Academic literature on the topic 'Teeth eruption'

AbstractThe development of normal occlusion requires eruptive migration of teeth from their developmental position in the jaw into a functional position within the oral cavity. This process involves significant and coordinated movement in an axial direction and appropriate eruption through the gingival tissues. The mechanisms regulating these developmental events are poorly understood, and teeth retain eruptive potential throughout their lifespan. In recent years, the use of mouse models has helped to elucidate some of the underlying molecular and biological mechanisms of mammalian tooth eruption. Here, we outline our current understanding of tooth eruption mechanisms and discuss their relevance in terms of known human disorders of tooth eruption.

Little is documented on the accu-racy of estimating age from alveolar eruption (AE) or partial eruption (PE). The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of age estimation from eruption levels. Methods tested were Gleiser and Hunt (1955), Garn et al. (1958), Ando et al. (1965), Haavikko (1970) and clinical eruption from Smith et al. (1998). The sample was 946 panoramic dental radiographs from children aged 3-16 years. Left mandibular teeth (excluding third molar) were assessed for eruption level (AE and PE) and root quarters. Methods, teeth and eruption levels were deemed to be accurate if the average difference between estimated and chronological ages was not significant to zero using a t-test (P>0.05). Results show that early erupting permanent teeth were fairly good at estimating age, although there was considerable age variation in eruption. Haavikko incisors and molars at AE and Haavikko and Smith central incisor and second molar at PE estimated age accurately. Root stage of erupting teeth estimated age more accurately than eruption level using Haavikko. These findings suggest that erupting permanent mandibular teeth can be helpful in estimating age.

IntroductionThe study analyzed the phases of eruption and dental chronology, highlighting the importance of primary teeth in dental development and the consequences of their premature loss. The order of eruption and exfoliation of primary teeth was described, emphasizing that the loss of space due to the absence of these teeth generates malocclusions and affects the development of the permanent dentition.DevelopmentThe phases of dental eruption (pre-eruptive, pre-functional eruptive and functional eruptive) and the factors that influence their chronology, such as genetics, climate, nutrition and systemic diseases were discussed. The clinical manifestations related to dental eruption, such as irritability and excessive salivation, were also discussed. In addition, the main causes of premature loss of primary teeth, including caries, trauma and congenital anomalies, and how these affect the correct eruption of permanent teeth, were highlighted.ConclusionPremature loss of primary teeth has a significant impact on the masticatory function, phonetics and psychological well-being of the child, in addition to generating malocclusions and alterations in the chronology of the dentition. Prevention through proper oral hygiene, healthy diet and early dental care is crucial to avoid complications and promote comprehensive oral health.

Introduction. Tooth eruption is a process of moving teeth into the oral cavity through the soft tissue and mucosa that lines the jaw until it comes into contact with the antagonistic teeth and functions in mastication. The timing and sequence of tooth eruptions for each individual varies, which is influenced by several factors, one of which is race and ethnicity. Indonesia is known as a multi-ethnic country, including Chinese and Arabic ethnic groups. The purpose of the study was to compare the timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in ethnic Chinese and Arabs.Methods. This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The sample of this study was 327 children consisting of 201 Chinese and 126 Arab ethnicities with an age range of 6-13 years. The eruption of all permanent teeth was examined except for the third molar. The mean time to eruption of permanent teeth was calculated using the Karber method. The data were analyzed statistically using the Mann-Whitney test.Results. The first permanent teeth erupted in the two ethnic groups were the mandibular central incisors around the age of 7 years and the last eruption was the maxillary second molar around the age of 11 years. Significant differences in the eruption time of the permanent teeth between ethnicities were shown in the maxillary central and second molars and lateral incisors and mandibular first molars (p <0.05). The eruption sequence pattern in both ethnicities was almost the same except for the canines and second premolars in the upper and lower jaws.Conclusion. There are differences in the timing and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth between ethnic Chinese and Arabs.

Ectopic eruption designates teeth that deviate from their normal eruption pattern. Its multifactorial etiology includes local and systemic factors, somatic disorders, and genetics. The objective of this study is to know the most common teeth that can present ectopic eruption, their prevalence, and associated clinical factors. A bibliographic search of scientific articles indexed in the PUBMED® and VHL databases was performed in September 2023, with the following descriptors: "Tooth Eruption; Ectopic; Dentistry". A total of 42 articles published in the last 5 years were found. Of these, 16 addressed ectopic eruptions and were included. The reviewed literature highlights the following clinical aspects: delayed eruption, partial appearance of the crown, changes in the eruption axis, transpositions, and gyro versions. The most affected teeth are the first permanent molars, with approximately 2 to 6%, and the canines with approximately 1.5 to 4.6%. It is essential to diagnose ectopic eruption early and identify the etiological factors, to obtain early treatment, preventing the development of this pathology and, consequently, the appearance of malocclusion.

Background and Objectives: Primary tooth impaction is a rare phenomenon when compared to permanent teeth impaction, particularly in upper front teeth. The problem could be either a physical blockage of the eruption or a malfunction of the eruption process. Methods: This case study describes a 4-year-old girl who experienced incomplete eruption of her upper right baby front tooth due to an injury. The unerupted tooth was surgically removed. Regular check-ups were recommended to monitor the development of her teeth and ensure sufficient space for her permanent front teeth. Results: This case study describes an unusual situation where a baby's upper front tooth failed to erupt. that associated with trauma. That caused delay in progression of the permanent successor compared to the contralateral permanent central incisor. And by extracting the impacted primary tooth a path of eruption opened for the permanent successor tooth so it will accelerate the progression of erupting the permanent successor and mostly may erupt in the same time of the contralateral tooth. Conclusions: It's crucial to closely watch the eruption of permanent and deciduous teeth to spot and address any issues with tooth eruption early on. Keywords: Primary incisors, Childhood trauma, Impacted tooth.

Dogs go through two stages of dentition: deciduous dentition and permanent dentition. During this period of tooth replacement, it is essential to monitor the eruption of permanent teeth regarding their positioning, whether the occlusion is correct or if there is potential for trauma from teeth to soft tissues, whether all teeth are erupting or if any teeth are missing, and to check their external structure such as enamel integrity, among others. Impacted teeth occur when a tooth fails to erupt completely due to some physical barrier, lack of eruption force, or interruption in its formation. Intraoral radiography is the most important diagnostic tool for confirming an impacted tooth. Operculectomy is the treatment of choice, as it removes the gingival or bony barrier that prevents eruption, allowing them to erupt completely and develop properly. This article presents a case report of a 3-month and 18-day-old female Maltese dog that presented several subgingival deciduous teeth, which would make the process of tooth replacement difficult. Intraoral radiography confirmed the presence of impacted teeth, which were treated with operculectomy, allowing the exfoliation of the deciduous teeth and the eruption of the permanent teeth.

Cystic lesions in pediatric jaws can cause eruption disorders by displacing the erupting permanent teeth, and in the case of secondary infection, can cause swelling and pain. The treatment modalities for such cysts include cyst enucleation, marsupialization, and decompression. As compared to enucleation, decompression has the advantage of preventing damage to surrounding tissues and inducing spontaneous eruption of permanent teeth.We report a case where decompression was performed using a stent designed for decompression and as a space maintainer in three patients with eruption disorder due to cystic lesion of the jaw. The eruption of the displaced permanent teeth was successfully induced by maintaining the eruption space and removing the cyst.

Eruption gingivitis is an inflammation that occurs when the teeth erupt which is often associated with difficulty in tooth eruption and will subside after the teeth emerge in the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of gingivitis du-ring tooth eruption in children. The inflammatory process ofgingiva will show a change in the color of the gingiva such as be-coming red, swelling of the gingiva, and a distinctive surface texture. Eruption gingivitisassociated with the eruption of primary and permanent teeth, the accumulation of plaque, material alba and calculus due to poor oral hygiene, and the gingivalmargin did not receive adequate protection due to the contour of the crown during the early phase of eruption or active growth. The most effective way toprevent gingivitis is by controlling plaque regularly such as brushing teeth twice a day, using dental floss, using toothpaste that contains anti-plaque, maintaining oral health and visiting the dentist at least every 6 months.

Background: Supernumerary teeth, which are defined as any tooth or odontogenic structure formed from tooth germ in excess of the usual number for any given region of the dental arch, is a developmental anomaly encountered in pediatric clinical practice. This case report series presents the multidisciplinary treatment approach applied to three different patients with anterior maxillary supernumerary teeth. Case Series: Case 1: An 11-year-old male patient was treated with surgical and orthodontic interventions due to the delayed eruption of the supernumerary tooth in the maxillary anterior region. Case 2: It was determined that the unaesthetic appearance in the maxillary anterior region of a 10-year-old female patient was caused by supernumerary teeth. The supernumerary teeth were extracted and the unerupted teeth were treated by orthodontic intervention. Case 3: In a 9-year-old male patient, it was determined that the reason for the delayed exfoliation of the primary teeth in the maxillary anterior region was supernumerary teeth. The patient was treated with surgery and orthodontic intervention. Results: Spontaneous eruption of permanent central teeth may last for up to three years. Orthodontic treatment may be required to ensure the even alignment of the erupting teeth. The teeth can be monitored for spontaneous eruption if there is ongoing root development, although orthodontic treatment will be necessary if the root development has already been completed, as such teeth have no chance of spontaneous eruption Conclusion: Early diagnosis of delayed eruption of permanent successors is necessary to avoid many dental complications. The management of such cases should be designed by a multidisciplinary team as there is no definitive time to surgically remove unerupted supernumerary teeth.

Teething, a common subject of discussion among nursing mothers has been held responsible for a variety of childhood ailments by both health professionals and parents. It appears to be a social construct coined by society to express the experience the child goes through during early days of childhood. Teething to the dental profession is the biological expression of tooth movement, in a predominantly axial direction, from the tooth's developmental position within the jaws to its emergence in the oral cavity. Several studies have reported both health professionals and parents to attribute local and systematic disturbances to the eruption of the primary dentition. The mothers experience and understanding of teeting have not been reported on. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the mothers experience of their child's teething. The objectives of the study were to determine what mothers understood by the term teething<br>to establish the signs and symptoms mothers associate with teething<br>to ascertain the treatment sought by mothers for their child's teething<br>to investigate how mothers in different setting understand and respond to teething.

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária<br>Introduction: Situations of single or multiple edentulous are not an exception during childhood. Prosthetic management is necessary in case of absence of replacing tooth or when its eruption is planned too far in time. Indications of prosthetic rehabilitation for children are multiple and rise from the etiologic factors causing the situations of edentulous or loss of normal dental relation. These factors can be acquired or congenital. Prosthetic restorations aim to restore esthetics and to maintain masticatory and phonetic functions as well as the length of the arcade and the vertical dimension of occlusion. The other objectives are to prevent a possible psychological trauma due to loss of the teeth and the appearance of bad habits such as the interposition of the tongue and the maintenance of infantile swallowing. In their daily practice, dentists are often confronted with edentulous situations and in order to provide optimal care for his patients, dentist should opt for a suitable therapeutic choice. Objective: This literature review aim to enumerate and describe the different treatments for dental loss in children and their respective indications. Treatments include fixed or removable prosthetic rehabilitation. Materials and methods: For this purpose a research has been done and data was obtained from online resources: Scielo, Medline, Bireme, Pubmed, Bon, books and specialized magazines which was conducted between December 2014 and June 2015. The key words used were temporary denture, eruption and occlusion in temporary denture, eruption in permanent denture, caries and tooth loss etiologies, space maintainers, prosthetic management in temporary teeth. Conclusion: Prosthetic rehabilitation in children is an essential therapeutic which must be implemented in the earlier stage in the earlier stage and according to the child’s abilities and monitoring must be done over several years. Introdução : Situações de falta de um ou mais dentes não são raras durante a infância. A colocação de uma prótese pode ser necessária para a substituição dos dente ou quando para a sua erupção ainda falta algum tempo. As indicações de reabilitação protética para as crianças são múltiplas e os fatores etiológicos que causam as situações de perda de dentes ou perda de relação dentária normal, aumentam. Esses fatores podem ser adquiridos ou congênitos. As restaurações protéticas visam estabelecer a estética e manter as funções mastigatórias e fonéticas, bem como o comprimento da arcada e da dimensão vertical de oclusão. Outros objectivos são evitar um possível trauma psicológico, devido à perda dos dentes e ao aparecimento de maus hábitos, tais como, a interposição língual e a manutenção da deglutição infantil. Diariamente, os dentistas são muitas vezes confrontados com pacientes desdentados e a fim de proporcionar os melhores tratamentos para seus pacientes, devem optar por uma reabilitação adequada. Objetivo : Esta revisão da literatura tem como objetivo enumerar e descrever os diferentes tratamentos e suas respectivas indicações, para a perda dentária em crianças. Os tratamentos incluem reabilitações protéticas fixas ou removíveis. Materias e metodos : A pesquisa foi feita com recurso a bases de dados online: Scielo, Medline, Bireme, Pubmed, Bon, livros e revistas especializadas, entre os meses de dezembro de 2014 e junho de 2015. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram dentição decídua, erupção e oclusão na dentição decídua, etiologias da cárie e da perda dentária, mantenedores de espaço, prótese dentária para dentes decíduos. Conclusão : A reabilitação protética em crianças é uma terapêutica essencial que deve ser implementado na fase precoce e de acordo com a prática do medico dentista e o acompanhamento da criança deve ser feito ao longo de vários anos.

Orientador: Pedro Duarte Novaes<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Omar_NadiaFayez_D.pdf: 1979982 bytes, checksum: 2ca79a3afb3b73396fe8807889683960 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: O ligamento periodontal (LP) é um tecido conjuntivo que ocupa o espaço entre o dente e seu alvéolo, e tem a função principal de ancoragem e suporte dos dentes. Baseados em dados na literatura que mostram que dentes em hipofunção são mais facilmente extraídos, investigamos qual(is) fatores e/ou moléculas poderiam ter relação com esse enfraquecimento da ancoragem do dente no osso por meio do LP. Dentre eles, investigamos a expressão de MMPs e TIMP-2, e organização do colágeno no LP, além da resistência que o LP oferece ao movimento eruptivo nos incisivos de ratos. Para isso, produzimos alteração na erupção de incisivos inferiores de ratos, durante períodos experimentais diferentes, produzindo hipofunção, hiperfunção e contenção do processo eruptivo, além da erupção normal; fazendo a medição da taxa de erupção em todos os grupos ao longo do período experimental. Os resultados mostraram que no grupo hipofuncional a atividade de MMP-2 e a desorganização do colágeno aumentaram, contribuindo para a diminuição da força de resistência ao movimento eruptivo e para o aumento da taxa de erupção neste grupo. No grupo contido, a erupção dos incisivos foi interrompida, porém a atividade de MMP-2 aumentou em níveis variados ao longo do período experimental, enquanto a organização do colágeno e, consequentemente, a força de resistência do LP ao movimento eruptivo foram levemente menores. Por outro lado no grupo hiperfuncional a taxa de erupção não sofreu alteração, mas a atividade de MMP-2 estava aumentada, juntamente com a força de resistência do LP ao movimento eruptivo, com leve desorganização do colágeno indicando, portanto, possíveis alterações em outras moléculas envolvidas no processo de remodelação da matriz extracelular no ligamento periodontal. As análises de MT1-MMP e TIMP-2, nas condições deste estudo, não mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos e períodos estudados. Esses dados sugerem papel da MMP-2 na remodelação do ligamento periodontal de incisivos de ratos, durante alterações na erupção, atuando diretamente sobre a degradação do colágeno, o que leva à alterações na resistência do ligamento ao movimento eruptivo, principalmente em hipofunção; e que MT1- MMP e TIMP-2 podem ter participação secundária neste processo<br>Abstract: The periodontal ligament (PL) is a tissue that occupies the space between tooth and its socket, and has main function to anchor and support the teeth. Based on published datas showing that hypofunctional teeth are more easily extracted, we investigated which one(s) factors and/or molecules could be related to the weakening of the periodontal ligament anchoring. We investigated the expression of MMPs and TIMP-2, collagen organization in the PL, and the resistance that the PL offers to the eruptive movement in rat incisors. Therefore, we altered the eruption of rat incisors, during different experimental periods, producing hypofunction, hyperfunction and restrain of the eruptive process, beyond the normal eruption, measuring the eruption rate, in all groups, throughout the experimental period. The results showed that in the hypofunctional group the MMP-2 activity and collagen disorganization increased, contributing to the decrease in the resistance strength to the eruptive movement and increased eruption rate in this group. In the restrain group, the incisor eruption was interrupted, but the MMP-2 activity increased, to varying degrees, throughout the experimental period, while the collagen organization and, thus, the resistance strength to the eruptive movement of the PL were slightly lower. On the other hand, in the hyperfunctional group the eruption rate did not change, but MMP-2 activity and PL resistance strength to eruptive movement were increased, with a slight collagen disorganization, indicating, therefore, possible changes in other molecules involved in the periodontal ligament extracellular matrix remodeling. Analyses of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2, under the conditions of this study, showed no statistical differences between groups and experimental periods. These data suggest the role of MMP-2 in periodontal ligament remodeling of rat incisors, during altered eruption, acting directly on collagen degradation, which leads to changes in PL resistance to the eruptive movement, in hypofunction condition, and MT1- MMP and TIMP-2 may have secondary participation in this process<br>Doutorado<br>Histologia e Embriologia<br>Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental

The aim of the present study was to evaluate measurements, proportions, growth patterns of the face and jaws and to provide the emergence time and sequence of permanent teeth of Lithuanian children 4 to 16 years of age. Body height, over 40 craniofacial measurements, 59 proportion indices and erupted permanent teeth were evaluated. The study was carried out in kindergartens and secondary schools of Vilnius city in 2004-2009 and 2010-2011 years. The study sample consisted of 3843 children, examined according to the standard anthropometric methodology. This study presents anthropometrical measurements and proportions of the head, face and jaws as well as their age dynamics, sexual dimorphism, secular trend over past 50 years of Lithuanian children 4 to 16 years of age. Normal variation of the emergence time and sequence, differences between sexes of permanent teeth and correlation between the number of erupted teeth and facial dimensions and body height are analysed. Most of the measurements and all proportion indices, the emergence time of permanent teeth and their correlation with body height and facial dimensions in Lithuanian children are presented for the very first time. The results are significant and have a great value not only for anthropologists, specialists of human biology or public health, but for the dentists, maxillofacial and plastic-reconstructive surgeons, paediatricians, endocrinologists and all other physicians in their clinical practice evaluating general... [to full text]<br>Darbo tikslas – kompleksiškai ištirti 4–16 metų vaikų veido ir žandikaulių matmenis, proporcijas, jų ribines vertes, augimo tempus bei išaiškinti nuolatinių dantų prasikalimo laiką ir eiliškumą. Tyrimas atliktas Vilniaus miesto ikimokyklinėse ir mokyklinėse įstaigose 2004-2009 ir 2010-2011 metais. Pagal standartine antropometrinę metodika kompleksiškai ištirti 3843 vaikai: išmatuotas ūgis, daugiau nei 40 galvos ir veido matmenų, išskaičiuoti 59 proporcingumo indeksai, įvertinti išdygę nuolatiniai dantys. Darbe pateikiama 4-16 metų lietuvių vaikų galvos ir veido rodiklių ir proporcijų analizė, nušviečiami jų amžiniai ir lytiniai ypatumai, atskleidžiama pagrindinių galvos ir veido rodiklių epochinė tendencija per pastaruosius 50 metų. Lietuvių vaikų galvos ir veido proporcijos, nuolatinių dantų prasikalimo laikas ir dauguma galvos ir veido rodiklių ištirti pirmą kartą. Darbe pateikiami pirmą kartą surinkti ir apibendrinti Vilniaus miesto lietuvių vaikų veido ir žandikaulių antropometriniai duomenys, proporcijos ir nuolatinių dantų prasikalimo laikas, jų ribinės vertės, skirtumai tarp lyčių ir koreliacijos su veido matmenimis ir ūgiu. Tyrimo rezultatai reikšmingi ir vertingi antropologams, odontologams, burnos ir veido chirurgams, plastinės chirurgijos specialistams, pediatrams, endokrinologams, genetikams ir visuomenės sveikatos specialistams, vertinant tiek vaiko bendrą, tiek ir burnos sveikatą pagal veido, žandikaulių ir nuolatinių dantų raidą augimo laikotarpiu. Taip pat... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Orientador: Pedro Duarte Novaes<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:08:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pasetto_Silvana_D.pdf: 2934024 bytes, checksum: e55fbc0178e149fd28ba97d8ca9267d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo, foi analisar, por meio da técnica de imunohistoquímica, a distribuição do EGF, EGFr, TGF-b1, IL-1a e CSF-1, em 3 diferentes regiões dos incisivos inferiores de ratos, em condições funcionais normais e alteradas. Cinquenta animais, tiveram seus incisivos inferiores esquerdos, seccionados na altura da papila interdental, permanecendo fora de oclusão, sendo considerados hipofuncionais (Ho), seus contralaterais, em sobrecarga de função foram chamados hiperfuncionais (Hr). Vinte e cinco destes animais, sofreram a intervenção apenas uma única vez, sendo sacrificados 8 horas após, os outros vinte e cinco animais, sofreram a intervenção a cada 2 dias, sendo sacrificados no 8o dia de desoclusão. Dez animais pertencentes ao grupo controle (c), tiveram seus incisivos mantidos em condições funcionais normais de erupção. As hemimandíbulas de todos os animais foram fixadas em Karnovsky (com 0,1% de glutaraldeído), descalcificadas em EDTA 4,13%, subdivididas transversalmente em 5 regiões e incluídas em paraplast. Cortes transversais, com 4 mm de espessura de cada peça foram coletados em lâminas silanizadas e submetidos à técnica de imunohistoquímica. O folículo dental e o ligamento periodontal, mostraram variações nas intensidades de marcação, com todos os anticorpos, entre as diferentes regiões e entre os grupos analisados. Aparentemente, no entanto, os tecidos periodontais dos incisivos, após 8 dias de hipofunção, mostraram imunoreatividade mais forte, particularmente com o CSF-1, quando comparados com os incisivos, em condições funcionais normal e alterada. Os resultados parecem sugerir, que a ¿cascata¿ formada por essas moléculas, pode estar relacionada com a ampliação da via eruptiva do incisivo, que cresce por um período prolongado da vida do animal<br>Abstract: The aim of this study, was to analized, using immunohistochemical technique, the distribution of EGF, EGFr, TGF-b1, IL-1a e CSF-1, in periodontal tissues of three regions of rat lower incisors, in normal and altered functional conditions. Fifty animals, had their left lower incisors, cut at the level of the interdental papilla. Becoming out occlusion, they are considered hipofunctional teeth. The contralateral incisors, attrited with both upper incisors are considered hiperfunctional teeth. Twenty-five of these animals were killed 8 hours after. In the order twenty-five animals, the shortening was repeated every second day, and killed 8 days after. Ten animals were kept in normal functional conditions. The hemimandibules of all animals were fixed in Karnovsky (with 0,1% of glutaraldehyde), demineralized with EDTA, subdivided in five transversal regions and embedded in paraplast. Cross sections, 4 mm-thick were collected in glass slides coated with silane. The antibodies were developed with DAB plus H2O2. The dental follicle and the periodontal ligament showed variation in the staining intensities, for all antibodies used, among the different regions and groups analyzed. Apparently, however, the periodontal tissues of the incisors, after eight days of hipofunction, showed stronger immunoreactivity, particularly with CSF-1, as compared with incisors under normal and hiperfunctional conditions. The results suggest that this molecular ¿cascade¿, may be related with the enlargement of the rodent incisor eruptive pathway, since these teeth grow for a long period of animal¿s life<br>Doutorado<br>Histologia e Embriologia<br>Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar se existe relação entre o uso de terapia anti-retroviral por crianças portadoras do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) contaminadas pela via vertical e a ocorrência de alterações de desenvolvimento da dentição permanente detectáveis radiograficamente. Foram avaliadas 76 crianças com idades entre 4 anos e um mês e 12 anos e 11 meses que foram distribuídas em 2 grupos: (1) 46 crianças portadoras do HIV em uso de terapia anti-retroviral; (2) 30 crianças sem a infecção. As crianças foram submetidas a radiografias panorâmicas para a avaliação dos estágios de calcificação dentária e através de exame clínico foi avaliada a freqüência de erupção dos dentes permanentes em ambos os grupos. Os resultados obtidos não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa nos estágios de calcificação (p=0,051) e na freqüência de erupção dos dentes permanentes (p=0,18), indicando que o uso de anti-retrovirais não interfere no desenvolvimento dentário de crianças portadoras do HIV adquirido pela via vertical<br>This survey was conducted to verify the correlation between the use of antiretroviral therapy and developmental disturbances in the permanent dentition of children vertically infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Seventy-six children aged from 4 years to 1 month and 12 years and 11 month were divided in two groups: 1) 46 children HIV-infected and under antiretroviral therapy; 2) 30 uninfected children. A panoramic radiograph for dental development evaluation was obtained from each child, in order to evaluate the dental calcification stages and the frequency of permanent teeth eruption in both groups. The results did not show any significant statistical difference on dental calcification stages (p=0,051) as well as the permanent teeth results of the frequency eruption (p=0,18) between the HIV-infected and the uninfected children, showing that the antiretroviral therapy does not interfere in the dental development of children infected by HIV acquired by vertical transmission

Afin de mieux comprendre les bases physiopathologiques des tumeurs osseuses des mâchoires, nous avons étudié deux modèles de tumeurs associées à des mutations génétiques connues : la tumeur kératokystique odontogène (TKO), liée à la mutation de PTCH1, et le chérubinisme, lié à la mutation de SH3BP2. Au regard des travaux d’oncogénétique, nous formulons l’hypothèse que le développement des tumeurs ostéolytiques bénignes des mâchoires de l’enfant et leur agressivité repose sur un mécanisme génétique. Nous avons montré que la présence d’une mutation de PTCH1 (germinale avec syndrome de Gorlin) dans les TKO était un facteur de mauvais pronostic, stimulant un centre tumoral secondaire, responsable de lésions à distance, mais que cette agressivité pouvait aussi être liée à des mécanismes inflammatoires. Dans le chérubinisme, nous avons montré que la mutation était responsable du phénotype, mais que le type de mutation n’influençait pas le pronostic ni l’agressivité. L’agressivité tumorale est liée au phénotype des cellules géantes multinucléées (cellules myéloïdes à différenciation macrophagique ou ostéoclastique). Nous avons montré, que le modèle murin ne pouvait pas s’appliquer à la pathologie humaine, avec notamment un rôle très secondaire du TNF-α. Enfin nous avons démontré le rôle important de NFATc1 dans la physiopathologie du chérubinisme qui nous a permis de proposer, le tacrolimus, comme le premier agent thérapeutique efficace. Nos résultats suggèrent que les mutations induisent la pathologie et que les changements du microenvironnement (liés à la flore buccale ou à l’éruption dentaire) entretiennent la pathologie<br>To determine pathophysiological bases of jawbone tumors, we studied two genetic models of jawbone tumors: keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KOT) associated to PTCH1 mutation and cherubism associated to SH3BP2 mutation. From oncogenetic theory, we postulate that genetic background controls the development of benign children jawbone tumors. From our work, we demonstrated that PTCH1 mutation (germline mutation in Gorlin syndrome) was an unfavorable prognosis factor for KOT, leading to distant and independent daughter tumors. Moreover, we showed, that chorionic inflammation was associated with a high recurrence rate. In cherubism, SH3BP2 mutation produced cherubism phenotype, but the type of mutation did not affect the aggressiveness of the disease. Cherubism aggressiveness was determined by the phenotype of giant multinucleated cells (whether osteoclasts or macrophages). Furthermore, we showed that murine model could not be transposed to human pathology; indeed it appeared that TNF- α did not play a critical role in human cherubism. On the other side, we showed that NFATc1 played a crucial role in cherubism pathophysiology; this observation allowed us to propose, the tacrolimus, as an effective treatment for this disease. Our results suggest that genetic background induced tumor development, and that microenvironment changes (due to flora of the oral cavity and to teeth eruptions) are responsible to the maintenance and the progression of the disease

A estimativa de idade é um importante recurso em Odontologia Legal. Entre as diversas formas de se obter uma estimativa de idade, pesquisadores podem fazê-la por meio da análise do estágio de mineralização dos dentes permanentes. Este tipo de análise, torna possível que uma simples radiografia panorâmica possa fornecer dados relevantes para identificar um indivíduo falecido, por exemplo. Este estudo propõe a validação, análise da acurácia e a construção de fórmulas baseadas nos métodos de Liliequist e Lundberg com a adaptação de Hägg e Matsson (LLH), Haavikko (HKK) e Mornstad et al. (MSW) para a estimativa de idade pelo estágio de mineralização dos dentes permanentes em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Para alcançar este resultado, foram selecionadas radiografias panorâmicas de brasileiros em uma amostra contendo 1.009 radiografias (387 do sexo masculino e 622 do sexo feminino) com idade entre 8-15,99 anos. Destas radiografias, foram selecionadas apenas as que cumpriram com todos os requisitos dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Após a aplicação das metodologias, os resultados foram inseridos e trabalhados no Programa Excel, Pacote Estatístico STATA 13.0. (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, EUA) e MedCalc (Medcalc® Software, Mariakerke, Bélgica) de acordo com as necessidades do estudo. As amostras foram divididas sem distinção quanto ao sexo, com distinção quanto ao sexo, e com distinção quanto ao sexo e idade. A comparação dos métodos foi realizada pela diferença de médias da idade dentária com a idade cronológica (ID-IC). A acurácia foi analisada pela Diferença Absoluta (DA). O teste normalidade de Skewness e Kurtosis foi empregado e, dependendo do resultado, os dados foram submetidos ao Test t de Student, ou ao teste de Wilcoxon, para amostras pareadas. Como resultado das comparações sem qualquer distinção quanto ao sexo, a melhor acurácia foi obtida por LLH (DA = 0,97 e ID-IC = 0,58), HKK (DA = 1,42 e ID-IC = -1,35) e MSW (DA = 2,48 e ID-IC = 3,08). Com distinção quanto ao sexo, os valores para o masculino foram: LLH (DA = 0,91 e ID-IC = -0,45), HKK (DA = 1,80 e ID-IC = -1,75) e MSW (DA = 2,74 e ID-IC = 1,17); e para o feminino LLH (DA = 1,01 e ID-IC = -0,67), HKK (DA = 1,17 e ID-IC = -1,09) e MSW (DA = 2,31 e ID-IC = 0,53). Na comparação com distinção entre sexo e idade houve um predomínio respectivamente da técnica de LLH, seguida de HKK e MSW. As equações de regressão aplicadas na mesma amostra apresentaram em média DA = 0,72 e ID-IC = -0,01. Também, algumas fórmulas de regressão múltipla foram construídas a partir dos dados apresentados para as metodologias de LLH e HKK, exceto para MSW que não forneceu dados suficientes para o software criar equações. Ao final, foi possível concluir que é possível a validação das metodologias apresentadas para a população brasileira e que a metodologia que mais se aproximou da população brasileira foi o método de Liliequist e Lundberg com a adaptação de Hägg e Matsson.<br>Age estimation is an important resource in Forensic Dentistry. Among several ways to obtain the age estimation, researchers may do it by analyzing the mineralization stage of permanent teeth. This type of analysis allows that a simple panoramic radiograph to provide relevant data to identify a deceased individual, for example. This study proposes the validation, accuracy analysis and construction of formulas based on the methods Liliequist and Lundberg with the adaptation of Hägg and Matsson (LLH), Haavikko (HKK) and Mornstad et al. (MSW) for the estimation of age by the stage of mineralization of permanent teeth in Brazilian children and adolescents. To achieve the results, panoramic radiographs of Brazilians were selected in a sample containing 1009 radiographs (387 males and 622 females) aged 8-15.99 years. Of these radiographs, it was selected only those that fulfilled all the requirements of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After applying the methodologies, the results were inserted and worked in the Excel Program, Statistical Package STATA 13.0. (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA) and MedCalc (Medcalc® Software, Mariakerke, Belgium) according to the needs of the study. The samples were divided without splitting sex, with splitting sex and with splitting sex and age. The comparison of methods was performed by the mean differences between dental age and chronological age (DA-CA). Accuracy was analyzed by Absolute Difference (AD). The Skewness e Kurtosis normality test was employed and the Student t test, or the Wilcoxon test, for paired samples was submitted depending on the results. The results of comparisons informed, without any distinction as to sex, the best accuracy was obtained by LLH (AD = 0.97 and DA-CA = 0.58), HKK (AD = 1.42 and DA-CA = -1.35) and MSW (AD = 2.48 and DA-CA = 3.08). With distinction to sex the values for male were: LLH (AD = 0.91 and DA-CA = -0.45), HKK (AD = 1.80 and DA-CA = -1.75) and MSW (AD = 2.74 and DA-CA = 1.17); and for female: LLH (AD = 1.01 and DA-CA = -0.67), HKK (AD = 1.17 and DA-CA = -1.09) and MSW (AD = 2.31 and DA-CA = 0.53). In the comparison with distinction between sex and age, there was a predominance of the LLH technique, followed by HKK and MSW, respectively. The regression equations applied in the same sample presented mean AD = 0.72 and DA-CA = -0.01. In addition, some multiple regression formulae were constructed from the data presented for LLH and HKK methodologies, except for MSW, which did not provide enough data for the software to create equations. At the end, it was possible to conclude that it is possible to validate the methodologies presented in the Brazilian population and the methodology that most approached the Brazilian population was the Liliequist and Lundberg method with the adaptation of Hägg and Matsson.

A exposição ambiental ao chumbo é uma das questões mais sérias de contaminação de populações do ponto de vista de saúde pública. Mesmo em pequenas quantidades, o chumbo causa mudanças bioquímicas e neurológicas, convulsões e hiperatividade. No Brasil, não existe programa nacional para detecção de crianças contaminadas por este metal, as quais são mais sensíveis aos efeitos deletérios resultantes da exposição crônica a baixas concentrações de chumbo. A maioria dos trabalhos que comprovaram a associação entre exposição ambiental a chumbo no passado e problemas no desenvolvimento neurológico utilizou dentina de dentes decíduos como tecido marcador de exposição. Trabalhos do nosso grupo indicam que o esmalte superficial de dentes decíduos seria um bom marcador cumulativo da exposição passada ao chumbo, sendo que esse tecido apresenta consideráveis vantagens do ponto de vista de acesso e desenvolvimento de testes para monitoramento ambiental. Uma questão importante é verificar se as concentrações de chumbo encontradas no esmalte superficial decíduo variam ao longo do tempo em crianças de baixa exposição. Outra questão importante é verificar se há correlações entre as concentrações de chumbo no esmalte superficial e aquelas dos principais fluidos corporais a partir dos quais o chumbo seria acumulado no esmalte, que são sangue total, plasma e saliva. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar in vivo, por meio de testes em esmalte em dentes decíduos, se o chumbo acumulado nos primeiros micrometros do esmalte aumenta ao longo de três anos e se as concentrações de chumbo encontradas no esmalte apresentam correlação com aquelas encontradas no sangue total, plasma e saliva. A amostra inicial foi constituída por 50 crianças com idade de 2 a 3 anos procedentes de Ribeirão Preto que estavam recebendo atendimento odontológico na Clínica Infantil da Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto USP e alunos da Creche Carochinha (USPRibeirão Preto). Obtiveram-se as seguintes amostras: primeira etapa (2009): 01 amostra de sangue total e 01 amostra de esmalte de um incisivo central superior; segunda etapa (2010): 01 amostra de sangue total, 01 amostra de plasma sanguíneo, 01 amostra de saliva e 01 amostra de esmalte do dente contralateral. terceira etapa (2011): 01 amostra de sangue total, 01 amostra de plasma sanguíneo, 01 amostra de saliva e 02 amostras de amostra de esmalte dos incisivos laterais. O fósforo foi determinado colorimetricamente, para calcular a profundidade dos testes de esmalte. As concentrações de chumbo no plasma, saliva e esmalte dental foram determinadas por espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICPMS) e no sangue total, por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite. Muitas crianças ou seus responsáveis não permitiram a coleta de sangue em algum dos períodos, e assim ao longo dos 3 anos tivemos participação efetiva de 20 crianças. Em 2009, a concentração de chumbo no sangue total variou de 0,2 &mu;g/dL a 7,48 &mu;g/dL e teve como a mediana 0,26 &mu;g/dL. Apenas uma criança apresentou nível de chumbo no sangue 5 &mu;g/dL. Em 2010, a concentração de chumbo no sangue total variou de 0.2 &mu;g/dL a 3,8 &mu;g/dL e teve como a mediana 0,32 &mu;g/dL. Em 2011, a concentração de chumbo no sangue variou de 1,15 &mu;g/dL a 3,55 &mu;g/dL e teve como mediana 0,95 &mu;g/dL. Os dados de chumbo no sangue não apresentam diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos ao longo dos anos (p>0.05). Em 2010, valores de chumbo no plasma variaram de 0,29 3,20 &mu;g/L e a mediana foi 0,49. Em 2011, variaram de 0,38 1,60 &mu;g/L com mediana 0,52 &mu;g/L. A concentração de chumbo na saliva em 2010 variou de 0,02 3,00 &mu;g/L, com mediana de 0,34 &mu;g/L. Em 2011, esses valores variaram de 0,02 4,27 &mu;g/L e a mediana foi de 0,19 &mu;g/L. Para as concentrações de chumbo no plasma e na saliva, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos (Saliva 2010 x Saliva 2011; Plasma 2010 x Plasma 2011) (teste de Mann Whitney; p>0.05). No caso dos dados obtidos no esmalte dentário, os valores de chumbo foram recalculados para uma mesma profundidade, que foi de 3,4 &mu;m. Nenhum dos grupos (Esmalte 2009, Esmalte 2010 e Esmalte 2011) teve distribuição normal, e não houve diferença entre nas concentrações de chumbo encontradas ao longo dos anos, com medianas de 36, 35 e 38 &mu;g/g em 2009, 2010 e 2011, respectivamente (p=0,71, teste de Kruskal-Wallis). A análise de correlação foi feita após a transformação logarítmica (log10) de todos os valores. Mesmo após esta transformação, dois grupos ainda não apresentaram distribuição normal, o grupo Plasma 2011 e Esmalte 2010. As associações que envolviam estes grupos foram testadas utilizando-se a correlação de Spearman, enquanto todas as demais associações foram testadas utilizando-se o teste de correlação de Pearson. As correlações significativas positivas encontradas foram: entre Sangue Total 2009 e Sangue Total 2010 (rP = 0,64; p = 0,002) ; Sangue Total 2010 e Sangue Total 2011 (rP = 0,66; p = 0,002); Esmalte 2011 e Sangue Total 2009 (rP= 0,44; p=0,05) e entre Esmalte 2009 e Esmalte 2010 (rS = 0,45 e p=0,03). Houve uma associação inversa entre a Saliva 2010 e Esmalte 2011 (rP = - 0,55; p=0,013). Conclusão: Os valores de chumbo obtidos em todas as amostras ao longo de 3 anos caracterizam baixa exposição a chumbo no grupo estudado. As concentrações de chumbo no sangue, saliva, plasma e esmalte não variaram ao longo do tempo. Das 28 associações testadas, foram estatisticamente significantes e positivas aquelas entre o Sangue Total 2009 e o Esmalte 2011 e entre o Esmalte 2009 e Esmalte 2010. A associação entre Saliva 2010 e Esmalte 2011 foi inversa. Os resultados sugerem que o esmalte tenha associação com a exposição de chumbo passada, neste estudo caracterizado pelos valores de chumbo no sangue total. Os resultados sugerem que o esmalte possa ser um biomarcador fidedigno para avaliar o grau de exposição a chumbo em populações com baixa exposição a este metal, uma vez que o esmalte superficial de dentes decíduos não incorporou chumbo em quantidades significativas entre 2 e 5 anos de idade em crianças com baixa exposição e baixa atividade de cárie.<br>Environmental exposure to lead is one of the most serious contamination problems that affect public health. Even in small amounts, lead can cause neurological and biochemical changes, such as mental problems and hyperactivity. In Brazil, there is no program for the detection of children contaminated by this metal. Children are more sensitive to the deleterious effects of chronic lead exposure. Studies that proved association between environmental exposure to lead and neurological developmental problems used dentine of primary teeth as a marker of lead exposure. Studies by our group suggest that superficial enamel of deciduous teeth would be a good cumulative marker of past exposure to lead, and this tissue has considerable advantages regarding access and the perspective of development of tests for environmental monitoring of children. An important question is whether the concentrations of lead found in deciduous enamel surface vary over time in children with low exposure and if there are correlations between the concentrations of lead in the enamel surface and those of the main body fluids from which the lead was accumulated in the enamel, which are whole blood, plasma and saliva. The aims of this study was to investigate in vivo, by testing lead concentration in deciduous enamel of primary teeth, if the lead accumulated in the first micrometers of enamel increases along three years and if the concentrations of lead found in enamel surface were correlated with those found in whole blood, plasma and saliva. The initial sample consisted of 50 children aged 2 to 3 years from Ribeirão Preto, who were receiving dental care at Children\'s Clinic of the Faculty of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto - USP and students of Nursery Carochinha (USP-Ribeirão Preto). The following samples were obtained: first stage (2009): 01 sample of whole blood and 01 sample of enamel of a central upper incisor, second stage (2010): 01 sample of whole blood, 01 sample of blood plasma, 01 sample of saliva and 01 sample of enamel from the contralateral tooth; third stage (2011): 01 sample of whole blood, 01 sample of blood plasma, 01 sample of saliva and 02 enamel samples of lateral upper incisors. Phosphorus was determined by a colorimetric method, in order to calculate the depth of enamel tests. Lead concentrations in plasma, saliva and enamel were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and whole blood by atomic absorption spectrometer with graphite furnace. Many children or their guardians did not allow the collection of blood in any of the periods, and thus, over the three years, we had the enrollment of only 20 children. In 2009, the concentration of lead in whole blood varied from 0.2 &mu;g / dL to 7.48 &mu;g /dL and the median was 0.26 &mu;g/dL. Only one child had a blood lead level 5 &mu;g/ dL. In 2010, the concentration of lead in whole blood ranged from 0.2 &mu;g/dL to 3.8 &mu;g/dL and the median was 0.32 &mu;g/dL. In 2011, the concentration of lead in blood ranged from 1.15 &mu;g/dL to 3.55 &mu;g/dL and the median was 0.95 &mu;g/dL. The blood lead data do not show statistically significant differences over the years (p> 0.05). In 2010, values of lead in plasma ranged from 0.29 to 3.20 &mu;g/L and the median was 0.49 &mu;g/L. In 2011, lead levels in plasma ranged from 0.38 to 1.60 &mu;g/L with median 0.52 &mu;g/L. The lead concentration in Saliva 2010 ranged from 0.02 to 3.00&mu; g/L, median 0.34 &mu;g/L. In 2011, these values ranged from 0.02 to 4.27 &mu;g/L and the median was 0.19 &mu;g/L. For lead concentrations in plasma and saliva, there were no statistically significant differences between groups (Saliva 2010 x Saliva 2011; Plasma 2010 x Plasma 2011)(Mann-Whitney test, p> 0.05). To analyze enamel samples, the values of lead were recalculated so they would reflect the lead found in one same depth, which was 3.4 micrometers. None of the groups (enamel from 2009, enamel from 2010 and enamel from 2011) presented normal distribution. There was no statistically significant difference between these three groups (p=0.71, Kruskal-Wallis). A correlation analysis was performed after logarithmic transformation (log10) of all values. Even after this transformation, two groups still did not exhibit normal distribution, which were Plasma 2011 & Enamel 2010. The associations that involved these two groups were tested using the Spearman correlation test, while all other associations were tested using the Pearson correlation test. The significant positive correlations found were: Whole Blood 2009 and Whole Blood 2010 (rP = 0,64; p = 0,002) ; Whole Blood 2010 and Whole Blood 2011 (rP = 0,66; p = 0,002); between Enamel 2011 and Whole Blood 2009 (rP= 0.44, p = 0.05) and between Enamel 2009 and Enamel 2010 (rS= 0.45, p= 0.03). There was an inverse association between Saliva 2010 and Enamel 2011 (rP= - 0,55; p = 0,013). Conclusion: The lead values obtained in all samples over three years characterized low exposure to lead by the group studied. Lead concentrations in blood, saliva, plasma and enamel did not vary over time. Of the 28 associations tested, the ones between Whole Blood 2009 and 2011 and between Enamel 2009 and 2010 were positive and significant. The association between Saliva 2010 and Enamel 2011 was negative and significant. The results suggest that the lead found in the enamel is correlated with past exposure to lead characterized in this study by the yearly whole blood lead data. The results further suggest that the dental enamel can be a reliable marker to assess the degree of exposure to lead of populations, since the primary teeth´s enamel surface did not incorporate lead in substantial quantities between 2 and 5 years in children with low exposure to this metal and low caries activity.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's degree in Technology: Homoeopathy at Technikon Natal, 2000.<br>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a Homoeopathic complex (Calcarea carbonica 15CH, Calcarea phosphorica 15CH, Chamomilla 30CH, Kreosotum 30CH and Pulsatilla 30CH) compared to a herbal teething gel (plantago tincture, Verbascum tincture and Kava Kava tincture) in terms of the clinical manifestations of problematic teething in infants.<br>M

The mouth forms the beginning of the digestive system. The oral cavity is bounded externally by the lips, laterally by the cheeks, superiorly by the palate, inferiorly by the oral diaphragm, and posteriorly by the isthmus of fauces. Teeth divide the oral cavity into two separate spaces: the oral vestibule and the oral cavity proper. Teeth begin to erupt in humans around the sixth month of life, and the eruption of the 20 deciduous teeth is completed by approximately 2 years of age. Around the age of 6-7, permanent teeth begin to replace deciduous teeth, a process that is typically completed around the age of 12. The teeth, which are located in the alveoli of the mandible below and the maxilla above, consist generally of the crown, cervix, and root, with the pulp cavity containing the vascular and nervous supply of the teeth. The part of the palate that limits the mouth from above, consisting of bony structure in front, is called hard palate, and the part consisting of muscles in the back is called soft palate. The muscles palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus, which form the soft palate, also delineate the posterior boundary of the oral cavity by forming the isthmus of fauces. The tongue, which fills the oral cavity prop at rest, is a muscular organ responsible for taste perception, speech, and swallowing. The intrinsic muscles of the tongue determine its shape, while the extrinsic muscles are responsible for its movement. Taste-sensitive papillae are located on the body of the tongue (excluding filiform papillae). The inside of the mouth, which has important functions such as speech and nutrition, is always moist in healthy individuals. Moistening is provided by the major salivary glands, including the parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and minor salivary glands located in the lips, cheeks, and palate. The blood supply to the anatomical structures of the mouth is mainly provided by branches of the external carotid artery, while venous blood drains into the internal and external jugular veins. General sensation is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve, while taste sensation is mediated by the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve. Motor innervation of the lips is provided by the facial nerve, the tensor veli palatini muscle of the soft palate by the mandibular nerve, and the other muscles by the pharyngeal plexus, while motor innervation of the tongue is provided by the hypoglossal nerve. Parasympathetic innervation is provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve for the area above the labial commissures and by the facial nerve for the area below.

Обзорная статья посвящена анализу литературных данных по оценке сроков прорезывания временных зубов, их последовательности и факторов, влияющих на данный процесс. Проанализировано 32 русскоязычных и иностранных источника, посвященных данной тематике. The review article is devoted to the analysis of literature data on the assessment of the timing of eruption of temporary teeth, their sequence and factors influencing this process. 32 Russian-language and foreign sources devoted to this topic were analyzed.

One of the main challenges faced in developing countries is that many children and youths are not in any form of education, employment or training. Unlike the developed world, these countries have young populations and are characterized by relatively high population growth rates. It is practically not feasible to accommodate the increasing number of children and youth in existing educational institutions, using the traditional methods of classroom education. There is the risk of keeping more children and youth out of education and by so doing, exposing them to all forms of social problems like alcohol and drug abuse. Unfortunately, even those learners that find themselves in school sometimes hardly realise significant educational achievements. This is mainly because many schools have crumbling infrastructure, overcrowded classrooms and poor educational outcomes. // The problem of poor educational outcomes in developing countries is exacerbated by occasional natural disasters like tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and pandemic outbreaks. As was witnessed with the Covid-19 pandemic, these disasters not only constrain the smooth-running of education systems, they also make educational provision more expensive. This further pushes more children out of school. It is clear from experience that education institutions need to build systems that provide more access at affordable cost and that are more resilient to the myriad of challenges that are posed by nature. The advent of technology provides a window of hope in this regard. Use of educational technology allows more people to participate in education, provides greater flexibility, and has immense potential to enhance the quality of education. This paper is a reflection of the contribution COL is making in supporting digitisation of the curriculum at the schooling level as a way of addressing the challenges of access, quality and resilience. The paper highlights the initiatives that were implemented, the methodology that has been used to collect data from various countries where COL supported technology enhanced learning, achievements that were made and challenges that were encountered. It also highlights emerging results of these interventions and surfaces their potential impact.