal and external basin units within the Apennine thrust belt and its tectonic evolution.
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Mysak, M. "Historical analysis of the hypotheses of tectonic morphogenesis of the Male Polissia Basin." Physical Geography and Geomorphology 89, no. 1 (2018): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/phgg.2018.1.02.
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The hypotheses of morphogenesis of the Male Polissia Basin, where the influence of the tectonic factor is considered, are analyzed in this article. The analysis was carried out on the basis of existing literary and cartographic sources related to geological and geomorphological studies of Male Polissia. Two groups of tectonic hypotheses of morphogenesis of Male Polissia are defined: denudation-tectonic and tectonic-denudation. Suppoters of the denudation-tectonic hypothesis claimed that the main factor in the morphogenesis of the Male Polissia was denudation, and tectonic processes only contributed to increasing its intensity. The representatives of this hypothesis were E. Titze, J. Novak, A. Zierhoffer and J. Czyżewski,H. Zilber, P. Tsis` and I. Chervanov. Most of them, believed that the reason for intense denudation were block tectonic elevations. Their views differed in main intensity and localization of elevations within the Male Polissya and adjacent territories of the Podolian and Volyn’ Uplands, and also Roztochia. Supporters of tectonic-denudation hypotheses considered tectonics as a decisive factor in the morphogenesis of the Male Polissia Basin. In their hypotheses, the main tectonic processes were linear tectonic elevations along the Podolian escarpment, or block tectonic subsidence of the Male Polissia Basin, which, mainly, formed the modern limits of it. Supporters of the tectonic-denudation hypothesis were W. Teisseyre, W. Lozinski, J. Siemiradzki, J. Smolenski, T. Wiśniowski, S. Rudnytskyi, H. Teisseyre, K. Gerenchuk, I. Hofshtein and Y. Swynko. The comparative table of the ideas of researchers regarding the localization and age of tectonic processes, that influenced the genesis of the Male Polissia Basin, is also presented in the work. The existing scientific data on the neotectonic movements of the research area is also analyzed. Data on the intensity, localization and direction of these movements are distinctive. Also, a historical analysis of ideas concerning the tectonic origin of the Hriadove Pobuzhia Upland and the research of stratigraphy of Cretaceous deposits along the border of Male Polissia and Podolian escarpment was carried out.
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BRÖCKER, MICHAEL, and LEANDER FRANZ. "Rb–Sr isotope studies on Tinos Island (Cyclades, Greece): additional time constraints for metamorphism, extent of infiltration-controlled overprinting and deformational activity." Geological Magazine 135, no. 3 (1998): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756898008681.
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This study presents new Rb–Sr age data concerning the metamorphic evolution of the Attic-Cycladic Crystalline Belt which represents a complex polymetamorphic terrane within the Alpidic orogenic belt of the Hellenides. Two major groups of tectonic units can be distinguished. Metamorphism in parts of the upper units is commonly considered as a Cretaceous event. In contrast, the group of lower units experienced Tertiary high-pressure metamorphism which was followed by a medium-pressure overprint. We focus on the island of Tinos where a representative spectrum of the rock units found in the Cyclades is exposed in three tectonic units: the Upper Unit, the Intermediate Unit and the Basal Unit. The complete range of tectono-metamorphic and magmatic events affecting the Attic-Cycladic Crystalline Belt is documented by numerous petrological and tectonic studies. Phyllites and phyllonites from the ophiolitic Upper Unit yielded Rb–Sr apparent ages (phengite–whole-rock) between c. 92 and 21 Ma. The older age differs from the Cretaceous dates reported for upper unit rocks elsewhere in the Cyclades. It is suggested that the sequence studied belongs to the Jurassic ophiolites of the Hellenides rather than to Cretaceous occurrences. The spread to younger ages is related to non-pervasive rejuvenation and resetting of the Rb–Sr system during tectonic juxtaposition of the Upper Unit over the Intermediate Unit. The youngest age obtained so far for a sample from the Upper Unit (21 Ma) is believed to approximate the timing of tectonic juxtaposition which probably occurred during a regional greenschist-facies episode producing a pervasive overprint in the structurally lower tectonic unit. The major phyllite/meta-gabbro/serpentinite sequence of the Upper Unit is interpreted as an emplacement-related ductile shear zone which experienced reworking under brittle conditions. In the Intermediate Unit, a gradient in Rb–Sr ages from top (c. 40 Ma) to the bottom (c. 22 Ma) was recognized, which is interpreted to represent greater effects of fluid infiltration and overprinting in the lower parts of this unit, possibly controlled by variable intensity of deformation which might be related to tectonic juxtaposition onto the Basal Unit. We suggest that synmetamorphic stacking of all three tectonic units took place during an Oligocene–Miocene greenschist event. Extensional deformation continued after tectonic stacking and after intrusion of the main granite, as is indicated by a Rb–Sr whole-rock isochron (15.1∓0.6 Ma) for a ductilely deformed garnet-bearing leucogranite from the marginal parts of the main undeformed pluton. Application of the Rb–Sr dating technique provided no unequivocal evidence that previously published Eocene K–Ar and 40Ar–39Ar dates for high-pressure phengites from the lower units are significantly contaminated with excess argon.
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Nwankwo, Cletus Famous. "Global fault-lines model and global political economy." Open Political Science 2, no. 1 (2019): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/openps-2019-0003.
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AbstractThe 21st century has witnessed a significant transformation of the economies of many developing countries. Consequently, many studies have argued that the centre of gravity of the global economy is shifting from the Western core to the semi-peripheral East. Vassilis Fouskas and Bülent Gökay’s global fault-lines model detailed in their book titled The Fall of the US Empire: Global Fault-Lines and the Shifting Imperial Order is an attempt to use some ideas of the theory of plate tectonics to explain the historical-geographic tectonic shifts in the global political economy. This paper shows the major arguments of the global fault-lines model and shows the link between the plate tectonics theory and the global fault-lines model. Finally, it highlights the implications of the tectonic shifts in the global political economy and by so doing argues for the expansion of BRICS and strengthening of the south-south cooperation paradigm.
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SAKUYAMA, Tetsuya. "Cenozoic Tectoncis and Volcanism in Northern Kyushu: Significance for Studies on Tectonic Magma Provinces." Chigaku Zasshi (Jounal of Geography) 119, no. 2 (2010): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.119.224.
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Gough, D. Ian. "Magnetometer array studies, Earth structure, and tectonic processes." Reviews of Geophysics 27, no. 1 (1989): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/rg027i001p00141.
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MUSUMECI, DANIELE, STEFANO BRANCA, and LUIGI INGALISO. "MAGMATOLOGICAL TECTONICS: ALFRED RITTMANN’S PARADIGM." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 1 (2021): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.1.261.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to present the life and research of Alfred Rittmann (1893–1980). He was an Earth scientist in the broadest sense: a petrographer, mineralogist, magmatologist, tectonist, geodynamicist, planetologist, volcanologist and, what is more, a philosopher of geosciences. He is considered the founder of contemporary, volcanology by combining in his interdisciplinary research the study of volcanic phenomena at the surface with tectonic activity and magmatology. In his books, Rittmann discussed the first correlations between volcanism and tectonics; his geodynamic model comprises complex studies of geology, volcanology, magmatology and geodynamics. We propose to name his scientific worldview ‘Magmatological Tectonics’ (MT) and to describe it as a Kuhnian paradigm. The leading concept of all geological processes is the fundamental law. Rittmann also made abundant use of Chamberlin’s method, the method of multiple working hypotheses. Some brief interpretations will be proposed regarding the importance of Rittmann in the history of geosciences in the twentieth century and the emergence of some philosophical problems deriving from this research.
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HOSEINI, Nafise, Shahram BAFTI, Reza DERAKHSHANI, and Mohammad GHANBARIAN. "MORPHOTECTONIC EVALUATION OF SIRCH MOUNTAINS USING WATER BASIN GEOMORPHIC INDICES." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 2 (2021): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-208-214.
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Morphotectonic indices are useful instruments for investigating the effect of tectonic activity in a certain region. Calculation of these indicators using the advantages of Geographical Information System, GIS, in a large area is useful for detecting potential disorders related to active tectonics. This method is useful in regions on which few morphotectonic studies have been conducted. An example of such areas can be the watersheds of the Sirch mountainous region. The watersheds of the Sirch region located in Central Iran’s zone in the southeast of Iran are a very ideal zone to evaluate the concepts of these indicators in the prediction of the relative tectonic activity according to the investigation of drainage systems or mountain fronts. Based on the values of the calculated indices including Form Factor (FF), Compaction Coefficient (CC), Ratio of Circularity (RC), Ratio of Elongation (RE), relative Basin Height (BH), and Ruggedness Number (RN), a final indicator called Active Tectonic Indicator (ATI) is obtained. The latter is a combination of the abovementioned indicators and evaluates the morphotectonic activity based on the shape of the watersheds. By measuring and combining these indicators, the tectonic activity stage of the Sirch region was determined by analyzing the watersheds of this region.
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Boerner, D. E., R. D. Kurtz, J. A. Craven, G. M. Ross, and F. W. Jones. "A synthesis of electromagnetic studies in the Lithoprobe Alberta Basement Transect: constraints on Paleoproterozoic indentation tectonics." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 11 (2000): 1509–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e00-063.
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Electromagnetic surveys of the crust and upper mantle underlying the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin have revealed two conductivity anomalies that are arguably related to Paleoproterozoic tectonic processes, recording a signature diagnostic of euxinic (foreland?) basin succession and perhaps defining a deep-marine transtensional basin. As well, a regionally pervasive electrical anisotropy throughout the crust crosses Proterozoic tectonic boundaries and is aligned in many areas with the regional tectonic fabric (as expressed by aeromagnetic data) created during the final stages of Proterozoic tectonic assembly of western Laurentia. There is also an order of magnitude increase in the upper mantle conductivity underlying Churchill Province Archean crust relative to that underlying the neighbouring Proterozoic crust. The interpretations of the electromagnetic observations are analogous with the Tertiary to modern-day tectonic development of southeast Asia. The foreland basin succession would reflect the closing of the South China Sea and the deep-marine basin may be analogous to the Andaman Sea and North Sumatra basin. Electrical anisotropy may be indicative of the successive lateral accretion of oceanic crust beneath the continental shelf followed by shortening. The enhanced mantle conductivity mechanism is unknown, although it may be associated with metasomatic modification of the subcontinental lithosphere subsequent to collisional thickening and followed by delamination or convective removal of some lithosphere. While the Indo-EurasianLaurentia tectonic analogy is incomplete, it is sufficiently compelling in explaining the electromagnetic and other data that it is a useful basis for understanding the Proterozoic assembly of Laurentia.
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Abramova, D. Yu, L. M. Abramova, and S. V. Filippov. "Correlation between lithospheric magnetic anomalies and tectonic structures in the Norwegian-Greenland region of the Arctic." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 9, no. 4 (2018): 1163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2018-9-4-0388.
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The studies of the deep structure and tectonics of the Arctic are important for solving the fundamental problems of modern geodynamics and developing its natural resources. This region is also of interest from the geopolitical point of view, in particular, considering the boundaries of the marginal seas. Our study aims to investigate the lithospheric (anomalous) geomagnetic field in the Norwegian-Greenland region of the Arctic and to correlate the identified anomalies with tectonic structures located in the region under study. The database includes the CHAMP satellite measurements of the modulus of the total geomagnetic field vector (the satellite operated at the altitude of ~280 km). This article describes the satellite data processing method applied to distinguish between the lithospheric part and other components of the geomagnetic field. Map showing the total vector modulus of the lithospheric field has been constructed for the studied area. The article discusses the possible nature of the lithospheric magnetic anomalies and their relation to the processes that occur under the territory of Greenland. According to our interpretation of the maps, the geomagnetic field anomalies are related to the modern large-scale geological and tectonic structures located in the studied area. The obtained results can facilitate further comprehensive geological and geophysical studies and contribute to modeling of the evolution of the lithosphere.
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Yasuhiro, SUZUKI. "Tectonic Geomorphological Active Fault Studies in Japan after 1980." Geographical review of Japan series B 86, no. 1 (2013): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/geogrevjapanb.86.6.
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OTA, Yoko. "Recent Studies on the Tectonic Geomorphology of New Zealand." Geographical Review of Japa,. Ser. A, Chirigaku Hyoron 62, no. 9 (1989): 636–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984a.62.9_636.
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Ningthoujam, P. S., C. S. Dubey, L. K. Lolee, D. P. Shukla, S. S. Naorem, and S. K. Singh. "Tectonic studies and crustal shortening across Easternmost Arunachal Himalaya." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 111 (November 2015): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.07.003.
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Weldon, Ray J. "Active tectonic studies in the United States, 1987–1990." Reviews of Geophysics 29, S2 (1991): 890–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rog.1991.29.s2.890.
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Simoes, Martine, Timothée Sassolas-Serrayet, Rodolphe Cattin, Romain Le Roux-Mallouf, Matthieu Ferry, and Dowchu Drukpa. "Topographic disequilibrium, landscape dynamics and active tectonics: an example from the Bhutan Himalaya." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 4 (2021): 895–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-895-2021.
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Abstract. The quantification of active tectonics from geomorphological and morphometric approaches commonly implies that erosion and tectonics have reached a certain balance. Such equilibrium conditions are however rare in nature, as questioned and documented by recent theoretical studies indicating that drainage basins may be perpetually re-arranging even though tectonic and climatic conditions remain constant. Here, we document these drainage dynamics in the Bhutan Himalaya, where evidence for out-of-equilibrium morphologies have for long been noticed, from major (> 1 km high) river knickpoints and from high-altitude low-relief regions in the mountain hinterland. To further characterize these morphologies and their dynamics, we perform field observations and a detailed quantitative morphometric analysis using χ plots and Gilbert metrics of drainages over various spatial scales, from major Himalayan rivers to their tributaries draining the low-relief regions. We first find that the river network is highly dynamic and unstable, with much evidence of divide migration and river captures. The landscape response to these dynamics is relatively rapid. Our results do not support the idea of a general wave of incision propagating upstream, as expected from most previous interpretations. Also, the specific spatial organization in which all major knickpoints and low-relief regions are located along a longitudinal band in the Bhutan hinterland, whatever their spatial scale and the dimensions of the associated drainage basins, calls for a common local supporting mechanism most probably related to active tectonic uplift. From there, we discuss possible interpretations of the observed landscape in Bhutan. Our results emphasize the need for a precise documentation of landscape dynamics and disequilibrium over various spatial scales as a first step in morpho-tectonic studies of active landscapes.
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Hutton, Donald H. W. "Granite emplacement mechanisms and tectonic controls: inferences from deformation studies." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 79, no. 2-3 (1988): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300014255.
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ABSTRACTThis paper is a structural and tectonic approach to the emplacement and deformation of granitoids. The main methods available in structural geology are briefly reviewed and this emphasises that (a) a wealth of data, particularly strain and shear sense, which pertain to these problems, can be determined in and around plutons; (b) given the nature, unlike many other crustal rock types, of granites to crystallise from isotropic through weakly anisotropic crystal suspension fluids, that deformation which has occurred in these states may not be well preserved; and (c) it is entirely possible, using this methodology, to separate deformation resulting from externally originating tectonic stresses from that which is associated with internal magma-related stresses. It is also recommended that the genetically-based Cloosian classification of granite fabrics and structures into “primary” (magmatic flow/magmatic flow current) and “secondary”, be abandoned and that a more observationally-based approach which classifies granite deformation fabrics and structures according to their time of occurrence relative to the crystallisation state of the congealing magma, be adopted (i.e. pre-full crystallisation deformation and crystal plastic strain deformation).Examples of recent, structurally based, studies of emplacement mechanisms of plutons within tectonic settings are described and these show that, in general, space for magma can be created by the combination of tectonically-created cavities and internal magma-related buoyancy. This occurs in both transcurrent and extensional tectonic settings and there is no reason to doubt that it can happen in compressive-contractional regimes. It is concluded that transient and permanent space creation, such as may be exploited by available magmas, is a typical feature of the tectonically stressed and deforming lithosphere and this, in combination with the natural buoyancy and ascending tendency of magmas, can generate the varied emplacement mechanisms of granites.
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Ruban, Dmitry, Clinton Conrad, and A. van Loon. "The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonics." Geologos 16, no. 4 (2010): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10118-010-0007-9.
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The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonicsThe relationships between the interior dynamics of our planet and global sea level can be unravelled when plate-tectonic reconstructions are available for the entire Earth. A review of global tectonics reveals significant deficiencies in our understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the Pacific (Panthalassa or Proto-Pacific) during the Cambrian-Jurassic time-span. This particular, but major, shortcoming presents a true challenge for modern geoscientists, who are encouraged to produce a detailed plate-tectonic reconstruction of the Pacific for the pre-Cretaceous in order to advance our understanding of Phanerozoic sea-level change. A set of approaches, including geological/geophysical modelling, investigation of accretionary prisms, palaeobiogeographical studies, and careful examination of eustatic sea-level changes, are proposed that will help geoscientists tackle the challenge of understanding how Pacific geodynamics affected global sea level during the Phanerozoic.
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YAMAZAKI, Haruo. "Recent Progress in Tectonic Geomorphology in Japan, with Special Reference to Active Fault and Related Tectonic Studies." Geographical review of Japan, Series B. 69, no. 2 (1996): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.69.115.
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Orszag-Sperber, F., J. M. Rouchy, and P. Elion. "The sedimentary expression of regional tectonic events during the Miocene-Pliocene transition in the southern Cyprus basins." Geological Magazine 126, no. 3 (1989): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680002238x.
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AbstractA well-known tectonic event affecting the East Mediterranean region, generally referred to as ‘the’ Miocene–Pliocene phase, occurs at, or near the Miocene–Pliocene boundary. Recent sedimentological studies in Cyprus indicate that this ‘event’, in fact, is complex. The Tortonian–Lower Pliocene period is marked by a stress involving an N20 extension in the Polemi and Pissouri basins and by an N100 extension in the Psematismenos basin. Sedimentological studies have demonstrated three tectonic pulsations during Messinian time, prior to the Pliocene transgression. These are expressed by two episodes of seismic brecciation, and a palaeo-emersion is indicated by palaeosols and detrital discharges. These phenomena suggest brief tectonic instability during Messinian time. Microtectonic studies in the South Troodos basins of Cyprus reveal that the main change in tectonic stress does not coincide with the Miocene–Pliocene contact but occurs at the end of Lower Pliocene time. The authors conclude that the so-called Miocene–Pliocene ‘event’, in reality, is a series of subtle tectonic pulsations recorded clearly by sedimentary parameters.
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Scharf, Andreas, Frank Mattern, Mohammed Al-Wardi, et al. "Chapter 1 Introduction and tectonic framework." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 54, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m54.1.
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AbstractThe extraordinary outcrop conditions provide a unique opportunity to study the geology and tectonics of the Oman Mountains, which record a geological history of more than 800 million years. We provide a summary of the geological evolution of the Oman Mountains with the emphasis on the Jabal Akhdar and Saih Hatat domes. This Memoir comprises seven chapters. This first chapter summarizes the former studies and the tectonic framework. This is followed by a comprehensive description of all geological formations/rock units (Scharf et al. 2021a, Chapter 2, this Memoir) including the famous Semail Ophiolite, the fault and fold pattern (Scharf et al. 2021b, Chapter 3, this Memoir) and the overall structure (Scharf et al. 2021c, Chapter 4, this Memoir). Chapter 5 (Scharf et al. 2021d) explains the varied tectonic evolution of the study area, ranging from the Neoproterozoic until present, while Chapter 6 (Scharf et al. 2021e) contains the conclusions and a catalogue of open questions. Finally, Chapter 7 (Scharf et al. 2021f) provides two over-sized geological maps (1 : 250 000 version available online) and a correlation chart, providing an overview of the geological units/formations. This volume is of interest for all geoscientists, geoscience students and professionals studying the Oman Mountains on the surface as well as in the subsurface because it represents a comprehensive and detailed reference.
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ΜΟΥΝΤΡΑΚΗΣ, Δ. "Tectonic evolution of the Hellenic Orogen. Geometry and kinematics of deformations." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 6 (2002): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16853.
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The Hellenic orogen consists of three orogenic belts: 1) the Cimmerian orogenic belt, including Rhodopian, Serbomacedonian, Circum Rhodope, Axios and Pelagonian zones, is the internal belt which has been created in pre-Late Jurassic times as a result of the northward drift of Cimmerian contrinental fragments from Gondwana towards Eurasia. Ophiolites from small ocean basins were mainly emplaced onto the Cimmerian continental margins in Middle Jurassic. 2) the Alpine orogenic belt, including External Hellenides and Pindos-Subpelagonian ophiolites and oceanic sediments (Neo-Tethyan), which has been created in Cretaceous-Paleogene times after the subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic crust beneath the Cimmerian-Eurasian plate and the collision of the Apulian microplate to the later, 3) the Mesogean orogenic belt along the External Hellenic orogenic arc as a result of the Mesogean-African underplate beneath the unique Alpine-Cimmerian-Eurasian plate in Miocen- Pliocene times and the exhumation of the Cretan-Southern Peloponesus tectonic windows. Structural analysis and detailed studies of the geometry and kinematics suggest that during Alpine-Mesogean orogenic process a SW-ward migration of successive complessional and extensional tectonic events took place resulted of successive subductions. Thus, crustal thickening produced by compressional tectonics in each area was followed by an extensional exhumation of underplate rocks as tectonic windows.
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Nguyen, Tuan Anh, Ngo Tran Thien Quy, Vu Thi Hao, and Pham Minh. "An Overview of the Tectonic Evolution of the Indochina block and Granitoid Emplacement, particularly in the central and south Vietnam." Science and Technology Development Journal 23, no. 3 (2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v23i3.2062.
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Introduction: Vietnam is mainly located within the Indochina block in Southeast Asia. Asmall northern part of Vietnam belongs to the South China block, the southwest part liesadjacent to the Sibumasu block and opens to the East Sea on the east side. Tectonicactivities in Vietnam were very complicated they relate to intense interactions betweenmany geological blocks at different times. Magmatic emplacement is the final and instantproduct of tectonic activities.
 Methods: Geochemical data analysis from rock samples withinVietnam collected by other researchers has been reused in the scope of this study to verifythe relation between tectonic evolutions and their granitic magmatism. GCD (GeochemicalData Toolkit), an R language program for handling and recalculation of geochemical data.
 Results: Geochronology and geotectonic model derived from rock analysis have beenascertained main tectonic evolutions of the Indochina. The current granitoidclassification in Vietnam mostly based on petrographical studies. The Nui Cam granitoid isbeing classified as Deo Ca, Dinh Quan granitoid. However, based on trace elements, they aredifferent. They may belong to different granitoid system.
 Conclusion: Major tectonic eventswithin the Indochina block are well supported by the nature of granitoid emplacements. Petrological studies of these magmatic rocks would bring out valuable information toconfirm and clearly understand the tectonic evolutions of the region. Igneous rocksclassification must based on tectonic fundamental instead of petrographical studies.
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Papadimitriou, Nikolaos, Remy Deschamps, Vasilis Symeou, et al. "The tectonostratigraphic evolution of Cenozoic basins of the Northern Tethys: The Northern margin of the Levant Basin." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018085.
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The easternmost part of the Mediterranean corresponds to a tectonically complex region which is linked with the convergence between Africa and Eurasia. The tectonostratigraphic evolution of this region is poorly constrained because of the absence of exploration wells. Cyprus is a crucial area to assess the link between the tectonic deformation and the consequent sedimentation in the Northern Levant margin. Paleogene and Neogene basins in the southern part of Cyprus record the main tectonic events related to the convergence of Africa and Eurasia. The objective of this contribution is to investigate the timing and the mechanisms of basin deformation, as well as the sedimentary infill of basins located onshore Cyprus and finally resolve how their evolution is linked to the regional geodynamic events. Based on fieldwork studies we reconstructed the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Polis Basin and the Limassol Basin to propose a conceptual model for the evolution of the Northern Levant margin, in accordance with the main geodynamic events. It is expected that analysis of the Polis and Limassol depressions, and later comparison of them will also shed more lights on the impact of the substratum and how it is associated to the main tectonic events.
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HIROOKA, Kimio, Hideo SAKAI, Toru TAKAHASHI, Hiroshi KINOTO, and Akira TAKEUCHI. "Tertiary Tectonic Movement of Central Japan Inferred from Paleomagnetic Studies." Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity 38, no. 5 (1986): 311–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5636/jgg.38.311.
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Attia, Gamal F. "Studies of Tectonic Motion from Helwan-Satellite Laser Ranging Station." International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 04, no. 04 (2014): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijaa.2014.44055.
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Ma, Wenpu. "A new breakthrough in the tectonic studies of South China." Chinese Science Bulletin 44, no. 1 (1999): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03182878.
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Srinagesh, D., R. K. Chadha, P. Solomon Raju, et al. "Seismicity studies in eastern Dharwar craton and neighbouring tectonic regions." Journal of the Geological Society of India 85, no. 4 (2015): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-015-0232-5.
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Ning, Shu Zheng, Dai Yong Cao, and Li Min Chen. "The Coal Occurrence Tectonic Units and Coal Controlling Characteristics in Northwest China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 318 (May 2013): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.318.482.
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The coalfield sructure is mainly influenced by the Tethyan Geodynamics system and ancient Asia Geodynamics system in the northwest region, but theres no unified understanding for the coal occurrence tectonic unit yet. Based on the characteristics of coal-bearing strata of the northwest region, the northwest coal occurrence tectonic unit is divided into three systems: the northwest coal occurrence tectonic region, 3 coal occurrence tectonic sub-regions, 16 coal occurrence tectonic belts (points). Based on geodynamics theory and coal-controlling characteristics as the leading clue, this paper explores the basic coal-controlling characteristics in the sub-regions, and studies on the sructure characteristics of the Tianshan Orogen and the Qilian Orogen that impact the coal measure deformation. To carry out a study of the northwest region coal occurrence tectonic units, is of great significance for the evaluation and exploration of coal resources.
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Malanchuk, Yevhenii, Valerii Korniienko, Larisa Malanchuk, and Vitalii Zaiets. "Research into the moisture influence on the physical-chemical tuff-stone characteristics in basalt quarries of the Rivne-Volyn region." E3S Web of Conferences 201 (2020): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020101036.
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This paper studies the rock mass stress state of deposits under highland conditions, depending on the geological structure of a particular rock mass area, the tectonic field of stresses and the region relief. This study is aimed to develop an experimental method for assessing and monitoring the properties and state of the rock mass adjacent to mine workings. Experimental studies are performed through stresses measurements in-situ. Based on research results, it has been revealed that the geological structures, tectonic fields of stresses and the earth’s surface relief of the deposit normally reflect the values and direction of the main stresses acting in the rock mass. These patterns can be used to predict and assess the stress state of the rock mass. During the rock mass stress state assessment, quantitative dependences have been obtained for determining the stress tensors conditioned by the overlying rocks weight, tectonics and fracturing, and the deposit surface relief The research results make possible to assess the nature of the stresses distribution, to identify the areas of reduced, equal, increased and maximum stresses concentration of the virgin rock mass, as well as to increase the efficiency of the geoacoustic control developed by the authors for the state of the rock mass adjacent to mine working.
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Thigpen, Ryan, Michael M. McGlue, Edward Woolery, and Meredith Swallom. "Tectonics from topography: constraining spatial and temporal landscape response rates to Teton fault activity using low-T thermochronology, quantitative geomorphology, and limnogeologic analyses." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 41 (December 15, 2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2018.5643.
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Understanding how landscapes respond to tectonic and climatic forcing over a range of timescales remains a top priority for studies in tectonics, geomorphology, and geodynamics. To examine this, we are attempting to separate signals that define uplift, drainage incision, and sediment flux at multiple timescales (107 to 102 yrs). The Teton Range serves as an ideal natural laboratory for filtering this interplay due to its comparatively small size and consistent along-strike climatic variation. Recent studies indicate that Teton fault motion first initiated near Mount Moran at ~13 Ma in the northern portion of the range and slip onset gets younger to the south. No major climatic variations occur along strike, so tectonic forcing is interpreted to be the primary driver of landscape evolution. To test this hypothesis, we are evaluating ‘lag’ between fault slip onset and incision of drainages using AHe techniques combined with quantitative landscape analysis to constrain long-term response and analyzing seismic reflection and core data from range front lakes to determine sediment volume flux over shorter intervals. Preliminary data from a seismic survey completed in August 2018 reveals multiple depocenters in Jackson Lake. Results from the seismic survey and AHe analysis should be available in Spring 2019.
 
 Featured photo by Gideon Rosenblatt on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2XjzYH
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Rivera-Gómez, M. Abdelaly, and Surendra P. Verma. "Testing of multidimensional tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams on fresh and altered rocks." Geologica Carpathica 67, no. 2 (2016): 197–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2016-0013.
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AbstractWe evaluated 55 multidimensional diagrams proposed during 2004-2013 for the tectonic discrimination of ultrabasic, basic, intermediate, and acid magmas. The Miocene to Recent rock samples for testing the diagrams had not been used for constructing them. Eighteen test studies (2 from ocean island; 2 from ocean island/continental rift; 6 from continental rift; 4 from continental arc; 2 from island arc; 1 from mid-ocean ridge, and 1 from collision) of relatively fresh rocks fully confirmed the satisfactory functioning of these diagrams for all tectonic fields for which they were proposed. Eight additional case studies on hydrothermally altered or moderately to highly weathered rocks were also presented to achieve further understanding of the functioning of these diagrams. For these rocks as well, the diagrams indicated the expected tectonic setting. We also show that for testing or using these diagrams the freely-available geochemistry databases should be used with caution but certainly after ascertaining the correct magma types to select the appropriate diagram sets. The results encourage us to recommend these diagrams for deciphering the tectonic setting of older terranes or areas with complex or transitional tectonic settings.
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Zmiievska, K., and A. Tubaltsev. "Possibility of application of the method of observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the earth for allocation of watered faults on the example of Yeristovo quarry." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 1 (2019): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111921.
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One of the important tasks of operating the Yeristovo iron ore deposit is to reduce the level of water inflows, which complicate its development. The article presents the results of applying the express method of observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth to isolate flooded faults in areas adjacent to the Yeristovo quarry. The features of the geological and tectonic structure of the territory of the Yeristovo field are considered. According to the tectonic map of Ukraine, the main deep faults characteristic of Srednepridneprovsky and Ingulsky megablocks of the Ukrainian shield in the area of study sites are highlighted. A method for conducting field studies by observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth is presented. The studies were performed using equipment such as a radio wave indicator of the stress-strain state of rocks according to a previously developed technique. According to the results of the field studies, for the first time, maps of the density of the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth flux were constructed for this area, which made it possible to isolate and trace the positions of watering faults. In addition, to visualize the most difficult fragments of the structure of the plots, three-dimensional models were built. Four zones of reduced values of the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth (less than 3 conventional units) were identified on the studied areas. They are characterized by: the western tectonic disturbance - has a width of about 60 m and a strike azimuth of 3-5˚. The tectonic disturbance following it to the east is about 50 m wide and the strike azimuth is also 3-5˚. It is followed by an insignificant tectonic disturbance, which inherits the direction of the Krivyi Rih-Kremenchug break and has a width of about 20 m. In the east of the studied sites, there is a tectonic disturbance with a strike azimuth of 3-5˚, about 20 m wide. Since the azimuths of the strike of the identified tectonic disturbances coincide with the Main and Yeristovo faults characteristic of this territory, the identified faults are their feathering. On the basis of the conducted research, it is possible to recommend the use of water catching wells using a reasonably economical and reliable method of observing the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth. It is advisable to lay them in the zones of minimum values of the natural impulse electromagnetic field of the Earth, within the southern parts of the research sites. The use of advanced observations will avoid unproductive costs when drilling water-reducing wells.
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De Pascale, Gregory P. "Comment on “Crustal faults in the Chilean Andes: geological constraints and seismic potential” by Santibáñez et al. (2019), Andean Geology 46 (1): 32-65." Andean Geology 48, no. 1 (2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5027/andgeov48n1-3310.
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Understanding the location and nature of Quaternary active crustal faults is critical to reduce both the impact of fault rupture and strong ground motions hazards (when these faults rupture causing earthquakes). It is also important for understanding how and where deformation related to plate tectonics is accommodated along geological structures (oftentimes faults and folds). In Chile, work on active tectonics in the upper crust (neotectonics or earthquake geology) is relatively new, in particular regarding fault-focused studies. Therefore, any effort to further progress in our understanding of active fault systems for the benefit of the public, and for aiding local and regional governments and the earthquake engineering and scientific community with mitigation strategies should be applauded. Demonstrating where active faults are located through careful mapping, and to determine how fast they accommodate tectonic deformation and their seismic and fault rupture hazards are key questions in neotectonics. Recently Santibáñez et al. (2019) explore active fault systems in the Chilean Andes. In their paper they outline active and potentially seismogenic (i.e., earthquake producing) fault systems in the Chilean Andes through a review of the literature, seismicity, case studies (earthquakes), and modeling data and then they define potential tectonic domains for subdivision of Chile. These domains were suggested to allow “a first-order approach for seismic potential assessment” (Santibáñez et al., 2019). The three subdivisions they suggest, i.e., domains are the External Forearc, Inner Forearc and Volcanic Arc, were proposed based on several fault parameters (e.g., fault length), case studies, the morphotectonic setting and seismicity. Their paper generates a great foundation to build upon for both the active tectonics and geological hazards community, in addition to being useful for potential end users such as the Chilean local and national government from a planning perspective. Although the Santibáñez et al. (2019) paper takes steps in the right direction, and should be considered an important contribution to the scientific community, this comment addresses three potential issues with their analysis and conclusions that should be reflected upon by the seismic hazard and active tectonics community. These ideas are summarized below and expanded on in detail thereafter.
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Clowes, Ron M., Philip TC Hammer, Gabriela Fernández-Viejo, and J. Kim Welford. "Lithospheric structure in northwestern Canada from Lithoprobe seismic refraction and related studies: a synthesis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 6 (2005): 1277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-069.
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The SNORCLE refraction wide-angle reflection (R/WAR) experiment, SNORE'97, included four individual lines along the three transect corridors. A combination of SNORE'97 results with those from earlier studies permits generation of a 2000 km long lithospheric velocity model that extends from the Archean Slave craton to the present Pacific basin. Using this model and coincident near-vertical incidence (NVI) reflection data and geological information, an interpreted cross section that exemplifies 4 Ga of lithospheric development is generated. The velocity structural models correlate well with the reflection sections and provide additional structural, compositional, and thermal constraints. Geological structures and some faults are defined in the upper crust. At a larger scale, the seismic data identify a variety of orogenic styles ranging from thin- to thick-skinned accretion in the Cordillera and crustal-scale tectonic wedging associated with both Paleoproterozoic and Mesozoic collisions. Models of Poisson's ratio support the NVI interpretation that a thick wedge of cratonic metasediments underlies the eastern accreted Cordilleran terranes. Despite the variety of ages, orogenic styles, and tectono-magmatic deformations that are spanned by the seismic corridors, the Moho remains remarkably flat and shallow (3336 km) across the majority of the transect. Significant variations only occur at major tectonic boundaries. Laterally variable crustal velocities are consistently slower beneath the Cordillera than beneath the cratonic crust. This is consistent with the high temperatures (800900 °C) required by the slow upper mantle velocities (7.87.9 km/s) observed beneath much of the Cordillera. Heterogeneity of the lithospheric mantle is indicated by wide-angle reflections below the Precambrian domains and the western Cordillera.
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Yang, Hong, Wen Yan Bi, Hou Xiang Chen, and Yu Gui Zhang. "Contrastive Studies of Coal between Direct Ultrasonic Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.616.
Full textAbstract:
To compare the extraction rate of the organic components of coal between direct ultrasonic extraction and traditional soxhlet extraction, samples were selected from tectonic coal and original bituminous coal in Pingdingshan 8th coal mine and 5th coal mine. Compared the extraction time of two different extraction methods under the same extraction rate, the experimental results showed that the direct ultrasonic extraction rate was 3.6942% under the condition that coal was 8th coal mine tectonic coal, solvent was pyridine, extraction time was 6min and solvent volume was 60mL, while soxhlet extraction time was 14.59h in the same extraction rate. The extraction efficiency of the direct ultrasonic extraction was 145.9 times that of the soxhlet extraction. The ultrasonic extraction was a simplify working with fast extraction speed, sample capacity, energy saving, economy and environmental friendly. It also didn’t require heating which could avoid the influence of high-temperature on components extracted.