Relevant bibliographies by topics / Telecommunication Radio frequency allocation. Wireless communication systems

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Telecommunication Radio frequency allocation. Wireless communication systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Telecommunication Radio frequency allocation. Wireless communication systems"

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Demichev, Maksim Sergeevich, Konstantin Eduardovich Gaipov, Alena Alekseevna Demicheva, Rinat Faitulovich Faizulin, and Dmitrii Olegovich Malyshev. "Frequency scheduling algorithm with the allocation of the main and additional frequency bands." Программные системы и вычислительные методы, no. 2 (February 2021): 36–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0714.2021.2.35214.

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The subject of this research is the frequency planning algorithm for networks with an arbitrary topology of links over radio channels. The algorithm determines the total number of non-overlapping frequency ranges for the entire network and provides the distribution of each frequency range between communication nodes. The algorithm consists of two stages: at the first stage, there is a search and simultaneous distribution of frequency channels, the so-called main frequency range, as a result, only one frequency range is allocated to each node; at the second stage, additional frequency
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Kazaure, Jazuli S., Ugochukwu O. Matthew, Nwamaka U. Okafor, and Ogobuchi Daniel Okey. "Telecommunication Network Performances and Evaluation of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation." International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development 13, no. 3 (2021): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijicthd.2021070102.

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The ongoing mobile communication technology intensification had occasioned the inevitable multiplications in the ratio of the radio frequency base service stations which had raised public consciousness over the considerable health hazards of the radioactive emissions from the communication systems. The current paper analysed the sequences of electromagnetic field measurements performed on the selected three states in the North West Nigeria in order to establish the compliance of radiation levels of cellular base stations and wireless fidelity access points with respect to internationally appro
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Gavalas, Damianos, Modestos Stavrakis, Periklis Chatzimisios, Zhichao Cao, and Xiaolong Zheng. "Wireless Systems and Networks in the IoT." Sensors 20, no. 8 (2020): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082279.

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This Special Issue is focused on breakthrough developments in the field of Wireless Systems and Networks in the IoT. The selected contributions report current scientific progress in a wide range of topics covering clock error compensation in sensor networks, backscatter communication networks, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)-based inventory management, resource allocation in Long-Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-A, (Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) modeling and key generation for the IoT.
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Kim, Donghyun. "Performance of UWB Wireless Telecommunication Positioning for Disaster Relief Communication Environment Securing." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (2018): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113857.

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When an earthquake or a large fire has occurred, it is difficult to secure communication networks for rescue in the building due to the destruction of commercial communication networks. Although analog radio systems such as VHF (Very High Frequency) and UHF (Ultra-High Frequency) are used for rescue operation in general, communication failure occurs in closed spaces, causing difficulties in smooth rescue operations. When the communication infrastructures have been destroyed in a building in the disaster, an emergency wireless telecommunication environment should be constructed to secure a safe
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Razinkin, V. P., K. Ya Aubakirov, and T. G. Serikov. "QUASI-ELLIPTIC MICROSTRIP FILTER." Issues of radio electronics, no. 4 (May 10, 2019): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2019-4-75-80.

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Currently, modern telecommunication and radio-electronic systems widely use wireless information transmission technologies over the radio channel. Therefore, an urgent task is to ensure electromagnetic compatibility of a large number of simultaneously operating radio facilities using high-selective bandpass filters. This paper presents circuit solutions for microstrip filters using incomplete inclusion of loads and communication elements. This construction makes it possible to obtain additional attenuation poles in the near zone of the stop band, which frequencies are determined by the load in
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Wu, Fahui, Lin Xiao, Dingcheng Yang, Laurie Cuthbert, and Xiaoping Liu. "Transceiver Design and Power Allocation for SWIPT in MIMO Cognitive Radio Systems." Symmetry 10, no. 11 (2018): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110647.

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In this paper, we consider a symmetric wireless communication network, i.e., each user is equipped with the same number of antennas. Specifically, this paper studies simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) in a K-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) cognitive radio network where the secondary users (SUs) access the same frequency band as the pre-existing primary user (PU) without generating any interference. The transceivers and power splitting ratio are designed and power allocation is considered in our system model. To guarantee the signal-to-interference-plus-nois
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Erofeev, Evgeny, Vadim Arykov, Michael Stepanenko, Aleksei Voevodin, Aleksei Kogai, and Vladimir Kurikalov. "28 GHz Single-Chip Transmit RF Front-End MMIC for Multichannel 5G Wireless Communications." Symmetry 12, no. 7 (2020): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12071167.

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Millimeter-wave wireless networks of the new fifth generation (5G) have become a primary focus in the development of the information and telecommunication industries. It is expected that 5G wireless networks will increase the data rates and reduce network latencies by an order of magnitude, which will create new telecommunication services for all sectors of the economy. New electronic components such as 28 GHz (27.5 to 28.35 GHz) single-chip transmit radio frequency (RF) front-end monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) will be required for the performance and power consumption of mil
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Chen, Chien-Sheng, Chyuan-Der Lu, Ho-Nien Shou, and Le-Wei Lin. "Baseband Transceiver Design of a High Definition Radio FM System Using Joint Theoretical Analysis and FPGA Implementation." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/580479.

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Advances in wireless communications have enabled various technologies for wireless digital communication. In the field of digital radio broadcasting, several specifications have been proposed, such as Eureka-147 and digital radio mondiale (DRM). These systems require a new spectrum assignment, which incurs heavy cost due to the depletion of the available spectrum. Therefore, the in-band on-channel (IBOC) system has been developed to work in the same band with the conventional analog radio and to provide digital broadcasting services. This paper discusses the function and algorithm of the high
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Borisov, E. G. "Determination of the location of air objects in polistatic radar system parasitising on radiation telecommunication systems." Civil Aviation High TECHNOLOGIES 21, no. 5 (2018): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2018-21-5-105-116.

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Currently, in areas of large cities there is a steady trend towards an increase in the spatial density of telecommunications systems. Saturation of the radio spectrum with analogue and digital systems used to solve problems of radio communication and television allows on their basis improving the technologies for semi-active radar detecting and determining the coordinates of air objects. The introduction of radar surveillance using transmitters not intended for radar purpose is often called a semi-active radar using outside or “parasitic” emission sources. The advantages of the systems are the
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Авдєєнко, Гліб Леонідович, Сергій Георгійович Бунін та Теодор Миколайович Наритник. "ТЕРАГЕРЦОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМАХ. ЧАСТИНА 1. ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ЧАСТОТНОГО ДІАПАЗОНУ, ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ВУЗЛІВ ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ ТЕРАГЕРЦОВОГО ДІАПАЗОНУ". Aerospace technic and technology, № 4 (14 жовтня 2018): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.4.10.

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The article presented results of researches conducted by the team of authors devoted to the possibilities of creation for the first time in Ukraine the real prerequisites for solving the fundamental problem of constructing digital telecommunication systems with the use of terahertz technologies. The necessity of transition to the use of the terahertz frequency range substantiated during the deployment of future telecommunication systems of ultra-high bandwidth. The analysis of characteristics of the path of signal propagation and determination of signal losses in conditions of operation of the
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Telecommunication Radio frequency allocation. Wireless communication systems"

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Zhang, Meng. "The impact of mobility on call admission control and scheduling in wireless networks /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202005%20ZHANGM.

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Chowdhury, Kaushik Roy. "Communication protocols for wireless cognitive radio ad-hoc networks." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29757.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.<br>Committee Chair: Akyildiz, Ian; Committee Member: Ingram, Mary Ann; Committee Member: Blough, Douglas; Committee Member: Dovrolis, Konstantinos; Committee Member: Li, Ye. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Chu, Xiaoli. "Ultra-wideband direct-sequence impulse radio wireless communications /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202005%20CHU.

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Dong, Yanjie. "Resource allocation and performance analysis for wireless communication systems with radio frequency energy harvesting." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58396.

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Radio frequency energy harvesting (RF-EH) is a promising technology to increase the lifetime of the wireless nodes, and there are many use cases for this emerging technology. Despite a number of advantages of the RF-EH technology, several challenges remain to be solved in order to fully exploit its potential. For example, the impact of integrating the RF-EH technology into transmitters of the wireless communication systems remains unknown. Besides, heterogeneous quality-of-service (QoS) and the nonlinearity of the energy harvester require fundamental investigation from both resource allo
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Ng, Ka Wai. "Generalized bit and power allocation for single and multi-user OFDM MIMO system in frequency selective fading channel /." View abstract or full-text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ELEC%202003%20NG.

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Kataria, Amit. "Cognitive radios spectrum sensing issues /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5047.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 28, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Liu, Xiaoshan. "Mobility and radio resource management in heterogeneous wireless networks." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38233873.

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Liu, Xiaoshan, and 劉曉杉. "Mobility and radio resource management in heterogeneous wireless networks." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38233873.

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Yoon, Seungil. "Cross-layer dynamic spectrum management framework for the coexistence of white space applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44787.

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The objective of this dissertation is to propose the cross-layer spectrum management architecture for white space applications that improves the performance the main functions of the spectrum management. In the proposed cross-layer architecture, white space network devices such as white space devices and the spectrum map server cooperate to support the extended spectrum map, the inter-cell transmit power adaptation (ITPA), and the frequency-domain coexistence beacon (FCB). Upon the cross-layer architecture, firstly, white space devices (WSDs) achieve a faster search and higher accuracy in spec
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Silva, Pedro Henrique Gomes da 1984. "Planejamento e gerenciamento de recursos para redes IEEE 802.16 baseadas em rádio sobre fibra." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/275739.

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Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T00:15:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_PedroHenriqueGomesda_M.pdf: 2438089 bytes, checksum: 1531b4c3213529b3d7064cb49b95e0c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: A tecnologia de Rádio sobre Fibra (Radio over Fiber - RoF) possibilita o barateamento da instalação e manutenção de redes de acesso sem fio, dado que a distribuição da utilização dos sinais de radiofrequência (RF) pode ser otimizada, bem como emprega-s
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Books on the topic "Telecommunication Radio frequency allocation. Wireless communication systems"

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection. Spectrum management oversight: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session, September 18, 1998. U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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U.S. deployment of third generation wireless services: When will it happen and where will it happen? : hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, July 24, 2001. U.S. G.P.O., 2001.

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White space spectrum technologies: Regulations, standards, and applications. CRC Press, 2012.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection. A review of the FCC's spectrum policies for the 21st century and H.R. 4758, the Spectrum Resource Assurance Act: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, July 19, 2000. U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Eisenmenger, Michael. Stealing back our spectrum. Seven Stories Press, 1999.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation. Avoiding the spectrum crunch: Growing the wireless economy through innovation : hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology and Innovation, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, Wednesday, April 18, 2012. U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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Oversight of incentive auction implementation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, July 23, 2013. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.

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Carvalho, Nuno Borges, Alessandro Cidronali, and Roberto Gómez-García. White space communication technologies. Cambridge University Press, 2015.

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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Commerce Science and Transportation. Hearing on spectrum reform: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, July 27, 1995. U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Radio-frequency microelectronic circuits for telecommunication applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Telecommunication Radio frequency allocation. Wireless communication systems"

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Rawat, Danda B., Chandra Bajracharya, and Gongjun Yan. "Game Theory for Resource Allocation in Wireless Networks." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-027-3.ch016.

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Wireless technologies and devices are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in modern society. Wireless resources are natural and fixed, whereas wireless technologies and devices are increasing day-by-day, resulting in spectrum scarcity. As a consequence, efficient use of limited wireless resources has become an issue of vital importance in wireless systems. As demand increases, management of limited wireless resources for optimal allocation becomes crucial. Optimal allocation of limited wireless resources results in quick and reliable dissemination of information to larger service areas. Recently, game theory has emerged as an efficient tool to help optimally allocate wireless resources. Game theory is an optimization technique based on strategic situations and decision-making, and has found its application in numerous fields. The first part of this chapter presents a review of game theory and its application in resource allocation at different layers of the protocol stack of the network model. As shown by a recent study, static assignment of frequency spectrum by governmental bodies, such as FCC (Federal Communications Commission) in the United States, is inefficient since the licensed systems do not always fully utilize their frequency bands. In such a scenario, unlicensed secondary (cognitive radio) users can identify the idle spectrum bands and use them opportunistically. In order to access the licensed spectrum dynamically and opportunistically, the dynamic spectrum access functionality needs to be incorporated in the next generation (XG) wireless networks. Different game theory approaches for dynamic spectrum access are discussed in the second part of the chapter.
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Sharma, Shree Krishna, Symeon Chatzinotas, and Björn Ottersten. "Exploiting Polarization for Spectrum Awareness in Cognitive Satellite Communications." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6571-2.ch033.

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The continuously increasing demand of spectrum and current static spectrum allocation policies are rendering the available radio spectrum scarce. To address the problem of spectrum scarcity in the satellite paradigm, cognitive satellite communications has been considered as a promising technique. In addition to the existing spectrum sharing dimensions such as frequency, time, and space, polarization can be exploited as an additional degree of freedom in order to explore the spectral gaps in the under-utilized licensed spectrum. In this context, this chapter firstly provides an overview of the existing works in polarization-based spectrum sharing. Secondly, it presents the theoretical analysis of energy detection technique for dual polarized Additive White Gaussian Noise and Rayleigh fading channels considering the spectral coexistence scenarios of dual and hybrid satellite systems. Thirdly, it provides the comparison of different combining techniques in terms of the sensing performance. Finally, it provides interesting future research directions in this domain.
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Acharya, Tamaghna, and Santi P. Maity. "Power Allocation in Cognitive Radio in Energy Constrained Wireless Ad Hoc Networks." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4221-8.ch013.

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The acute scarcity of radio frequency spectrum has inspired to think of a new communication technology where the devices are expected to be able to sense and adapt to their spectral environment, thereby appearing as cognitive radios (CR) who can share opportunistically the bands assigned to primary users (PUs). At the same time, low cost, increased coverage, enhanced capacity, infrastructure-less configuration, and so forth, become the essence of future wireless networks. Although the two research fields came up independently, in due time it is observed that CR has a promising future and has excellent applications in wireless networks. To this aim, this chapter explores some scope of integration in CR and ad hoc networks (called here CRAHNETs) in some specific design perspective. First, a brief literature review on CR power allocation and energy aware routing in wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs) is done that highlights the importance for the scope of their integration. Then, power allocation in CRAHNETs with extended network lifetime is considered as an example problem. More specifically, the design problem is: given a set of paths (routes) between a pair of source (S) and destination (D) nodes in CRAHNETs, how to allocate optimal power to the source and relay nodes such that outage probability for data transmission is minimized and network lifetime is enhanced, while meeting the limits of total transmit power of CRs and interference threshold to PU simultaneously. A solution for the stated problem is proposed along with performance evaluation. A few related research problems are mentioned as future research directions.
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Danish, Emad, and Mazin I. Alshamrani. "Quality of Experience (QoE) for Wireless Video Over Critical Communication Systems." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2113-6.ch007.

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Video streaming is expected to acquire a massive share of the global internet traffic in the near future. Meanwhile, it is expected that most of the global traffic will be carried over wireless networks. This trend translates into considerable challenges for Service Providers (SP) in terms of maintaining consumers' Quality of Experience (QoE), energy consumption, utilisation of wireless resources, and profitability. However, the majority of Radio Resource Allocation (RRA) algorithms only consider enhancing Quality of Service (QoS) and network parameters. Since this approach may end up with unsatisfied customers in the future, it is essential to develop innovative RRA algorithms that adopt a user-centric approach based on users' QoE. This chapter focus on wireless video over Critical communication systems that are inspired by QoE perceived by end users. This chapter presents a background to introduce the reader to this area, followed by a review of the related up-to-date literature.
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Mukherjee, Amrit, Sagaika Sahoo, and Amlan Datta. "Sensing and Performance Issues with Reconfigurable Wireless Transceiver." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2342-0.ch009.

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With the wide applications of wireless communication, it becomes an important factor to keep the pace of the spectrum usage for all the new applications. To improve efficiently the spectrum usage in variety of applications, where the primary users are not active all the time, we can introduce the secondary users to exploit the radio frequency spectrum by not creating any interference to the Primary Users (PU). Unlike the pre-assigned spectrum allocation policy that has been adopted by various wireless technologies, in Cognitive Radio (CR), the whole spectrum is divided into many bands and corresponding channels where spectrum holes exist. The main challenge is thus to sense these holes and accommodate the secondary unlicensed users. In this chapter, proposing the Quantized data fusion sensing which is one of the type of cooperative sensing scheme used for unused spectrum sensing and acknowledgement to secondary signals. Simulation results with error rates are improved by the activity of PU and have been presented.
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Ranasinghe, Madhushi P., and Malka N. Halgamuge. "Review." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7458-3.ch005.

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Cognitive radio technology (CRNs) will be the fundamental driving force behind the next generation (5G) mobile communication systems as it provides the optimal solution for the problem of spectrum scarcity via dynamic spectrum usage. The CRNs, however, pose several key challenges such as network management, spectrum allocation, and access, energy efficiency, interference, cost, spectrum sensing, security, and quality of service (QoS). In this chapter, the authors undertake a comprehensive analysis of 30 peer-reviewed scientific publications collated from 2017 to 2018 April that examine cognitive radio networks to identify practical solutions proposed to overcome critical challenges in this field. Nine distinct challenges were considered: network management, spectrum allocation, and access, energy efficiency, interference, cost, spectrum sensing, security, and QoS. The analysis demonstrates that the majority of research work related to CRN focuses on approaches to improve network management and, specifically, optimization of networks.
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Demestichas, Konstantinos, Evgenia Adamopoulou, Efstathios Sykas, et al. "Dynamic Resource Configurations for the Convergence of Optical and Wireless Networks." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4189-1.ch011.

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In the current landscape of Mobile Communication Networks, evolved radio access technologies, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), offer higher bitrates to mobile end users, providing support for a range of resource-demanding applications. In this context, one can imagine that the full potential of the communication infrastructures can be unleashed, in a cost-effective way, by enabling a smart convergence between the evolved access of the mobile world and the Passive Optical Networks (PONs) of the fixed world. In this context, this chapter introduces a novel management system called CONFES, Converged Network Infrastructure Enabling Resource Optimization and Flexible Service Provisioning, aiming at the proactive determination of PON clients’ needs in bandwidth resources, and the efficient and reasonable allocation of resources to multiple clients according to such needs and the corresponding Service Level Agreements. Furthermore, the present chapter proposes, studies, and compares physical architecture solutions (both centralized and distributed) that can realize such advanced management systems.
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West, Joel. "Institutional Constraints in the Initial Deployment of Cellular Telephone Service on Three Continents." In Information Technology Standards and Standardization. IGI Global, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-878289-70-4.ch013.

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The influence of institutional pressures on standards and standardization are readily apparent in their most direct form. For example, in the mid-1990s, both the European Union and the United States issued new wireless communications licenses in the 1.8-2.0 GHz band: the EU countries mandated use of their decade-old communications standard, while the U.S. authorized three competing standards not yet widely used in the U.S. (Mehrotra, 1994). However, institutional pressures can also shape standardization efforts in a less direct fashion. For example, in a regulated industry such as telecommunications, existing economic and political institutions constrain the diffusion of a new technology. Such diffusion mediates the impact of product compatibility standards upon society. If producers adopt standards for their goods and services, and if users adopt the products that incorporate such standards, only then such standards can have an economic or social effect upon society at large. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of institutional pressures on diffusion of the innovation that incorporates a standard if we wish to explain the eventual success or failure of such a standard. Here a particular standards-based innovation, analog cellular telephone service, provides an opportunity to contrast the effects of institutions on diffusion and thus standardization. Over a four year period, three independent design centers deployed mutually incompatible standards in three continents. While the technical solutions were similar, differences in institutional context between the regions influenced both the nature of the respective standards and their corresponding diffusion. In particular, the systems were deployed in a period of shifting telecommunications competition policies and priorities for radio frequency allocation. Prior research has examined the causal links between standards and institutions, both the institutional context of standards development (e.g., Besen, 1990) and also how established standards themselves function as institutions (Kindleberger, 1983). But rarely do we have the opportunity to examine the diffusion of the same innovation in differing institutional contexts. This paper will focus on the most complex institutional context for the deployment of cellular telephone service, the United States, which despite having invented cellular technology, was the third region to deploy cellular service due to regulatory delays. The experience of Japan and Northern Europe are offered as contrasts to highlight the importance of the institutional context in the adoption of both standards and standardized products.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Reaching Everyone." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0021.

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The majority of Earth’s inhabitants don’t have a telephone or e-mail, and many places still lie beyond the reach of established communication networks. That severely precludes development, meaning that new insights percolate through slowly and that essential services such as water provision are based on imprecise information. Lack of information exchange is also an obstacle to improving agriculture, education, and many other fields. Even in well-connected areas, networks are less dense than required to improve our safety and well-being. You need a fine-meshed network if you want to keep on top of the genesis of earthquakes, floods, climate change, and many other unstable systems. Sparsity in networks means a lack of control. Making network coverage more complete could help develop and stabilize our world. However, any attempt to extend networks raises significant problems, which we explore in this chapter using the example of radio networks. We should keep in mind, though, that similar phenomena are evident in other networks as well, including the power grid and social networks geared to education. At first sight, radio is an excellent technology for filling the gaps left by other communication technologies. Its capacity is restricted, however, because wireless communication is limited by basic laws of physics, obliging broadcasting and communication companies, for instance, to battle it out for their slice of the ether. The number of radio and TV stations, mobile phones, and satellite connections increases inexorably, filling up every patch of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for radio. The historical pattern has been to develop new techniques and then to lay claim to unused spectrum. The old medium-wave bands were the first to be used for radio programs. Broadcasters later adopted FM, exploiting higher frequencies at the price of reduced range. New semiconductor electronics then became faster and brought access to even higher frequencies. Once the first global standard for mobile communication (GSM) slots had been filled, new space was opened up at double the frequency. The latest third-generation (3G) mobile phone technologies—like the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS)—work with higher frequencies still.
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