Academic literature on the topic 'Teeth, juvenile literature'

Abstract Juvenile psammomatoid ossifying fibroma (OF) is a rare histological variant of OF with aggressive behavior. It is a benign fibro-osseous lesion with a high rate of recurrence. It occurs mainly in male children with paranasal sinuses and orbits the most common sites. The diagnosis depends on clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlation. This study aims to present a case report of juvenile psammomatoid OF (JPOF) in a 9-year-old boy and to also review the relevant literature. A case of a 9-year-old boy who presented with a 1-year history of the left maxillary swelling was presented. There was no associated history of pain, ulceration, bleeding, or teeth mobility. There was no history of previous trauma to the site or teeth extraction. The patient had no difficulty in chewing, speaking, nasal blockage, or discharge. Examination revealed an ovoid left maxillary buccal mass measuring about 4 cm × 3 cm, which was hard, nontender with no teeth mobility. The diagnosis of JPOF made was confirmed through a combination of clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings. The patient had enucleation of the lesion under general anesthesia. Follow-up was satisfactory with no recurrence. JPOF is a rare histological variant of OF that is known to exhibit a high rate of recurrence. Although clinical and radiological features contribute to its diagnosis, histopathological examination has been the main diagnostic modality. Early detection and treatment are essential.

Theropod dinosaur feeding traces and tooth marks yield paleobiological and paleoecological implications for social interactions, feeding behaviors, and direct evidence of cannibalism and attempted predation. However, ascertaining the taxonomic origin of a tooth mark is largely dependent on both the known regional biostratigraphy and the ontogenetic stage of the taxon. Currently, most recorded theropod feeding traces and bite marks are attributed to adult theropods, whereas juvenile and subadult tooth marks have been rarely reported in the literature. Here we describe feeding traces attributable to a late-stage juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex on a caudal vertebra of a hadrosaurid dinosaur. The dimensions and spacing of the traces were compared to the dentition of Tyrannosaurus rex maxillae and dentaries of different ontogenetic stages. These comparisons reveal that the tooth marks present on the vertebra closely match the maxillary teeth of a late-stage juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex specimen histologically determined to be 11–12 years of age. These results demonstrate that late-stage juvenile and subadult tyrannosaurs were already utilizing the same large-bodied food sources as adults despite lacking the bone-crushing abilities of adults. Further identification of tyrannosaur feeding traces coupled with experimental studies of the biomechanics of tyrannosaur bite forces from younger ontogenetic stages may reveal dynamic dietary trends and ecological roles of Tyrannosaurus rex throughout ontogeny.

The species Hyphessobrycon bentosi Durbin in Eigenmann, 1908, Hyph. jackrobertsi spec. nov., Hyph. paepkei spec. nov., Hyph. sweglesi (Géry, 1961) and Hyphessobrycon dorsalis spec. nov. are described after a short historical introduction. Hyph. bentosi and Hyph. “robertsi” are treated as valid species contrary to Weitzman & Palmer (1997 ff) and Hyph. “robertsi” is scientifically described for the first time as Hyph. jackrobertsi spec. nov. The name Hyph. “robertsi” is broadly distributed in the literature but no valid description was found. Hyphessobrycon bentosi from the surroundings of Obidos (type-locality) is characterized by its (1) relatively low body. The body depth is 2.85 (2.67 to 3.17) times in SL. (2) Maxillary bone with three to eight (to ten; x = 5.25) conical or tricuspid teeth. (3) Anal-fin with 23 to 26 branched fin rays (x = 24.71). (4) 30 to 32 longitudinal scales (x = 31.54). (5) 5/1/4 transversal scales before the dorsal-fin. (6) The fin rays of the dorsal-fin reach not to the adipose-fin in adults. (7) An sexual dimorphism in the dorsal- and anal-fin as in Hyph. jackrobertsi spec. nov. and Hyph. paepkei spec. nov. is not developed. (8) The basic coloration of the body is plain olive brown and not so intensive red as in Hyph. jackrobertsi spec. nov. Hyph. jackrobertsi spec. nov. from the río Pastaza basin of Peru is characterized by (1) a relatively high body (body depth 2.48 (2.31 to 2.73) time in SL) and (2) a longer anal- and dorsal-fin rays. There are intersects between Hyph. jackrobertsi spec. nov. and Hyph. bentosi in the body depth in juvenile specimens, adults are well differentiated. Hyph. jackrobertsi spec. nov. is similar to Hyph. bentosi in the number of maxillary teeth (five to nine conical or tricuspid teeth (x = 6.95)). Hyphessobrycon paepkei spec. nov. from the rio Demini basin of Brazil if differentiated by all known members of the rosy-tetra-group (except Hyph. melanopterus (Eigenmann, 1915)) by its (1) higher number of maxillary teeth (14 to 21 conical to tricuspid teeth (x = 15.98) and (2) the shape of anal-fin. There are two color forms of Hyph. sweglesi (Géry, 1961), which are conspecific, similar to Hyph roseus (Géry, 1960). Hyphessobrycon dorsalis spec. nov. from the rio Caures basin of Brazil is characterized by the following combination of features (1) a relatively elongated body (body depth 3,59 (3.41 to 3.76) times in SL), (2) basis of caudal-fin with two large scales, (3) praemaxillary bone with two rows of teeth (two tricuspid teeth, seldom one tricuspid tooth in the external row and six tricuspid teeth in the internal row), (4) maxillary bone with three to four tricuspid teeth, (5) anal-fin with iii 21 to 23 rays, (6) scales: 4 – 5/(5 – 7)31 – 32/3, (7) a distinctly developed pseudotympanum, (8) a black spot in the dorsal-fin and (9) no humeral spot.

Abstract Juvenile onset hypophosphatasia is a rare, genetic disease that is caused by inactivating mutations in the ALPL gene which encodes tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). This leads to decreased activity of the TNSALP enzyme in target tissues and accumulation of TNSALP substrates, including inorganic pyrophosphate, an inhibitor of mineralization. This disease is characterized by low levels of alkaline phosphatase in serum and bone, osteomalacia, and periodontal disease. Patients with juvenile onset hypophosphatasia present with premature loss of primary teeth, delayed walking, and a waddling gait. These symptoms may improve spontaneously after puberty and recur later in life. Here we report the case of a 51 year old male who presented initially to endocrinology clinic with a metatarsal stress fracture with subsequent diagnosis of osteoporosis, periodontal infections, and associated myopathy and joint calcifications. The patient also had a prior history of a low alkaline phosphatase level as a child. Genetic testing showed a single variant of undetermined significance found in the ALPA gene. Of note, recent lab work for the patient showed AM cortisol 27.7 mcg/dL (reference range 4. 0-22. 0 mcg/dL) with ACTH 60 pg/mL (reference range 6 - 50 pg/mL). Prior 24 hour urine free cortisol measurements with LC/MS have demonstrated elevated values 159 mcg/24 hr and 256 mcg/24 hr (reference range 4. 0 - 50. 0 mcg/24 hr) . However, most recent testing demonstrated 24 hour urine free cortisol 3.6 mcg/24 hr, and the majority of midnight salivary cortisol tests were within normal. Pituitary MRI demonstrated no abnormalities. The patient has in the past reported findings of a dorsocervical fat pad, abdominal striae, and weight gain. There is no history of diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and the patient at this time reports stable weight without current presence of a fat pad or striae. There are no clinical features of Cushing's syndrome on exam. To our knowledge, this is the second case in the literature detailing hypercortisolism in a patient with hypophosphatasia. The etiology of the hypercortisolism is likely multifactorial, with unknown association with hypophosphatasia. Based on the clinical data it appears that the patient's chronic stress, pain, and anxiety are contributing to the hypercortisolism, and that this is not a true Cushing's or cyclical Cushing's case. Repeated midnight salivary cortisol tests have excluded the possibility of Cushing's as well. Presentation: No date and time listed

The main task of modern orthodontics is to create a balanced and morphologically stable occlusion in harmony with facial aesthetics and functional adaptation. Over the last decade, there has been a clear trend towards an increase in the prevalence of malocclusion, which reaches 80% according to current scientific literature and sometimes it exceeds this percentage. Researchers note a constant and statistically significant correlation between the permanent occlusion pathology and the state of somatic health in adolescence. On the other hand, the interdisciplinary approach is one of the most urgent tasks of modern orthodontics and a constant object of searching for new methods of diagnosis and treatment. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between dento-facial anomalies and somatic pathology. Materials and methods. Literary sources were reviewed on the relationship of malocclusion with the general diseases and the obtained data were analysed. Discussion. The human body is a biological system consisting of interconnected and subordinate elements. The peculiarities of their structure and relations are subordinated to their functioning as part of a single integral mechanism. Most authors note the existence of a direct interconnection between the general somatic pathology and anomalies of the dento-facial system. When analysing the literature data, several major groups of diseases that have the greatest impact on the development of the dento-facial system are clearly distinguished: diseases of the ENT organs, the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and musculoskeletal systems. At present the scientists have substantiated the concept of commonality of factors that shape both dental status and state of somatic health. An increase in the frequency of dento-facial anomalies and deformations in 1,6-2,3 times is noted in disorder of the musculoskeletal system. In this category of children, deep incisor occlusion, distal occlusion and neutral occlusion with anomalies of individual teeth predominate. In children with scoliosis, 72.9-84.3% of cases are diagnosed with dento-facial anomalies and deformations. The position of the jaws has an effect on the spatial orientation of the head and this in turn affects the position of other structures of the body. Some researchers point to the “anterior” position of the head of patients with dysfunction of the temporomandibular joints associated with the shortening of the extensors of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Research showed that in 89,3% of cases, children with bronchial asthma have dento-facial anomalies. Adolescence is one of the critical periods of human life, since it is precisely in adolescence that the neuroendocrine system begins to function, and sex hormones which affect the development of many body systems and the formation of reproductive health are produced. Under the action of steroid hormones, an active development of the musculoskeletal system occurs, which is manifested by the acceleration of total body growth and dento-maxillofacial growth. Insufficient secretion of estrogen leads to impaired bone mineralization and may cause abnormalities in the maxillofacial area. Impaired growth and development of the dento-facial system was detected in case of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In juvenile idiopathic arthritis, one third of the patients were examined. The skeletal pathology of the Angle I class, as well as impaired functional state of the TMJ were diagnosed. Thyroid hormone and thyroxin stimulates growth in the sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis, nasal cartilage and the growth of the upper jaw in the area of bone sutures, thereby determining of the size and position of the upper jaw. As a result of a decrease in thyroxin level, there is a delay in craniofacial growth, disproportional development, retroposition of the upper jaw and decrease in the length of the mandible. Thus, the correlation of malocclusion in children and adolescents with common diseases arise. Therefore, the diagnosis, tactics of treatment and prevention of dental anomalies and deformities should be considered in the context of the integrity of the unformed organism of the child, the interdependence of the form and functions of its organs and systems.

Practical relevance: Periarticular stifle fractures are uncommon but challenging injuries to treat. There may be concurrent damage to the ligaments and stabilising structures of the stifle joint itself, which should also be evaluated (see Part 1 of this article series). Improved knowledge of the fixation options and biomechanical challenges of these injuries will aid clinical decision-making and effective repair. Clinical challenges: Due to their nature, periarticular fractures may have small juxta-articular fragments, which require additional thought to address during stabilisation. In juvenile animals, these fractures typically involve the physis and often can be managed with cross pin fixation. In adult cats, locking fixation, specialised plates or external skeletal fixators can be utilised to address the juxta-articular fragments. Readers should also be aware of patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome (PADS), where cats develop insufficiency fractures affecting the patella and proximal tibia. A careful oral examination should be performed in affected patients, as these cats may have persistent deciduous teeth. Close attention should be paid to preoperative radiographs for evidence of chronicity of the injury including sclerosis of the patella, remodelling and blunting of the fracture lines. Aims: The aims of the article are to review the current literature surrounding periarticular fractures of the stifle joint and to summarise the diagnosis, treatment, outcome and complications of each fracture type. As well as discussing general fracture fixation and biomechanical principles applicable to both dogs and cats, information is provided on specific issues facing cats, such as PADS. Evidence base: Published data is limited, with reports including only a small number of cats. The information and recommendations in this article have therefore been drawn from a combination of the available literature and the authors’ clinical experience.

The article analyzes Juvenal’s use of Democritean material in his tenth Satire. The famous juxtaposition of laughing Democritus and weeping Heraclitus (which popularized and perpetuated the image of contrasting philosop­hers) is habitually interpreted in terms of Juvenal’s poetic strategy, as indicating the shift in the tone of his satires and the change of Juvenal’s stance from the anger as the dominant emotion of his earlier satires to laughter and irony of the later ones. There is a tendency to assume that the totality of Democritean material in Juvenal 10 derives solely from Seneca. However, close reading of the concluding lines of the Satire suggests a different argumentative strategy and deeper engagement with Democritus’ thought by Juvenal. The comparison with Pseudo-Hippocratic ‘epistolary novel’ suggests Cynic diatribai as the source of the Democritean material in Juvenal 10.

Piranhas and their relatives have proven to be a challenging group from a systematic perspective, with difficulties in identification of species, linking of juveniles to adults, diagnosis of genera, and recognition of higher-level clades. In this study we add new molecular data consisting of three mitochondrial regions for museum vouchered and photo-documented representatives of the Serrasalmidae. These are combined with existing serrasalmid sequences in GenBank to address species and higher-level questions within the piranhas using parsimony and Bayesian methods. We found robust support for the monophyly of Serrasalmus manueli, but not for Serrasalmus gouldingi when GenBank specimens identified as S. gouldingi were included in the analysis. “Serrasalmus gouldingi” sequences in GenBank may, however, be misidentified. Linking of juveniles to adults of the same species was greatly facilitated by the addition of sequence data. Based on our sampling and identifications, our data robustly reject the monophyly of the genera Serrasalmus and Pristobrycon. We found evidence for a well-supported clade comprised of Serrasalmus, Pygocentrus, and Pristobrycon (in part). This clade was robustly supported in separate and combined analyses of gene regions, and was also supported by a unique molecular character, the loss of a tandem repeat in the control region. Analysis of specimens and a literature review suggest this clade is also characterized by the presence of a pre-anal spine and ectopterygoid teeth. A persistent polytomy at the base of this clade was dated using an independent calibration as 1.8 million years old, corresponding to the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch, and suggesting an origin for this clade more recent than dates cited in the recent literature. The sister group to this clade is also robustly supported, and consists of Catoprion, Pygopristis, and Pristobrycon striolatus. If the term piranha is to refer to a monophyletic clade, it should be restricted to Serrasalmus, Pygocentrus, and Pristobrycon (in part), or expanded to include these taxa plus Pygopristis, Catoprion, and Pristobrycon striolatus.