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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Telecommunication infrastructure

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Academic literature on the topic 'Telecommunication infrastructure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Telecommunication infrastructure"

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Singh, N. P. "Competitive Landscape of Mobile Telecommunications Tower Companies in India." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 2, no. 1 (January 2010): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitn.2010010104.

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With the entry of 3G and WiMAX players, the Indian mobile subscriber base is expected to reach 1110 million by the end of 2015. To meet mobile infrastructure demand, India will require approximately 350,000 to 400,000 mobile telecommunications towers in the next 7 to 8 years. Presently only 40% of mobile telecommunications towers are shared in India. The high growth of subscribers and initial cost of mobile telecommunications towers and license conditions will force mobile network operators to share infrastructure with other mobile network operators, specifically with new operators. The Indian government has allowed sharing of passive and active components of mobile telecommunication infrastructure. With the changing demand of the telecommunications infrastructure, many new telecommunications tower business entities and companies and mobile telecommunications tower business models are being explored. In this paper, the author presents the landscape of the mobile telecommunications tower industry in India, which consists of four types of companies and trends with respect to the strategies of telecommunication tower companies, especially tenancy ratio. Emerging features of the mobile telecommunication towers industry in India are also presented.

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Röller, Lars-Hendrik, and Leonard Waverman. "Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach." American Economic Review 91, no. 4 (September 1, 2001): 909–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.4.909.

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In this paper we investigate how telecommunications infrastructure affects economic growth. We use evidence from 21 OECD countries over a 20-year period to examine the impacts that telecommunications developments may have had. We jointly estimate a micromodel for telecommunication investment with a macro production function. We find evidence of a significant positive causal link, especially when a critical mass of telecommunications infrastructure is present. Interestingly, the critical mass appears to be at a level of telecommunications infrastructure that is near universal service. (JEL O57, O47, L69)

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Malinowski, Mariusz. "Regional differences in telecommunications infrastructure and development of enterprises." Management 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2012): 160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10286-012-0012-x.

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Regional differences in telecommunications infrastructure and development of enterprises The aim of this article is to determine the effect of various elements of telecommunication infrastructure for the development of enterprises in individual voivodeships. In the first part of the article the present author has characterized the telecommunications infrastructure and presented it as a factor in the development of enterprises. In the second part, based on statistical data, the relationship between the development of telecommunications infrastructure and the enterprise development in individual voivodeships in 2006-2010 was examined.

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Wang, Haibo, Bahram Alidaee, Wei Wang, and Wei Ning. "Critical Infrastructure Management for Telecommunication Networks." International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 5, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkss.2014010101.

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Telecommunication network infrastructures both stationary and ad hoc, play an important role in maintaining the stability of society worldwide. The protection of these critical infrastructures and their supporting structures become highly challenged due to its complexity. The understanding of interdependency of these infrastructures is the essential step to protect these infrastructures from destruction and attacks. This paper presents a critical infrastructure detection model to discover the interdependency based on the theories from social networks and new telecommunication pathways while this study transforms social theory into computational constructions. The procedure and solution of protecting critical infrastructures are discussed and computational results from the proposed model are presented.

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Giovinazzi, Sonia, Andrew Austin, Rob Ruiter, Colin Foster, Mostafa Nayyerloo, Nirmal-Kumar Nair, and Liam Wotherspoon. "Resilience and fragility of the telecommunication network to seismic events." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 50, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.2.318-328.

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This paper provides an overview on the physical and functional performance of the New Zealand telecommunication network following the 14 November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (Mw 7.8). Firstly, the paper provides an overview of the New Zealand telecommunications infrastructure. Secondly, the paper presents preliminary information on the impacts of the Kaikōura earthquake on the telecommunication network following the format proposed by [1] for post-earthquake assessment and resilience analysis of infrastructure systems, namely: extent of earthquake-induced physical impacts on the components of the telecommunication networks, identified according to a proposed taxonomy; main observed dependency issues; identification of resilience attributes and strategies that allowed an effective and rapid reinstatement of the telecommunication service. Finally lessons learned and research needs are discussed.

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Alizadeh, Tooran, Heather Shearer, and Neil Sipe. "Planning implications of telecommunication: Why telecommunication infrastructure? Why now?" Australian Planner 52, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2015.1019749.

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GUDZ, OLENA, and IRYNA OLKHOVAYA. "INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE OF TELECOMMUNICATION ENTERPRISES." State University of Telecommunications, no. 1 (2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31673/2415-8089.2019.012025.

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Alizadeh, Tooran. "Planning Deficiencies and Telecommunication Infrastructure." disP - The Planning Review 53, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2017.1380411.

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Hulicki, Zbigniew. "Telecommunications in Poland - Infrastructure, market and services." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v4n4.73.

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In the modern digital world, we have seen the emergence of endless potential for electronic communication as well as diverse forms of information transfer between subscriber devices. As such, the necessity of a proper networking infrastructure to sustain this communication is a crucial factor for the further development of our country’s economy. Through this, this article describes the telecommunications market in Poland, and explores the organization and infrastructure of telecommunication networks as well as the evolution of this sector within the last few decades.

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Hulicki, Zbigniew. "Telecommunications in Poland - Infrastructure, market and services." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v4n4.73.

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In the modern digital world, we have seen the emergence of endless potential for electronic communication as well as diverse forms of information transfer between subscriber devices. As such, the necessity of a proper networking infrastructure to sustain this communication is a crucial factor for the further development of our country’s economy. Through this, this article describes the telecommunications market in Poland, and explores the organization and infrastructure of telecommunication networks as well as the evolution of this sector within the last few decades.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Telecommunication infrastructure"

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Case, Michael A. "Network infrastructure essentials course development." [Denver, Colo.] : Regis University, 2006. http://165.236.235.140/lib/MCase2007.pdf.

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Jarupasin, Kritchasorn. "Essays on economic growth, public expenditure and telecommunication infrastructure." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/30274.

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This thesis consists of four studies, presented in three main essays, empirically linking economic growth to public expenditure and telecommunication infrastructure using four different sample groups of countries with data from 1972-2012. In the second chapter, in Study 1, the permanent growth effects of fiscal policy are investigated across countries with different income levels using the public-policy endogenous growth model, where public spending is classified by function. The endogeneity problems associated with taxes and investment are taken into account, as is a possible non-linear relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. The results have shown that gross capital formation is the only control variable that has a significant positive coefficient in all growth regressions, while the evidence of conditional convergence hypothesis is reaffirmed. An increase in transportation and communication spending is conducive to growth in both developing and high-income countries, whereas other types of spending are not. In the third chapter, in Study 2, we firstly consider the relationship between public spending and growth with a government budget constraint. The evidence for productive expenditure being conducive to growth only exists in high-income OECD countries. Distortionary taxes are shown to have growth-deteriorating effects in both the developing country and the high-income OECD country groups. When considering the relationship between public spending and long-run GDP per capita level in Study 3, it was found that an increase in total spending financed by non-distortionary taxes enhances the per capita level of GDP in high-income OECD countries. Regardless of implicit financing elements, increases in total spending in developing countries cannot promote long-run increases in GDP per capita levels. In developing countries, increases in the shares of health care and general public services in spending can improve long-run GDP per capita. In high-income OECD countries, increasing in the share of education in spending is conducive to increasing per capita GDP in the long-run. In the fourth chapter, in Study 4, we assess the link between telecommunication infrastructure and economic development. The system of equations is used while considering stationarity and cointegration of variables in the models. The output dividend of fixed telephones in the period from 1975 to 1990 for the group of high-income OECD countries is higher than for developing countries. When considering mobile phone infrastructure, an increase in penetration has positive effects on aggregate output in developing countries for the period from 1990 to 2012. There is only weak evidence that increased mobile phone penetration in high-income OECD countries has a negative effect. When fixed telephone penetration is low, an increase in mobile phone penetration enhances aggregate output. When fixed telephone penetration is already high, an increase in mobile phone penetration might have deteriorating effects. The results have shown that mobile phone and fixed telephone infrastructures are, in fact, substitutes for one another rather than complements.

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Gasiea, Yousef Ali. "An analytical decision approach to rural telecommunication infrastructure selection." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-analytical-decision-approach-to-rural-telecommunication-infrastructure-selection(9238e16c-71e6-4b5c-b9c6-0b824bd0e3ed).html.

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Telecommunications infrastructure is recognised as the fundamental factor for economic and social development for it is the platform of communication and transaction within and beyond geographical boundaries. It is a necessity for social benefits, growth, connection and competition, more in the rural communities in developing countries. Its acquisition entails great investment, considering the emergence of various technologies and thereby making the selection a critical task. The research described in this thesis is concerned with a comprehensive examination and analytical procedures on the selection of technologies, for rural telecommunications infrastructure. A structured systematic approach is deemed necessary to reduce the time and effort in the decision-making process. A literature review was carried out to explore the knowledge in the areas of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches, with particular focus on the analytical decision processes. The findings indicate that, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)/AnalyticNetwork Process (ANP) are powerful decision methods capable of modelling such acomplex problem. Primarily, an AHP model is formulated, however, since the problem at hand involves many interactions and dependencies, a more holistic method is required to overcome its shortcomings by allowing for dependencies and feedback within the structure. Hence, the ANP is adopted and its network is established to represent the problem, making way to telecommunications experts to provide their judgements on the elements within the structure. The data collected are used to estimate the relative influence from which the overall synthesise is derived, forming a general ANP model for such a rural telecommunications selection problem. To provide a more wide-ranging investigation regarding selecting a potential rural telecommunications infrastructure, another systematic analysis that utilises a BOCR-based (Benefits, Opportunities, Costs and Risks) ANP was conducted. The obtained results indicate that Microwave technology is the most preferred alternative within the context of the developing countries. Sensitivity analysis was performed to show robustness of the obtained results. This framework provides the structure and the flexibility required for such decisions. It enables decision makers to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the problem, by comparing several technology options, with respect to appropriate gauge for judgement. Moreover, using the ANP, the criteria for such a technology selection task were clearly identified and the problem was structured systematically. A case study was carried out in Libya involving its main telecommunications infrastructure provider to demonstrate how such rural technology selection decisions can be made within a specific developing country's rural area. Based on the results of this case study that were in agreement with the focus group's expectations, it can be concluded that the application of the ANP in the selection of telecommunications technology, is indeed beneficial. In addition, it is believed that telecommunications planners could, by the use of data pertaining to another rural area, utilise the developed model to propose appropriate solutions. If new criteria and/or alternatives emerge to satisfy changing business needs, they can also be included in the ANP model.

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Liu, Yanchun. "Impacts of telecommunications infrastructure and its spillover effects on regional economic growth in China." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3364.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 163. Thesis director: Kingsley E. Haynes. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-162). Also issued in print.

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Bria, Aurelian. "Hybrid cellular-broadcasting infrastructure systems : radio resource management issues." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3922.

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Lovelock, Peter. "The evolution of China's national information infrastructure (NII) : a policy-making analysis /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20715389.

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Young, Charles P. "Method or madness federal oversight structures for critical infrastructure protection." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FYoung.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Studies (Homeland Defense and Security))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia ; Zolin, Roxanne. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-60). Also available in print.

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ISKANDAR, DODDY ADITYA. "INTEGRATING TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE IN DOWNTOWN REVITALIZATION: THE CASE STUDY OF GARY, INDIANA." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin997967708.

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Johansson, Klas. "Cost efficient provisioning of wireless access : infrastructure cost modeling and multi-operator resource sharing." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-580.

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Knoll, James A. "Convergence of the Naval information infrastructure /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FKnoll.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Telecommunication infrastructure"

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Williams, Frederick. The new telecommunications: Infrastructure for the information age. New York: Free Press, 1991.

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The new telecommunications: Infrastructure for the information age. New York: Free Press, 1991.

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Texas. Telecommunications Infrastructure Fund Board. Telecommunications infrastructure master plan. [Austin, Tex.]: Telecommunications Infrastructure Fund Board, 1998.

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Group, Communications Steering. The infrastructure fortomorrow. London: H.M.S.O., 1988.

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Harris, Ray. Specification and management of cable infrastructure. London: HMSO, 1991.

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Heldman, Robert K. Future telecommunications: Information applications, services & infrastructure. Washington, D.C: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

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Briggs, Guy V. Telecommunications infrastructure in southwest Virginia: 1991 regional guide. Blacksburg, Va: Economic Development Assistance Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991.

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Letwin, William. The OECD workshop on telecommunications infrastructure competition. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995.

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Global connections: International telecommunications infrastructure and policy. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

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Global connections: International telecommunications infrastructure and policy. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Telecommunication infrastructure"

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Olsen, Rasmus L., Kartheepan Balachandran, Sara Hald, Jose Gutierrez Lopez, Jens Myrup Pedersen, and Matija Stevanovic. "Telecommunication Networks." In Intelligent Monitoring, Control, and Security of Critical Infrastructure Systems, 67–100. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44160-2_3.

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Wang, Haibo, Bahram Alidaee, and Wei Wang. "Critical Infrastructure Management for Telecommunication Networks." In Active Media Technology, 493–501. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35236-2_49.

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Chismar, W. G. "Telecommunication and an information infrastructure in China." In Information Systems and Technology in the International Office of the Future, 91–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35085-1_7.

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Popkova, Elena G., and Julia V. Ragulina. "Information Society, Telecommunication Infrastructure, and Digital Entrepreneurship in Modern Africa." In Supporting Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development in Africa - Volume II, 25–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41983-7_3.

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Pérez, Miguel, Pablo Boronat, José A. Gil, and Ana Pont. "guifi.net: A Bottom-up Initiative for Building Free Telecommunication Infrastructure." In ICT for Promoting Human Development and Protecting the Environment, 144–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44447-5_14.

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Shabayek, A. A., and Kin-man Wan. "Information Technology and Telecommunication Infrastructure: Network Applications for Hong Kong Business and Service." In Global Engineering, Manufacturing and Enterprise Networks, 322–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35412-5_38.

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Goldman, Stuart, and Huseyin Uzunalioglu. "Telecommunications." In Critical Infrastructure Protection, 280–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28920-0_12.

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Baldoni, Sara, Giuseppe Celozzi, Alessandro Neri, Marco Carli, and Federica Battisti. "Inferring Anomaly Situation from Multiple Data Sources in Cyber Physical Systems." In Cyber-Physical Security for Critical Infrastructures Protection, 67–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69781-5_5.

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AbstractCyber physical systems are becoming ubiquitous devices in many fields thus creating the need for effective security measures. We propose to exploit their intrinsic dependency on the environment in which they are deployed to detect and mitigate anomalies. To do so, sensor measurements, network metrics, and contextual information are fused in a unified security architecture. In this paper, the model of the proposed framework is presented and a first proof of concept involving a telecommunication infrastructure case study is provided.

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Tang, Yuxuan. "The Determinants and Motivations of Chinese Telecommunication MNEs in Africa: Effects of Host Countries’ Economic Environment on IMNEs’ Location Choice." In The Operations of Chinese Infrastructure Multinationals in Africa, 125–66. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2562-6_6.

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Yang, Kenneth C. C., and Yowei Kang. "Framing National Security Concerns in Mobile Telecommunication Infrastructure Debates: A Text Mining Study of Huawei." In Huawei Goes Global, 319–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47579-6_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Telecommunication infrastructure"

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Kar, Sudatta, Harish Kumar, and M. P. Gupta. "Telecommunication infrastructure for smart cities." In ICEGOV '18: 11th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3209415.3209430.

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Hsu, H. Y. S., and S. K. Balasubramanian. "Telecommunication infrastructure investments and firm performance." In 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2003. Proceedings of the. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2003.1174634.

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Eriksson, Bo, and Richard Trankell. "Lead-free soldering of telecommunication network infrastructure products." In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology (ISSST). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issst.2009.5156736.

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Raghavan, Veena, George Riley, and Talal Jaafar. "Realistic Topology Modeling for the Internet BGP Infrastructure." In Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mascot.2008.4770576.

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Hentea, Mariana. "Improving Security for SCADA Control Systems." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3185.

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The continuous growth of cyber security threats and attacks including the increasing sophistication of malware is impacting the security of critical infrastructure, industrial control systems, and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) control systems. The reliable operation of modern infrastructures depends on computerized systems and SCADA systems. Since the emergence of Internet and World Wide Web technologies, these systems were integrated with business systems and became more exposed to cyber threats. There is a growing concern about the security and safety of the SCADA control systems. The Presidential Decision Directive 63 document established the framework to protect the critical infrastructure and the Presidential document of 2003, the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace stated that securing SCADA systems is a national priority. The critical infrastructure includes telecommunication, transportation, energy, banking, finance, water supply, emergency services, government services, agriculture, and other fundamental systems and services that are critical to the security, economic prosperity, and social well-being of the public. The critical infrastructure is characterized by interdependencies (physical, cyber, geographic, and logical) and complexity (collections of interacting components). Therefore, information security management principles and processes need to be applied to SCADA systems without exception. Critical infrastructure disruptions can directly and indirectly affect other infrastructures, impact large geographic regions, and send ripples throughout the national and global economy. For example, under normal operating conditions, the electric power infrastructure requires fuels (natural gas and petroleum), transportation, water, banking and finance, telecommunication, and SCADA systems for monitoring and control.

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Gateau, Benjamin, Djamel Khadraoui, and Christophe Feltus. "Multi-agents system service based platform in telecommunication security incident reaction." In 2009 Global Information Infrastructure Symposium (GIIS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/giis.2009.5307083.

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Kweku, Joseph. "Analysis of Co-Location of Telecommunication Infrastructure In Ghana." In 2019 International Conference on Computing, Computational Modelling and Applications (ICCMA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccma.2019.00019.

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Fessi, Ali, Heiko Niedermayer, Holger Kinkelin, and Georg Carle. "A cooperative SIP infrastructure for highly reliable telecommunication services." In the 1st international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1326304.1326310.

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Smith, J. A. "Using telecommunication technology to develop an optical sensing infrastructure." In 26th Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestrictive evaluation. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1291332.

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Marentes, Andres, and Yezid Donoso. "Assigning capacity and prices for telecommunication services to increase possibilities of investment in rural networks." In 2013 Global Information Infrastructure Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/giis.2013.6684356.

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Reports on the topic "Telecommunication infrastructure"

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Adams, R., and T. Francis. The creation of Sandia`s telecommunication cabling infrastructure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/191628.

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Baines, Mark D. The National Telecommunications Infrastructure: A 21st Century Organizational Paradox. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada414949.

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Cox, Roger Gary, Dianne Catherine Barton, Rhonda K. Reinert, Eric D. Eidson, and David Alan Schoenwald. Simulating economic effects of disruptions in the telecommunications infrastructure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918354.

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Cox, Roger Gary, and Rhonda K. Reinert. A year 2003 conceptual model for the U.S. telecommunications infrastructure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918227.

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Chambers, Katherine, Joshua Murphy, and Kathryn McIntosh. 2017 hurricane season : recommendations for a resilient path forward for the Marine Transportation System. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41285.

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In October 2017, the Coordinating Board of the US Committee on the Marine Transportation System tasked the MTS Resilience Integrated Action Team to identify the impacts, best practices, and lessons learned by federal agencies during the 2017 hurricane season. The RIAT studied the resiliency of the MTS by targeting its ability to prepare, respond, recover, and adapt to and from disruptions by turning to the collective knowledge of its members. Utilizing interagency data calls and a targeted workshop, the RIAT gauged the disruptive effect of the 2017 hurricane season and how Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria affected the operating status of at least 45 US ports across three major regions. This report identifies recommendations to better understand how the MTS can prepare for future storms and identifies activities by federal agencies that are contributing towards resilience. Such actions include hosting early pre-storm preparedness meetings, prioritizing communication between agencies and information distribution, and maintaining or updating existing response plans. Recommendations also target challenges experienced such as telecommunication and prioritization assistance to ports and critical infrastructure. Finally, the report offers opportunities to minimize the impacts experienced from storms and other disruptions to enhance the resilience of the MTS and supporting infrastructure.

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Beiker, Sven. Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users. SAE International, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2020023.

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The focus of this SAE EDGE™ Research Report is to address a topic overlooked by many who choose to view automated driving systems and AVs from a “10,000-foot” perspective: how automated vehicles (AVs) will actually communicate with other road users. Conventional (human-driven) vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians already have a functioning system of understating each other while on the move. Adding automated vehicles to the mix requires assessing the spectrum of existing modes of communication – both implicit and explicit, biological and technological, and how they will interact with each other in the real world. The impending deployment of AVs represents a major shift in the traditional approach to ground transportation; its effects will inevitably be felt by parties directly involved with the vehicle manufacturing and use and those that play roles in the mobility ecosystem (e.g., aftermarket and maintenance industries, infrastructure and planning organizations, automotive insurance providers, marketers, telecommunication companies). Unsettled Issues Regarding Communication of Automated Vehicles with Other Road Users brings together the multiple scenarios we are likely to see in a future not too far away and how they are likely to play out in practical ways.

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Rubin, Alex, Alan Omar Loera Martinez, Jake Dow, and Anna Puglisi. The Huawei Moment. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20200079.

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For the first time, a Chinese company—Huawei—is set to lead the global transition from one key national security infrastructure technology to the next. How did Washington, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, fail to protect U.S. firms in this strategic technology and allow a geopolitical competitor to take a leadership position in a national security relevant critical infrastructure such as telecommunications? This policy brief highlights the characteristics of 5G development that China leveraged, exploited, and supported to take the lead in this key technology. The Huawei case study is in some ways the canary in the coal mine for emerging technologies and an illustration of what can happen to U.S. competitiveness when China’s companies do not have to base decisions on market forces.

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Federal Information Processing Standards Publication: administration standard for the telecommunications infrastructure on federal buildings. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.fips.187.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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