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Chinedu Alex Ezeigweneme, Aniekan Akpan Umoh, Valentine Ikenna Ilojianya, and Abimbola Oluwatoyin Adegbite. "REVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION REGULATION AND POLICY: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS USA AND AFRICA." Computer Science & IT Research Journal 5, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/csitrj.v5i1.703.
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This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of telecommunication regulation and policy frameworks in the United States (USA) and various African countries. Telecommunications play a pivotal role in socio-economic development, and the regulatory environment significantly influences the sector's performance. The study explores the historical evolution, regulatory bodies, and frameworks in both regions, aiming to identify commonalities, disparities, and the impact of regulatory approaches on market dynamics. The review begins by delineating the theoretical foundations of telecommunications regulation, emphasizing concepts such as market liberalization, competition, and regulatory governance. A historical overview traces the development of regulatory frameworks in the USA and Africa, shedding light on the contextual factors that shaped each region's approach. In examining telecommunications regulation in the USA, the paper delves into the roles and responsibilities of key regulatory bodies, notably the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). The regulatory framework is scrutinized, with a focus on market liberalization, spectrum management, and licensing policies. Achievements and challenges within the US regulatory landscape are critically evaluated. Turning to Africa, the study explores the diverse regulatory approaches adopted by selected countries and the influence of regional organizations on policy formulation. Common challenges faced by African regulators, as well as unique contextual factors shaping the regulatory landscape, are discussed. The heart of the analysis lies in the comparative assessment of regulatory objectives and policy instruments between the USA and Africa. The study evaluates the alignment of these objectives with the socio-economic context of each region and assesses the effectiveness of policy instruments in achieving regulatory goals. Examining the impact on the telecommunications sector, the paper contrasts market structures, competition levels, and the role of regulation in fostering technological development. The analysis extends to the implications of regulatory frameworks on the deployment of emerging technologies, such as 5G. The paper summarizes key findings, highlighting patterns, trends, and lessons learned from the comparative analysis. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed, emphasizing the potential for international collaboration and the identification of areas where improvements in regulatory frameworks can contribute to the sustainable development of the telecommunications sector in both the USA and Africa.
Keywords: Telecommunications Regulation, Telecommunications Policy, Comparative Analysis, USA, Africa, Digital Inclusion.
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Aikins, Stephen Kwamena. "Determinants of Digital Divide in Africa and Policy Implications." International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpada.2019010104.
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This article investigates the reasons most African households are not using the internet and discusses the policy implications for bridging the digital divide. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) reports that at the end of 2014, only 7 percent of households in LDCs, most of whom are in Africa, had Internet access. This study analyses data from the ITU database and other sources to identify the determinants of the digital divide in Africa. Results show that peculiar challenges such as affordability and digital literacy do influence the percentage of African households who do not use the internet.
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Kainja, Jimmy. "Legal and Policy Gaps Affecting Digital Rights in Malawi." Journal of Humanities 31, no. 1 (July 20, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jh.v31i1.1.
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Digital rights are human rights in the digital era, specifically on the internet. Digital rights are becoming critical as people increasingly spend a lot of time online, accessing different services and information that are key to human survival and well-being. Resolution 362 (on the Right to Freedom of Information and Expression on the Internet in Africa) of The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and resolution on the Promotion, Protection, and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet of the United Nations Human Rights Council affirmed that same rights that people enjoy offline must also be protected online. This paper assesses legal and policy gaps affecting digital rights in Malawi, thereby making a critical contribution to scholarship in this area. In addition to the literature and policy review of digital rights in Malawi, the study used a questionnaire as a data collection tool, targeting purposefully selected key informants from Malawi’s telecommunication sector, media associations, NGOs, and telecommunication regulators to assess challenges affecting digital rights in Malawi. The study found that achieving digital rights in the country remains a distant dream for most people due to the expensive cost of the internet, insufficient telecommunication and electricity infrastructure, restrictive legal framework, and low digital literacy. These factors make access to the ICTs and the internet inaccessible for most people, denying them access to and participation in political, social, and economic activities enabled by digital platforms.
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Xulu, Khanyisani Khayelihle, and Masike Malatji. "Investigating Spectrum Allocation Policies to Accommodate New Entrants in the Market: A Case Study of South Africa." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (September 6, 2023): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i4.1858.
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One of the goals of the telecommunications industry is to provide universal connectivity to its consumers. Achieving this goal is highly dependent on the allocation of radio frequency (RF) spectrum. The RF spectrum refers to the frequencies assigned to diverse services such as mobile, fixed, and satellite services. These allocations are regulated by international, regional, and local authorities. Countries across the globe have embarked on the journey to transform their RF spectrum allocation policies to be more inclusive and hybrid in nature. Such changes in some countries, have enabled new entrants and incumbent operators to provide low-cost connectivity into small rural communities, bridging the digital divide gap. Due to current policies by some regulators and perceived anti-competitive laws, new entrants and small operators find it difficult to penetrate the telecommunications market in South Africa. To address this challenge, the overall and ongoing study, proposes an alternative and inclusive framework for universal coverage and low-cost connectivity that accommodates both incumbent and new entrant operators in South Africa. To achieve this aim, a qualitative desktop research approach was used to analyze publicly available information, including journal articles, RF spectrum policy documents from various countries, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) documents and other academic sources. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing discussions regarding the policy on the allocation of RF spectrum. As this is an ongoing study, preliminary findings indicated that auctions remain a popular RF spectrum allocation model of choice, despite being perceived by some scholars as less competitive and inflexible. The final study findings, which would be in a subsequent research paper, aim to develop a new RF spectrum framework that may help achieve universal coverage and low-cost connectivity in South Africa.
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Zhao, Jielin, and Dun Kho. "China’s assistance to African countries in the field of telecommunication: interaction and the role of FOCAC." Мировая политика, no. 2 (February 2020): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8671.2020.2.31753.
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The research object is the role of China’s assistance in the implementation of Information and Communication Technologies projects in the context of international assistance of China to Africa, and the role of the Forum on China-Africa cooperation (FOCAC) in this process. The research subject is the set of measures used by China to provide such assistance including that within FOCAC. The author studies such aspects of the topic as the importance of Chinese transnational corporations operating in the field of communication technologies, the role of FOCAC as a platform helping realize effective cooperation between China and Africa in the field of telecommunication, and the reaction of Western countries to such actions of Beijing. To solve the research tasks the author uses the following methods: structural-logical, the system approach, historical and economical and statistical analysis. The author arrives at the following conclusions: 1) the Information and Communication Technologies field is one of the most promising market sectors for China in Africa, as its corporations have a range of advantages compared with their Western competitors; 2) in consideration of close connection between Chinese companies and the government, it is obvious that through this interaction, Beijing successfully extends the pool of its political partners; 3) FOCAC plays a special role as it is the only mechanism allowing China to realize its African vector of external policy bilaterally and multilaterally. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that the author analyzes the topic which hasn’t been studied sufficiently enough in Russian and foreign historiography; the author analyzes new sources and attempts to define the role of FOCAC particularly in cooperation in the field of telecommunication.
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Willemot, Yves. "De Gaulles “Communaute”. Een Brug van Kolonialisme Naar Paternalisme in Afrika." Afrika Focus 4, no. 3-4 (January 15, 1988): 119–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-0040304004.
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De Gaulles “Communaute”. A Bridge from Colonialism to Paternalism in Afrika. The importance of the French-African Communauté is more than just historical. Indeed, the present French-African relationship is not completely understandable without a knowledge of the Community, which was created by the constitution of the fifth French Republic (1958). President de Gaulle, who was its inspirator, realised that in the changing world the relationship between France and its colonial territories had to be adapted. The French-African Community was a federal structure in which the French-speaking territories south of the Sahara became autonomous republics. Yet their autonomy was substantially restricted: foreign affairs, defense, the economic and financial policy, justice, higher education, the policy concerning raw materials (e.g. uranium and oil), and the organisation of international transport and telecommunication were reserved for the federal institutions. Although four institutions were created within the Community (the Presidency, the Executive Board, the Senate and the Court of Arbitration), only the Presidency had real power: the exclusive legislative and executive competence in all Community matters. The function of Community President was reserved for the French President. Therefore it can undoubtedly be said that the French-African Community was not a genuine federal structure, but merely a constitutional arrangement which ensured France the exclusive control over its former African colonies. The African political leaders were also aware of this and claimed the abolition of the French-African Community. Using the possibility for change, provided by the 78th article of the constitution, they demanded independence by the transfer of all reserved competences (1960). In order to avoid any rupture, France accepted on the condition that bilateral cooperation agreements would be signed simultaneously. These agreements, which were revised halfway the seventies and which are still in force today, provide France with an unique position in Africa. No former metropole has a comparable influence in Africa. Besides, the French-African Conference, which is organised anually since 1973, gives France an excellent forum to influence and control the policy of African states. At this Conference almost every former French colonie in Africa is present, some Belgian, British, Spanish and Portuguese territories participate as well. Moreover, the cooperation agreements explicitly allow France to maintain large troups in Africa and to give support by military intervention whenever it is necessary. France's strict control over one of the most important attributes of state sovereignity, namely defense, increases largely the already acuted dependency on Paris. Yet, the economic position of most of the former French colonies and territories in Africa is the best illustration of their present dependence. Still today more than 40% of their trade is realised with the former metropole (export: raw materials; import: finished goods). Moreover, most of them are members of the so-called “zone franc”, a monetary zone which is completely controlled by the French authorities. The good relationship between France and Africa remained as a result of which extensive bilateral cooperation agreements could be signed within the framework of the French-African Community. This continuity has always been one of the main characteristics of the French policy in Africa.
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Mengesha, Niguissie, Anteneh Ayanso, and Dawit Demissie. "Profiles and Evolution of E-Government Readiness in Africa." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 11, no. 1 (January 2020): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijissc.2020010104.
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E-government has been one of the top government strategies in recent years. Several studies and projects have attempted to understand the scope of e-government and the measurement framework that can be deployed to track the readiness as well as progress of nations overtime. Among these initiatives is the United Nations Public Administration Network (UN PAN) that assesses the e-government readiness of nations according to a quantitative composite index based on telecommunication infrastructure, human capital, and online services. Using the UN PAN index data from 2008 to 2016, the article profiles African nations using unsupervised machine learning technique. It also examines the resulting cluster profiles in terms of theoretical perspectives in the literature and derive policy insights from the different groupings of nations and their evolution over time. Finally, the article discusses the policy implications of the proposed methodology and the insights obtained.
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Dosunmu, Akinola George. "A discourse analysis of career experiences of women in the developing country." Journal of Governance and Regulation 11, no. 1 (2022): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgrv11i1art10.
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The efforts to reduce the widened effects of structural inequality for women in South Africa have resulted in varied experiences (Burns, Tomita, & Lund, 2017). The study problematised the unresearched and not well articulated social construct within the career experiences of women working in a telecommunication company in South Africa. This article argues that the meaning ascribed to the socio context and equity policy can better describe the dimension of the broader issue of gender inequality in post-apartheid South Africa. The study contributes to discourse analysis methods where discourse analysis was used to explain the experiences of three women who are senior managers with at least ten years of experience. The discourse-based understanding of the experiences of women in this study was reframed into and within the interactions of equity policy deliberation, societal factors and the organisational context model. These interactions allowed interpretation of the career choice for women and what it means for personal development. The model of career experience depicts strong alternative views on a career path for women. The results of this study provide unique findings for justice regulation in the workplace for women in South Africa.
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Stork, Christoph, Enrico Calandro, and Ranmalee Gamage. "The future of broadband in Africa." info 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-10-2013-0055.
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Purpose – This paper aims to provide an answer as to whether fibre to the home and other types of fixed internet access still have a role to play in Africa beyond a few urban elites, as well as what business models are likely to be successful in the African context. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses data from nationally representative ICT household surveys conducted in 12 African countries in 2012. These data are complemented by an OECD broadband pricing methodology and data. In addition to the OECD basket methodology, own baskets were defined to capture the complexity of African products, and to draw out the different business models for fixed and mobile broadband. Findings – The paper demonstrates that if fixed internet is provided as an uncapped service at an affordable price, it has a chance to at least co-exist with mobile broadband in Africa. The availability of fixed internet is rapidly diminishing where it is offered as a capped service and not at prices similar to mobile broadband. The paper also demonstrates that fixed-line telecommunication companies should to focus on data only before mobile operators do, and they lose out once again. Practical implications – In Africa, mobile voice overtook fixed voice at the turn of the millennium with the introduction of prepaid services. Ten years later, mobile internet is rapidly overtaking fixed internet by overcoming key obstacles to fixed internet access. While the developed world discusses the merits of fixed and mobile broadband, it is clear that for Africa, fixed broadband in the form of fibre to the home, or even plain ADSL, will only reach a few urban elites in the next decade. Fixed-line operators then should rethink their pricing and investment strategies: they are advised to invest in high-speed technologies such as VDSL or fibre to the home, if fixed broadband is to stand a chance against mobile broadband. Whether fixed-line operators will lose the data battle as well will be determined by their business decisions as well as by policy and regulatory interventions. Originality/value – This paper uses primary household and individual data that allows for a better understanding of internet access and use in Africa. The analysis of internet access prices for ADSL against prepaid and post-paid mobile broadband is used to assess broadband business strategies across 12 African countries. The paper provides policymakers and regulators with the evidence required for an informed ICT policy and regulation and it recommends business strategies that should be pursued by operators to improve broadband sector performance.
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Orji, Uchenna Jerome. "The African Union Convention on Cybersecurity: A Regional Response Towards Cyber Stability?" Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 12, no. 2 (September 17, 2018): 91–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2018-2-1.
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Following the liberalization of telecommunication markets in African States, and the increasing availability of wireless technologies and broadband capacity, the levels of Internet penetration and ICT access in Africa has continued to grow in a phenomenal manner since the beginning of the new millennium. Internet use statistics indicate that Africa’s Internet user population grew from about four and a half million people in 2000 to about 400 million people in December, 2017. However, widespread ICT access and Internet penetration in Africa has also raised concerns over the need to promote cybersecurity governance and cyber stability across the continent. This prompted the African Union to establish a regional cybersecurity treaty, known as the African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, in June, 2014. The Convention imposes obligations on Member States to establish legal, policy and regulatory measures to promote cybersecurity governance and control cybercrime. This article analyzes the nature and scope of the cybersecurity governance obligations under the Convention and examines how the adoption of the Convention can promote cyber stability in the African region. In so doing, the paper also examines the challenges impeding the application of the Convention as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability in Africa. The paper identifies the slow pace of Member State ratification and the absence of effective regional coordination as some of the major reasons why the Convention has not been effectively applied as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability. Therefore, the paper makes a case for the establishment of a regional monitoring mechanism within the AU framework to improve the regional harmonization of cybersecurity governance frameworks, and harness the application of the Convention as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability.
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Nulens, Gert. "Socio-cultural aspects of information technology in Africa. The policy of the World Bank Studies on Media Information and Telecommunication (SMIT)." Communicatio 23, no. 2 (January 1997): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02500169708537832.
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Ponelis, S. R., and J. J. Britz. "To talk or not to talk? From Telkom to Hellkom1: A critical reflection on the current telecommunication policy in South Africa from a social justice perspective." International Information & Library Review 40, no. 4 (December 2008): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2008.10762786.
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Meidayati, Anis Wahyu. "Impact of Telecommunication Infrastructure, Market Size, Trade Openness and Labor Force on Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN." Journal of Developing Economies 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v2i2.6677.
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AbstractForeign Direct Investment (FDI) in recent years has created a positive impact for ASEAN countries. FDI give spillover effects that directly contribute capital improvements, technological developments, and global market access, also skills and managerial transfers. In order to attract FDI inflow into country, ASEAN member countries need to know what factors which attract investment related to the needs of infrastructure types and other factors. The purpose of this study is examine the determinant of FDI in ASEAN countries. This research method used is panel data regression period 2005-2015 from 10 countries in ASEAN. The results showed simultaneously and partially telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, and labor force variable have significant relationship with FDI inflows in ASEAN countries.Keywords: panel data regression, telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, labor force, FDI.ReferencesAppleyard, DR. Field, JF. and Cobb, SL. 2008. International Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Azam, Muhammad. 2010. “Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic and Turkmenistan: Theory and Evidence”, Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics. 3 (6), 27-40.Botric, Valerija. 2006. “Main Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Southeast European Countries”, Transition Studies Review. Vol. 13(2): 359–377.Calderon, C., and Serven, L., 2010. “Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies. Vol.19(4): 13-87.Carbaugh, Robert J. 2008. International Economics. Edisi Kedelapan. South Western: Thomson Learning.Chakrabarti, A. 2001. “The Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment: Sensivity Analysses of Cross-Country Regression”, International Symposium on Sustainable Development. Vol 54 (1):89-114.Demirhan, E., & Masca, M. 2008. Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows. Prague Economic Papers.Dutt, Pushan, et all. 2007. “International trade and unemployment: Theory and cross-national evidence”, Journal of International Economics. Volume 78(1): 32-44.Gharaibeh, A. M. 2015. “The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment-Empirical Evidence from Bahrain”, International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 6(8): 94-106.Grigg, N. 2000. Infrastructure System Management & Optimazation. Working Paper of Internasional Civil Engineering Departement Diponegoro University.Hirsch, Caitlin E. 1976. Macroeconomics, Politics and Policy: The Determinants of Capital Flows to Latin America. Texas Tech University.Hymer, Stephen Herbert. 1976. The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), MIT Department of Economics PhD thesis originally presented 1960.Kaliappan, Shivee Ranjanee et all. 2013. “Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) Countries”, International Journal of Economics and Management. Vol 7(1): 136 – 149.Kurniati, Y., A. et al. 2007. Determinan FDI (Faktor-faktor yang Menentukan Investasi Asing Langsung). Jakarta: Bank Indonesia.Mughal, M.M., & Akram, M. 2011. “Does Market Size Affect FDI? The Case of Pakistan”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol. 2(9): 237-247.Nasir, S. 2016. “FDI in India’s Retail Sector: Opportunities and Challenges”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. Vol: 23(3): 155-125.Novianti, Tanti et all. 2014. “The Infrastructure’s Influence on the Asean Countries’ Economic Growth”, Journal of Economics and Development Studies. Vol. 2(4):243-254.Rehman, C. A., Ilyas, M., Alam, H. M., & Akram. M., (2011). “The impact of Infrastructure on Foreign Direct Investment: The case of Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Management. Vol.6(5): 184-197.Salvatore, D. 2007. International Economics. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Sarna, Ritash. 2005. The impact of core labour standards on Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia. Working Paper of the Japan Institute No. 1789.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain. 2014. The Significance of Infrastructure for Fdi Inflow in Developing Countries. Journal of Life Economics. Vol. 3(5):1-16.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain., and Khan, Yahya. 2016. Trade Liberalisation and FDI Inflow in Emerging Economies. Business & Economic Review. Vol 2(1): 35-52.Todaro, Michael P. and Smith, Stephen C. 2011. Economic Development. Ninth Edition. United States: Addison Wesley.Umoru, D. & Yaqub, J.O. 2013. “Labour productivity and Human capital in Nigeria: The empirical evidence”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 3(4). 199-221.Vernon, R. (1966). “The product cycle hypothesis in a new international environment”, Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics. Vol 41(4), 255-267.World Bank. 2015. World Development Indicator 2015.Zeb, Nayyra et all. 2015. “Telecommunication Infrastructure and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: An Empirical Study”, Global Journal of Management and Business Research. Vol. 14(4): 117-128.
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Owiredu, A. Owiredu, F. Antwi Antwi, and K. Nyako Gyimah Kofi Nyako Gyimah. "Determinants of Continuous Use of Mobile Money Payment Systems in Ghana." Pentvars Business Journal 12, no. 12 (June 30, 2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.62868/pbj.v12i12.155.
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This study examines the effect of user’s satisfaction on post-acceptance behaviour of mobile money users. Specifically, the paper identifies satisfactory factors and further examines the relationship between satisfaction and continuous use of mobile money application at the post-acceptance phase. Data was collected from 696 mobile phone users who had subscribed to mobile money services. Partial least squares (PLS) (Smart PLS 3.0) were used to analyse the collected data to test proposed hypotheses. This study revealed that users’ satisfaction is a significant factor that influences their intentions to continue to use mobile money services. The results indicated that users’ satisfaction is strongly influenced by confirmation and perceived usefulness which in turn significantly impact on continuous use of mobile money applications. Also, perceived security and privacy exert significant impact on users satisfaction. It was noted that charges and fees were insignificant but positively related to users’ intentions to continue to use mobile money applications. The findings have implications on both telecommunication firms and policy makers as they offer practical guidelines in developing strategies to ensure continuous use of mobile money applications/ services as we improve upon financial inclusion in Ghana in particular and Africa in general. This study therefore fills the gap in the post-adoption stage of mobile money usage and further use in Ghana.
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Popoola, Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson. "Preface to the Second Issue of Indian Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance." Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.52962/ipjaf.2017.1.2.10.
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I welcome you to the Vol. 1 Issue 2 of Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance. You will recall in Issue 1, I made known our commitment to publish high-quality, impactful papers and to bring scholars who share our vision and mission into the Editorial Advisory Board. Dr Ishaya John Dabari (Modibbo Adamawa University of Technology, Adamawa, Nigeria) has consented to join the Editorial Advisory Board. I am pleased to welcome him on board.
In Issue 2, all the presentations are international research with emphasis on corporate governance and risk management, internal auditing, accounting information system, education, telecommunications, and banking sectors.
In the first paper captioned “Effect of Risk Management Committee on Monitoring Mechanismsâ€, Dr Rachael Oluyemisi Arowolo (Chrisland University), Prof Dr Ayoib B. Che-Ahmad (Universiti Utara Malaysia), and Asst. Prof. Dr Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola (Universiti Utara Malaysia) examines the influence of risk management committee (RMC) on monitoring mechanisms (MM) in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper provides empirical supports for RMC association with monitoring mechanisms to reduce agency problems, using the secondary data (2010-2012) of Nigerian non-financial listed companies. The article recommends to the board of Nigerian companies to explore the usefulness of RMC in monitoring the management and controlling shareholders to lessen agency problems and protect the interests of the minority shareholders.
In the second paper entitled “Aligning Corporate Governance with Enterprise Risk Management Adoption in the Nigerian Deposit Money Banksâ€, Dr Ishaya John Dabari (Modibbo Adama University of Technology), Sini Fave Kwaji (Modibbo Adama University of Technology), and Ghazali Zulkurnai (Universiti Utara Malaysia) align corporate governance (CG) with Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) adoption in the Nigerian Deposit Money banks (DMBs). Their study used cross-sectional research design, survey method and questionnaire technique to collect data in 21 Nigerian DMBs. Out of 722 questionnaires distributed, 435 were found usable for further analysis through Structural Equation Modeling in Stata. The paper empirically reveals the significant positive relationship between CG and ERM adoption regarding internal audit effectiveness, human resource competency and top management commitment. The study provides insightful results for the banking industry, regulators, practitioners, academia and other stakeholders, perhaps to render assistance in the areas of policy formulation, implementation and evaluation.
In the third paper titled “Independence and Management Support: The advocate for Internal Auditors’ Task Performance in Tertiary Institutionsâ€, Oyewumi Hassan Kehinde (Universiti Utara Malaysia), Prof Dr Ayoib B. Che-Ahmad (Universiti Utara Malaysia), and Asst. Prof. Dr Oluwatoyin Muse Johnson Popoola (Universiti Utara Malaysia) examine the influence of independence (IND) and management support (MS) on the task performance (TP) of internal auditors in the South-West tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The study formulates and tests two hypotheses on the relationship between IND and TP in one hand, and MS and TP on the other hand. This study employs a quantitative approach, cross-sectional design, and survey questionnaire in obtaining data from 350 internal auditors from the internal audit departments/units of the universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education. The results of the PLS-SEM algorithm and bootstrapping reveal positive significant relationships between IND and TP, and the MS and TP, and hence, support the two hypotheses. The paper has a policy implication on the government/private proprietors who are owners of tertiary institutions; management and Council who control the institutions, internal auditors who are operators of internal auditing; regulatory authorities who perform oversight function on the institutions, and professional accounting and auditing bodies. The article adds to the body of knowledge and extends internal audit research to tertiary institutions.
In the fourth paper entitled “Examining Information Disclosure on Regulatory Compliance of Telecommunication Companies in Nigeriaâ€, Sini Fave Kwaji (Modibbo Adama University of Technology), Dr Ishaya John Dabari (Modibbo Adama University of Technology) examine the impact of information disclosure on regulatory compliance of telecommunication companies in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post facto research design, which relies on secondary data collected from the financial statements of three (3) telecommunication companies out of the eight (8) telecommunication companies for the period of 2004 to 2015 and analysed through the multiple regression statistics. The results reveal that computed compliance index of telecommunication companies was above average (av. 75.6%) with the requirements of regulatory agencies. Also, the findings indicate that mandatory information disclosure (MID) recorded a significant impact at 10% (weak compliance), while voluntary information disclosure (VID) showed an effect at 5% (partial compliance). The article makes a clarion call for the enforcement of full compliance by all the telecommunication companies operating in Nigeria and therefore, recommends to the National Communication Commission (NCC) to monitor the compliance with the requirements of information disclosure and pursue its objective to achieve best corporate governance practices in Nigerian telecommunication companies.
In the fifth paper titled “Examining CAATTs implementation by internal auditors in the public sector.†Dr Aidi Ahmi (Universiti Utara Malaysia), Associate Prof Dr Siti Zabedah Saidin (Universiti Utara Malaysia), and Dr Akilah Abdullah (Universiti Utara Malaysia) investigate the implementation of CAATTs by internal auditors in the Malaysian public sector. Their research reports the results from 12 interviews conducted with internal audit departments in both federal and state levels. The study revealed the implementation of CAATTs by internal auditors in public sector is still low because of lack of expertise, high implementation and maintenance cost, limited access of auditee’s data, and preference to conduct the audit manually. Furthermore, it is not mandatory for them to use CAATTs. The evidence is a contrast with the encouragement made by the government to improve the IT usage in public sector. The results implied that training for future auditors in CAATTs to ensure the successful implementation is crucial and strategic. For CAATTs to be a success, the head of internal audit must possess the awareness about the importance of CAATTs as well as enforcement of its implementation.
As you read through this Vol. 1 Issue 2 of IPJAF, I would like to recap that the success of the journal depends on your active participation and those of your colleagues and friends through submission of high-quality articles for review and publication.
I reiterate to our prospective authors to enjoy the benefits IPJAF provides about mentoring nature of the unique review process, which offers high quality, and helpful reviews tailored to assist authors in improving their manuscripts.
I acknowledge your support as we endeavour to make IPJAF the most authoritative journal on accounting and finance for the community of academic, professional, industry, society and government.
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Kipyegon, Bett, Alfred, Dr Johnmark Obura, and Dr Moses Oginda. "Analysis of Information Systems Capabilities and Performance of Firms in Telecommunications Industry, Kenya." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 6, no. 04 (April 25, 2018): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i4.em11.
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In the 21st century where economies are driven majorly by knowledge and information-based service businesses, telecommunication industries are playing a critical economic role both regionally and globally. In Kenya, with a combined subscription rate of 37.8 million based on a 2016/17 Communication Authority of Kenya report of 2017, Safaricom Kenya Limited controls about 71.2% of the subscribers, Airtel Kenya Limited is second with 17.6% with Telkom Kenya coming third with 7.4%. Finserve East Africa (Equitel) a new entrant in the market controls 3.8% of subscribers. These figures points to the fact that only Safaricom seems to be the only firm performing well. This reality forms the basis of establishing whether their difference in performance is attributable to their information systems capabilities. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship IS capabilities and performance of firms in the telecommunications industry in Kenya. It was anchored on Resource-Based Theory and guided by a conceptual framework with the dependent variable being firm performance while independent variable was IS capabilities. Correlational and survey research designs were used. The population of the study was 408 staff comprising all executive, management and operational level managers from the business and IT sections in each firm. A sample of 202 staff was drawn through proportionate stratified random sampling method. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire and an interview schedule. Reliability of the research instrument was tested against Cronbach’s alpha coefficient where a reliability score of 0.814 was achieved while validity was gauged through research experts’ opinions. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings established that IS capabilities and firm performance have a weak relationship (r = 0.409, p<0.05) which means that whenever firms in industry invested on market based IS capabilities there was a small improvement on their performance and therefore firms should invest in the development of market based IS capabilities since they have significant influence on their performance. This study may be useful to industry players by gaining better understanding on various information system resources that they can utilize to improve and sustain their performance besides policy formulation. By advancing a model that depicts the relationship between information systems resources and firm performance, this study may make a significant contribution to theory building in the field of information systems.
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Arakpogun, Emmanuel Ogiemwonyi, Jason Whalley, Roseline Wanjiru, Ziad Elsahn, and Rama Krishna Reddy Kummitha. "Bridging the digital divide in Africa via universal service funds: an institutional theory perspective." Information Technology & People 36, no. 8 (May 9, 2023): 126–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-01-2023-0042.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide evidence-based policy recommendations for improving the implementation of universal service funds (USF) with a view to closing the digital divide in Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a qualitative approach that draws examples from various African countries supported by 25 interviews from key stakeholders with hands-on experience and roles that shape telecommunications policy in Africa and other developing countries.FindingsThe study's findings point out that institutional voids which characterize several African countries inhibit the effectiveness of USF in African countries. The authors identify several institutional and organisational factors and explain how they negatively affect the performance of USF. The authors find that in order to overcome these obstacles, there is a need for a clear redefinition of Universal Access and Service (UAS) policies, restructuring the governance of USF, encouraging cross-sectoral collaborations, and bottom-up initiatives to bridge the digital divide in African countries.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the underexplored USF literature by shedding light on the role of institutional factors in determining the success of USF. The paper thus complements and provides a different perspective on promoting digital inclusion in Africa from the viewpoint of institutional voids, bringing new insights into the existing literature on how to deal with an intractable area of UAS policy and the wider digital divide debate in developing countries.
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Engotoit, Benard, Geoffrey Mayoka Kituyi, and Musa Bukoma Moya. "Influence of performance expectancy on commercial farmers’ intention to use mobile-based communication technologies for agricultural market information dissemination in Uganda." Journal of Systems and Information Technology 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2016): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsit-06-2016-0037.
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Purpose This paper to examine the relationship between performance expectancy and behavioural intention to use mobile-based communication technologies for agricultural market information dissemination in Uganda. Design/methodology/approach A descriptive field survey method was adopted. A total of 302 commercial farmers and agribusiness traders in Eastern Uganda participated in the study from whom data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, correlation and regression analyses were used in the study. Findings The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between performance expectancy and behavioural intentions to use mobile-based communication technologies for agricultural information access and dissemination. This implies that, commercial farmers’ behavioural intentions to use mobile-based communication technologies for agricultural market information dissemination and access will be influenced if they anticipate mobile-based communication technologies to offer greater performance in their daily transactions. Research limitations/implications This study was conducted in the context of resource constrained countries particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, however reflecting knowledge from other contexts. The study was conducted with a structured questionnaire being the main data collection tool, and this limited the study from collecting views outside the questions asked in the questionnaire. The variables studied could not be analysed for a long time, given that the study was cross-sectional in nature. Practical implications The study provides recommendations on how to further boost farmers’ behavioural intentions to use mobile-based communication technologies for agricultural information dissemination. Policy makers need to ensure that policies are put in place that encourage third party software developers and telecommunication companies to provide software products and solutions that are beneficial to the commercial farmers and can enable them complete their agricultural transactions in time. Social implications The study provides critical literature on the influence of performance expectancy on commercial farmers’ behavioural intentions to use mobile-based communication technologies for agricultural market information access and dissemination in resource constrained settings. Originality/value It is noted that farmers in Uganda are slowly progressing to newer mobile information and communication technology tools for market information access and dissemination; however, little is known as to why there is slow adoption of these mobile technologies for agricultural purposes; yet policy makers need to come up with proper strategies to encourage wide scale use of mobile technologies for agricultural market purposes.
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Ager, D. E. "French Cultural, Languages and Telecommunications Policy Towards Sub-Saharan Africa." Modern & Contemporary France 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0963948052000341222.
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Mtange, Mtange. "MANAGING CORPORATE IDENTITY DURING ORGANISATIONAL TRANSFORMATION IN A PUBLIC INSTITUTION IN KENYA." International Journal of Communication and Public Relation 7, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 59–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijcpr.1564.
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Purpose: Universities, like other institutions, are under pressure to manage their corporate identity and corporate reputation, in the global competitive climate. Few studies in Africa focus on the impact of internal communication on corporate identity and reputation management during organizational transformation. This study interrogates how a transforming and complex public institution in Kenya managed its corporate identity, image and corporate reputation during transformation for competitive advantage. The study sought to establish whether Multimedia University of Kenya (MMU) management communicated excellently with its employees to nurture the corporate identity, image and reputation during a ten-year period of rapid transformation.
Methodology: Data was collected using in-depth interviews from eighteen seniour and mid-level management and employee representatives who were purposively selected. In addition, data was gathered through 153 self-administered questionnaires using the stratified random sampling method from MMU faculty and administrative staff.
Findings: The study established that MMU management created awareness of institutional changes and identity using formal meetings as well as interactive and mediated channels such as telephone conversations and intranet which facilitated record-keeping. It was noted that top-down and bottom-up communication approaches build employee engagement and trust yet respondents lacked trust in the accuracy of the information from subordinates which implied an element of information exclusion. Thus, the employees advocated for digital, interactive and interpersonal channels such as social media, telephone exchanges, personal visits by MMU management, and university events for bonding, engagement and identification in the changing institution. The study established that publicity and marketing activities to prospective students and sponsors be through paid media using private television and vernacular radio stations, owned media using MMU radio and website, and earned media using traditional print media to manage MMU brand and image. The respondents recognized the MMU brand as a leader in telecommunication, technology, mechanical, manufacturing, and media training with state-of-the-art equipment and robust faculty. These findings challenge university administration to engage with the corporate communication function and focus on the continual enhancement of corporate identity and reputation management practices for competitive advantage.
Recommendations: The study recommends a communication policy and management practice for effective employee interpretation of institutional messages to enhance engagement, positioning, brand ambassadors, and employee coaching to nurture the new ethos, identity and brand during institutional changes. A progressive policy in which institutional management addresses inclusion to build trust, provides for interactive digital channels for engagement, and articulates identity through written and verbal channels to effectively communicate corporate messages and enrich the corporate reputation of a transforming public institution.
Keywords: Corporate communication, corporate identity, corporate image, corporate reputation, employee engagement, organizational transformation
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McCormick, Patricia K. "Telecommunications reform in Botswana: a policy model for African states." Telecommunications Policy 25, no. 6 (July 2001): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(01)00014-3.
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Cohen, Tracy. "RETHINKING (RELUCTANT) CAPTURE: SOUTH AFRICAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND THE IMPACT OF REGULATION." Journal of African Law 47, no. 1 (April 2003): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855303001986.
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The South African telecommunications sector has recently been the subject of renewed interest as it commences its second phase of liberalization and opens up its fixed line market to competition. With democracy in place since 1994, the challenge of economic and social development created by the ravages of apartheid required detailed government policy in every sector. Telecommunications was no exception. Since the promulgation of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, developmental objectives, particularly universal service, the advancement of small and medium enterprises (SMMEs) and the economic empowerment of historically disadvantaged individuals have rivalled more pedestrian sectoral reform goals often given priority in other countries, such as the promotion of innovation and competition.
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Horwitz, Robert B. "Telecommunications policy in the new South Africa: participatory politics and sectoral reform." Media, Culture & Society 19, no. 4 (October 1997): 503–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016344397019004002.
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Horwitz, Robert B. "Telecommunications policy in the new South Africa: participatory politics and sectoral reform." Communicatio 23, no. 2 (January 1997): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02500169708537837.
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Makoza, Frank. "Critical Analysis of Telecommunications Regulatory Governance in Malawi." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2021010105.
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This paper presents a critical analysis of power dynamics for telecommunications governance in the context of a developing country. The study used regulatory governance and critical discourse analysis as theoretical underpinnings. The case of telecommunications sector of Malawi was analysed using secondary data comprise policy documents and media reports. The results showed that power relations affected the autonomy of the telecommunications regulator in performing its functions. The effects of power dynamics created practices and conduct of stakeholders that contributed towards the barriers in market entry of mobile network operators in the telecommunications sector. Consequently, there was limited market competition and the cost of ICT services remained high. Power relations were also productive in enabling stakeholders to raise sector problems to the regulator. The study provides an understanding of power relations in the regulation of telecommunications in the context of an African country.
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Kaplan, David. "State policy and technological change — the development of the South African telecommunications industry." Journal of Southern African Studies 15, no. 4 (October 1989): 565–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057078908708216.
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Jahanbakht, Mohammad, and Romel Mostafa. "Coevolution of policy and strategy in the development of the mobile telecommunications industry in Africa." Telecommunications Policy 44, no. 4 (May 2020): 101906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101906.
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Zlotnick, Myron. "Telecommunications monopoly in South Africa—some human rights aspects and options for future regulation." Journal of African Law 43, no. 2 (1999): 214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011359.
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In the Internet ruling the Authority did not come to the assistance of the monopoly. It is submitted that the vested interests of the ISPs outweighed any protection that Telkom could claim and it suited the Authority then to have reference to constitutional rights and universal sendee policies to justify its ruling. The Authority's perception of the market-place may have influenced the decision. In the call back ruling, however, the Authority came to the assistance of the monopoly. This ruling was based in part on a desire to protect Telkom's revenue. But it seems because the call back operators were not afforded an opportunity to present a case to protect their interests, the Authority assumed Telkom's interests to be more important. This notwithstanding, in both rulings the Authority opted for a value-laden rather than a technologically informed decision. While this may be commendable in terms of achieving the overall goals of the sector, it does lead to inconsistency. As I have alluded to above, this can perhaps be overcome if the Authority develops a coherent policy framework for decision making, i.e. the White Paper and the Telecommunications Act afford the Authority a number of policy beacons by which they may be guided and it is inappropriate to follow one (the Telkom monopoly) at the expense of others.
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Mothobi, Onkokame. "The impact of telecommunication regulatory policy on mobile retail price in Sub-Saharan African countries." Information Economics and Policy 58 (March 2022): 100963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2021.100963.
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Makoza, Frank. "Expediting ICT Policy Implementation in Malawi Through Public-Private Partnership." International Journal of ICT Research in Africa and the Middle East 10, no. 2 (July 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijictrame.290837.
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This paper analysed the role of public private partnership (PPP) in expediting ICT policy implementation. The study used the case of Malawi as an example of a low-income status country in Africa. Data for the study was gathered through key informant interviews and verified using secondary data. The findings showed that public private partnership supported the development and endorsement of the ICT policy as a priority of government activities. Further, the public private partnership supported ICT sector improvements in legal and regulatory frameworks, human capacity, telecommunications infrastructure and ICT access in public institutions. The government benefited from the external parties in supporting the ICT investment programs. To some extent, ICT policy implementation focused more on the strategic level of government programs and the supply side of the ICT sector. The study offers insights into how the public private partnership supported execution of ICT policy programs, processes and politics in the context of a developing country.
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Hakan, Çora, Mikail Elnur Hasan, and Çora Ali Nazmi. "Sustainable environmental and economic relations of Turkiye and republic of South Africa — a focus study for the period 2000-2010." E3S Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338303012.
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As one of the primary issues facing Turkiye, environmental degradation is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Therefore, a policy-level reorientation may be required to address this situation. Based on this perspective, during the increase of mutual economic developments between Turkiye and South Africa, the impact of renewable energy (RE) use, financial develoment, urbanization, and agriculture emissions of carbon dioxide should be analyzed separately using a dataset spanning a considerable period of time. South Africa develops its national environmental policy through a consultation process known as the National Consultative Environmental Policy Process (CONNEPP). The process is designed to provide an opportunity for all stakeholders in South Africa to contribute to the development of a new environmental policy. With the end of the apartheid period in 1994, the Republic of South Africa initiated a comprehensive program of economic reform and development going forward and made significant progress in many sectors after 2000. At this time, Turkiye, as situated on a strategic location regarding global trade, was expanding its operations worldwide. The purpose of the research is to analyze the Turkish RSA relations focusing on the first decade of 21st century. As a basis of our methodology, we have researched achieves and business records as tangible verifiable information about this time period. Although the global financial crisis of 2008 affected this country for some time; the development line and ongoing momentum in the automotive industry sector, as well as sectors such as construction, banking, investment regulations, energy, telecommunications, mining and agriculture, are worth mentioning. For this specific research article, we believe that it is imperative to focus the 2000-2010 period which is the basis of today's cooperation which will bring a specific value to the academia.
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Nyaga, Joseph Kariuki. "Mobile Banking Services in the East African Community (EAC): Challenges to the Existing Legislative and Regulatory Frameworks." Journal of Information Policy 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 270–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.4.2014.270.
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Abstract Should regulators require interconnection and interoperability between mobile money networks? Yes, asserts the author, using the five-nation East African Community (EAC) as a case study. Challenges to policy harmonization are posed by different legal and regulatory systems in the EAC Member States; as well as different business models, technologies, functionalities, and forms of mobile money. With few models on which to draw, the EAC must find a way to address the convergence of the telecommunications and financial sectors to enable maximum benefits from mobile banking, especially for the poor.
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Badu, Kingsley, Jessica P. R. Thorn, Nowsheen Goonoo, Natisha Dukhi, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Benard W. Kulohoma, Kolapo Oyebola, et al. "Africa’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the nature of the virus, impacts and implications for preparedness." AAS Open Research 3 (May 18, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13060.1.
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Background: COVID-19 continues to wreak havoc in different countries across the world, claiming thousands of lives, increasing morbidity and disrupting lifestyles. The global scientific community is in urgent need of relevant evidence, to understand the challenges and knowledge gaps, as well as the opportunities to contain the spread of the virus. Considering the unique socio-economic, demographic, political, ecological and climatic contexts in Africa, the responses which may prove to be successful in other regions may not be appropriate on the continent. This paper aims to provide insight for scientists, policy makers and international agencies to contain the virus and to mitigate its impact at all levels. Methods: The Affiliates of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS), came together to synthesize the current evidence, identify the challenges and opportunities to enhance the understanding of the disease. We assess the potential impact of this pandemic and the unique challenges of the disease on African nations. We examine the state of Africa’s preparedness and make recommendations for steps needed to win the war against this pandemic and combat potential resurgence. Results: We identified gaps and opportunities among cross-cutting issues which is recommended to be addressed or harnessed in this pandemic. Factors such as the nature of the virus and the opportunities for drug targeting, point of care diagnostics, health surveillance systems, food security, mental health, xenophobia and gender-based violence, shelter for the homeless, water and sanitation, telecommunications challenges, domestic regional coordination and financing. Conclusion: Based on our synthesis of the current evidence, while there are plans for preparedness in several African countries, there are significant limitations. Multi-sectoral efforts from the science, education, medical, technological, communication, business and industry sectors as well as local communities is required in order to win this fight.
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Effiom, Lionel, and Bassey Ebi. "Trade Policy, Infrastructure and Agricultural Output in Nigeria." Research in World Economy 10, no. 3 (July 25, 2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n3p329.
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The collapse of the international price of crude oil in 2015 and its attendant negative consequences on government fiscal capacity and development efforts re-echoed the need for Nigerians to return to agriculture as the surest means of conserving foreign exchange and revamping productive capacity. Within this context, this paper deploys the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric methodology to investigate the impact of Nigeria’s trade policy and infrastructural development on agricultural value added. Findings show that in the long run Nigeria’s trade liberalization policy is a disincentive to the growth of the agricultural sector value added, while key components of infrastructure (roads, telecommunications, and electricity consumption) had a significant relationship with the agricultural sector. We advocate guided trade liberalization wherein, while embracing the principles of conventional trade deregulation, the government properly articulates the weakness of the economy’s productive structure and encourage farmers and local producers to attain maturity. Specifically, the current ban on some selected food items should be consolidated, without which Nigeria would continue to be a net food importer. Goveronment might consider studying and implementing the African Development Bank’s Infrastructure Action Plan for Nigeria.
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Jerome, Afeikhena. "Infrastructure, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa." Journal of Infrastructure Development 3, no. 2 (December 2011): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097493061100300203.
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The relationship between infrastructure, growth and poverty is empirically robust in the macro- economic and microeconomic literature as well as in the rapidly evolving randomised field evaluation studies. This article appraises the role of infrastructure in economic growth and poverty alleviation in Africa. It notes that Africa’s infrastructure is still much below international standards in terms of quantity and quality. Access, affordability and quality of service continue to be key issues in all infrastructure sectors. Poverty was also not carefully addressed as part of the regulatory and other reform packages implemented during the 1990s. Not surprisingly, the infrastructure needs of the poor, the majority of who reside in rural and peri-urban areas have not been met and they continue to rely on unsafe, unreliable and often overpriced alternatives to compensate for the policy failures. Unlike the reforms of the 1990s which were shaped by ideological cleavages and blame game, there is gradually a coalescing of opinions on the reform agenda in the twenty-first century. The choice is no longer between a segregation of public and private provision but mutual collaboration between both actors. The public sector is now expected to play a much more important role in financing infrastructure than previously acknow-ledged, while the private sector should assist in meeting the significant needs associated with infrastructure construction, operation, and to some extent, financing in sectors such as telecommunications, energy generation, and transport services in which commercial and political risks are much lower. JEL Classification: F3, L3, L9, N17, 055
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Ali El-Moghazi, Mohamed, Jason Whalley, and James Irvine. "European influence in ITU-R: the end of an era of dominance?" info 16, no. 4 (June 3, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/info-01-2014-0003.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the European countries in Region 1 of the Radio Sector of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R). More specifically, the focus is on the World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 meeting to explore whether European influence is in decline. Design/methodology/approach – This article adopts in-depth case study of the 700-MHz issue. Qualitative data are drawn from semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders who participated at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 meeting. Findings – This article concludes that the influence of European countries in the ITU-R in Region 1 has changed. The influence of Arab and African countries has increased, with that of European countries declining. However, European countries remain more influential than their African and Arab counterparts. Research limitations/implications – This article sheds light on an often overlooked but pivotal element of the international spectrum allocation mechanism. Originality/value – This article sheds light on important developments in the international spectrum policy that are largely overlooked in the current debate.
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Adom, Assandé Désiré. "Investigating the Impacts of Intraregional Trade and Aid on Per Capita Income in Africa: Case Study of the ECOWAS." Economics Research International 2012 (August 16, 2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/297658.
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In the past 50 years, a striking stylized fact has been the downward—or flat—trend of intra-African trade as a share of Africa’s total trade, while official development assistance (ODA) has experienced a noticeable expansion. During the same period, economic growth performances have not been consistent and robust enough to put a dent in the poverty level across the African continent in general and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in particular. Using a two-stage least square (TSLS) estimation technique, this paper finds out that intra-ECOWAS trade stimulates per capita income growth substantially more than foreign aid, which rather constitutes an impediment to that growth in most specifications. Additionally, comparable results are obtained when the scope of the study is expanded to include trade of ECOWAS members with the rest of the world. As a result, it becomes appropriate to suggest policy recommendations encouraging increased cooperation among member states in an attempt to (i) expand and build new cross-states infrastructures, aimed at boosting communications and telecommunications networks, (ii) accelerate the trade facilitation process by addressing administrative red tapes that balloon both transaction costs and delays in the flows of goods across borders, seaports, and airports, and (iii) develop and diversify the industrial base in member states.
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Okafor, Kathleen. "Current Perspectives in the Recovery of Bank Loans in Nigeria." International Journal of Family Business and Management 3, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2577-7815/3/3/00133.
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Prior to the independence of Nigeria in 1960, commercial lending in Nigeria was basically non-existent as the economy was mostly subsistent agriculture. However, the growth of trade between the United Kingdom and the West African sub-region inevitably led to the establishment of the African Banking Corporation in 1891 by Elder Dempster Company, a shipping conglomerate in Lagos, Nigeria. Progressively, many corporations in manufacturing, telecommunications, banking, oil and gas, retail and other businesses merged and started utilising facilities of banks for expansionary purposes or for other operational purposes. However, due to frequent policy somersaults, poor management, predatory lending practices, general economic meltdown and macro-economic headwinds, companies started defaulting on the facilities and the creditors have had to realise their securities. Some of the statutory provisions and cases on the process and laws on recovery of debts have been subjected to conflicting interpretations partly because of the multitude of institutions and laws on the subject. Nevertheless, there is the underlining objective of maintaining the principle of separate legal entity of companies and also ensuring that creditor’s assets are recovered. This paper essentially considers the laws and cases and the emerging framework of realisation of secured and unsecured credits. In this paper, there is focus on bank lending and the institutional regulations which have developed as a result of growing Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) and bank failures
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Munyeka, Wiza, and Ashika Maharaj. "Breaking Barriers and Balancing Bytes: Exploring Work-Life Balance among Female ICT Professionals in a South Telecommunications Company - A PhD Thesis Review." Journal of Business and Management Review 5, no. 3 (March 26, 2024): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47153/jbmr53.9052024.
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Research Aim: This review examines work-life balance experiences offemale Information and Communications Technology (ICT) professionalsin the South African telecommunications sector from the organization,Telkom, drawing from Wiza Munyeka’s 2021 PhD thesis.Design/methodology/approach: The study, encompassing four researcharticles, employs a mixed-methods approach and is theoreticallygrounded in the Life Course perspective and Border Theory. ResearchResearch Findings:The research unveils Telkom’s proactive measures andemployee awareness regarding work-life balance policies. Telkom utilizeswork life balance policies and programmes namely the Telkom Touch(2018) and Telkom Policy on Hours of Work (Other WorkingOpportunities and Overtime) hours (2015). It emphasizes the universalchallenges faced by female ICT professionals, urging targetedinterventions.Theoretical Contribution/Originality: The study contributes significantlyby introducing the Work-Life Balance Framework, synthesizing keytheories and providing a practical guide for understanding andaddressing challenges in diverse contexts. This research review fills acritical gap in the literature, amplifies the voices of an understudieddemographic, and offers practical implications for organizational policies,interventions, and strategies to foster an inclusive and supportive workenvironment.Keywords: Work life balance; females; Information and CommunicationsTechnology; Life Course Perspective; Border Theory
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Munyeka, Wiza, and Ashika Maharaj. "Balancing the Scales: an Investigation of Work-Life Balance Among Women in a South African Information and Communications Telecommunications Organization." Journal of Human Resource Management - HR Advances and Developments 2023, no. 1 (August 9, 2023): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.46287/oszy8255.
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Purpose – The study’s purpose was to determine the extent to which female information and communications technology professionals are aware of work-life balance policies. Aim - The objective was to assess employee understanding of work-life poli-cies in effect at their place of employment. Methodology – To analyze female employees’ experiences with work-life balance and their awareness of work-life balance policies in their organiza-tion, data from female information and communications technology profes-sionals (n=50) were collected using a quantitative technique and cross-sectional survey design. The study used inferential statistics like Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and T-tests as well as descriptive statistics like Measure of Central Tendency and Dispersion to analyze the data. Findings - According to the study, the majority of employees were aware that their organization had a separate work-life balance policy. Limitations of the study – Only one organization was used to test the idea of work-life balance. There were just 50 available responses, making the sample size for the questionnaire small. Practical implications – The study calls for a re-examination of work-life bal-ance policies and practices, specifically Border Theory, in order to ensure that work-life balance can enhance productivity without inadvertently resulting in poor work-life balance. To better comprehend the management of the compa-ny, the personnel should take the time to enquire about the policies and other procedures that interest them. To inform the staff of the organization’s rules and various regulations, management must also communicate with and edu-cate them. Originality/value – Further research is needed to fully explore the topic of work-life balance in information and communications technology. Such em-pirical studies have never been conducted in the South African environment. As a result, it can be said that there is a considerable level of originality in this paper. By helping lawmakers understand how women perceive work-life balance practices, the current research has the potential to help create better job design policies.
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al-Kurwy, Mahmood, and Faysal Shalal Abbas. "Mauritanian–Israeli relations: from normalization to freeze to suspension." Contemporary Arab Affairs 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2011.549357.
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This article explores the background to normalization of Mauritanian-Israeli relations in depth and detail and demonstrates why the case of Mauritania was unique both for Mauritanians, who sought to replace their erstwhile French allies, as well as for the Israelis - who viewed it as one of the first and most important pillars of their Africa policy and who invested significantly throughout all sectors of the economy. Normalization of Mauritanian-Israeli relations initially began secretly during the regime of President Muʿāwiyah Aḥmad Ould al-Ṭāyaʿ and aside from the high-level political and diplomatic contacts, transpired in many different spheres from business, to medicine, to agriculture, telecommunications and lithium extraction and prospecting. The opening of respective embassies in both countries and high-profile visits brought about tensions in Mauritania among the general populace which was never comfortable with diplomatic or trade relations with Israel and which eventually factored in precipitating a coup. Mauritania eventually froze diplomatic relations and finally cut them off after Israeli aggression against Gaza during ‘Operation Cast Lead’ took public sentiment to the titration point. While Mauritania went on to develop relations with Iran, many of the commercial and industrial ties to Israeli corporations still persist if nothing more than for the reason that Israeli penetration of Mauritanian markets and various sectors was (and to a considerable degree still remains) significant. The future situation will likely be determined as a result of the dynamic and interplay of forces discussed in this paper.
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Hardenbergh, P., C. Obcemea, E. Wendling, O. D. Balogun, S. Grover, K. Schroeder, H. Brereton, C. N. Coleman, and D. Wendling. "Education, Training and Ongoing Updating for High-Quality Cancer Care: Programs and Technology for Tumor Boards and Case Discussions." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 76s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.79300.
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Background: The rapid advance in new knowledge of cancer etiology, creation of treatment guidelines, new technologies and medicines into routine practice and the need to understand cost and efficacy that underlie policy are daunting. Remaining current must be accomplished on top of increasingly busy clinical care requirements and patient numbers requires novel solutions. Education and training opportunities are available from professional societies, cancer programs, paid courses and written reviews, though person-to-person mentorship and expert opinion are vital to navigate the vast amount of information. Aim: To provide experience-based insight into addressing the challenge for professionals to maintain one's expertise in cancer care in countries at all income levels. Methods: The International Cancer Expert Corps and partner organizations are establishing a global and multisectoral network that builds human capacity and capability to establish sustainable cancer programs that function at world-class standards ( www.iceccancer.org ). The model utilizes in-person, in-country visits along with ongoing connectivity through telemedicine video conferences. The pioneering education Chartrounds program ( www.chartrounds.com ) is an example of initiative taken by those “in the field” which began in the U.S. and has recently expanded to include separate Web sites for India, Africa, and Latin America. Results: Chartrounds.com, a free Web-based conferencing platform providing disease-site based educational peer review sessions, exemplifies how global expertise can be shared, altruistic education is willingly provided by world-renowned experts and a method of providing practice changing education is possible while the responsibility for the decision-making and treatment implementation remain with the individual treatment center. Weekly experience by Chartrounds and ICEC is defining the complexity of telecommunications, especially problematic with low capacity bandwidth that tests the capacity for effective teleconferences requiring high-quality voice and image data. Conclusion: The enormous body of knowledge needed by cancer practitioners to provide state-of-the-art cancer care requires creative solutions for education, mentorship and telecommunications. That major research institutions such as the National Cancer Institute has invested in developing TELESYNERGY enhances the quality of cancer care and research that are necessary at the global level. Newer platforms are rapidly emerging and artificial intelligence and machine learning will soon assist with education and quality assurance tasks. For UICC members, recognizing present and emerging solutions is critical to best invest in resources and necessary personnel skill-sets to “leapfrog” into the newer enabling technology and approaches to help bring the best possible cancer care into resource-limited environments. The content is the personal opinion of the authors and not their organizations.
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Voros Fregolente, Mariana, and Marly M. Carvalho. "Exploring BoP Generations through Business Model Innovation Lens: A Review and Framing." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (August 24, 2023): 12817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712817.
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The evolution of base/bottom of the pyramid (BoP) literature from BoP 1.0 to 3.0 prompted the need for fresh theoretical perspectives to address complex and persistent social issues. This article investigates BoP through the lens of business model innovation, using a literature review along with bibliometric, network, and content analyses, to map the intellectual and conceptual structure and understand the key variables relating to BoP business models. The research encompasses 161 articles extracted from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Documents were screened manually and with the assistance of VOS Viewer 1.6.18, Biblioshiny 4.0, IBM SPSS 20, UCINET6, and NVivo12, using abductive and deductive coding techniques. The findings reveal a prevailing focus on the exploratory phase among the articles, with a predominant utilization of qualitative research methods, particularly centered on case studies. Interviews and public data sources constitute the primary sources for supporting empirical evidence. Notably, the majority of these cases pertain to emerging economies situated across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, with India emerging as the most frequently cited country in the literature. Sectors, such as energy, healthcare, agrifood, finance, and telecommunications are studied, emphasizing themes of innovation, entrepreneurship, and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Emerging themes include social entrepreneurship, frugal innovation, and inclusive business models. The research panorama encompasses a categorization of BoP enterprises based on their origin (top-down or bottom-up), their typology (commercial, assistance, or collaboration), and their interactions with BoP communities (either as customers or entrepreneurs). From an innovation standpoint, certain concepts emerged, notably frugal innovation and bricolage, accompanied by the incorporation of ecosystem theory and sustainability perspectives. The research also outlines a BoP business model framework, providing insights into key components favored by entrepreneurs in this realm.
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Benjamin, Peter. "Telecommunications and Universal Service: International Experience in the Context of South African Policy Reform: Seán Ó Siochrú; International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, 1996, 94pp., ISBN 0-88936-809-0, online at http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/809/809.html." Telecommunications Policy 24, no. 2 (March 2000): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(99)00075-0.
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Mahdich, Alisa S., and Serhii Kuzminov. "СТРУКТУРНІ ЗРУШЕННЯ У МІЖНАРОДНІЙ ТОРГІВЛІ СВІТОВИХ ЛІДЕРІВ." Європейський вектор економічного розвитку 2, no. 33 (December 20, 2022): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5362-2022-2-33-5.
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The article examines the impact of structural changes in trade flows of leading countries on the state of the global economy, trends in its qualitative changes, and the consequences of this process. The analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue gives understanding of the lack of research on certain elements and factors that affect the dynamics of processes occurring in modern trade against the background of global economic events and shifts, such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine, etc. Therefore, to understand the general trends in the development of international trade and the world economy as a whole, special attention should be paid to the study of changes occurring in the foreign trade of key players, the leaders of global trade. An analysis of the aggregated geographic structure of world trade shows a clear separation of three regions where the centers of export and import of goods are concentrated: Asia, Europe, and North America. Three other large regions (Africa, South and Central America, Australia and New Zealand) cannot have a significant impact on the overall situation, as their combined share in world trade is only about 7.5%. The last six years have seen continuing trends of changes in the group of leaders, which are connected with the further redistribution of world markets, continue. But, if North America did not manage to achieve a positive trade balance, even during the tough foreign trade policy of D. Trump, Europe and Asia, however, maintained an excess of exports over imports, although imports grew more dynamically. Five leading countries have been identified by the indicator of total turnover in 2021. These five include China, the US, the Netherlands and Japan. They represent the three centers of world trade. Their total share in world exports is 37.4%, and in world imports - 38.0%. This gives reason to hypothesize that the general state and structure of world trade largely depend on the activities of these countries. Examining the changes that have taken place in the product structure of exports, it is possible to highlight several trends that are common to all leading countries. First of all, over the last 6 years, the specific weight of fuel and mineral supplies to the world market has increased in the structure of both global exports and all leading countries’ exports. Secondly, the growth of the specific weight of exports of chemical industry products can be attributed to the general trends of both world trade and certain leading countries. Thirdly, in contrast to the previous two upward trends, the share of trade in telecommunications equipment shows an overall downward trend. To assess the degree of synchronization of the structure of world trade and foreign trade of the leading countries, the correlation coefficients of these structures have been calculated. The most closely related to the world export structure is the US export structure, and the most closely related to the world import structure is the Germany’s import structure. This not only confirms the hypothesis about the decisive influence of these leading countries on world markets, but also provides grounds for forecasting world trends based on the study of foreign trade of individual countries. Thus, the conducted analysis showed that certain changes are taking place in the aggregated geographical structure of world trade, which are associated with the rapid expansion of the specific weight of the Asian region. North America and Europe are losing their positions both in terms of the international trade turnover and in terms of its individual components
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Asongu, Simplice A., and Sara le Roux. "Governance, debt service, information technology and access to electricity in Africa." International Journal of Finance & Economics, February 8, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2946.
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AbstractThe study investigates the role of governance (i.e., ‘voice and accountability,’ political stability/no violence, regulatory quality, government effectiveness, corruption‐control and the rule of law) in the incidence of short‐term debt services on infrastructure development in the perspective of telecommunication infrastructure and access to electricity. The focus of the study is on 52 African countries for the period 2002–2021. The generalised method of moments is employed as estimation strategy and the following findings are established. Debt service has a negative unconditional effect on access to electricity and telecommunication infrastructure. Governance dynamics moderate the negative effect of debt service on infrastructure dynamics. Effective moderation is from regulatory quality and corruption‐control for access to electricity and from government effectiveness, regulatory quality, corruption‐control and rule of law, for telecommunication infrastructure. Policy implications are discussed.
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Samarajiva, Rohan, and Sujata N. Gamage. "Forming Policy Intellectuals in the Asia Pacific and Africa: Communication Policy Research South, 2006–2018." Journal of Information Policy, August 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.13.2023.0004.
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ABSTRACT Knowledgeable and motivated policy intellectuals are needed for effective information and communication technology policy and regulation. This article describes a Telecommunication Policy Research Conference (TPRC)–influenced conference and training program intended to develop such policy intellectuals in the Asia Pacific and Africa, which began in 2006 and ended in 2018. It was unique in emphasizing the development of junior scholars. Evidence of research and policy engagement from tracer surveys is presented. The causes of the brevity of CPRsouth’s existence are analyzed in relation to EuroCPR and TPRC using a model of knowledge network evolution, including the role of external “subsidies” and the mismatch between potential funders and the scope of the activity.
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Willemot, Yves. "De Gaulle's 'Communauté'. A Bridge from Colonialism to Paternalism in Afrika." Afrika Focus 4, no. 3-4 (September 26, 1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/af.v4i3-4.6487.
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The importance of the French-African Communauté is more than just historical. Indeed, the present French-African relationship is not completely understandable without a knowledge of the Community, which was created by the constitution of the fifth French Republic (1958). President de Gaulle, who was its inspirator, realised that in the changing world the relation- ship between France and its colonial territories had to be adapted. The French-African Community was a federal structure in which the French-speaking territories south of the Sahara became autonomous republics. Yet their autonomy was substantially restricted: foreign affairs, defense, the economic and financial policy, justice, higher education, the policy concerning raw materials (e.g. uranium and oil), and the organisation of international transport and telecommunication were reserved for the federal institutions. Although four institutions were created within the Community (the Presidency, the Executive Board, the Senate and the Court of Arbitration), only the Presidency had real power: the ex- clusive legislative and executive competence in all Community matters. The function of Community President was reserved for the French President. Therefore it can undoubtedly be said that the French-African Community was not a genuine federal structure, but merely a constitutional arrangement which ensured France the exclusive control over its former African colonies.The African political leaders were also aware of this and claimed the abolition of the. French-African Community. Using the possibility for change, provided by the 78th article of the constitution, they demanded independence by the transfer of all reserved competences (1960). In order to avoid any rupture, France accepted on the condition that bilateral cooperation agreements would be signed simultaneously. These agreements, which were revised halfway the seventies and which are still in force today, provide France with an unique position in Africa. No former métropole has a comparable influence in Africa. Besides, the French-African Conference, which is organised anually since 1973, gives France an excellent forum to influence and control the policy of African states. At this Conference almost every former French colonie in Africa is present, some Belgian, British, Spanish and Portuguese territories participate as well. Moreover, the cooperation agreements explicitly allow France to maintain large troups in Africa and to give support by military intervention whenever it is necessary. France's strict control over one of the most important attributes of state sovereignity, namely defense, increases largely the already acuted dependency on Paris. Yet, the economic position of most of the former French colonies and territories in Africa is the best illustration of their present dependence. Still today more than 40% of their trade is realised with the former métropole (export: raw materials; import: finished goods). Moreover, most of them are members of the so-called "zone franc", a monetary zone which is completely controlled by the French authorities. The good relationship between France and Africa remained as a result of which extensive bilateral cooperation agreements could be signed within the framework of the French-African Community. This continuity has always been one of the main characteristics of the French policy in Africa. KEYWORDS:-Decolonisation -Francophone Africa-the French-African Community - French policy in Africa - 'La Communauté'
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Darshana Masram, Simran Kaur Rajput, and Rohini Bhagat. "The Impact of Advanced Telecommunication Technologies (ICTS) on Transport and the Built Environment." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, March 30, 2023, 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-8937.
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There is an obvious need to look into how developments in information and telecommunications technologies (ICT) may affect transportation and the character of cities given how these technologies are changing how people live and work. Researchers need to comprehend and articulate how ICTs are changing the urban environments in which people live and work. The adoption of new telecommunications systems is advancing more quickly and becoming more pervasive in society with each passing decade. The need to be somewhere certain at a certain time will become less and less of a necessity as time goes on, and even the transmission of place itself will start to be feasible. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of how developments in ICT and related technologies may affect cities in general and transportation in particular. The article examines a few ICT application areas and connects them to trends and realities in South Africa. The findings of the study could be applied to future planning and policy-making in the South African setting. Given the absence of recent and pertinent local knowledge on the subject, several areas for additional investigation are also proposed. Living online will involve decreasing amounts of dependence.
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Agnihotri, Arpita, and Saurabh Bhattacharya. "Vodafone Ghana – being good by doing good under Patricia Obo-Nai’s leadership." Case For Women, September 14, 2023, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfw-07-2022-0024.
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Social implications Case explains how female leaders are more concerned about social issues the industry in which they operate could resolve. Obo-Nia, CEO of Vodafone Ghana, showed concern for resolving the digital divide in Africa and offered a collaborative solution. The case also suggests how female CEOs invest in strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) that could create a competitive advantage for firms. The case also discusses gender diversity issues in the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) field and how Vodafone Ghana’s CEO tried to enhance gender diversity in the telecommunication sector and Vodafone. Obo-Nai did not emphasize gender diversity from a CSR perspective but believed in a business case for gender diversity, as an increase in participation of women in the STEM workforce could help the telecommunication sector innovate faster and resolve the digital divide challenge while also empowering women working from the informal sector. Learning outcomes What is the significance of a digital divide and the societal role of the telecommunication sector; Why female CEOs are more concerned about CSR and how CSR makes not charity but business case; Why female CEOs are more inclined toward collaborative strategies and how stakeholders are involved in collaborative strategies for reducing the digital divide; Exploring various strategies for enhancing gender diversity in the STEM field and the significance of gender diversity in the STEM field. Case overview/synopsis The case is about the challenges faced by Patricia Obo-Nai, the first female CEO of Vodafone Ghana, to bridge the digital divide in Africa while doing so in a profitable manner. Obo-Nai was an engineer by profession and won several awards as she rose to the post of CEO in Vodafone Ghana in 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she took several corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, such as making internet service freely available in certain schools and universities so that education could continue. Obo-Nai also emphasized gender diversity within Vodafone and urged other telecommunication players to focus on gender diversity from a social responsibility perspective because it was essential for innovation. Under Obo-Nai’s leadership, Vodafone itself launched several new products. She called for a multistakeholder collaborative approach to bridge the digital divide and to make 4G internet affordable in Africa. Obo-Nai collaborated with competitors like MTN Ghana to enhance Vodafone Ghana’s roaming services. Complexity academic level This case is intended for undergraduate or graduate-level business and management courses, especially international business and society, CSR and leadership courses. Graduate students in public policy may also find the case compelling. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject codes CCS5: International Business; CCS10: Public Sector Management