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Journal articles on the topic 'Telomeric DNA; Genome'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Bryan, Tracy M. "G-Quadruplexes at Telomeres: Friend or Foe?" Molecules 25, no. 16 (2020): 3686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163686.

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Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes that cap and protect the ends of linear chromosomes. In almost all species, telomeric DNA has a G/C strand bias, and the short tandem repeats of the G-rich strand have the capacity to form into secondary structures in vitro, such as four-stranded G-quadruplexes. This has long prompted speculation that G-quadruplexes play a positive role in telomere biology, resulting in selection for G-rich tandem telomere repeats during evolution. There is some evidence that G-quadruplexes at telomeres may play a protective capping role, at least in yeast, and that they may

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2

Harrington, Lea, and Fabio Pucci. "In medio stat virtus : unanticipated consequences of telomere dysequilibrium." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1741 (2018): 20160444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0444.

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The integrity of chromosome ends, or telomeres, depends on myriad processes that must balance the need to compact and protect the telomeric, G-rich DNA from detection as a double-stranded DNA break, and yet still permit access to enzymes that process, replicate and maintain a sufficient reserve of telomeric DNA. When unable to maintain this equilibrium, erosion of telomeres leads to perturbations at or near the telomeres themselves, including loss of binding by the telomere protective complex, shelterin, and alterations in transcription and post-translational modifications of histones. Althoug

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Bettin, Nicole, Claudio Oss Pegorar, and Emilio Cusanelli. "The Emerging Roles of TERRA in Telomere Maintenance and Genome Stability." Cells 8, no. 3 (2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8030246.

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The finding that transcription occurs at chromosome ends has opened new fields of study on the roles of telomeric transcripts in chromosome end maintenance and genome stability. Indeed, the ends of chromosomes are required to be protected from activation of DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways. Chromosome end protection is achieved by the activity of specific proteins that associate with chromosome ends, forming telomeres. Telomeres need to be constantly maintained as they are in a heterochromatic state and fold into specific structures (T-loops), which may hamper DNA replication. In ad

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López-Fernández, C., E. Pradillo, M. Zabal-Aguirre, J. L. Fernández, C. García de la Vega, and J. Gosálvez. "Telomeric and interstitial telomeric-like DNA sequences in Orthoptera genomes." Genome 47, no. 4 (2004): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-143.

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A (TTAGG)n-specific telomeric DNA probe was hybridized to 11 orthopteroid insect genomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Nine different genera, mainly distributed within two evolutionary branches with male chromosome numbers 2n = 23 and 2n = 17 were included in the analysis. Telomere sequences yielded positive signals in every telomere and there was a considerable number of interstitial telomeric-like sequences, mainly located at the distal end of some, but not all, subterminal chromosome regions. One of the species, Pyrgomorpha conica, showed massive hybridization signals associated wi

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Pal, Jagannath, Jie Ding, Subodh Kumar, et al. "Telomerase Contributes To Repair Of DNA Breaks In Myeloma Cells By Incorporating “TTAGGG” Sequences Within Genome: Biological and Translational Significance." Blood 122, no. 21 (2013): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.1249.1249.

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Abstract We previously reported that telomerase activity is elevated in multiple myeloma (MM), and its inhibition induces telomere shortening and growth arrest in cancer cells. We have now gone on to study the role of telomerase in DNA break repair and genome maintenance in MM cells. To demonstrate the role of telomerase in DNA break repair: 1) We used g-H2AX staining (marker for DNA breaks) and comet assay, a gel-based technique for detection of DNA breaks in individual cells, and observed that telomerase inhibition leads to significantly increased DNA breaks in MM cells; 2) We have confirmed

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Stroik, Susanna, Kevin Kurtz, and Eric A. Hendrickson. "CtIP is essential for telomere replication." Nucleic Acids Research 47, no. 17 (2019): 8927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz652.

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Abstract The maintenance of telomere length is critical to longevity and survival. Specifically, the failure to properly replicate, resect, and/or form appropriate telomeric structures drives telomere shortening and, in turn, genomic instability. The endonuclease CtIP is a DNA repair protein that is well-known to promote genome stability through the resection of endogenous DNA double-stranded breaks. Here, we describe a novel role for CtIP. We show that in the absence of CtIP, human telomeres shorten rapidly to non-viable lengths. This telomere dysfunction results in an accumulation of fusions

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7

Vinayagamurthy, Soujanya, Akansha Ganguly, and Shantanu Chowdhury. "Extra-telomeric impact of telomeres: Emerging molecular connections in pluripotency or stemness." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 30 (2020): 10245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.rev119.009710.

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Telomeres comprise specialized nucleic acid–protein complexes that help protect chromosome ends from DNA damage. Moreover, telomeres associate with subtelomeric regions through looping. This results in altered expression of subtelomeric genes. Recent observations further reveal telomere length–dependent gene regulation and epigenetic modifications at sites spread across the genome and distant from telomeres. This regulation is mediated through the telomere-binding protein telomeric repeat–binding factor 2 (TRF2). These observations suggest a role of telomeres in extra-telomeric functions. Most

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8

Fernandes, Stina George, Rebecca Dsouza, Gouri Pandya, et al. "Role of Telomeres and Telomeric Proteins in Human Malignancies and Their Therapeutic Potential." Cancers 12, no. 7 (2020): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12071901.

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Telomeres are the ends of linear chromosomes comprised of repetitive nucleotide sequences in humans. Telomeres preserve chromosomal stability and genomic integrity. Telomere length shortens with every cell division in somatic cells, eventually resulting in replicative senescence once telomere length becomes critically short. Telomere shortening can be overcome by telomerase enzyme activity that is undetectable in somatic cells, while being active in germline cells, stem cells, and immune cells. Telomeres are bound by a shelterin complex that regulates telomere lengthening as well as protects t

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9

Cohn, Marita, Ahu Karademir Andersson, Raquel Quintilla Mateo, and Mirja Carlsson Möller. "Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres in the Budding Yeast Naumovozyma castellii." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (2019): 3345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400428.

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The enzyme telomerase ensures the integrity of linear chromosomes by maintaining telomere length. As a hallmark of cancer, cell immortalization and unlimited proliferation is gained by reactivation of telomerase. However, a significant fraction of cancer cells instead uses alternative telomere lengthening mechanisms to ensure telomere function, collectively known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). Although the budding yeast Naumovozyma castellii (Saccharomyces castellii) has a proficient telomerase activity, we demonstrate here that telomeres in N. castellii are efficiently maintai

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Rassoulzadegan, Minoo, Ali Sharifi-Zarchi, and Leila Kianmehr. "DNA-RNA Hybrid (R-Loop): From a Unified Picture of the Mammalian Telomere to the Genome-Wide Profile." Cells 10, no. 6 (2021): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061556.

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Local three-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid regions of genomes (R-loops) have been detected either by binding of a monoclonal antibody (DRIP assay) or by enzymatic recognition by RNaseH. Such a structure has been postulated for mouse and human telomeres, clearly suggested by the identification of the complementary RNA Telomeric repeat-containing RNA “TERRA”. However, the tremendous disparity in the information obtained with antibody-based technology drove us to investigate a new strategy. Based on the observation that DNA/RNA hybrids in a triplex complex genome co-purify with the double-stranded chrom

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Nakamura, Mirai, Akira Nabetani, Takeshi Mizuno, Fumio Hanaoka та Fuyuki Ishikawa. "Alterations of DNA and Chromatin Structures at Telomeres and Genetic Instability in Mouse Cells Defective in DNA Polymerase α". Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, № 24 (2005): 11073–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.24.11073-11088.2005.

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ABSTRACT Telomere length is controlled by a homeostatic mechanism that involves telomerase, telomere-associated proteins, and conventional replication machinery. Specifically, the coordinated actions of the lagging strand synthesis and telomerase have been argued. Although DNA polymerase α, an enzyme important for the lagging strand synthesis, has been indicated to function in telomere metabolism in yeasts and ciliates, it has not been characterized in higher eukaryotes. Here, we investigated the impact of compromised polymerase α activity on telomeres, using tsFT20 mouse mutant cells harborin

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DA SILVEIRA, RITA DE CÁSSIA VIVEIROS, MARCELO SANTOS DA SILVA, VINÍCIUS SANTANA NUNES, ARINA MARINA PEREZ, and MARIA ISABEL NOGUEIRA CANO. "The natural absence of RPA1N domain did not impair Leishmania amazonensis RPA-1 participation in DNA damage response and telomere protection." Parasitology 140, no. 4 (2013): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012002028.

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SUMMARYWe have previously shown that the subunit 1 of Leishmania amazonensis RPA (LaRPA-1) alone binds the G-rich telomeric strand and is structurally different from other RPA-1. It is analogous to telomere end-binding proteins described in model eukaryotes whose homologues were not identified in the protozoan´s genome. Here we show that LaRPA-1 is involved with damage response and telomere protection although it lacks the RPA1N domain involved with the binding with multiple checkpoint proteins. We induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in Leishmania using phleomycin. Damage was confirmed by

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13

Longhese, Maria Pia, Vera Paciotti, Holger Neecke, and Giovanna Lucchini. "Checkpoint Proteins Influence Telomeric Silencing and Length Maintenance in Budding Yeast." Genetics 155, no. 4 (2000): 1577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.4.1577.

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AbstractA complex network of surveillance mechanisms, called checkpoints, interrupts cell cycle progression when damage to the genome is detected or when cells fail to complete DNA replication, thus ensuring genetic integrity. In budding yeast, components of the DNA damage checkpoint regulatory network include the RAD9, RAD17, RAD24, MEC3, DDC1, RAD53, and MEC1 genes that are proposed to be involved in different aspects of DNA metabolism. We provide evidence that some DNA damage checkpoint components play a role in maintaining telomere integrity. In fact, rad53 mutants specifically enhance rep

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Calado, Rodrigo T., Solomon A. Graf, and Neal S. Young. "Telomeric Recombination in Lymphocytes Implicates ALT, an Alternative Mechanism for Telomere Length Maintenance, in Normal Human Hematopoietic Cells." Blood 110, no. 11 (2007): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1332.1332.

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Abstract Telomeres are the very ends of chromosomes and protect the genome from recombination, end-to-end-fusion, and recognition as damaged DNA. Telomeres are eroded with each cell division, eventually reaching such critically short length as to cause cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, or genomic instability. In most highly proliferative cells, including hematopoietic stem cells and T lymphocytes, telomere attrition is countered by telomere extension by telomerase reverse transcriptase complex. The majority of cancer cells also express telomerase, which maintains telomere length and allows indefin

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Baird, Duncan M. "Telomeres and genomic evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1741 (2018): 20160437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0437.

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The terminal regions of eukaryotic chromosomes, composed of telomere repeat sequences and sub-telomeric sequences, represent some of the most variable and rapidly evolving regions of the genome. The sub-telomeric regions are characterized by segmentally duplicated repetitive DNA elements, interstitial telomere repeat sequences and families of variable genes. Sub-telomeric repeat sequence families are shared among multiple chromosome ends, often rendering detailed sequence characterization difficult. These regions are composed of constitutive heterochromatin and are subjected to high levels of

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Palacios, Jose A., Daniel Herranz, Maria Luigia De Bonis, Susana Velasco, Manuel Serrano, and Maria A. Blasco. "SIRT1 contributes to telomere maintenance and augments global homologous recombination." Journal of Cell Biology 191, no. 7 (2010): 1299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201005160.

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Yeast Sir2 deacetylase is a component of the silent information regulator (SIR) complex encompassing Sir2/Sir3/Sir4. Sir2 is recruited to telomeres through Rap1, and this complex spreads into subtelomeric DNA via histone deacetylation. However, potential functions at telomeres for SIRT1, the mammalian orthologue of yeast Sir2, are less clear. We studied both loss of function (SIRT1 deficient) and gain of function (SIRT1super) mouse models. Our results indicate that SIRT1 is a positive regulator of telomere length in vivo and attenuates telomere shortening associated with aging, an effect depen

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Kaufer, Benedikt B., Keith W. Jarosinski, and Nikolaus Osterrieder. "Herpesvirus telomeric repeats facilitate genomic integration into host telomeres and mobilization of viral DNA during reactivation." Journal of Experimental Medicine 208, no. 3 (2011): 605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20101402.

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Some herpesviruses, particularly lymphotropic viruses such as Marek’s disease virus (MDV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), integrate their DNA into host chromosomes. MDV and HHV-6, among other herpesviruses, harbor telomeric repeats (TMRs) identical to host telomeres at either end of their linear genomes. Using MDV as a natural virus-host model, we show that herpesvirus TMRs facilitate viral genome integration into host telomeres and that integration is important for establishment of latency and lymphoma formation. Integration into host telomeres also aids in reactivation from the quiescent st

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Osterhage, Jennifer L., and Katherine L. Friedman. "Chromosome End Maintenance by Telomerase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 284, no. 24 (2009): 16061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.r900011200.

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Telomeres, protein-DNA complexes at the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes, are essential for genome stability. The accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities in the absence of proper telomere function is implicated in human aging and cancer. Repetitive telomeric sequences are maintained by telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex containing a reverse transcriptase subunit, a template RNA, and accessory components. Telomere elongation is regulated at multiple levels, including assembly of the telomerase holoenzyme, recruitment of telomerase to the chromosome terminus, and telomere accessibili

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Royle, Nicola J., Aarón Méndez-Bermúdez, Athanasia Gravani, et al. "The role of recombination in telomere length maintenance." Biochemical Society Transactions 37, no. 3 (2009): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0370589.

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Human telomeres shorten during each cell division, predominantly because of incomplete DNA replication. This eventually results in short uncapped telomeres that elicit a DNA-damage response, leading to cellular senescence. However, evasion of senescence results in continued cell division and telomere erosion ultimately results in genome instability. In the long term, this genome instability is not sustainable, and cancer cells activate a TMM (telomere maintenance mechanism), either expression of telomerase or activation of the ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres) pathway. Activation of t

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Aksenova, Anna Y., and Sergei M. Mirkin. "At the Beginning of the End and in the Middle of the Beginning: Structure and Maintenance of Telomeric DNA Repeats and Interstitial Telomeric Sequences." Genes 10, no. 2 (2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10020118.

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Tandem DNA repeats derived from the ancestral (TTAGGG)n run were first detected at chromosome ends of the majority of living organisms, hence the name telomeric DNA repeats. Subsequently, it has become clear that telomeric motifs are also present within chromosomes, and they were suitably called interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs). It is well known that telomeric DNA repeats play a key role in chromosome stability, preventing end-to-end fusions and precluding the recurrent DNA loss during replication. Recent data suggest that ITSs are also important genomic elements as they confer its kary

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Cooley, Carol, Katie M. Baird, Virginie Faure, et al. "Trf1 Is Not Required for Proliferation or Functional Telomere Maintenance in Chicken DT40 Cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 10 (2009): 2563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e08-10-1019.

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The telomere end-protection complex prevents the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes from degradation or inappropriate DNA repair. The homodimeric double-stranded DNA-binding protein, Trf1, is a component of this complex and is essential for mouse embryonic development. To define the requirement for Trf1 in somatic cells, we deleted Trf1 in chicken DT40 cells by gene targeting. Trf1-deficient cells proliferated as rapidly as control cells and showed telomeric localization of Trf2, Rap1, and Pot1. Telomeric G-strand overhang lengths were increased in late-passage Trf1-deficient cells, althoug

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Kim, Eunkyeong, Jun Kim, Chuna Kim, and Junho Lee. "Long-read sequencing and de novo genome assemblies reveal complex chromosome end structures caused by telomere dysfunction at the single nucleotide level." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 6 (2021): 3338–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab141.

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Abstract Karyotype change and subsequent evolution is triggered by chromosome fusion and rearrangement events, which often occur when telomeres become dysfunctional. Telomeres protect linear chromosome ends from DNA damage responses (DDRs), and telomere dysfunction may result in genome instability. However, the complex chromosome end structures and the other possible consequences of telomere dysfunction have rarely been resolved at the nucleotide level due to the lack of the high-throughput methods needed to analyse these highly repetitive regions. Here we applied long-read sequencing technolo

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Mitchell, Meghan T., Jasmine S. Smith, Mark Mason, et al. "Cdc13 N-Terminal Dimerization, DNA Binding, and Telomere Length Regulation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 22 (2010): 5325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.00515-10.

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ABSTRACT The essential yeast protein Cdc13 facilitates chromosome end replication by recruiting telomerase to telomeres, and together with its interacting partners Stn1 and Ten1, it protects chromosome ends from nucleolytic attack, thus contributing to genome integrity. Although Cdc13 has been studied extensively, the precise role of its N-terminal domain (Cdc13N) in telomere length regulation remains unclear. Here we present a structural, biochemical, and functional characterization of Cdc13N. The structure reveals that this domain comprises an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding (OB) fol

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Dobrzanska, Marta, Elzbieta Kraszewska, Maria Bucholc, and Glyn Jenkins. "Molecular cytogenetic analysis of DNA sequences with flanking telomeric repeats inTriticum aestivumcv. Begra." Genome 44, no. 1 (2001): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g00-093.

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A cloned genomic DNA fragment (pTa241) formerly derived from a DNA fraction obtained from isolated nuclei of embryos of a Polish cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Begra) comprises a tandem repeat of the telomeric array CCCTAAA, and hybridizes in situ exclusively to the telomeres of all chromosome arms of the somatic chromosome complement of wheat. A second cloned fragment (pTa637) derived from the same fraction is 637 bp long, flanked by 28 bp of the same telomeric repeat unit, and hybridizes in situ to the entire lengths of all the chromosomes of the complement. The same pattern of hyb

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Craven, Rolf J., Patricia W. Greenwell, Margaret Dominska, and Thomas D. Petes. "Regulation of Genome Stability by TEL1 and MEC1, Yeast Homologs of the Mammalian ATM and ATR Genes." Genetics 161, no. 2 (2002): 493–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.493.

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Abstract In eukaryotes, a family of related protein kinases (the ATM family) is involved in regulating cellular responses to DNA damage and telomere length. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two members of this family, TEL1 and MEC1, have functionally redundant roles in both DNA damage repair and telomere length regulation. Strains with mutations in both genes are very sensitive to DNA damaging agents, have very short telomeres, and undergo cellular senescence. We find that strains with the double mutant genotype also have ∼80-fold increased rates of mitotic recombination and chromosome l

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Matsumoto, T., K. Fukui, O. Niwa, N. Sugawara, J. W. Szostak, and M. Yanagida. "Identification of healed terminal DNA fragments in linear minichromosomes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 12 (1987): 4424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.12.4424.

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The minichromosome Ch16 of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is derived from the centromeric region of chromosome III. We show that Ch16 and a shorter derivative, Ch12, made by gamma-ray cleavage, are linear molecules of 530 and 280 kilobases, respectively. Each minichromosome has two novel telomeres, as shown by genomic Southern hybridization with an S. pombe telomere probe. Comparison by hybridization of the minichromosomes and their chromosomal counterparts showed no signs of gross rearrangement. Cosmid clones covering the ends of the long arms of Ch16 and Ch12 were isolated, and

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Matsumoto, T., K. Fukui, O. Niwa, N. Sugawara, J. W. Szostak, and M. Yanagida. "Identification of healed terminal DNA fragments in linear minichromosomes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Molecular and Cellular Biology 7, no. 12 (1987): 4424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.7.12.4424-4430.1987.

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The minichromosome Ch16 of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is derived from the centromeric region of chromosome III. We show that Ch16 and a shorter derivative, Ch12, made by gamma-ray cleavage, are linear molecules of 530 and 280 kilobases, respectively. Each minichromosome has two novel telomeres, as shown by genomic Southern hybridization with an S. pombe telomere probe. Comparison by hybridization of the minichromosomes and their chromosomal counterparts showed no signs of gross rearrangement. Cosmid clones covering the ends of the long arms of Ch16 and Ch12 were isolated, and

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Płucienniczak, G., and A. Płucienniczak. "Fragments of LINE-1 retrotransposons flanked by inverted telomeric repeats are present in the bovine genome. Homology with human LINE-1 elements." Acta Biochimica Polonica 46, no. 4 (1999): 873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1999_4108.

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In the bovine genome we found two intrachromosomal DNA fragments flanked by inverted telomeric repeats (GenBank Accession Nos. AF136741 and AF136742). The internal parts of the fragments are homologous exclusively to the human sequences and to the consensus sequence of the L1MC4 subfamily of LINE-1 retrotransposons which are widespread among mammalian genomes. We found that distribution of homologous human sequences within our fragments is not random, reflecting a complicated pattern of insertion mechanisms of and maintenance of retrotransposons in mammalian genomes. One of the possible explan

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Weipoltshammer, Klara, Christian Schöfer, Marlene Almeder, et al. "Intranuclear Anchoring of Repetitive DNA Sequences." Journal of Cell Biology 147, no. 7 (1999): 1409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.147.7.1409.

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Centromeres, telomeres, and ribosomal gene clusters consist of repetitive DNA sequences. To assess their contributions to the spatial organization of the interphase genome, their interactions with the nucleoskeleton were examined in quiescent and activated human lymphocytes. The nucleoskeletons were prepared using “physiological” conditions. The resulting structures were probed for specific DNA sequences of centromeres, telomeres, and ribosomal genes by in situ hybridization; the electroeluted DNA fractions were examined by blot hybridization. In both nonstimulated and stimulated lymphocytes,

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Vaughan, H. E., J. S. Heslop-Harrison, and G. M. Hewitt. "The localization of mitochondrial sequences to chromosomal DNA in orthopterans." Genome 42, no. 5 (1999): 874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-020.

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There is growing evidence that the integration of mitochondrial DNA sequences into nuclear and chloroplast genomes of higher organisms may be widespread rather than exceptional. We report the localization of 18S-25S rDNA and mitochondrial DNA sequences to meiotic chromosomes of several orthopteran species using in situ hybridisation. The cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence localizes to the centromeric and two telomeric regions of the eight bivalents of Chorthippus parallelus, the telomeric regions in Schistocerca gregaria and is present throughout the genome of Italopodisma sp. (Orthoptera: Ac

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Lisaingo, Kathleen, Evert-Jan Uringa, and Peter M. Lansdorp. "Resolution of telomere associations by TRF1 cleavage in mouse embryonic stem cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 13 (2014): 1958–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-10-0564.

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Telomere associations have been observed during key cellular processes such as mitosis, meiosis, and carcinogenesis and must be resolved before cell division to prevent genome instability. Here we establish that telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 (TRF1), a core component of the telomere protein complex, is a mediator of telomere associations in mammalian cells. Using live-cell imaging, we show that expression of TRF1 or yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-TRF1 fusion protein above endogenous levels prevents proper telomere resolution during mitosis. TRF1 overexpression results in telomere anaphase

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Lian, Hui-Yong, E. Douglas Robertson, Shin-ichiro Hiraga, et al. "The effect of Ku on telomere replication time is mediated by telomere length but is independent of histone tail acetylation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 10 (2011): 1753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-06-0549.

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DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae proceeds according to a temporal program. We have investigated the role of the telomere-binding Ku complex in specifying late replication of telomere-proximal sequences. Genome-wide analysis shows that regions extending up to 80 kb from telomeres replicate abnormally early in a yku70 mutant. We find that Ku does not appear to regulate replication time by binding replication origins directly, nor is its effect on telomere replication timing mediated by histone tail acetylation. We show that Ku instead regulates replication timing through its effect on

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Lin, Jiangguo, Preston Countryman, Noah Buncher, et al. "TRF1 and TRF2 use different mechanisms to find telomeric DNA but share a novel mechanism to search for protein partners at telomeres." Nucleic Acids Research 42, no. 4 (2013): 2493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1132.

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Abstract Human telomeres are maintained by the shelterin protein complex in which TRF1 and TRF2 bind directly to duplex telomeric DNA. How these proteins find telomeric sequences among a genome of billions of base pairs and how they find protein partners to form the shelterin complex remains uncertain. Using single-molecule fluorescence imaging of quantum dot-labeled TRF1 and TRF2, we study how these proteins locate TTAGGG repeats on DNA tightropes. By virtue of its basic domain TRF2 performs an extensive 1D search on nontelomeric DNA, whereas TRF1’s 1D search is limited. Unlike the stable and

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Chen, Lianxiang, Xiaowei Zhu, Yaru Zou, et al. "The topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor ICRF-193 preferentially targets telomeres that are capped by TRF2." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 308, no. 5 (2015): C372—C377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00321.2014.

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The increased level of chromosome instability in cancer cells is not only a driving force for oncogenesis but also can be the Achille's heel of the disease since many chemotherapies kill cells by inducing a nontolerable rate of DNA damage. A wealth of published evidence showed that telomere stability can be more affected than the bulk of the genome by several conventional antineoplastic drugs. In the present study, HT1080 cell lines compromised for either telomere repeats binding factor 2 (TRF2) or POT1 were treated with ICRF-193 (3 μM, 24 h) or bleomycin (1 μM, 24 h). DNA damage was assayed b

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Kondratieva, Yu A., and L. P. Mendeleeva. "Characteristics of telomere length in patients with hematological diseases (literature review)." Oncohematology 16, no. 1 (2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8346-2021-16-1-23-30.

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Telomeres are protein structures that regulate the process of cellular aging and play the role of a protective “cap” on the end sections of chromosomes. The telomeres of nucleated cells undergo permanent shortening during their lifetime as a result of multiple cycles of DNA replication. The enzyme that provides completion of the missing telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes is called “telomerase”. However, recovery of critically short telomeres by telomerase or recombination in somatic cells is limited due to the presence of a large accumulation of unclosed telomeres, which triggers apo

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DeMasi, Joseph, Shan Du, David Lennon, and Paula Traktman. "Vaccinia Virus Telomeres: Interaction with the Viral I1, I6, and K4 Proteins." Journal of Virology 75, no. 21 (2001): 10090–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.21.10090-10105.2001.

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ABSTRACT The 192-kb linear DNA genome of vaccinia virus has covalently closed hairpin termini that are extremely AT rich and contain 12 extrahelical bases. Vaccinia virus telomeres have previously been implicated in the initiation of viral genome replication; therefore, we sought to determine whether the telomeres form specific protein-DNA complexes. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we found that extracts prepared from virions and from the cytoplasm of infected cells contain telomere binding activity. Four shifted complexes were detected using hairpin probes representing the vira

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Prangishvili, D., and R. A. Garrett. "Exceptionally diverse morphotypes and genomes of crenarchaeal hyperthermophilic viruses." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 2 (2004): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320204.

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The remarkable diversity of the morphologies of viruses found in terrestrial hydrothermal environments with temperatures >80°C is unprecedented for aquatic ecosystems. The best-studied viruses from these habitats have been assigned to novel viral families: Fuselloviridae, Lipothrixviridae and Rudiviridae. They all have double-stranded DNA genomes and infect hyperthermophilic crenarchaea of the orders Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales. Representatives of the different viral families share a few homologous ORFs (open reading frames). However, about 90% of all ORFs in the seven sequenced genome

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Roach, Ruby J., Miguel Garavís, Carlos González, Geoffrey B. Jameson, Vyacheslav V. Filichev та Tracy K. Hale. "Heterochromatin protein 1α interacts with parallel RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes". Nucleic Acids Research 48, № 2 (2019): 682–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkz1138.

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Abstract The eukaryotic genome is functionally organized into domains of transcriptionally active euchromatin and domains of highly compact transcriptionally silent heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is constitutively assembled at repetitive elements that include the telomeres and centromeres. The histone code model proposes that HP1α forms and maintains these domains of heterochromatin through the interaction of its chromodomain with trimethylated lysine 9 of histone 3, although this interaction is not the sole determinant. We show here that the unstructured hinge domain, necessary for the targ

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Tamar, Samira, and Barbara Papadopoulou. "A Telomere-mediated Chromosome Fragmentation Approach to Assess Mitotic Stability and Ploidy Alterations ofLeishmaniaChromosomes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, no. 15 (2001): 11662–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m009006200.

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We have used a telomere-associated chromosome fragmentation strategy to induce internal chromosome-specific breakage ofLeishmaniachromosomes. The integration of telomeric repeats from the kinetoplastidTrypanosoma bruceiinto defined positions of theLeishmaniagenome by homologous recombination can induce chromosome breakage accompanied by the deletion of the chromosomal part that is distal to the site of the break. The cloned telomeric DNA at the end of the truncated chromosomes is functional and it can seed the formation of new telomeric repeats. We found that genome ploidy is often altered upo

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Weiden, M., Y. N. Osheim, A. L. Beyer, and L. H. Van der Ploeg. "Chromosome structure: DNA nucleotide sequence elements of a subset of the minichromosomes of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 8 (1991): 3823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.8.3823.

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The genome of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei contains a set of about 100 minichromosomes of about 50 to 150 kb in size. The small size of these chromosomes, their involvement in antigenic variation, and their mitotic stability make them ideal candidates for a structural analysis of protozoan chromosomes and their telomeres. We show that a subset of the minichromosomes is composed predominantly of simple-sequence DNA, with over 90% of the length of the minichromosome consisting of a tandem array of 177-bp repeats, indicating that these molecules have limited protein-coding capacity. Proceedin

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Weiden, M., Y. N. Osheim, A. L. Beyer, and L. H. Van der Ploeg. "Chromosome structure: DNA nucleotide sequence elements of a subset of the minichromosomes of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei." Molecular and Cellular Biology 11, no. 8 (1991): 3823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.11.8.3823-3834.1991.

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The genome of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei contains a set of about 100 minichromosomes of about 50 to 150 kb in size. The small size of these chromosomes, their involvement in antigenic variation, and their mitotic stability make them ideal candidates for a structural analysis of protozoan chromosomes and their telomeres. We show that a subset of the minichromosomes is composed predominantly of simple-sequence DNA, with over 90% of the length of the minichromosome consisting of a tandem array of 177-bp repeats, indicating that these molecules have limited protein-coding capacity. Proceedin

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Liu, Jia-Cheng, Qian-Jin Li, Ming-Hong He, et al. "Swc4 positively regulates telomere length independently of its roles in NuA4 and SWR1 complexes." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 22 (2020): 12792–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa1150.

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Abstract Telomeres at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes are essential for genome integrality and stability. In order to identify genes that sustain telomere maintenance independently of telomerase recruitment, we have exploited the phenotype of over-long telomeres in the cells that express Cdc13-Est2 fusion protein, and examined 195 strains, in which individual non-essential gene deletion causes telomere shortening. We have identified 24 genes whose deletion results in dramatic failure of Cdc13-Est2 function, including those encoding components of telomerase, Yku, KEOPS and NMD complexes, as

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Pan, Xiaolei, William C. Drosopoulos, Louisa Sethi, Advaitha Madireddy, Carl L. Schildkraut, and Dong Zhang. "FANCM, BRCA1, and BLM cooperatively resolve the replication stress at the ALT telomeres." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (2017): E5940—E5949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708065114.

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In the mammalian genome, certain genomic loci/regions pose greater challenges to the DNA replication machinery (i.e., the replisome) than others. Such known genomic loci/regions include centromeres, common fragile sites, subtelomeres, and telomeres. However, the detailed mechanism of how mammalian cells cope with the replication stress at these loci/regions is largely unknown. Here we show that depletion of FANCM, or of one of its obligatory binding partners, FAAP24, MHF1, and MHF2, induces replication stress primarily at the telomeres of cells that use the alternative lengthening of telomeres

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Jennings, Carol, and Don Powell. "Genome organisation in the murine sperm nucleus." Zygote 3, no. 2 (1995): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199400002495.

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SummaryThe organisation of DNA sequences in the murine sperm nucleus was studied using in situ hybridisation of biotinylated DNA probes. The efficiency of this reaction was assessed using a dispersed repetitive DNA probe. Telomeric DNA was distributed around the nucleus. Centromeric and ribosomal DNA sequences occupied restricted domains in the sperm nucleus. DNA sequences for a transgene and a cluster of homeogenes occupied different, and rather less defined, domains. Together these results imply that both repetitive and protein-coding sequences are arranged in the nucleus in an ordered fashi

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Holstein, Eva-Maria, Greg Ngo, Conor Lawless, et al. "Systematic Analysis of the DNA Damage Response Network in Telomere Defective Budding Yeast." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 7, no. 7 (2017): 2375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.117.042283.

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Abstract Functional telomeres are critically important to eukaryotic genetic stability. Scores of proteins and pathways are known to affect telomere function. Here, we report a series of related genome-wide genetic interaction screens performed on budding yeast cells with acute or chronic telomere defects. Genetic interactions were examined in cells defective in Cdc13 and Stn1, affecting two components of CST, a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding complex that binds telomeric DNA. For comparison, genetic interactions were also examined in cells with defects in Rfa3, affecting the major ssDNA b

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Stroik, Susanna, Kevin Kurtz, Kevin Lin, et al. "EXO1 resection at G-quadruplex structures facilitates resolution and replication." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 9 (2020): 4960–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa199.

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Abstract G-quadruplexes represent unique roadblocks to DNA replication, which tends to stall at these secondary structures. Although G-quadruplexes can be found throughout the genome, telomeres, due to their G-richness, are particularly predisposed to forming these structures and thus represent difficult-to-replicate regions. Here, we demonstrate that exonuclease 1 (EXO1) plays a key role in the resolution of, and replication through, telomeric G-quadruplexes. When replication forks encounter G-quadruplexes, EXO1 resects the nascent DNA proximal to these structures to facilitate fork progressi

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Jamilena, M., C. Ruiz Rejon, and M. Ruiz Rejon. "A molecular analysis of the origin of the Crepis capillaris B chromosome." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 3 (1994): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.3.703.

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The origin of the B chromosome of Crepis capillaris has been studied by using in situ hybridization with different DNA probes. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with DNA from plants with and without Bs as probes indicates that the B chromosome has many DNA sequences in common with A chromosomes, showing no region rich in B-specific sequences. Six additional DNA probes were used to test the possible origin of this B from the standard NOR chromosome (chromosome 3). In the short arm of the NOR chromosome, we detected not only 18 S + 25 S rDNA, but also 5 S rDNA and a specific repetitive sequen

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Kapila, Ritu, Sandip Das, Malathi Lakshmikumaran, and P. S. Srivastava. "A novel species-specific tandem repeat DNA family from Sinapis arvensis: detection of telomere-like sequences." Genome 39, no. 4 (1996): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-095.

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DNA sequences representing a tandemly repeated DNA family of the Sinapis arvensis genome were cloned and characterized. The 700-bp tandem repeat family is represented by two clones, pSA35 and pSA52, which are 697 and 709 bp in length, respectively. Dot matrix analysis of the sequences indicates the presence of repeated elements within each monomeric unit. Sequence analysis of the repetitive region of clones pSA35 and pSA52 shows that there are several copies of a 7-bp repeat element organized in tandem. The consensus sequence of this repeat element is 5′-TTTAGGG-3′. These elements are highly m

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Atallah, David M., Stephanie Antoun, Malak Moubarak, Nadine EL Kassis, Georges Y. Chahine, and George Hilal. "Telomere length and its implication as prognostic marker in ovarian cancer patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (2019): e17055-e17055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e17055.

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e17055 Background: Telomeres are DNA structures protecting the linear ends of eukaryotic chromosomes against degradation and fusion, thereby maintaining genome stability. Telomerase is an enzyme that stabilizes the length of linear chromosomes by de novo synthesizing telomeric repeats during incomplete DNA replication, thus ensuring immortalization. This enzyme is expressed in 80% of cancers, including ovarian carcinoma. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase has been investigated as a detection marker for cancers in early stages, and a prognosis marker in late stages disease. The aim of t

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Santagostino, Marco, Francesca M. Piras, Eleonora Cappelletti, et al. "Insertion of Telomeric Repeats in the Human and Horse Genomes: An Evolutionary Perspective." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 8 (2020): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082838.

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Interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) are short stretches of telomeric-like repeats (TTAGGG)n at nonterminal chromosomal sites. We previously demonstrated that, in the genomes of primates and rodents, ITSs were inserted during the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These conclusions were derived from sequence comparisons of ITS-containing loci and ITS-less orthologous loci in different species. To our knowledge, insertion polymorphism of ITSs, i.e., the presence of an ITS-containing allele and an ITS-less allele in the same species, has not been described. In this work, we carried out a gen

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