Journal articles on the topic 'TEEP (Total Effective Equipment Productivity)'

The purpose of this investigation is to compute overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) in the small-scale industry. The novel approach is introduced to detect bottlenecks by which OEE can be improved. This study attempts to help small-medium enterprises in analyzing performance in a better way. The automotive industry was chosen for conducting the research. The present study is comprised of three phases. In the first phase, OEE was computed and compared with world-class manufacturing. The second phase included three-level of Pareto analysis followed by making fishbone diagram to mitigate the losses. The third phase conducted improved OEE in the industry. There are seven major losses present in the industry that adversely affect the effectiveness of machine in any industry. This approach can reduce these losses and improve the quality, asset utilization (AU), OEE, total effective equipment performance (TEEP) and productivity of the machine. The study exposes that Pareto analysis uncovers all the losses and works on the principle of 80/20 rule. The major losses were thoroughly explored with the help of the fishbone diagram and solutions were implemented at the shop floor. As a result, availability, performance, quality, OEE, AU, and TEPP show improvements by 4.6%, 8.06%, 6.66%, 16.23%, 4.16%, and 14.58%, respectively. The approach offers a good opportunity for both researchers and small-medium enterprises around the world to analyze the indicators of production losses, performance, and productivity in the manufacturing industry.

Pengukuran total efektivitas mesin flame cutting dan plasma cutting dilakukan menggunakan metode dalam konsep TPM yaitu metode Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). Metode yang juga digunakan adalah Net Equipment Effectiveness (NEE), dan Total Effective Equipment Performance (TEEP). Metode OEE tersebut didasarkan pada faktor availability, performance efficiency, dan rate of quality product. Sementara itu, nilai NEE didasarkan pada faktor up time, performance efficiency, dan rate of quality product. TEEP didasarkan pada faktor loading portion dan nilai OEE itu sendiri. Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, persentase OEE berturut-turut sebesar 73,7%, 72,2%, 67,6%, 68,7%, dan 73,1%. Persentase NEE berturut-turut sebesar 74,0%, 71,9%, 67,2%, 68,4%, dan 72,9%. Persentase TEEP berturut-turut sebesar 57,0%, 59,8%, 54,5%, 59,6%, dan 56,6%. Persentase equipment failures loss berturut-turut sebesar 2,1%, 4,3%, 4,9%, 4,6%, dan 2,6%. Persentase setup and adjustment loss berturut-turut sebesar 1,3%, 1,3%, 1,3%, 1,2%, dan 1,2%. Persentase idling and minor stoppages loss berturut-turut sebesar 0,8%, 0,8%, 0,9%, 0,9%, dan 0,8%. Persentase reduce speed loss berturut-turut sebesar 13,3%, 12,7%, 12,4%, 13,1%, dan 12,7%. Persentase defect loss berturut-turut sebesar 9,0%, 8,9%, 13,1%, 11,8%, dan 9,7%. Sementara itu, persentase reduce yield loss berturut-turut sebesar 1,0%, 0,7%, 1,9%, 1,4%, dan 0,9%. Faktor-faktor penyebab menurunnya efektivitas akibat tingginya reduce speed losses antara lain faktor manusia, metode, mesin, dan material. Sementara itu, faktor-faktor penyebab menurunnya efektivitas akibat tingginya defect losses, antara lain faktor manusia, metode, mesin, material, dan lingkungan. Usulan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas kerja mesin flame cutting dan plasma cutting terbagi dalam beberapa faktor sesuai penyebab menurunnya efektivitas mesin yang terjadi.

Nowadays, manufacturing is getting more and more challenging and complex due to shorter product life cycle, high mixed low volume production situation, low equipment performance and volatile customer demand. To overcome all these detractors and rising demands from all angles, manufacturer needs to be fast and agile, as efficient and as transparent as possible. Productivity is the key factor for company in order to become competitive advantage and securing the organization work place. Due to this strong pressure, it forces company introduce many production programs in order to fight the battle. Production productivity programs such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Zero Defect (ZD) initiative, Next Level of Productivity (NLoP), Lean Manufacturing (LM), total productive maintenance (TPM) and Toyota Production System (TPS) are well-known to many manufacturing industries. OEE topic has become progressively popular and widely used to improve productivity and as a research discussion in operation management. However, OEE framework for previous studies was developed on a piecemeal basis. This paper presents a new and complete conceptual framework that illustrates the most important factors that influence and contribute to OEE improvement. The comprehensive framework is able to provide effective guidance and direction to industry practitioner on how to improve OEE.

The study was carried out on a newly assembled commercial production line producing vegetable pastes. The aim of the study was the to assess the organization of work stations, as well as to identify and measure time losses at selected work stations of the production line, which comprise its basic elements. It was on this basis that the productivity of the tested line was assessed. Moreover, effective use of machinery and equipment was determined, using the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) index, based on the measurements of three areas of production line activity: availability, productivity and quality. The indicators demonstrate the total productivity of machines and devices used in processing in the company in question. The results obtained were at a high level, which allows a conclusion that the improvement of production processes in the company is effective in real-life conditions.

AbstractFour indicators of productivity and quality for the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.), were examined over a 3-year period and the influence of different shelter designs, nesting materials, and 34 environmental variables evaluated. A higher percentage of cocoons per total cells was produced in polystyrene nesting material than in pinewood nesting material. Both nesting materials had similar percentages of tunnels capped or containing cells and total numbers of cells per hive. Shelters with conspicuous orientation patterns or silhouettes had more tunnels capped per hive, tunnels with cells, and greater total cell production per hive than did other shelter designs. The time of maximum bee production varied greatly among the 3 years. Many environmental variables, especially those associated with higher temperature, heat units, and mean actual temperature, had a significant positive effect on bee productivity and cell quality. The information contained in this study may help delineate those climatic areas where this valuable alfalfa pollinator can be most effective, and may assist beekeepers in making management decisions that will improve their operations.

Designing and selecting the material handling system is a vital factor for any production line, and as result for the whole manufacturing system. Poor design and unsuitable handling equipment may increase the risk of having bottlenecks, longer production time and as a result the higher total production cost. One of the useful and effective tools are using “what if” simulation techniques. However, this technique needs effective simulation software. The main objective for this research is to simulate different types of handling system using what if scenario. To achieve the objective of the research, Delmia Quest software has been used to simulate two different systems: manual system and conveyers system for the same production line and analyses the differences in terms of utilization and production rate. The results obtained have been analysed and appraised to induce the bottleneck locations, productivity and utilizations of the machines and material handling systems used in the design system. Finally, the best model have been developed to increase the productivity, utilizations of the machines, material handling systems and to minimize the bottleneck locations.

Building Construction materials adopted 50% of cost from the total estimation of the project. Estimated Cost and planned schedule can be achieved by effective material management. The project team must be understood the goals and efficient material management techniques for successful project execution. A well planned material management possible by on time delivery and equipment to the job site and improved workforce planning increased labor productivity, planned schedules and minimum cost. Questionnaire were prepared for data analysis based on Likert’s scale 25 respondents were answered the questionnaire. Collected data analyzed using SPSS.To reveal the respondents responses for enhance the analysis results used there are Frequency analysis, Factor analysis, and reliability analysis. Results will be obtained and also recommendations will be suggested.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on total productive maintenance (TPM) implementation practice to present an overview of TPM implementation practices adopted by various manufacturing organizations and suggest possible gaps from researchers and practitioner’s point of view. This study tries to identify the best strategy for improving competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in globalized market and evaluates TPM implementation practice in SMEs. Design/methodology/approach – The objective of this paper is to study the role of TPM program in context of Indian industries either from SMEs to large-scale industries. The approach has been directed toward justification of TPM implementation practice for its support to competitive manufacturing in the context of Indian manufacturing industries. Findings – TPM implementation improves productivity and working efficiency of employees and also improves equipment effectiveness and a positive inclination toward company is registered. Therefore, equipment maintenance is an indispensable function in a manufacturing enterprise. In this highly competitive environment, manufacturing organizations should consider maintenance function as a potential source for cost savings and competitive advantage. SMEs must be considered as an engine for economic growth all over the world (Singh et al., 2008). A total of 148 papers related to TPM implementation in large-scale industries and SMEs were collected, analyzed and classified on the basis of their applications, broadly into large industry and SMEs and further divided into Indian and Non-Indian, then case study, implementation, model, literature review, maintenance, service, etc. This classification has clearly shows that SMEs are in a need to adopt TPM implementation practice to compete in this global market and changing requirements of large industries. Maintenance is an indispensable function in a manufacturing enterprise. In this highly competitive environment, manufacturing organizations must be considered maintenance function as a potential source for cost savings and competitive advantage. Singh et al. (2008) have concluded that SMEs must be considered as an engine for economic growth of all over the world. Following are the objectives of this study: to suggest a classification of available literature on TPM implementation; to identify the need of TPM implementation in SMEs; to identify critical observations on each category of classification; to identify the potential of SMEs in India; to identify emerging trends of TPM implementation in India; to suggest directions for future researchers in the field of TPM implementation on the basis of above mention points; and to consolidate all available literature on TPM implementation practice. Research limitations/implications – The challenges of stiff competition and the drive for profits are forcing the organizations to implement various productivity improvement efforts to meet the challenges posed by ever-changing market demands. In the dynamic and highly challenging environment, reliable manufacturing equipment is regarded as the major contributor to the performance and profitability of manufacturing systems. Practical implications – In this dynamic world, importance of SMEs in the growth of the nation needs more attention of researchers and industrialists. After the globalization of market, SMEs have got many opportunities to work in integration with large-scale organizations. All the organizations from SMEs to large-scale industries can adopt effective and efficient maintenance strategies such as condition-based maintenance, reliability-centered maintenance and TPM over the traditional firefighting reactive maintenance approaches (Sharma et al., 2005). Social implications – In our view, this paper clearly identifies implications for research which will be useful for society. The gap discussed by authors needs to be addressed by future researchers. Originality/value – This implementation strategy can help to save huge amounts of time, money and other useful resources in dealing with reliability, availability, maintainability and performance issues. On the basis of available literature, it can be understood that SMEs should change their maintenance strategies to cope up with global competition so that a lot of resources can be utilized in a better direction.

The article is devoted to the issues of improving the complex technology of coal seam degassing based on its hydrodynamic treatment. The possible modes of implementation of the introduction of working fluid into the coal seam in the process of its injection through wells drilled from preparatory workings and specially sealed to a certain depth, which ensures minimization of breaks of working fluid into the mine. Studies have been carried out to optimize the main parameters of hydrodynamic effects. Rational values of the effective well length and injection volume are established. The expediency of achieving significant rates of injection of the working agent into the formation for the disclosure of natural systems of cracks in it is shown. The directions of increasing the efficiency of formation degassing are investigated. The effectiveness of the integrated reservoir degassing technology was evaluated based on the factors of increasing methane production from underground reservoir degassing wells drilled into the zone of influence of underground hydraulic fracturing wells, and the total methane removal over the entire period of reservoir degassing. The efficiency of improved technology of hydraulic fracturing in underground mining for factors reducing downtime pollution control equipment, gazoobilnosti stope and the productivity of coal mining in zones of intensive integrated reservoir degassing.

Purpose Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a metric for estimating equipment effectiveness of the industrial systems. The purpose of this paper is to identify maintenance improvement potentials using an OEE assessment within the croissant production line. Design/methodology/approach The present work is carried out by analyzing the failure and repair data of the line. The failure data cover a period of 15 months. During this period the croissant production line usually operates over the entire day (24 h per day) in three 8-h shifts per day, and pauses at the weekends. Descriptive statistics of the failure and repair data for the line based on scheduled and unscheduled interruptions were carried. Moreover, the actual availability (A), performance efficiency (PE) and quality rate (Q) measures, together with the complete OEE for each working day for the croissant production line, were shown. Findings The main objectives are to understand the operation management of the croissant production line, and to measure the OEE characteristics in precise quantitative terms. OEE analysis can help the company to identify the primary problems concerning the A, PE and Q and acts immediately. Originality/value This paper presents a successful evaluation of OEE which will provide a useful guide to aspects of the production process, which identifies the critical points of the line that require further improvement through effective maintenance strategy (i.e. total productive maintenance). Moreover, the analysis provides a useful perspective and helps managers and engineers make better decisions on how to improve manufacturing productivity and quality.

Increasing volume of industrial processing of ores with decreased content of extracted elements resulted in a necessity of large volumes of their fine grinding for effective enrichment. Since the fine grinding can be provided only by application of small diameter grinding bodies (balls and cylpebs), a demand sharply arose for grinding bodies of small diameter (less 40 mm). However, the demand turned out to be unsatisfied because of absence of necessary equipment. To solve the problem, the All-Russian research, development and designing Institute of metallurgical machine building after academician Tselikov and OJSC “ShPS” have designed, manufactured and supplied to Russian and Kazakh customers seven ball rolling complexes for production grinding bodies of diameter from 16 to 40 mm and hardness 56-61 HRC at least. Total production of the grinding bodies exceeded 120 thousand t/year. Description of the ball rolling equipment presented as well as its basic technical characteristics. It was shown, that created complexes realize a continuous technology of grinding bodies production in the united technological flow, including work piece charging into reheating furnace, the work piece heating, hot screw rolling in the two-high working stand, balls chilling down to hardening temperature in the chilling drum, interrupted hardening by water in the chilling drum and balls self-tempering in containers. Other modifications of the ball rolling complexes for production balls of 20-60 mm diameter can have induction furnace or gas reheating furnace. There were five base modifications created differing in productivity, assortment of the grinding bodies and power of the heating equipment, which enables to decrease the capital outlays for the equipment acquisition. The complexes can operate in both manual and automatic cycles.

Lagos is the largest producer of municipal solid waste in Nigeria, yet it is the smallest of Nigeria’s 36 states with the highest projected population, highest level of urbanization and it houses Nigeria’s largest chief port, and principal economic and cultural centres. Out of the total waste generated, only about 73 percent actually got to the final disposal site. There is a possibility of inefficient and ineffective municipal solid waste management system in place which can damage the ecosystem services, contaminate ground and surface water, creates greenhouse gas emissions, increase disease transmission, damages ecosystem services and discourages tourism and other businesses. To this end, this study analysed the efficiency and effectiveness of solid waste services and; the efficiency and effectiveness of solid waste services in Lagos State using primary data and conducting statistical tests. The study found a general agreement on what constitutes efficient and effective solid waste services. However, the study concluded that the waste management system in Lagos State is inefficient, ineffective and therefore; unsustainable. The study therefore recommends among others the urgent need to re-organize the waste management institutions for effective and efficient performance. This requiressubstantial planning ability, appropriate equipment and continuous managerial optimization of vehicles and workers productivity,efficient vehicle routing, better designed vehicles, managerial incentives, faster vehicle repairs, vehicle standardization.

PT Semen Padang is a company that produces cement and it can not be separated from issues related to the effectiveness of the machinery/ equipment caused by factors such as six big losses. It can be indicated from the frequency of damage caused to machinery/ equipment because of the damage so that production targets are not achieved. Another result of damage caused by machinery/ equipment is the quality of products where the products are not meet the quality standards. Therefore, it is necessary to measure effective and efficient in the maintenance of machinery/equipment int term of solving such problems. TPM is a method which developed in Japan that can be applied to improve the productivity and efficiency of production. The applied method is one of useful methods to mantain machinery/equipment utilization including, losses that called by the six big losses. One goal of TPM is to increase the effectiveness to improve function and performance of machinery/ equipment used and reduce the six big losses contained in the machine/ equipment. Study has been conductedin W1 and W2 Kiln engine on Indarung Factory II / III PT Semen Padang. The first stage is measuring the effectiveness of W1 and W2 Kiln machine using OEE method. Furthermore, we are y measure OEE Six Big Losses and another losses that lead to the low efficiency of the Kiln machine. The data has been collected based on year 2013. Result showed that the value of OEE in W1 kiln ranged from 49% to 96%. While the value of OEE in W2 kiln ranged from 60% to 98% . It is related to the level of availability W1 kiln (average 92%) were also quite low when it is compared to the level of availability W2 kiln (average 94%) due to the length of time the kiln W1 engine damage. Refer to the value of the performance rate W1 and W2 kiln, it can be concluded that the average value of both engine performance rate is almost the same, ranging between 91% and 92%. Analysis of OEE Six Big Lossesshowed that cause of low OEE on kiln machine is breakdown loss. It also affected the reduced speed loss.Keyword : OEE, Six Big Losses, Availability, Performance Rate, Quality RateAbstrakPT Semen Padang merupakan sebuah perusahaan yang memproduksi semen juga tidak terlepas dari masalah yang berkaitan dengan efektivitas mesin/peralatan yang diakibatkan oleh faktor six big losses tersebut. Hal ini dapat terlihat dari frekuensi kerusakan yang terjadi pada mesin/peralatan karena kerusakan tersebut sehingga target produksi tidak tercapai. Akibat lain yang ditimbulkan kerusakan mesin/peralatan yaitu dalam hal kualitas produk yang dihasilkan dimana produk yang tidak sesuai dengan standar kualitas akan dioleh kembali. Oleh karena itu diperlukan langkah-langkah efektif dan efisien dalam pemeliharaan mesin/peralatan untuk dapat menanggulangi dan mencegah masalah tersebut. TPM adalah salah satu metode yang dikembangkan di Jepang yang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan efisiensi produksi perusahaan dengan menggunakan mesin/peralatan secara efektif. Tidak tepatnya penanganan dan pemeliharaan mesin/peralatan tidak hanya menyebabkan masalah kerusakan saja, tetapi juga kerugian lain yang disebut dengan six big losses. Salah satu tujuan TPM adalah untuk meningkatkan efektivitas dengan cara meningktaan fungsi dan kinerja mesin/peralatan yang digunakan dan mengeliminasi six big losses yang terdapat pada mesin/peralatan. Objek yang diteliti pada penelitian ini adalah mesin Kiln W1 dan W2 yang terdapat pada Pabrik Indarung II/III PT Semen Padang. Tahapan pertama dalam usaha peningkatan efisiensi produksi pada perusahaan ini adalah dengan melakukan pengukuran efektivitas mesin Kiln W1 dan W2 dengan menggunakan metode OEE yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran OEE Six Big Losses dan dari faktor six big losses tersebut dicari faktor terbesar yang mengakibatkan rendahnya efisiensi mesin Kiln. Data yang digunakan adalah data satu tahun terakhir yaitu Bulan JanuariDesember 2013. Selama periode tersebut, diperoleh nilai OEE pada kiln W1 berkisar antara 49% hingga 96%. Sedangkan nilai OEE mesin kiln W2 berkisar antara 60% hingga 98%. Hal ini berhubungan dengan tingkat availability mesin kiln W1 (rata-rata 92%) yang juga cukup rendah bila dibandingkan dengan tingkat availability mesin kiln W2 (rata-rata 94%) dikarenakan lamanya waktu kerusakan mesin kiln W1. Bila dilihat dari nilai performance efficiency mesin kiln W1 dan W2, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai rata-rata performance efficiency kedua mesin ini hampir sama, yaitu berkisar antara 91% dan 92%. Bila dilakukan analisa OEE Six Big Losses, maka yang menjadi penyebab rendahnya OEE pada mesin kiln ini adalah waktu kerusakan mesin yang tergolong dalam frekuensi sering. Hal ini juga berimbas pada penurunan kecepatan kerja mesin kiln.Kata Kunci : OEE, Six Big Loss, Availability, Performance Rate, Quality Rate

One of the promising directions of increasing productivity in forestry production is a systematic approach to specifying the process efficiency of the wheeled forwarder based on constructing a single technological connectivity of all performed operations from the initial “loading” to the final “start of unloading”. System analysis allows to form coherent and flexible technological processes as single space-time production structures. The process efficiency of such structures depends on the extent to which the basis of the system analysis is used in assessing the fleet of forestry equipment or its elements. The basis of the unified connectivity of the discrete operations (the movement of the forest machine along the skidding track from pack to pack, setting the crane to the operating position, moving the grip towards the log, grabbing the log on the ground, sorting the log, aligning the pack, moving the pack into the cargo compartment, placing the log into the cargo compartment, installation of the crane into the transport position, and movement along the skidding track) from the position of the system theory is a representation of the functional time of manufacturing a production unit (1 m3 of wood) by operation and its superposition for all production operations. The superposition builds a single functional time for the integrity of the operations performed, in which the target function of the production structure is efficiently implemented. An analytical study of determining the effective performance in the functional time of the production process of the wheeled forwarder is given from the position of the system analysis. The article examines the timing of the work of the Ponsse Buffalo wheeled forwarder in the most typical natural and industrial conditions of the rental base of the Mondi Syktyvkar JSC (middle taiga of the Komi Republic). The method of calculating the total capacity of the wheeled forwarder as a result of performance of all operations (loading, storage, and transportation to the place of unloading) is proposed. The possibility of applying the proposed method of assessing the wheeled forwarder efficiency is shown in terms of implementation of forecasting the total productivity of the forest machine in the functional time of manufacturing a production unit. The method allows you to choose the directions of increasing the labor productivity by synchronizing the functional time of all production operations.

The paper analyzes current state and prospects of further development of technology and equipment for mechanization and automation of finishing and cleaning of details. It is stated that the most effective for this purpose are the methods of abrasive machining, which include bulk galvanizing, vibration, centrifugal-rotary and centrifugal-planetary processing. These methods reduce the complexity and cost of processing, which in some cases reaches 20% of the total cost of manufacturing parts. Each of these methods has a different level of efficiency, certain advantages and disadvantages, the level of versatility and scope of effective application. The processes of vibration processing are quite deeply studied, for its industrial mass-produced technological equipment, but they have certain shortcomings that limit their use for further widespread implementation. Centrifugal-rotary processing is a more productive process of three-dimensional finishing and cleaning treatment, but its scope is limited by the possibility of processing parts that are not complex, usually flat. The most productive methods of finishing and cleaning of details include centrifugal-planetary volume processing which high efficiency is caused by repeated loading of particles of working load by inertial forces that creates preconditions for the solutions of a wide range of technological problems, for example, processing of details of difficult form, small weight and the sizes from materials of high hardness or viscosity that represents a serious problem for other methods of volume processing. The constructive scheme is offered in the work and the influence of the composition of the abrasive free-granular working environment on the productivity of the machine for centrifugal-planetary processing of details is investigated. The kinetics of metal removal from the surface of machined parts using different types of abrasive working environment is analyzed. The results of comparative machining of parts in a torus vibrating machine and a machine for centrifugal-planetary machining are given. It is shown that the simultaneous use of centrifugal-planetary and vibration processing methods allows to increase the intensity of the process while ensuring high quality machining of parts of relatively complex shape. The constructive scheme of the machine which allows to implement the specified combined method of processing is offered and described.

Summary Environmental constraints and high costs, especially offshore, are making conventional-well testing less and less feasible and accepted by the public administration. New options were thoroughly evaluated to find a viable alternative to standard production tests for characterizing the well productivity without surface production. An accurate investigation demonstrated that injection tests could provide all the information needed to calculate the well productivity at reasonably low costs and with a good degree of reliability. On the basis of the results of laboratory and field pilot tests, it was proved that injectivity tests could be applied successfully to a real sour-oil field. Laboratory tests proved that brine could be a suitable injection fluid because there were no compatibility problems with the oil and the reservoir rock. It was verified that the interpretation of the pressure transients should be referred to the falloff period rather than to the injection phase. The formation permeability-thickness product (kh) could be identified correctly from the pressure-derivative analysis only if multiphase flow was assumed. The total skin value could also be obtained from the test interpretation. The total skin comprises two components: a mechanical component resulting from permeability damage and a biphase component resulting from fluid interaction in the reservoir. Except for a limited number of cases, the biphase skin can be evaluated only with numerical well testing, provided that the fluid relative permeability curves are available. It was also demonstrated that the biphase component depends mainly on the injection rate but is independent of the formation permeability. Then, the well-known transient equation was applied to determine the well productivity index (PI) based on the kh and the mechanical skin. PI values calculated from injection tests compared satisfactorily with PI values measured from six drillstem tests (DSTs) performed on appraisal wells. Introduction In the vast majority of situations associated with exploration activities, there is no infrastructure and no equipment in place to collect the hydrocarbons produced during well tests; thus, it is common practice to burn the produced fluids. However, the demands (if not requirements) to reduce or avoid hydrocarbon emissions and the restrictive environmental regulations in place make conventional well testing less and less feasible for appraisal wells (Levitan 2002; Hollaender et al. 2002). In addition, the general target of reducing the time and cost of operations, especially for challenging oilfield developments, requires evaluating whether conventional well testing is always the optimal cost-effective option. Therefore, the potential value of alternatives that might be used as a substitute to conventional well testing needs to be investigated. It is likely that individually, these alternatives do not fulfill all the targets of conventional tests; thus, a clear understanding of the capabilities of each is necessary. The work presented in this paper refers to a real, naturally fractured reservoir with more than 200 development wells to be tested after final completion. Standard production tests are not allowed by local regulations because of the environmental concerns and the risks associated with the presence of high percentages of H2S. Possible alternatives to conventional well testing were investigated, with the principal goal being the estimation of the productivity of the field's main geological units (Pool 1, Pool 2, and Pool 3).

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 203086, “First Successful Fishbone Stimulation Completion in Onshore Oil Field in the United Arab Emirates,” by Fernando Quintero, Noor Talib, and Alvaro Jimenez, SPE, ADNOC, et al., prepared for the 2020 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, held virtually from 9-12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper describes the operator’s first implementation of fishbone stimulation technology. A multidisciplinary team analyzed the operational procedures, conducted risk assessments and logistical studies, and established contingency plans, technical requirements, and technical limitations. The deployment of the equipment and the production results were a success, overcoming hazard risks and uncertainties and closing gaps from previous, partially effective applications. According to the authors, fishbone stimulation technology will help increase productivity in a well too risky to be hydraulically fractured and beyond the reach of coiled tubing. Background As the industry seeks dynamic changes and novel ideas to increase the productivity of tight, thin reservoirs, fisbone stimulation represents a lower-risk and -cost solution to ensure deep connectivity with the reservoir in situations in which traditional conventional stimulation practices have reached their potential boundaries without achieving crude recovery objectives. The project described in the complete paper is part of a series of field-development projects in United Arab Emirates onshore fields to exceed expectations of the committed production targets. This trial has taken the form of a pilot test for implementing fishbone stimulation for a short duration in other onshore fields. The new approach has already enhanced production up to three times and has provided wellhead pressure support. While this marks a successful beginning, more field trials will be needed to implement wider use of this technology. Fishbone completion stimulation technology is based on the use of subs that are installed in uncemented liner in which each sub features four small-diameter, high-strength tubes called needles (Fig. 1) that can be extended up to 40 ft in length by bullheading acid (Fig. 2). The objective of the technology is to increase well productivity and injectivity by the needles by connecting natural fractures and vertical layers and increasing reservoir contact and effective well-bore radius. To address the deployment challenge, a risk assessment was under taken with the active participation of a multidisciplinary team, including members from the operator (drilling and asset team) and the service company, to ensure that all required precaution inputs were considered. The risk assessment was conducted by identifying the situations that could threaten the deployment and full extension of the needle, a critical aspect of the job. The complete paper describes primary factors such as the following: - Sub-assembly preparation - Running liner to total depth and setting liner hanger - Mixing and handling hydrochloric acid (HCl) - Pumping the acid job - Fluid losses after the acid job - Cleanup runs with fishbasket cutting assembly

The Egyptian cotton crop have experienced challenges in recent years from a drop in the quantity produced and exported, to a decrease in cultivated areas, this have affected the production quantity and value of exports. This study aims to bridge the research gap by exploring the nexus between cultivated area of cotton in Egypt, Relative profitability (cotton-clover/rice-clover), export quantity of cotton, the export prices of Egyptian cotton and the export prices of American cotton (Pima). In order to clarify the relationship between the variables studied and the cultivated area of cotton, the research use time series data from 1980 to 2016, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test to the find the co-integration between the variables after checking the stationarity in chosen variables with different unit root tests e.g. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and the Phillips-Perron (PP). The results show, significant factors that influence the cultivated area of cotton include Relative profitability (cotton-clover/rice-clover), export quantity of cotton in long run term. Which underscores the need for government support in agriculture, in particular, cotton crop support. The increasing trend of cotton cost with declining revenue and decreasing in exports quantity is the main cause of decreased cultivated area of Egyptian cotton. Research recommends that support should be given to cotton farmers, in the form of agricultural equipment or training in good agricultural practices or set a price for cotton guaranteeing a decent profit margin for the farmers. The government (policy makers) should improve the productivity of cotton with the purpose of reducing the total costs and increasing the degree of competitiveness of the Egyptian cotton. Some effective policy measures may include but not limited to, farmer training programs and providing better extension services that will led to the capacity development of farmers.

INTRODUCTION The quality of teaching–learning process at medical college depends mainly of infrastructure that includes competent personnel, optimal teaching space and equipment in accordance with existing standards and norms.Faculty hence remains the cornerstone of overall academic performance of institution. Faculty evaluation and faculty development training strengthens further academic excellence. Self-assessment of their own teaching performance by faculties is highly efficient for further academic improvement and enhancement. MATERIAL AND METHODS A Cross sectional, prospective study was conducted among 134 faculty members of various departments at Universal Medical College and Teaching Hospital (UCMS), Bhairahawa in month of June 2019. Faculty from clinical, basic, dental and nursing sciences were included in this study. Assessment were done with standard questionnaire with 8 different variables was using the Likert scale. A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used for collection of data. All the respondents provided opinion regarding level of skill, level of dependability, skill in patient relation, commitment to organization, efficiency to organize work, overall quality deliver to workplace, productivity, level of team work by a 5 points rating scale. They were provided with questionnaire and they are asked to fill form with using self-assessment methods. Data were analyzed using Microsoft excel and represented as frequency and proportion. RESULTS A total of 134 lecturers from various faculties participated in this study. Majority of participants (40%) are from basic sciences. In this study majority of faculties assessed themselves as competent in regards of skill (12%), clinical faculties find themselves efficient in regard of organization of work schedule. Sixteen participants found themselves dependent on others in their work. When they were asked to rate their patient related skills, six members from basic sciences were unsatisfied while all the clinicians find that they meet the job requirement and expectations. All participants believe in team work and majority of them were committed towards the organization. CONCLUSION The self-assessment by faculty themselves is equally effective to plan faculty development programs for further improvement and enhancement.

The object of research is the efficiency of dust collection of fine dust in an apparatus with an intense turbulent mode of phase interaction. One of the most problematic areas of the existing dust and gas cleaning equipment is the low efficiency of collecting fine dust. Effective cleaning of exhaust gases from dust involves the use of multi-stage cleaning systems, including wet and dry dust cleaning devices, which entails high capital and operating costs. These disadvantages are eliminated in the developed design of the cyclone-vortex dust collector with two contact zones. The device implements both dry and wet dust collection mechanisms, which allows for high efficiency of dust removal at high productivity. The conducted studies of the total and fractional efficiency of dust collection when changing the operating parameters of the developed device showed that the efficiency of collecting fine dust is 98–99 %. The increase in the efficiency of dust collection in the dry stage of the device is due to an increase in centrifugal force. In the wet stage of contact, the efficiency reaches its maximum values due to the vortex crushing of the liquid in the nozzle zone of the apparatus. Studies of the fractional efficiency of the apparatus show that with an increase in the diameter of the captured particles, the efficiency of the dust collection process for dry and wet stages, as well as the overall efficiency, increases. With an increase in the density of irrigation, the overall efficiency of dust collection in the apparatus increases. It has been established that an increase in the efficiency of capturing highly dispersed particles occurs due to turbulent diffusion, the value of which is determined by the frequency of turbulent pulsations and the degree of entrainment of particles during the pulsating motion of packed bodies. To describe the results obtained, a centrifugal-inertial model for a dry contact stage and a turbulent-diffusion model of solid particle deposition for a wet contact stage are proposed, which make it possible to calculate the dust collection efficiency of the contact stages, as well as the overall efficiency of the cyclone-vortex apparatus. The results obtained show the prospects of using devices of this design at heat power plants and other industries.

В статье проанализированы наиболее существенные факторы, влияющие на техническую готовность тракторов к работе, с помощью математико-статистического моделирования. Исследование проведено на одном из сельскохозяйственных предприятий Ярославской области. Техническая готовность техники зависит от множества субъективных и объективных факторов. В результате исследований авторами было выявлено восемь факторов, влияющих на техническую готовность тракторов (затраты на ремонт и техническое обслуживание (ТО) одного физического трактора за год, руб.; затраты на ТО на один эт. га в год, руб.; стоимость материально-технической базы (МТБ) по ремонту и ТО, приходящаяся на один эт. трактор, тыс. руб.; обеспеченность работающими механизаторами на 100 физических тракторов, чел.; наличие механизаторов, имеющих 1–3 классы квалификации, % к общему количеству; доля услуг предприятий сельхозтехники в затратах на ремонт и ТО, %; затраты на запасные части за один год на один эт. трактор, руб.; доля стоимости узлов и агрегатов при ремонте тракторов, %). Для описания процесса были использованы методы многофакторного корреляционного и регрессионного анализа. Выявлено, что наиболее существенное влияние на результативный признак (коэффициент технической готовности тракторов) оказывает величина затрат на ТО в расчёте на один эт. га в год и наличие механизаторов, имеющих 1–3 классы квалификации. Применение предложенной методики, по мнению авторов, обеспечит не только определение технического состояния агрегатов и механизмов, но и сократит время простоя техники, снизит затраты на ТО и технический ремонт, а также на расход запасных деталей и материалов и повысит производительность труда. The article analyzes the most significant factors affecting the technical readiness of tractors for work using mathematical and statistical modeling. The research was carried out at one of the agricultural enterprises of the Yaroslavl region. Technical readiness of machinery depends on many subjective and objective factors. As a result of the research the authors identified eight factors affecting the technical readiness of tractors (repair and maintenance costs (maintenance) of one physical tractor per year, Rub.; maintenance costs per reference unit ha per year, Rub.; the cost of the material and technical base (MTB) for repair and maintenance which is accounted for by reference tractor, RUB, in thousands; provision of working machine operators for 100 physical tractors, people; the presence of machine operators with 1–3 qualification classes, % of the total number; share of agricultural equipment services in repair and maintenance costs, %; service parts costs per year per reference tractor, Rub..; share of components and assemblies cost during tractor repair, %). Multifactor correlation and regression analysis techniques were used to describe the process. It was revealed that the most significant impact on the effective feature (tractor technical readiness factor) is the amount of maintenance costs calculated per reference ha per year and the presence of machine operators with 1–3 qualification classes. The application of the proposed technique according to the authors, will ensure not only the determination of the technical condition of units and mechanisms, but also reduce the out-of-service time of equipment, reduce maintenance and technical repair costs, as well as the consumption of spare parts and materials and increase labor productivity.

Purpose: To study the binary possibility of using the available linear electron accelerators for the neutron therapy and radioisotopes production. For both applications, calculations were performed and the results were normalized to the characteristics of the Mevex accelerator (average electron current 4 mA at a monoenergetic electron beam 35 MeV). It turns out that the production of both photoneutrons and radioisotopes is effective when using bremsstrahlung radiation generated in the giant dipole resonance of a heavy metal target. Material and methods: The unifying problem for both applications is the task of target cooling: at beam power ~ 140 kW, half of it or more is deposited directly in the target. Therefore the liquid heavy metal was selected as a target, in order to conjoin high thermohydraulics quality with maximal productivity both bremsstrahlung radiation and photoneutrons. The targets were optimized using precise codes for radiation transport and thermohydraulics problems. The optimization was also carried out for the installations as a whole: 1) for the composition of the material and configuration of the photoneutron extraction unit for neutron capture therapy (NCT) and 2) for the scheme of bremsstrahlung generation for radioisotopes production. Results: The photoneutron block provides an acceptable beam quality for NCT with a high neutron flux density at the output ~2·1010 cm–2s–1, which is an order of magnitude higher than the values at the output of the reactor beams that worked in the past and are currently being designed for neutron capture therapy. As for radioisotopes production, using optimal reaction channel (γ, n) 43 radioisotopes in 5 groups were received. For example, by the Mo100(γ,n)99Mo reaction the precursor 99Mo of main diagnostic nuclide 99mTc with specific activity ~6 Ci/g and total activity of the target 1.8 kCi could be produced after 1 day irradiation exposure. Conclusion: The proposed schemes of neutron and bremsstrahlung generation and extraction have a number of obvious advantages over traditional techniques: a) the applying of the electron accelerators for neutron production is much safer and cheaper than to use conventional reactor beams; b) accelerator with the target, the beam output unit with the necessary equipment and tooling can be placed on the territory of the clinic without any problems; c) the proposed target for NCT is liquid gallium, which also serves as a coolant; it is an “environmentally friendly” material, its activation is rather low and rapidly (in ~4 days) falls to the background level.

Purpose: To study the binary possibility of using the available linear electron accelerators for the neutron therapy and radioisotopes production. For both applications, calculations were performed and the results were normalized to the characteristics of the Mevex accelerator (average electron current 4 mA at a monoenergetic electron beam 35 MeV). It turns out that the production of both photoneutrons and radioisotopes is effective when using bremsstrahlung radiation generated in the giant dipole resonance of a heavy metal target. Material and methods: The unifying problem for both applications is the task of target cooling: at beam power ~ 140 kW, half of it or more is deposited directly in the target. Therefore the liquid heavy metal was selected as a target, in order to conjoin high thermohydraulics quality with maximal productivity both bremsstrahlung radiation and photoneutrons. The targets were optimized using precise codes for radiation transport and thermohydraulics problems. The optimization was also carried out for the installations as a whole: 1) for the composition of the material and configuration of the photoneutron extraction unit for neutron capture therapy (NCT) and 2) for the scheme of bremsstrahlung generation for radioisotopes production. Results: The photoneutron block provides an acceptable beam quality for NCT with a high neutron flux density at the output ~2·1010 cm–2s–1, which is an order of magnitude higher than the values at the output of the reactor beams that worked in the past and are currently being designed for neutron capture therapy. As for radioisotopes production, using optimal reaction channel (γ, n) 43 radioisotopes in 5 groups were received. For example, by the Mo100(γ,n)99Mo reaction the precursor 99Mo of main diagnostic nuclide 99mTc with specific activity ~6 Ci/g and total activity of the target 1.8 kCi could be produced after 1 day irradiation exposure. Conclusion: The proposed schemes of neutron and bremsstrahlung generation and extraction have a number of obvious advantages over traditional techniques: a) the applying of the electron accelerators for neutron production is much safer and cheaper than to use conventional reactor beams; b) accelerator with the target, the beam output unit with the necessary equipment and tooling can be placed on the territory of the clinic without any problems; c) the proposed target for NCT is liquid gallium, which also serves as a coolant; it is an “environmentally friendly” material, its activation is rather low and rapidly (in ~4 days) falls to the background level.

«... Devising a workable manpower plan... at best is an art, still in its infancy. Many assumptions and informed judgment are necessary to compensate for gaps in data. But if planning of any sort were delayed until our data were complete and a fool-proof methodology were developed, no forecasts of educational needs would ever be made. The enormous outlays on education today and in the future demand that we at least make an attempt to determine how we can best allocate these expenditures to meet our needs efficiently. As additional data become available and greater experience is gained in the techniques of manpower planning, many of the difficulties facing us will be overcome. Manpower forecasting although not an ideal approach to rational development of our educational resources at least provides a framework of additional required data that no other currently-known method offers ». 1 We are attempting to calculate « manpower coefficients » or if you wish, a fraction whose numerator is man-years of experienced labour by occupation group, and whose denominator is output by industry group. In other words, we shall estimate the number of man-years of labour of different occupation groups required to produce $1,000.00 of output in selected industries in Nova Scotia, in 1960-61. The fraction is no more and no less than an estimate of labour productivity. We have asked the Dominion Bureau of Statistics to provide a tabulation containing the experienced labour force in 1961, cross-classified, 1) by sex, 2) by class of worker (wage and salary earners, unpaid family workers, own business operators), 3) by industry group (54), 4) by occupation group (64), 5) by earnings group, 6) by years of schooling, 7) by weeks worked, 8) by hours per week, 9) by age group. We shall prepare a 64 (row) by 54 (column) matrix, one column for each industry group and one row for each occupation group. Each cell will contain a fraction which when applied to a forecast of gross value of output by industry will provide an estimate of the number of man-years of labour required to produce that output. If we sum across the rows we obtain the total demand for man-years of labour for each of occupation groups. I shall dispense with a discussion of the majority of the assumptions, limitations and peculiarities of the method, for these may be found in the report mentioned above. To obtain the numerator of our fraction (man-years of experienced labour force), we weighted bodies (the experienced labour force) by two fractions; one for weeks worked and one for hours worked. This is particularly important in Nova Scotia because of seasonal operations. If we found a person who had worked 26 out of the 52 weeks proceeding the 1961 levels, and when he worked, worked the model hours in his occupation groups, we counted him as 1/2 a man-year of labour. One facet of the study which may interest individuals involved in training, retraining and education concerns the occupation groups we formed. We have grouped the 273 Census occupations of the 1961 Census into 64 occupation groups. We formed broad groups of occupations within which we believe workers are substitutable, transferable and interchangeable. This was done among other reasons because it is quite common to find workers with the same type of training in different occupations, or to put it differently because workers with one type of preparation often go into different kinds of jobs. This approach also reflects a belief that it is more effective to train workers in families of related skills rather than in specific skills in preparation for the labour market. Another reason is that Census occupation definitions often leave much to be desired. We have therefore formed 64 occupation groups which are in many respects similar to Dunlop's « job clusters » and Scoville « job families » which are defined as groups of job classifications limited by technology, administration and social custom or « jobs linked by materials used, equipment used and functions performed ». We have in effect formed 44 groups of occupations on the basis of affinity in functions and another 19 (one group, the 64th is for unpaid family workers) which segregate superior from intermediate from unskilled workers in many of these groups of occupations. We arrived at the latter by using earnings and education criteria. The reason for doing so is that workers with very different levels of skill were placed together in one Census occupation group (for example, many « engineers » in Nova Scotia have no secondary school training and very low incomes according to the 1961 Census; apparently many were promoted by their wives when the Census enumerator came). In many cases, we required that the worker meet either the earnings criterion or the education criterion depending upon the occupation group, and this among other reasons because we did not use age in the process. We neglected the use of an education criterion in most occupation groups except those in managerial, technical, professional and clerical categories. Let me also mention that we transformed reported earnings to annual rate earnings to match to our criteria because we know that many workers worked part-time, or were away from work for various reasons during the 12 months which proceeded the 1961 Census. This allowed us to exclude from superior categories individuals with little qualifications who held multiple jobs and worked an abnormal number of hours. We have also asked the Dominion Bureau of Statistics to provide information on the educational attainment of the workers in our different occupation groups by sex. This will allow users to draw implications concerning the formal educational requirements needed to produce the forecasted output. In conclusion, please allow me to mention what I believe to be some of the work required to improve our knowledge in this area. Care should be taken in preparing forecasts of the gross value of production (including inventories), in 1960 constant dollars, for the industry groups chosen in our study. These output forecasts should not be obtained from employment forecasts for the application of man-power coefficients to output forecasts thus derived would be tautological. Many specific studies of industry productivity trends would be helpful to narrow the zone of ignorance of the forecasts obtained through the use of our manpower coefficients. Much remains to be done to dynamize the manpower coefficients. We know that labour productivity (and hence the manpower coefficients) varies cyclically and all we have estimated is a fixed coefficient for 1960-1961. We also know that more frequent estimates of these manpower coefficients would allow us to determine how technological changes have altered them, although the robustness of manpower coefficients is improved by the fact that we have grouped industries and occupations. Our coefficients are based on ex post data of employment and output rather than ex ante data on the demand for labour (employment plus vacancies) and for output. They are therefore influenced by labour supply as well as by labour demand, i.e. they are the result of the interaction of manpower requirements and supplies. Much remains to be done to arrive at an interacting supply and demand model, and the new vacancies data soon to be published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics should help us to refine those models we can think up now. Much remains to be done on the appropriateness of grouping occupations for training and retraining purposes, and on the criteria for doing so. Much analysis of the functional and employment requirements by occupation remains to be done for the use of sex, earnings and education, in this paper is certainly not fully satisfactory. (1) B.M. WILKINSON, Studies in the Economics of Education, Occasional Paper number 4, Economics and Research Branch, Department of Labour, Canada July 1965, pp. 37-38.

Relevance of research topic. The number of Ukrainian holding-type organizations and their land bankcontinues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy.Since 2019, state policy has been refocusing on forced support for small and small-scale farms, and after the Ukrainian decentralization reform the leadership of the united territorial communities of the new tools they received depends on the development of small and medium-sized businesses. Formulation of the problem. Today, the actualization of local economic development requires significant financial resources from the united territorial communities. And the formation of their budget depends on the effectiveagricultural sector operation. After the Ukrainian reform of local self-government and decentralization, the economic development of the territories and of Ukraine as a whole, depends on the using of new tools and resources by the community leadership. The solution of theagrarian sphere problems of the united territorial communities is in the plane ofsmall agrarian entrepreneurship state support, strengthening of the state control over the activity of large agro-traders, as well as their social and financial responsibility to the united territorial communities. Analysis of recent research and publications. Theoretical questions on the study of small agrarian entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities were engaged in such scientists of the Institute of Economics of NASU, Institute of Agrarian Economics of NAAS of Ukraine, as Shemyakin D., Finagina O. V., Lysetsky A. S., Onishchenko O. M., and other national and foreign scientists. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The issue of the impact of decentralization on theagricultural sector development of the united territorial communities needs to be detailed and further researched. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The article aim is to investigate the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine, assess thesmall agricultural business current state and trace its relationship with the activities of united territorial communities for economic development. Method or methodology for conducting research. The set of general scientific methods of cognition and special methods of economic research are used in the work. Among them: analysis and synthesis, generalization and comparison, system-structural and comparative analysis, systematic method of cognition of economic processes and phenomena, index method and method of statistical groupings for analysis of united territorial communities activity development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The article considers the theoretical aspect of organizational and legal foundations of the united territorial communities formation in Ukraine, assesses the current state of small agricultural business and reveals it’s main relationships with the united territorial communities activities for region economic development. Territorial communities are voluntary associations of residents of city, village and settlement councils, which directly receive funding from the state budget for the development of education, medicine, sports, culture, and social protection. Financial support from the state gives more opportunities to local communities to implement their own projects. The more active the territorial community, the more projects will be implemented and theterritorial communityprofitability level will be higher, which it will spend on the development of territories. This is the main incentive to attract additional investment to improve people's living standards. In 2020, theUkrainian Cabinet of Ministers adopted 24 orders on the definition of administrative centers and approval ofregional community’s territories. There are 1469 territorial communities in our country. After the launch of the decentralization process in Ukraine – the transfer of powers and resources to places from which the community itself determines the direction of funding, small communities require forresource lack for rural development. The solution has beena decision to consolidate several councils by merging, which allowed communities to use common resources for territorial development. Ukraine owns 60.3 million hectares, which is about 6% of Europe's territory.There are 32.7 millionarable land hectares of land in the structure ofUkrainian agricultural territory, of which almost 9 million are used as pastures, hayfields and other agricultural lands. The quarter of agricultural land was never distributed, remaining on the balance of the state. Thus, state and the communal property include 10.5 million hectares of agricultural land, which is 26% of the total area, of which 3.2 million hectares – in the permanent use of state enterprises, 2.5 million hectares – in stock, and the rest – for rent. Almost 40% of the total number of Ukrainian enterprises in the agricultural sector and 38% of the area of agricultural land cultivated by agricultural enterprises are absorbed by agricultural holdings and large agricultural traders. On June 1, 2019, there were more than 160 large agricultural holdings in the country, they cultivate more than 3.6 million hectares of agricultural land. Thus, today in Ukraine the number of holding-type organizations and their land bank continues to grow, "displacing" small and medium-sized producers from the agricultural economy. Thecommunity agrarian branch is a complex multi-sectoral system, the individual subsystems of which are unevenly represented in different territorial formations, but are in close interaction with each other. The role of small agrarian businesses in the development of united territorial community’sagriculture is constantly growing. In recent years, the share of farms has increased by 30%. With the development of farming in the agricultural regions of Ukraine, the opportunities to solve the problem of employment in rural areas and the revival of territories in general are increasing. Therefore, state support for agricultural producers is an important step in order to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector. If earlier the preference of vectors of state support was in large agro-traders, then from 2019 the policy of the state was reoriented to the strengthened support of small and small-scale farms. Such support is confirmed by financial preferences for small agribusiness through regional branches of the Ukrainian State Farm Support Fund. Agricultural cooperatives will receive state support through cooperation with the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine with the assistance of the Department. Thus, today the promissory note form of payment has been abolished, and 70% of the cost of their equipment has been reimbursed for cooperatives. As a result of the crisis of 2014-2016, many Ukrainians started doing business and many successful cases of micro and small agricultural enterprises operating in the regions appeared in the country. However, barriers to rural development are a lack of financial resources and a lack of economic knowledge. Therefore, in order to maximally support farms and agro-industrial entrepreneurship in rural areas by the state, high-quality interaction and communication on the ground is needed. Thus, in addition to financial support, the state program also includes advising agricultural producers. Experienced specialists will help to structure the business, calculate the financial and create a business plan. In 2020, the budget of financial support for the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine is set at 4 billion UAH, which is only 43% of the limit – does not meet 1% of GDP. the real need for financial state support of a key sector of Ukraine's economy. The implementation of the program of financing micro and small agribusiness has great potential not only in the country, but also within each united territorial community. Each of them, which participates in the program of state support of small agrarian business, annually receives about 75 thousand UAH of taxes to its budget. On a national scale, this is an additional UAH 75 million ($ 3.06 million) in taxes to local budgets over 5 years. The possibility of organizational and legal forms of micro and small agribusiness, according to the current legislation of Ukraine, to hire labor – partially solves the problem of unemployment in rural areas. A significant contribution is also made by micro and small agribusiness in increasing the volume of gross domestic product in Ukraine. Small and medium business in Ukraine brings 55% of gross domestic product to the country's economy, and micro and small business 16%, while in Europe the figure is twice as high, and their efficiency is 10 times higher than in our country. It is the subjects of small and medium-sized businesses in the field of agriculture that are powerful catalysts and stimulators of business activity, determine the unification of all participants in economic relations in the country. Therefore, state support and effective development of united territorial community’sagribusiness create the basis for the emergence and functioning of the institutional environment. Thus, giving 12% of Ukraine's GDP and providing jobs for members of the local community, small agribusiness entities need the development of agricultural equipment suppliers, agricultural processors, research institutions that conduct breeding work and develop modern technologies, logistics infrastructure, market structures, as well as institutions of agricultural education. The agro-industrial sphere of the community is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial united territorial communitiesand the effective functioning of rural areas. However, the distribution of agricultural land and land ownership remains an urgent problem for united territorial communities, as in addition to the territorial base, the land is a means of agricultural production. The population of the united territorial community is the main consumer of agricultural products produced by small agricultural enterprises. So, it provides a reproduction of labor for the industry. The vector of development of united territorial community’sagricultural production depends on the availability of natural, productive and labor resources of the community. The most energy-intensive are the production of vegetable crops, sugar beets, potatoes, industrial crops, as well as certain livestock industries, which are more often engaged in by farms and small agricultural enterprises. The study found that in Ukraine, government measures are the main obstacle to the development of agro-industrial entrepreneurship in united territorial communities, because it creates an extremely unfavorable climate for the development of small and medium enterprises or prohibits it altogether. For many years in a row, the sources of budget formation, which are generally local taxes, remain a significant problem in the development of agriculturally oriented united territorial communities. The limitation of incomes of agricultural enterprises and the population is the low efficiency of agricultural enterprises, the main reason for which is the low wages of peasants. The reason for this problem in the agricultural sector is low productivity, which forms the added value of agricultural products. Examining the structure of Ukrainian small agrarian business, its players in general education were classified into two large groups: 1. Farmers and agricultural producers living and working in rural areas. They live in a society within the lands of which they rent shares, pay all the necessary taxes, provide residents of general education with jobs, finished agricultural products at affordable prices. 2. Farmers who are registered in Ukrainian cities, however, use the land of the community, paying only the rent of agricultural land, depleting them due to non-compliance with crop rotations. Such agro-traders enjoy state support, soft loans and other preferences, receive super-profits and in no way contribute to the development of agricultural areas and society. These are the activities of large agro-industrial holdings, the form of interaction with rural general education and the mechanisms of social responsibility which need to be worked out with the help of the following measures by the government and agricultural producers: 1) development and restoration of the infrastructure of the united territorial communities and its elements used by agricultural holdings; 2) use of modern ecologically safe agrotechnologies. 3) training of qualified specialists in the field of agro-industrial complex, their employment in modern agro-industrial companies; 4) state support, restoration and preservation of recreational and health facilities of the united territorial communities, including agricultural lands, which are leased by large agricultural holdings; 5) involvement in the economic activity of the agricultural holding of farms on a partnership basis. Thus, partnerships and cooperation between large agricultural holdings and small agricultural producers of united territorial communities can contribute not only to the development of small agricultural businesses in Ukraine, but also to the socio-economic development of society and rural areas in general. The field of application of results. Thescientific research results on the problems of small agricultural entrepreneurship in the development of united territorial communities can be used in the field of state regulation of agribusiness and united territorial communities to support local agricultural producers. Conclusions according to the article. The agro-industrial sphere of the communities is the main means of ensuring the socio-economic development of territorial communities and the effective functioning of rural areas, because the development of farming opportunities increases the problem of rural employment and the revival of territories in general. That is why state support for agricultural producers is an important step to obtain funds for small business development in the agro-industrial sector.

The focused improvements are activities in which they are developed with the intervention of the different areas in a productive process, it is a development in the process of continuous improvement similar to that existing in processes of Total Quality Control applying procedures and maintenance techniques. Maintenance is a set of activities that are carried out daily in the equipment, including inspection, lubrication, cleaning, minor interventions, change of tools and pieces studying possible improvements. Progressive maintenance is a pillar of the most important in the pursuit of benefits in an industrial organization. The maintenance of quality seeks to establish as a purpose that the team has the "zero defects". The PTEE or Total Effective Productivity of the Equipment is a measure of the real productivity of the equipment, it is a measure that indicates the amount of time used by the equipment, the overall effectiveness of the equipment evaluates the performance of the equipment while it is in operation, this allows to prioritize between several maintenance projects, those most significant in the improvement of the plant.

PurposeThis paper aims to prioritize the factors for the successful implementation of total productive maintenance (TPM).Design/methodology/approachThe technique used for prioritization is the analytical hierarchy process (AHP).FindingsThe commitment and involvement of the top management, i.e. the leadership team, is the most critical success factor in the successful implementation of TPM. Employee training is another vital factor. Top management should also encourage a culture favorable for information flow, equipment ownership, the involvement of people and quality management throughout the organization.Research limitations/implicationsManufacturing organizations interested in improving productivity through the implementation of TPM should first involve the leadership team and seek their full support and train all the employees in this philosophy. However, the findings cannot be generalized for global application due to the inputs taken from experts in AHP from limited geography.Practical implicationsReducing production costs is a universal expectation of business leaders. TPM can be used as a long-term strategy to improve productivity by the organization.Social implicationsAll employees have to be trained in this philosophy, and as part of the training and the implementation of TPM, they feel empowered and committed to the organization.Originality/valueThis study has illustrated the use of AHP for the prioritization of success factors. Prioritization of success factors will help in strategy formulation by management for effective maintenance. It will help in improving the productivity and performance of the organization.

Research Question: The objective of this article is to present the model for simulating the financial viability of a Just-in-Time Maintenance Program in an agribusiness company. Motivation: Maintenance management in agro-industrial environments lacks effective systems to optimize the production process. The existing maintenance program have proven to be ineffective, from the point of view that unscheduled production downtime continues to occur. It is important to highlight that the types of maintenance used today, considering that their characteristics are not able to reduce or minimize the errors caused by human limited capacity, which has contributed to the increase of unscheduled production stoppages, causing equipment unavailability, low quality of final products and, mainly, failing to deliver products as agreed with customers. Idea: The maintenance program called Just-In-Time Maintenance Program - Maintenance Just in Time – consists of an integrated system for monitoring physical phenomena, with sensors installed in the equipment, connected to a central diagnosis able to predict failures in real time. With this program, it is possible to know in advance what may happen, taking the necessary measures regarding the acquisition of parts, repairs, and personnel allocation, among others, making these stops compatible or readjusting them with the production plan to minimize the undesirable stops. Data: The choice of the company participating in the research is made due to its continuous production process. The present study used a non-probabilistic sample for convenience with that provided by the observed company. The information collected in the agribusiness regarding the selling price, cost of raw material, cost of electricity, and total expenditure on maintenance, refer to the year 2020. Tools: A mathematical model was developed that estimates variations in the company's productivity and the consequent financial impacts. The results, operational and financial, of the model allow assessing the feasibility of implementing each of these programs. Findings: The results obtained indicate losses with the current maintenance program and show the potential for implementing the Just-In-Time Maintenance Program. This research concludes that it is possible to reduce unscheduled stoppages that cause production interruptions, increasing profit, with the implementation of the Just-In-Time Maintenance Program. Contribution: This article contributes to the literature as it presents an equipment maintenance model based on operational conditions, in contrast to other existing maintenance programs.