Academic literature on the topic 'Teeth - Diseases. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Teeth - Diseases. eng"
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Haba, Danisia, Yllka Decolli, Emilia Marciuc, and Ana Elena Sîrghe. "Teeth Impaction and Structural Teeth Anomalies." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 24, no. 05 (October 2020): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709210.
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AbstractDentists and oral and maxillofacial radiologists have used periapical, occlusal, panoramic, and cephalometric radiographs for many years for diagnosing dental anomalies, especially before orthodontic or surgical treatment. Cone beam computed tomography was developed in recent years especially for the dental and maxillofacial region. Thus it has become the imaging modality of choice for many clinical situations, such as the assessment of dental impaction and structural teeth anomalies or other associated diseases and disorders (e.g., Gardner's syndrome, cleidocranial dysplasia). This article reviews different aspects of dental impaction and its possible effects on adjacent structures such as external root resorption, marginal bone loss, as well as describing structural dental anomalies. It provides a systematic analysis of their characteristic features and imaging findings for general radiologists to achieve a precise diagnosis and an optimal interpretation.
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Bán, Ágnes, Zsolt Ferenc Németh, Adrienn Szauter, Szilvia Soós, and Márta Balaskó. "A krónikus parodontitis, illetve szájnyálkahártya-laesiók előfordulása és súlyossága krónikus obstruktív tüdőbetegségben." Orvosi Hetilap 159, no. 21 (May 2018): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2018.31037.
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Abstract: Introduction: Chronic parodontitis is a prevalent oral disease that may lead to the loss of teeth independently of caries. Some systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure) may aggravate chronic parodontitis. On the other hand, this oral disease may aggravate other systemic diseases. Earlier studies suggested a correlation between chronic parodontitis and very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aim: The aim of our study was the investigation of the correlation between chronic parodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Method: We have recruited patients of the Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, in the study. Volunteers were assigned into a COPD (n = 29) and control group (n = 45). Airflow limitation of the COPD group (FEV1/FVC: 61.52 ± 3.2%) corresponded to GOLD 2 (global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; FEV1: 52.66 ± 3.57%). Oral health assessment included mean and maximal clinical attachment loss, mobility of teeth, decayed/filled and missing teeth, Löe–Silness, oral hygiene and bleeding on probing indexes. One-way ANOVA and non-parametric Mann–Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Oral health of the COPD group was worse than that of the controls. In this group the mean and maximal clinical attachment loss, mobility of teeth, the Löe–Silness, the oral hygiene and bleeding on probing indexes were higher. Conclusions: Our results confirm the positive correlation between chronic parodontitis and a moderate level of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, it is not clear whether the COPD-associated systemic inflammation aggravated the oral status or the chronic parodontitis influenced negatively chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(21): 831–836.
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Madhu, Priyanka Paul. "AN OVERVIEW: INSIGHT OF DENTAL BLEACHING AGENTS." Journal of Medical pharmaceutical and allied sciences 10, no. 4 (September 15, 2021): 3182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jmpas.v10i4.1253.
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The virtue of the "perfect smile" is an easily achievable task with a better understanding of materials and diseases as well as advances in technology. Discoloured teeth can often be completely or partially corrected by whitening as it is conservative, non-invasive, and inexpensive, it is the treatment protocol of choice for the masses. Hydrogen and carbamide peroxides have been used successfully for many years; the teeth whitening technique has changed several times over the past century, and nearly 10 years before the new millennium, the technique was finally recognized by international regulatory agencies. It is important that dentists handle peroxides with a basic knowledge as it has been shown that the results will give satisfactory results. This technique depends on correctly diagnosing the stains, handling the substrates (enamel and dentin), and sensitivity. Dentists are exposed to a wide variety of teeth whitening techniques, products, and brands, and mild peroxide activation devices have been developed over the past two decades. The art is also currently subject to change depending on the effectiveness of the various light sources inactivating peroxide and their relationship to satisfactory end results. To achieve instant whitening without risk or relapse, innovative technologies and promising products have been developed. This article is intended to keep up to date with these new trends providing insight into the current clinical challenges of vital teeth whitening. The purpose of this literature review is to explain the determining factors influencing the successful end-results of the techniques and to provide an overview in order to make an evidence-based treatment decision.
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Băilă, Diana Irinel, Oana Catalina Mocioiu, and Marian Gheorghe. "Characteristics of Dental Microsurgery Instruments for a Database System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 760 (May 2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.760.51.
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In dental microsurgery, different dental instruments are used for teeth microsurgery and related diseases. The dental instruments materials are very different, e.g., plastics, stainless steel, titanium alloy, cobalt chrome alloys, diamond powders. The dental instruments materials must be nontoxic for the human body, with good corrosion resistance, mechanical strength and aging resistance, as well a high degree of cleanliness to allow sterilization in good conditions. Few representative dental microsurgery instruments, as well as relevant characteristics of some specific materials are presented.
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Pei, Yaolin, and Bei Wu. "Risk Factors of Orofacial Pain Symptoms Among Older Adults at the End of Life." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 832–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3048.
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Abstract The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of orofacial pain symptoms in Chinese older adults at the end of life, and to investigate risk factors related to orofacial pain. The sample derived from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a national respresentative sample of the oldest-old. The results showed that the 6-month prevalence of pain when chewing or biting at the end of life was 11.1%, and the rate was 5% for jaw joint pain/facial pain. Lower SES, smokers, and having chronic diseases were associated with having orofacial symptoms. Unexpectedly, the results revealed that dentate older adults (retain at least one natural tooth) who brushed their teeth more often were more likely to have orofacial symptoms. Older adults have poor oral health, particularly at the end of their life. This study highlights the importance of improving oral health for vulnerable older adults.
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Cakic, Sasa. "Gingival crevicular fluid in the diagnosis of periodontal and systemic diseases." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, no. 5-6 (2009): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0906298c.
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Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can be found in the physiologic space (gingival sulcus), as well as in the pathological space (gingival pocket or periodontal pocket) between the gums and teeth. In the first case it is a transudate, in the second an exudate. The constituents of GCF originate from serum, gingival tissues, and from both bacterial and host response cells present in the aforementioned spaces and the surrounding tissues. The collection and analysis of GCF are the noninvasive methods for the evaluation of host response in periodontal disease. These analyses mainly focus on inflammatory markers, such as prostaglandin E2, neutrophil elastase and ?-glucuronidase, and on the marker of cellular necrosis - aspartat aminotransferase. Further, the analysis of inflammatory markers in the GCF may assist in defining how certain systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus) can modify periodontal disease, and how peridontal disease can influence certain systemic disorders (atherosclerosis, preterm delivery, diabetes mellitus and some chronic respiratory diseases). Major factors which influence the results obtained from the analyses of GCF are not only the methods of these analyses, but the method of GCF collection as well. As saliva collection is less technique-sensitive than GCF collection, some constituents of saliva which originate from the GCF can be analyzed as more amenable to chairside utilization.
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Kallio, Jouko, Timo Kauppila, Lasse Suominen, and Anna Maria Heikkinen. "A Competition between Care Teams Improved Recording of Diagnoses in Primary Dental Care: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study." International Journal of Dentistry 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3080957.
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Introduction. A playful competition was launched in a primary dental health care system to improve the recording of diagnoses into an electronic patient chart system and to study what diagnoses were used in primary dental care.Methods. This was a longitudinal follow-up study with public sector primary dental care practices in a Finnish city. A one-year-lasting playful competition between the dental care teams was launched and the monthly percentage of dentists’ visits with recorded diagnosis before, during, and after the intervention was recorded. The assessed diagnoses were recorded with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).Results. Before the competition, the level of diagnosis recordings was practically zero. At the end of this intervention, about 25% of the visits had a recorded diagnosis. Two years after the competition, this percentage was 35% without any additional measures. The most frequent diagnoses were dental caries (K02, 38.6%), other diseases of hard tissues of teeth (K03, 14.8%), and diseases of pulp and periapical tissues (K04, 11.4%).Conclusions. Commitment to the idea that recording of diagnoses was beneficial improved the recording of dental diagnoses. However, the diagnoses obtained did not accurately reflect the reputed prevalence of oral diseases in the Finnish population.
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Zubery, Yuval, Colin R. Dunstan, Beryl M. Story, Lakshmyya Kesavalu, Jeffrey L. Ebersole, Stanley C. Holt, and Brendan F. Boyce. "Bone Resorption Caused by Three Periodontal Pathogens In Vivo in Mice Is Mediated in Part by Prostaglandin." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 4158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.9.4158-4162.1998.
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ABSTRACT Gingival inflammation, bacterial infection, alveolar bone destruction, and subsequent tooth loss are characteristic features of periodontal disease, but the precise mechanisms of bone loss are poorly understood. Most animal models of the disease require injury to gingival tissues or teeth, and the effects of microorganisms are thus complicated by host responses to tissue destruction. To determine whether three putative periodontal pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Campylobacter rectus, andFusobacterium nucleatum, could cause localized bone resorption in vivo in the absence of tissue injury, we injected live or heat-killed preparations of these microorganisms into the subcutaneous tissues overlying the calvaria of normal mice once daily for 6 days and then examined the bones histologically. We found that all three microorganisms (both live and heat killed) stimulated bone resorption and that the strain of F. nucleatum used appeared to be the strongest inducer of osteoclast activity. Treatment of the mice concomitantly with indomethacin reduced but did not completely inhibit bone resorption by these microorganisms, suggesting that their effects were mediated, in part, by arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g., prostaglandins). Our findings indicate that these potential pathogens can stimulate bone resorption locally when placed beside a bone surface in vivo in the absence of prior tissue injury and support a role for them in the pathogenesis of bone loss around teeth in periodontitis.
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Jang, Yuri, Nan Sook Park, Min-Kyoung Rhee, Hyunwoo Yoon, Yong Ju Cho, miyong T. Kim, and David A. Chiriboga. "PHYSICAL-MENTAL-ORAL-COGNITIVE HEALTH IN OLDER KOREAN AMERICANS: A MULTISITE STUDY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1510.
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Abstract Using data from surveys with older Korean Americans (n = 2,150) conducted at five sites in the U.S. (California, New York, Texas, Hawaii, and Florida), the present study explored the status of physical/mental/oral/cognitive health and its determinants. For each health domain, we examined how self-rating (excellent/very good/good/fair/poor) of health was associated with other domain-relevant indicators (e.g., the number of chronic diseases, symptoms of depression, problems with teeth or gums, or cognitive performance) and sociocultural factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, acculturation, social network, and social cohesion). Geographic variation was also considered. The correlations between self-ratings and domain-relevant indicators in all health domains were significant but moderate. A series of multivariate regression models of self-ratings of physical/mental/oral/cognitive health not only confirmed the effect of the domain-relevant health indicators but also demonstrated a critical contribution of sociocultural determinants. Implications for older immigrants were discussed in terms of place, culture, and context.
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Begum, Mahjabeen Sultana, Mohammad Zaid Hossain, Sudip Ranjan Deb, Md Mosaraf Hossain Khan, Mostafizur Rahman, and Khan Abul Kalam Azad. "Health care practice and life pattern of elderly women attending in a selected geriatric hospital in Dhaka city." Journal of Dhaka Medical College 22, no. 1 (July 6, 2013): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i1.15602.
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Objective: The study was carried out to find out the health care seeking practice among the elderly women attending a selected hospital in Dhaka city. Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study and included 164 women aged 60 years and above. The study was carried out from March to June, 2001, at Prabin Hitayishi Hospital, Bangladesh Associated of Aged and Institute of Geriatric Medicine (BAAIGM), Agargaon, Sher E Bangla Nagar, Dhaka. Results: In the present study, 58.5% women were aged less than 65 years, 51.2% were illiterates, 65.9% were married, only 7.3% were living with their spouse, 86.6% were housewives, only 9.8% had self income, 25.6% were earning between Taka 10,001 and 15,000 per month, and 41.5% were staying in families with 7 8 members, 90.2% had regular daily bath, 80.5% with soap, 90.2% brushed their teeth at least once a day, only 12.2% were taking regular exercise, 70.7% had knowledge about self health care, however, only 22% were on regular health check up, 12.2% women thought egg, milk, fish, meat and fruits were good for health. Regarding old age diseases, 43.9% knew about diabetes, 39% high blood pressure, 36.6% heart, 17.1% respiratory and 2.4% orthopaedic diseases. Most common diseases were eye (26.8%), cardiovascular and orthopaedic (19.5%) and ENT (14.6%). Other diseases were gastrointestinal (9.8%), respiratory (7.1%), dental and endocrine (4.9%). Conclusion: Old women of our society should be made aware on old age diseases and self health care practices. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v22i1.15602 J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 22, No. 1, April, 2013, Page 30-33
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Teeth - Diseases. eng"
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Lodi, Carolina Simonetti. "Avaliação do potencial cariogênico de leites fermentados contendo probióticos /." Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104242.
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Orientador: Cleide Cristina Rodrigues MartinhonCoorientador: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
Banca: Robson Frederico Cunha
Banca: Denise Pedrini Ostini
Banca: Cristiane Yumi Koga Ito
Banca: Cínthia Pereira Machado Tabchoury
Resumo: Um número crescente de produtos contendo probióticos está disponível no mercado e vem sendo utilizados pelos consumidores. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in situ, in vivo e in vitro a relação da bactéria probiótica com a cárie dentária. No estudo in situ investigou-se a cariogenicidade do leite fermentado contendo probióticos através da quantificação dos açúcares totais e redutores presente no produto, análise do seu efeito na desmineralização do esmalte dental bovino, análise microbiológica da saliva antes e após o período experimental, análise microbiológica e quantificação dos carboidratos álcalis-solúveis presente no biofilme. Para isso, dez voluntários utilizaram um dispositivos contendo 4 blocos de esmalte dental bovino. O experimento consistiu de 3 etapas de 14 dias cada onde os voluntários gotejaram solução de sacarose 20% ou a solução de tratamento (Tratamento A - Yakult® ou Tratamento B - Batavito®) 8X/dia. Decorrido o período experimental, o biofilme e a saliva foram analisados quanto a quantidade de microrganismos totais (MT), Streptococcus totais (ST) e Streptococcus do grupo mutans (SM), Lactobacillus (L). Para os dados de dureza foram calculados a porcentagem de variação de dureza superficial e a perda integrada de dureza de subsuperfície. Após o tratamento B foi observado menor quantidade de MT no biofilme quando comparado com o tratamento A, mas não diferiu da solução de sacarose 20%. Na saliva, o tratamento com solução de sacarose 20% diminuiu a quantidade de MT e ST, e aumento a quantidade de SM. O tratamento A provocou uma diminuição na quantidade de MT, ST e SM e o tratamento B diminuiu a quantidade de MT. Para os dados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Probiotics are live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. An increasing number of probiotic-containing products are available, and these products have been orally consumed. However, the objective of this study was to evaluate in situ, in vivo and in vitro the relation between probiotic bacteria and dental caries. In the in situ and in vivo study it was evaluate the effect of 2 probiotic-containing fermented milk on biofilm and saliva microorganisms and on enamel surface. The in situ study was performed in 3 phases: 20% sucrose, treatment A (Yakult®) and treatment B (Batavito®). Salivary microorganisms were counted at baseline and after and biofilm was analyzed just after the trial period. In vivo study was performed in 2 phases: treatment C (Yakult®) and treatment D (Batavito®). The saliva was collected at baseline and at the end of the trial period for microbiological analysis. In the in situ study, biofilm data showed less total microorganisms (TM) after treatment B than treatment A but similar to 20% sucrose. In the saliva, 20% sucrose decreased TM and total streptococci (TS), and increased mutans streptococci (MS). Treatment A significantly decreased TM, TS and MS. Treatment B decreased TM. It was observed less MS in treatment B when the final data were compared among the treatments. Treatment B differed from the other treatments in relation to final microhardness, percentage change of surface hardness and integrated loss of subsurface hardness (p<0.05). In vivo study showed that just treatment D decreased all microorganisms. It was observed higher lactobacilli (L) in treatment D when the baseline data were compared among the groups. In the in vitro study, it was determined the ability of probiotic bacteria to prevent primary caries development... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Tiveron, Adelisa Rodolfo Ferreira. "Avaliação da capacidade de resinas compostas contendo trimetafosfato de sódio associado ou não ao fluoreto em reduzir a desmineralização e promover a remineralização in vitro /." Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104243.
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Orientador: Denise PedriniCoorientador: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
Banca: Robson Frederico Cunha
Banca: Cleide Cristina Rodrigues Martinhon
Banca: Cíntia Megid Barbieri de Oliveira Pinto
Banca: Eliana Mitsue Takeshita Nakagawa
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a capacidade de resinas compostas contendo trimetafosfato de sódio (TMP) associado ou não ao fluoreto em reduzir a desmineralização e promover a remineralização do esmalte in vitro. Foram selecionados 156 blocos de esmalte de incisivos bovinos (4x3x3 mm), pelo teste de dureza de superfície inicial e confeccionados 240 corpos-de-prova das resinas compostas. Estudo para verificar a redução da desmineralização (DES>RE): foram definidos os seguintes grupos: sem TMP e fluoreto de sódio; sem TMP e com fluoreto de sódio a 1,6%; TMP 1,5%, 14,1% ou 36,8% com ou sem fluoreto de sódio a 1,6%. Noventa e seis corpos-de-prova foram adaptados aos blocos de esmalte e submetidos às ciclagens de pH. A seguir, analisou-se a dureza de superfície e em secção longitudinal e a concentração de F no esmalte. Foi determinada a liberação de F e TMP (n = 6) e a dureza (n = 6) das resinas. Testes paramétricos e não paramétricos foram realizados, após a verificação da homocedasticidade dos dados (p < 0,05). A presença de F no esmalte foi similar nas resinas fluoretadas (p > 0,05), porém maior que os demais grupos (p < 0,05). A associação TMP 14,1% e F apresentou menor desmineralização com maior intensidade na região superficial da lesão (p < 0,05). A presença de TMP aumentou a liberação de F e reduziu a dureza dos materiais. Estudo para verificar a capacidade de remineralização (RE>DES): lesão de cárie artificial foi induzida nos 60 blocos e após determinou-se a dureza de superfície pós-desmineralização. Os grupos foram definidos: sem TMP e fluoreto de sódio; sem TMP e com fluoreto de sódio a 1,6%; com 14,1% de TMP com ou sem fluoreto de sódio a 1,6%. Após os corpos-de-prova... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The purpose of this in vitro study was to verify the capacity of composite resins containing sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) associated or not with fluoride for reducing demineralization and promoting remineralization on enamel. One hundred fifty-six enamel blocks (4x3x3 mm) were prepared from extracted bovine incisors and selected through the initial surface hardness test and then 240 specimens of the composite resins were confectioned. Analysis of the demineralization reduction (DES>RE): The following groups were defined: without TMP and sodium fluoride; without TMP and with 1.6% sodium fluoride; 1.5%, 14.1% or 36.8% TMP with or without 1.6% sodium fluoride. A total of 96 specimens were adjusted to the enamel blocks and submitted to pH-cyclings. Following, superficial and cross-sectional hardness and F concentration on enamel were verified. F and TMP release (n = 6) and hardness (n = 6) of the composite resins were determined. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed, after the verification of data homoscedasticity (p < 0.05). The presence of F on enamel was similar in fluoride resins (p > 0.05), but higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). The association of 14.1% TMP and F presented lower demineralization with the higher intensity on the lesion surface (p < 0.05). The presence of TMP increased the F release and decreased the materials' hardness. Analysis of the remineralization capacity (RE>DES): Artificial carious lesions were induced on the 60 blocks and, then, the post-demineralization surface hardness was determined. The groups were defined: without TMP and sodium fluoride; without TMP and with 1.6% sodium fluoride; with 14.1% TMP and with or without 1.6% sodium fluoride. Specimens... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Book chapters on the topic "Teeth - Diseases. eng"
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Perry, Mike. "The mouth, lips, and teeth." In Head, Neck and Dental Emergencies, 389–437. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779094.003.0013.
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This chapter looks at diseases and conditions of the mouth, lips, and teeth that may present acutely to an emergency department, general practice, or ward. It aims to equip the reader with the necessary knowledge to enable them to quickly and accurately triage and diagnose common clinical problems. Referral pathways and management are also discussed. Generally speaking, patients do not present with a ready-made diagnosis, but rather with either a symptom located to an anatomical region (e.g. toothache, lump, or headache), or an obvious problem (e.g. nose bleed or injury). This is the starting point (‘Common presentations’ and ‘Common problems and their causes’). The next section (‘Useful questions and what to look for’) lists key diagnostic elements in relation to each symptom. The remainder of each chapter details how to examine each site, useful investigations (emergency department and outpatients), and some notes on the conditions themselves. This is a useful aid for the non-specialist and those preparing for clinical examinations.
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M. Soileau, Kristi. "Why Are We Missing the Teeth? Addressing Oral Care Neglect in the Palliative Patient." In Suggestions for Addressing Clinical and Non-Clinical Issues in Palliative Care. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95606.
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Palliative care is meant to comfort and console the mind, body, and spirit of the individual nearing the end of life to improve the quality of one’s existence. It focuses on those with symptoms and stressors secondary to serious illnesses such as in cancer, pneumonia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, hypertension, diabetes, and microbial diseases. For several reasons, however, oral care and the consequences thereof in most cases go without notice for these patients. Further, the dentist is rarely, if ever, listed as necessary staff in hospice care programs. Because terminal patients’ symptoms can include depression, pain, anxiety, loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, among other issues, all related to speaking, chewing, and deglutition, this chapter will discuss why care of the mouth and dentition is typically lacking both in at-home and institutional environments, why such care is necessary, and best to meet the oral needs of patients in the later stages of life.
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Daly, Blánaid, Paul Batchelor, Elizabeth Treasure, and Richard Watt. "Prevention for people with disabilities and vulnerable groups." In Essential Dental Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679379.003.0022.
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In this chapter we will look briefly at the prevention needs of people with disabilities and people who are vulnerable and require special care dental services for reasons that may be social. Within this group there will be a spectrum of people with needs and dependencies. Not everyone described as belonging to a vulnerable group in this chapter would identify themselves as disabled; nevertheless, what they have in common are a range of factors that put their oral health at risk, make accessing dental care complicated, or make the provision of dental care complicated. These factors may include a ‘physical, sensory, intellectual, mental, medical, emotional or social impairment or disability, or more often a combination of these factors’ (GDC 2012). People with disabilities have fewer teeth, more untreated disease, and more periodontal disease when compared to the general population in the UK (Department of Health 2007). Good oral health can contribute to better communication, nutrition, self-esteem, and reduction in pain and discomfort, while poor oral health can lead to pain, discomfort, communication difficulties, nutritional problems, and social exclusion (Department of Health 2007). As discussed in previous chapters, the important risk factors for oral diseases include: high-sugar diets, poor oral hygiene, smoking, and alcohol misuse. They are also shared risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers. The basic principles and approaches for the prevention of oral diseases in disabled people and vulnerable groups are similar to those described in previous chapters; however, there is a need to recognize that the context, the circumstances, the settings, and the opportunities for prevention will be slightly different, depending on the groups. For example, some disabled people (e.g. people with learning disabilities) may be reliant on others, such as family, carers, health care workers, to support basic self-care and to access health services. Other vulnerable groups such as homeless people live independent lives but lack access to basic facilities such as drinking water, and a place to store toothbrushes and toothpaste.
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Irish, Joel D. "Knocking, Filing, and Chipping." In A World View of Bioculturally Modified Teeth. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054834.003.0003.
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The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, an overview of intentional dental modification among sub-Saharan Africans is provided, with a focus on biological cause and effect. Methods for removal and alteration are described alongside their short- and long-term effects. Oral trauma was not uncommon, ranging from mild to life threatening. Yet continuation of the practice indicates that the intended results outweighed any risks, including perceived and plausible benefits to individual reproductive fitness (e.g., Kikuyu and Batonga), internecine competition (Ashanti, San), and prevention (Acholi) or treatment of disease (Masai). The second goal is to document the proliferation of modification types emanating from western Africa. Intrusive “Bantu” migrants, who began (4,000–3,000 BP) a gradual, subcontinent-wide expansion from this region, brought their own specific methods. These styles, which can be tracked, came to influence and replace the practices of indigenous peoples.
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Zengeya, Stanley Tamuka, and Tiroumourougane V. Serane. "Examination of the skin and skin appendages." In The MRCPCH Clinical Exam Made Simple. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199587933.003.0020.
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Examination of the skin can provide information about cutaneous or systemic diseases. As always, examination of the skin is best performed in correlation with the available medical history. Even if the examination is conducted in a different order, you should have a systematic method of presenting the findings. Examination comprises inspection and palpation of skin and skin appendages (hair, nails, teeth, and mucous membranes) and is performed in one of two scenarios. 1. The skin may be sequentially examined alongside the examination of other systems (e.g. neurocutaneous syndromes, which are disorders with neurological features, characteristics lesions on the skin, and tumours in different parts of the body) (table 14.1). 2. A dedicated examination of the skin may need to be carried out when it is the suspected primary involved organ and includes evaluation of the hair, nails, teeth, and mucous membranes of the mouth and genitalia. Key competence skills required in examination of the skin are given in table 14.2. Some of the clinical features of common paediatric dermatoses are given in table 14.3. These steps are repeated in every system to reiterate their importance and to help you recollect the initial approach of any clinical exam. Also refer to chapter 4. • On entering the examination room, demonstrate strict adherence to infection control measures by washing your hands or by using alcohol rub. • Introduce yourself both to the parents and the child. • Talk slowly and clearly with a smile on your face. • Establish rapport with the child and parents. • Expose adequately while ensuring their privacy. • Positioning: the patient must be undressed adequately to carry out a complete examination. Inadequate skin exposure with the cloth pushed to one side or lifted momentarily often casts shadows on the skin and is not conducive for proper examination. Infants and very young children should be undressed completely. The younger child is examined preferably on the parent’s lap. Older children can lie down except for the examination of back, which can be examined in the sitting position.
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Longridge, Nicholas, Pete Clarke, Raheel Aftab, and Tariq Ali. "Prosthodontics." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Dentistry, edited by Katharine Boursicot and David Sales. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825173.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Prosthodontics comprises most of the routine restorative treatments that practitioners perform on a daily basis. Much restorative work re¬sults from the impact of caries and periodontal disease. However, the prevalence of toothwear is dramatically increasing and can be expected to form a more prominent feature of the modern practitioner’s work¬load. There is a considerable theory base in prosthodontics, covering all aspects of fixed and removable treatments, both conventional and contemporary. Although the individual management of teeth can be tricky, a challenge many new practitioners struggle with is treatment planning on a patient level. Treatment planning is rarely black and white, with considerable variations in opinion among clinicians, even for more simple cases. The staging of treatment planning is fairly consistent across the profession (e.g. relief of pain first, then investigatory phase, etc.), but in complex cases, a second opinion may be warranted. Not only is treatment plan¬ning a difficult skill, but so is the execution. It takes practice to become adept at the variety of clinical skills in prosthodontics and the staging of treatment, but this makes for a rewarding and fascinating discipline. Modern dentistry has a much greater focus on minimal invasive treat-ment, relying on dentine bonding and adhesive dentistry to limit the need for aggressive preparations of teeth and protect the vitality of the pulp. Moreover, the progression in digital dentistry is exponential, with newer production methods and clinical techniques becoming increasingly accurate and ever more accessible. As such, the modern practitioner needs to have a good understanding of both conventional concepts and modern alternatives in order to be able to apply the material and tech¬nique of choice to achieve an optimal outcome. The questions in the chapter aim to cover a wide range of topics, testing conventional concepts in both fixed and removable prostho¬dontics, whilst touching on contemporary materials and production methods. It is hoped that the reader will be challenged and the more difficult questions will promote wider reading. Key topics include: ● Diagnosis and treatment planning ● Occlusion ● Toothwear ● Complete dentures ● Removable dentures (including denture design principles) ● Direct restorations ● Crown and bridge ● Implant restorations ● Laboratory processes ● Digital dentistry.
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Meechan, J. G., and G. Jackson. "Local anaesthesia for children." In Paediatric Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789277.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
A child’s future perceptions and expectations are likely to be conditioned by early experiences of dental treatment. Just under half of all children report low to moderate general dental anxiety, and 10–20% report high levels of dental anxiety. Montiero et al. (2014) indicate that the prevalence of needle phobia may be as high as 19% in 4- to 6-year-olds. Davidovich et al. (2015) reflected that, for general practitioners and specialists alike, Local anaesthetic (LA) injection for an anxious child was the most stressful procedure regardless of the operator’s age, gender, or years of professional experience. Despite impressive reductions in caries in children in recent years, there still exists a social gradient with inequalities in experience of dental disease, and there remains a significant cohort of children for whom extractions and restoration of teeth are necessary. Aside from emerging restorative strategies that do not require LA (e.g. atraumatic restorative technique or placement of preformed metal crowns using the Hall technique), effective and acceptable delivery of LA remains an important tool to enable successful operative dental treatment to be carried out comfortably for child patients. Effective surface anaesthesia prior to injection is very important as a child’s initial experience of LA techniques may influence their future perceptions and help in establishing trust. Cooling tissues prior to injection has been described but is rarely used, and surface anaesthesia is generally achieved with intra-oral topical agents. Although the main use of topical agents is as a pre-injection treatment, they have been used as the sole means of anaesthesia for some procedures including the extraction of mobile primary teeth. It is possible to achieve a depth of 2–3mm of anaesthesia if topical agents are used correctly: • the area of application should be dried • topical anaesthetic agent should be applied over a limited area • the anaesthetic agent should be applied for sufficient time. In the UK 5% lidocaine (lignocaine) and 18–20% (17.9%) benzocaine gels are the most commonly used agents. Benzocaine topical anaesthetic gel is not recommended for use on children under 2 years old because of an increased risk of methaemoglobinaemia.
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Ehrenfeld, David. "Swimming Lessons." In Swimming Lessons. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148527.003.0044.
Full textAbstract:
Shortly before the birth of our first child, Kate, now twenty-eight, Joan and I bought a copy of Dr. Benjamin Spock’s Baby and Child Care. It proved to be very reassuring. A thick book with no wasted words, it told almost everything we needed to know about the coughs, the sneezes, the spots, the fevers, the crying at three in the morning, the rejection of nourishment, the emergence or nonemergence of teeth, and the terror-inspiring inclination of sleeping infants to stop breathing for a while just when their parents are getting settled in bed. There were, of course, a few things Dr. Spock failed to mention. I knew from medical school the signs and symptoms of many rare and terrible diseases of infants. Kate got them all. Each time we would rush her to the pediatrician, Dr. Arky, and each time we had the satisfaction of bringing a little uninhibited laughter into the life of that overworked and kindly man. Fortunately for Dr. Arky, we moved from north to central Jersey when Kate was two and found a new pediatrician, Dr. Lapkin. Although we got more experienced as time passed, and came to know Dr. Spock pretty much by heart, there was always something new. I remember, for example, my deep concern about Jonathan, our third child, when he was an infant; he did not seem to be able to hear. Joan was not particularly worried at first, but fear is contagious. What if the development of his language were affected? Anyway, it was time for his one-month visit to the pediatrician. Dr. Lapkin appeared somewhat tired but was in a good mood; it was nearing the end of a long day. I watched as he listened to Jonathan’s heart and lungs with his stethoscope and examined his reflexes. “He looks fine,” Dr. Lapkin said. “Any problems?” “He doesn’t seem to hear loud noises,” I said. “I’m afraid that he may be deaf. Is there some kind of audiometer test you could give him?” “He’s responding normally to my voice as I speak,” answered Dr. Lapkin. “He has been during the whole examination. Are there any other problems?” he asked, directing the question to Joan.
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Robinson, Max, Keith Hunter, Michael Pemberton, and Philip Sloan. "Neck lumps." In Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199697786.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Whilst dental healthcare professionals naturally focus on assessment of the teeth and the supporting tissues, they also have an important role in assessing the whole oro-facial complex and the neck. Assessment of the neck is particularly important, not least, because it contains the regional lymph nodes that are involved in immune surveillance of the head and neck region. The neck also contains the major salivary glands: the submandibular gland and the tail of the parotid gland. Mid-line structures include the hyoid bone, larynx, and trachea, along with the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. The assessment of these anatomical structures should form part of the routine clinical examination. The discovery of an abnormality in the neck, which may not have been noticed by the patient, may expedite the diagnosis of significant disease and facilitate a timely intervention. A through understanding of the anatomy of the neck is essential and informs the clinical examination. It is also important to understand the concept of the anatomical levels that map out the lymph node groups of the neck (Chapter 1; Fig. 1.2). Accurate assessment of the neck is usually best achieved by a combination of visual inspection and palpation, with the patient in a slightly reclined position, the clinician standing behind the patient. Any lumps, e.g. enlarged lymph nodes, are described by anatomical site, size, consistency (cystic, soft, rubbery, hard), whether the lump is mobile or fixed to the underlying tissue, and if palpation elicits pain or discomfort. The combination of these parameters will help to formulate the differential diagnosis; for example, an isolated hard lump that is fixed to underlying structures is likely to represent metastatic cancer, whereas, bilateral soft lumps that are mobile and painful to palpation are likely to represent lymphadenitis as a consequence of systemic infection. Ultrasound examination can be used to ascertain important information about a neck lump such as the site (precise anatomical location, superficial or deep), size, consistency (solid or cystic), and multi-focality. Doppler settings can help to establish the vascularity of a lesion and its proximity to major vessels.