Academic literature on the topic 'Telonia'

The genus Teloneria Aczél, 1954 is resurrected from synonymy with Chaetonerius Hendel, 1913 to include four species: Teloneria apicata (Edwards, 1919) comb. nov., Teloneria bimaculata (Edwards, 1919) comb. nov., Teloneria juceliae Sepúlveda & Souza sp. nov. and Teloneria ladyae Sepúlveda & Souza sp. nov. Lectotypes for Telostylus apicatus Edwards, 1919 and its junior synonym, Telostylinus apicalis Enderlein, 1922, and for Telostylinus ornatipennis Enderlein, 1922, junior synonym of Teloneria bimaculata comb. nov., are designated. An identification key to Chaetonerius, Telostylus Bigot, 1859 and Teloneria, with emphasis on the identification of the species of Teloneria, illustrations and distribution data are provided.

Telokin is a 17-kDa protein with an amino acid sequence that is identical to the COOH terminus of the 130-kDa myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). Telokin mRNA is transcribed from a second promoter, located within an intron, in the 3′ region of the MLCK gene. In the current study, we show by in situ mRNA hybridization that telokin mRNA is restricted to the smooth muscle cell layers within adult smooth muscle tissues. In situ mRNA analysis of mouse embryos also revealed that telokin expression is restricted to smooth muscle tissues during embryonic development. Telokin mRNA expression was first detected in mouse gut at embryonic day 11.5; no telokin expression was detected in embryonic cardiac or skeletal muscle. Expression of telokin was also found to be regulated during postnatal development of the male and female reproductive tracts. In both uterus and vas deferens, telokin protein expression greatly increased between days 7 and 14 of postnatal development. The increase in telokin expression correlated with an increase in the expression of several other smooth muscle-restricted proteins, including smooth muscle myosin and α-actin.

Small pulmonary arteries (SPA), <500 μm diameter of the cat, constrict when exposed to hypoxia, whereas larger arteries (large pulmonary arteries; LPA), >800 μm diameter, show little or no response. It is unknown why different contractile responses occur within the same vascular bed, but activator or repressor proteins within the smooth muscle cell (SMC) can modify myosin phosphatase and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), thereby influencing the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain (MLC) and ultimately, contraction. Telokin, a protein with a sequence identical to the COOH-terminal domain of MLCK, is expressed in smooth muscle where in its phosphorylated state it inhibits myosin phosphatase, binds to unphosphorylated myosin, and helps maintain smooth muscle relaxation. We measured telokin mRNA and telokin protein in smooth muscle from different diameter feline pulmonary arteries and sought to determine whether changes in the phosphorylation status of telokin and MLC occurred during hypoxia. In pulmonary arteries, telokin expression varied inversely with artery diameter, but cerebral arteries showed neither telokin protein nor telokin mRNA. Although telokin and MLC were distributed uniformly throughout the SPA muscle cell cytoplasm, they were not colocalized. During hypoxia, telokin dephosphorylated, and MLC became increasingly phosphorylated in SPA SMC, whereas in LPA SMC there was no change in either telokin or MLC phosphorylation. When LPA SMC were exposed to phenylephrine, MLC phosphorylation increased with no change in telokin phosphorylation. These results suggest that in SPA, phosphorylated telokin may help maintain relaxation under unstimulated conditions, whereas in LPA, telokin's function remains undetermined.

The genus Telosma in Thailand includes three species, Telosma cordata, T. pallida and T. puberula. Recent fieldwork at Namtok Phlio National Park and Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary led to the collection of a further species that is here described as Telosma thailandica. It is the only Telosma species with gynostegium exceeding the corolla tube.

Telokin is an abundant smooth-muscle protein with an amino acid sequence identical with that of the C-terminal region of smooth-muscle myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), although it is expressed as a separate protein [Gallagher and Herring (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23945-23952]. Here we demonstrate that telokin is also similar to smooth-muscle myosin regulatory light chain (ReLC) not only in its gross physical properties but also as an MLCK substrate. Telokin was slowly phosphorylated by MLCK in the presence of Ca2+ and calmodulin and could be readily dephosphorylated by myosin light-chain phosphatase. A threonine residue was phosphorylated with up to 0.25 mol/mol stoichiometry. This low stoichiometry, together with the observed dimerization of telokin [Sobieszek and Nieznanski (1997) Biochem. J. 322, 65-71], indicates that the telokin dimer was acting as the substrate with a single protomer being phosphorylated. Our enzyme kinetic analysis of the phosphorylation reaction confirms this interpretation. Because telokin phosphorylation also required micromolar concentrations of MLCK, which also facilitates the formation of kinase oligomers, we concluded that the oligomers are interacting with telokin. Thus it seems that telokin modulates the phosphorylation rate of myosin filaments by a mechanism that includes the direct or indirect inhibition of the kinase active site by the telokin dimer, and that removal of the inhibition is controlled by slow phosphorylation of the telokin dimer, which results in MLCK dimerization.

Telokin is an acidic protein with a sequence identical to the COOH-terminal domain of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) produced by an alternate promoter of the MLCK gene. Although it is abundantly expressed in smooth muscle, its physiological function is not understood. In the present study, we attempted to clarify the function of telokin by analyzing its spatial and temporal localization in living single smooth muscle cells. Primary cultured smooth muscle cells were transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged telokin. The telokin-GFP localized mostly diffusely in cytosol. Stimulation with both sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 8-bromo-cyclic GMP induced translocation of GFP-tagged telokin to near plasma membrane in living single smooth muscle cells. The translocation was slow, and it took more than 10 min at room temperature. Mutation of the phosphorylation sites of telokin (S13A, S19A, and S13A/S19A) significantly attenuated SNP-induced translocation. Both KT-5823 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor) and PD-98059 (mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor) diminished the telokin-GFP translocation. These results suggest that telokin changes its intracellular localization because of phosphorylation at Ser13 and/or Ser19 via the cGMP-signaling pathway.

Telokin, an abundant gizzard protein, inhibited phosphorylation of regulatory light chain when filamentous myosin was used as the substrate but no inhibition was observed with myosin subfragment 1. At physiological telokin-to-myosin molar ratio (1:1), the inhibition amounted to a 3.5-fold reduction in the initial phosphorylation rate whereas at high molar excess of telokin over myosin, we observed an up to 20-fold decrease in this rate. In agreement with previous observations [Shirinsky, Vorotnikow, Birukov, Nanaev, Collinge, Lukas, Sellers and Watterson (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16578Ő16583], telokin did not inhibit phosphorylation of the isolated regulatory light chain of myosin and only moderately (35%) inhibited that of heavy meromyosin. To gain a better understanding of the mechanism of this inhibition, we investigated the effects of telokin on the recently described [Babiychuk, Babiychuk and Sobieszek (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6366Ő6372] oligomeric properties of smooth-muscle myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK). We showed, on the one hand, that telokin rapidly solubilized the large kinase oligomers formed at low ionic strength. With soluble kinase, on the other hand, telokin acted to increase the relative concentration of MLCK dimers and to decrease that of the hexamers and octamers. This, in turn, resulted in a reduction in the amount of MLCK bound to myosin because filamentous myosin appeared to exhibit a higher affinity for the hexamers than for the dimers. Telokin by itself was also shown to dimerize and oligomerize in solution and this oligomerization was greatly enhanced in the presence of MLCK. We suggest that telokin affects myosin phosphorylation by modulation of the oligomeric state of MLCK and its interaction with myosin filaments.

The carboxy terminus of the smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) is expressed as an independent protein, telokin. Western and Northern blotting analyses demonstrated that telokin protein and mRNA are expressed at high levels only in adult and embryonic smooth muscle tissues and cells. In vitro transfection assays in A10 smooth muscle cells identified a functional promoter located in an intron in the 3' region of the smMLCK gene that directs the smooth muscle cell-specific transcription of telokin. To test the cell specificity of the telokin promoter in vivo, transgenic mice were generated in which the telokin promoter was used to drive expression of SV40 large T-antigen. Expression of T-antigen in the transgenic mice paralleled that of the endogenous telokin gene. High levels of T-antigen expression were observed in smooth muscle tissues of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, with lower levels of expression in airway and vascular smooth muscle. Expression was restricted to smooth muscle cells, with no expression detected in any other cell type.

PhD
The waratah, Telopea speciosissma and its hybrids with other Telopea species, is an Australian native species grown for domestic and export cut flower markets. The showy floral bracts surrounding the inflorescence often suffer from bract browning, reducing the market value and export potential of the blooms. Prior to this project, the physiological cause of the disorder was not known, although bract browning had been attributed to water stress, heat stress, high light (particularly after frost), wind and mechanical damage. Bract browning was reportedly minimised when waratahs were grown in shaded conditions, although the reduction in browning by shade had not been quantified. The aim of this project was to examine the physiological cause of the bract browning disorder and investigate methods for control. The appearance, timing, and severity of the bract browning disorder was initially characterised by dissecting waratah buds from commercial growers throughout NSW. Bract browning became evident in the six to eight weeks prior to harvest, coinciding with rapid bract and flower expansion. A survey of commercial waratah growers, initiated by NSW Agriculture and the Waratah Industry Network and analysed by the author, corroborated these results. The survey showed that bract browning was observed in all years between 1999 and 2003, with relatively high severity (scores from three to five out of a possible five) in three of those years. Scores or counts of brown bracts were used to assess the severity of the disorder, the latter including the number of senesced floral bracts following browning as a measure of browning severity. The position and timing of browning suggest light damage or localised calcium deficiency could play a role in the development of browning. The bract browning disorder was studied in further experiments on potted red waratahs of cultivars ‘Fire and Brimstone’, ‘Olympic Flame’ and ‘Sunflare’ at the Mount Annan Botanic Garden; on commercially grown ‘Wirrimbirra White’ waratahs at Jervis Bay; and on natural populations in the Royal National Park. The effect of calcium nutrition on bract browning was studied at Mount Annan in 2001 and 2002, testing the hypothesis that browning may be caused by a localised calcium deficiency similar to lettuce tipburn or poinsettia bract necrosis. Waratah bracts had significantly less calcium in all fractions than leaves, with the procedure of Ferguson et al. (1980) used to separate physiologically active, oxalate associated and residual calcium. Calcium chloride sprays applied to developing bracts increased total bract calcium by about 25% in ‘Sunflare’ and ‘Olympic Flame’ cultivars, but not in ‘Fire and Brimstone’. However, application of calcium as a spray to the developing bracts, or as gypsum to the potting medium did not significantly reduce bract browning scores. These results and the development of bract browning in exposed, rather than enclosed tissue, suggest that factors other than calcium are involved in the development of bract browning. The light environment (full sun or 50% shade cloth) had a greater effect than irrigation frequency on bract browning of ‘Sunflare’ and ‘Olympic Flame’ waratahs in 2001. Waratahs grown under 50% shade cloth showed less bract browning at flower maturity than waratahs grown in full sun. This result was corroborated by subsequent experiments in 2002 and 2003. For example, in 2002, shade cloth reduced browning and bract loss by 30-60% at flower maturity, compared to waratahs grown in full sun. Shading waratahs from bud initiation in late summer (December-January) or bud opening in late winter (July-August) was equally effective in reducing browning. Shade cloth (50%) significantly reduced the light intensity experienced by waratah plants throughout the day, as well as reducing the daily maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity. Natural shade conditions at the Royal National Park effectively prevented browning of floral bracts, although the smaller basal bracts still turned brown and senesced. The development of bract browning as waratahs matured was linked to the development of chronic photoinhibition, measured as a decrease in predawn photosynthetic efficiency using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. Waratah bracts were unable to maintain efficient photosynthesis in full sun conditions and reached saturation of non-photochemical quenching at lower light intensities than leaves. This suggests that bract tissue is adapted to a lower light environment than leaf tissue. Outer bracts had a significantly lower photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) than leaves early in flower development, as they were exposed to the environment for a prolonged period. Outer bracts also began to senesce towards flower maturity, particularly in full sun, increasing their susceptibility to damage. Inner waratah bracts were able to maintain a high photosynthetic efficiency prior to exposure, but photosynthetic efficiency decreased significantly at the intermediate stage of floral development, as inner bracts were no longer protected by outer bracts. Waratah leaves were more resilient than bracts, and did not suffer from chronic photoinhibition or browning during flower development. The increased susceptibility of bracts to photoinhibition and browning parallels results in other species, such as Dendrobium, where floral tissue experiences photoinhibition, bleaching and necrosis at lower light intensities than leaf tissue. Bracts on shaded waratahs maintained higher chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin concentrations than sun-exposed bracts, giving more intense flower colour and higher quality blooms. The significant decrease in bract pigmentation in the sun is likely to be a result of pigment destruction following photoinhibition, and has been noted in susceptible tissues of other species, such as Illicium (star anise) leaves. The presence of anthocyanins did not reduce bract browning in waratahs, with the concentration of UV-absorbing compounds showing a stronger positive correlation with protection from photoinhibition than the concentration of anthocyanins. However, anthocyanin concentrations were significantly lower in sun-exposed bracts, and brown compounds appeared to replace anthocyanins in the epidermal cells of brown bracts. Thus, it seems likely that browning in waratah bracts is the visible manifestation of oxidative damage to cell components, following chronic photoinhibition. Light-induced oxidative damage can lead to yellowing and pigment bleaching, lipid peroxidation, the development of necrotic lesions and senescence. However, lipid peroxidation as measured by the malionaldehyde assay gave no indication of oxidative damage to waratah bract tissue. This was probably due to the presence of anthocyanins and other flavonoids and sugars other than sucrose in bract tissue interfering with the colourimetric measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The extensive planting of waratahs in NSW in the last five years suggests that the total value of lost production due to bract browning is likely to increase in the future. The browning disorder may also prevent the establishment of waratahs in other markets, as international cut-flower markets demand high quality blooms free from blemishes. The results of this study show that bract browning, photoinhibition and pigment loss are minimised by protecting waratahs from high light intensities from bud opening until harvest. However, the consequences of shading waratahs throughout the year require further investigation, as does the use of different percentages of shade cloth or other methods to reduce incident light.

Nine field trials were conducted between 1994 and 1997 in Buckeye and Gila Bend, Arizona to determine the effect of soil fumigation with Telone II on the yield of cotton following rotation with Durum wheat. Telone was shank injected at two or more rates (0, 3, or 5 gal/acre) in fields previously maintained with a cotton-wheat-summer/winter fallow rotation. Eight fields were planted to Upland and one field to Pima cotton. Eight of the nine studies resulted in a statistically significant lint yield increase with the 5 gallon rate compared to the untreated check. Seven of the nine studies resulted in a positive net economic return on investment ranging from $0.78/acre to $103.29/acre. In one trial where all three rates were compared, yield at the 5 gallon rate was increased 141 lint lbs/ac compared to the 3 gallon rate which did not differ from the control.

Six field trials were conducted between 1994 and 1996 in Buckeye and Gila Bend, Arizona to determine the effect of soil fumigation with Telone II on the yield of cotton following rotation with Durham wheat. Telone was shank injected at two or more rates (0, 3, or 5 gal/acre) in fields previously maintained with a cotton-wheat-summer/winter fallow rotation. Five fields were planted to Upland and one field to Pima cotton. Four of the six trials resulted in an average lint yield increase of 180 lint lbs/ac compared to the untreated controls. In one trial where all three rates were compared, yield at the 5 gallon rate was increased 141 lint lbs/ac compared to the 3 gallon rate and the control. In two of the trials none of the treatments differed significantly.

Field studies were conducted at four western Maricopa County commercial sites in 1994 to determine whether Temik 15G® would suppress rootknot nematode at low to moderate populations. Three of the experiments were on Upland D +PL 5415 with the fourth on Pima S-6. Sites were chosen based on pre- season sampling with individual field populations ranging from 0.005 (low) - 3.6 (high) rootknot nematode juveniles per cubic centimeter (cc) of soil volume. Each study consisted of four treatments with six replications. The following treatments were used at all test sites: (1) Untreated check, (2) 5 lbs. Temik 15G at planting, (3) 5 lbs. Temik 15G at planting, 15 lbs. Temik 15G sidedressed at pinhead square, (4) 5 gal. Telone 11® pre-plant. Sampling for thrips and lygus was conducted at all test sites to provide insight regarding yield effects resulting from control of insect versus those due to suppression of nematode. There were no significant yield differences between the untreated check and either Temik treatment. However, significant yield increases were measured with Telone versus all treatments at all locations. Insect pressures were minimal in all cases. Temik 15G did not suppress nematode damage at any population level.

A field plot in western Maricopa county was established in 1995 to determine the ability of Temik® brand aldicarb pesticide to suppress root-knot nematode when Temik 15G was applied as a seedling side-dress and moved into the root zone by irrigation. Telone II® was used for comparative purposes and Gaucho-treated seed, following a preplant application of Telone, was included to determine if additional benefits could be realized by systemic control of insects during early stages of plant growth. Plans to include foliar applications of Orthene® were abandon when early season thrips populations failed to develop. Temik 15G, applied as a side-dress at 10 lbs. did not suppress nematodes or increase lint yield Telone, alone and in combination with Gaucho -treated seed, reduced nematode populations and increased lint yield, but differences between the two Telone treatments were not significant. Insect pressure was not a contributing factor. Greenhouse studies showed that both timing of the application and its placement in the row will be of critical importance when Temik is applied for nematode control in furrow irrigated cotton.

Un terreno sin duda históricamente poco transitado en el campo de la teoría fílmica es el estudio de los títulos de crédito cinematográficos y el análisis de su relevancia como instrumento de valor semiótico en su dialéctica con el universo narrativo del discurso audiovisual al que va ligado. En este sentido, las series de televisión dramáticas norteamericanas contemporáneas, del mismo modo que recogen muchos de los aspectos formales y narrativos del cine, subvirtiendo algunos de ellos, y retroalimentándolo nuevamente, configuran un escenario simbiótico de sumo interés a la hora de profundizar en sus títulos de créditos iniciales, definidos y teorizados en la presente tesis como openings. Asimismo, la articulación que estas partículas narrativas establecen con la ordenación y la estructura intra e inter episódica de cada serie, así como con otras piezas estratégicas características de este texto audiovisual "previously, teaser, pre-opening, cliffhanger, pre-ending, ending" y el estudio de su morfología, requieren la necesidad de elaborar una minuciosa taxonomía que contribuya a su análisis. La presente tesis se ampara en el establecimiento La presente tesis se ampara en la confirmación o refutación de una hipótesis que pone a prueba la aplicación práctica de unas herramientas de estudio sobre estas partículas narrativas y estructurales de las series de televisión, engendrando así una suerte de metodología de microanálisis fílmico.

abstract: An early Christian construct which had the recently-deceased soul endures a series of judicial proceedings by demons, the telonia has survived as a folk belief in Orthodox nations such as Russia and Ukraine. The telonia construct is a controversial one in Orthodoxy, however, as discussions of the construct's origins often break down into polemical debate regarding the ontological reality of the telonia. This thesis, as its primary goal, investigates the origins and early development of the telonia in a methodical, scholarly manner. It adduces texts from ancient Egypt to propose that the origins of the telonia extend to the earliest written phases of the Egyptian religion. Secondarily, this thesis investigates the origins of the logismoi: intentions which demons introduce into human minds to seduce them to sin. In 1952, Morton Bloomfield posited that the logismoi ultimately evolved from the telonia. Bloomfield's assertion has become the secondary inquiry of this thesis: to wit, whether the logismoi construct evolved from the telonia. This study employs textual criticism of sources in Greek, Latin, and Coptic to answer the two queries. The evidence indicates that the telonia evolved from three previous constructs over the course of at least 2500 years. It also indicates that neither the telonia nor any of its ancestral constructs influenced the creation of the logismoi.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.A. Religious Studies 2010

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Sydney, 2005.
Title from title screen (viewed December 11, 2009) Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際農學碩士學位學程
107
Telosma mosaic virus (TelMV), belongs to the genus of Potyvirus, was first reported in Vietnam in 2008 to infect Telosma cordata causing foliar mosaic symptom. In 2014, the virus was found in Thailand capable of infecting passionfruit inducing strong mosaic on the leaves and misshaped fruits. Subsequently, China also recorded TelMV to infect passionfruits. In 2016, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute confirmed a diseased passionfruit sample sent from abroad was infected by TelMV. In 2017, we found a passionfruit plant of Tainung No. 1 (Passiflora edulis × P. edulis f. Flavicarpa) in Caotun Township bearing with obvious foliar mosaic symptom was actually caused by TelMV. This result was obtained by amplifying the sample in RT-PCR using a Potyvirus-specific degenerate primer and sequencing the 374 bp amplicon as TelMV identity. We also confirmed that the sample could not be amplified by the specific primer pairs against two potyvirus already existing in Taiwan, i.e. East Asian passiflora virus (EAPV) and Passionfruit mottle virus (PaMV). Therefore, we designated this virus isolate found in Caotun as TelMV-CY. Sequence analyses data showed that the CP gene nucleotide and amino acid sequences of TelMV-CY had higher identities with TelMV from Guangxi, China than with isolates from Vietnam and Thailand. Phylogenetic tree analyses also confirmed this closer relationship and also showed that TelMV from various regions were grouped in the same cluster clearly different from other known passionfruit potyviruses. In this study, we also showed that TelMV can be mechanically inoculated onto P. edulis f. flavicarpa, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, and Nicotiana benthamiana and developed systemic foliar mosaic, irregular yellow lesion, circular yellow lesion, and systemic mottle symptoms, respectively. Under electron microscope, about 700 nm flexuous elongated virus particles were consistently detected both in the field-infected and inoculated plants. A polyclonal antiserum against TelMV-CY was successfully raised in this study by immunizing a rabbit with bacteria (E. coli BL21) expressed viral coat protein using pET-28b as vector. By the use of this antiserum, Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA) and SDS-immunodiffusion test were successfully developed for routine TelMV detection. A TelMV specific primer was also designed and could be used in RT-PCR to detect and quick differentiate TelMV from other potyviruses infecting passionfruits. The same primer could also be combined into our previously developed multiplex RT-PCR and biochip system for simultaneous detection of six passionfruit viruses including TelMV, EAPV, PaMV, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Euphorbia leaf curl virus (EuLCV), and Papaya leaf curl Guangdong virus (PaLCuGDV).

Chapter 4, “Amours de Voyage: The Verse-Novel and European Travel,” reflects on the expansive generic geography of the form. Like the influential ur-text Don Juan, almost all verse-novels exhibit what Clough calls amours de voyage. The chapter considers overlapping thematic and structural aspects of travel in a group of explicitly cosmopolitan verse-novels (Clough’s Amours de Voyage, Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh, Owen Meredith’s Lucile and Glenaveril, and George Eliot’s The Spanish Gypsy): their use of the railway, of guidebooks, of epistolarity, and of plots involving hybrid heredity. The spatial energies of verse-novels often avoid not only the epic teloi of nation founding and empire building but also the novelistic telos of the courtship plot: marriage. These works travel in order to destabilize both their generic terrain and their ideological certainties. A postscript considers William Allingham’s Laurence Bloomfield in Ireland, an exception to this travelling spirit that proves the rule.