Academic literature on the topic 'Temne language'

Temne belongs to the South Atlantic Group of Niger-Congo (formerly the Southern Branch of the Atlantic Group of Niger-Congo; Blench 2006, Childs 2010) spoken in the northern part of Sierra Leone. According to Ethnologue (ISO 639–3: tem, Lewis 2009), Temne has a population of about 1.2 million native speakers. Like other South Atlantic languages, Temne is a tonal language with a noun class system, prefixed noun class markers and agreeing prefixes on dependent elements. Features determining class membership include number and animacy. Temne also features extension suffixes which alter the valency or the semantic structure of simple verb stems. The basic word order is Subject–Verb–Object.

ABSTRACTMany personal names in Temne (a Mel language spoken in Sierra Leone) are borrowed from other languages, and some contain foreign sounds and sequences which are unpronounceable for Temne speakers when they appear in other words. Contrary to what would be expected within a model of borrowing in which foreign sounds and sequences are modified over time to conform with the borrowers' language, the foreign sounds and sequences which occur in Temne names are stable. This paper treats these exceptions to the Temne phonological System as instances of phonological stereotyping – cases in which sounds and sequences, although they may be exceptions to the core phonology of a language, have acquired expressive meaning. (Linguistic borrowing, phonology, personal names, Sierra Leone)

This paper presents the first documentation of the noun class system of the dying language Mani (buy), “Bullom So” in Ethnologue, a.k.a. Mmani, Mandenyi, etc.) spoken in Guinea and Sierra Leone. Mani has some few hundred speakers, all of whom speak either Soso (sus) or Temne (tem) as their everyday language.

Raziskava spolnih stereotipov v treh slovanskih romanih je dvodelna: prvi del predstavi spolne stereotipe, drugi pa se ukvarja z njihovo analizo in interpretacijo v naslednjih romanih: Filio ni doma Berte Bojetu, Kot da me ni Slavenke Drakulić in Temna ljubezen Alexandre Berkove. Študija je nakazala, da so ključne kategorije za sodobni pristop k spolnim stereotipom androginost, fantazma, performans in kritika mizoginije, za spolne stereotipe v (obravnavanih) romanih pa je usoden globalni spolni stereotip – moški je glava in ženska je srce. Njegova nevarnost je v Filio ni doma prepoznana kot antiutopično sredstvo razosebljanja ljudi, v Kot da me ni kot potrditev agresivnega moškosrediščnega principa, medtem ko je v Temni ljubezni stereotipna spolna socializacija obsojena kot perverzna ideologija (moškega) nasilja s pomočjo naslednjih stereotipov: ženska-negovalka, ženska-služabnica moškemu in otroku, ženska-občudovalka moškega, moški-gospodar.

Kurang Energi Kronik (KEK) dan Anemia pada ibu hamil merupakan 4 (empat) masalah gizi yang saat ini mendapat perhatian khusus. Upaya preventif yang dapat dilakukan pada kasus anemia dan KEK pada ibu hamil dapat dilakukan melalui Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT). PMT pada ibu hamil dapat berupa pangan lokal atau pabrikan dan minuman. Salah satu pangan lokal yang telah di teliti dan terbukti dapat meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin (Hb) adalah produk olahan berbasis tepung tempe. Berdasarkan analisis situasi diperoleh data bahwa ibu hamil di wilayah tersebut sudah terbiasa mengkonsumsi tempe sehingga perlu adanya modifikasi olahan tempe menjadi yang lebih bergizi dan memiliki nilai jual serta dapat mendukung peningkatan kadar Hb ibu hamil. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut diperlukan adanya kegiatan pelatihan pembuatan olahan kudapan berbasis tepung tempe. Metode yang dilakukan adalah memberikan ceramah di kelas dan pelatihan pembuatan kudapan berbasis tepung tempe di laboratorium penyelenggaraan makanan. Peserta adalah ibu hamil di Kelurahan Pedurungan Tengah sebanyak 30 ibu hamil, Hasil kegiatan pengabmas saat pre-test di dapatkan 11 peserta memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan yang baik dan 19 peserta memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan yang cukup, hasil post-test dari 30 peserta 26 peserta memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan yang baik dan 4 peserta memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan cukup sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan tentang kadar Hb ibu hamil dan ketrampilan tentang pembuatan kudapan berbasis tepung tempe lebih bergizi serta diharapkan dapat menjadi penggerak pelaksanaan program perbaikan gizi masyarakat terutama meningkatkan kadar Hb ibu hamil melalui upaya perubahan perilaku dan peningkatan kemandirian finansial.

Abstract Seneca His Tenne Tragedies (1581) was the first printed collection of Seneca’s tragedies in English. This article re-examines this publication in the context of early modern production of collected unannotated editions of Seneca’s tragedies on the European mainland, and of the editorial and intellectual interests of its compiler, Thomas Newton. It identifies Newton as something of an early modern ‘print professional’, who was involved in the production of a wide variety of texts, translations, and commendatory poetry, and who used a variety of sophisticated strategies in print to draw attention to and to promote his own capacities and achievements; and it shows how the Tenne Tragedies participates in these practices. Attending to Newton’s activities alongside Jasper Heywood’s translation of Hercules furens reveals significant discontinuities in approach between the Tenne Tragedies and one of its constituent texts. Heywood’s translation first appeared in 1561 in a parallel-text format that was not designed for inclusion in a single-language collection such as the Tenne Tragedies, as one early modern reader’s response to the translation in this later printed context may show. Newton’s presentation of the Tenne Tragedies volume, and his particular attitude towards ‘Seneca’, complicates current critical understanding of the reception and uses of Senecan tragedy in Elizabethan England, and of any ‘project’ of Senecan translation in the period, which may be more an effect of Newton’s editorial proclivities, combined with modern understanding of Seneca as a single author, than reflective of attitudes towards Senecan tragedy in early modern England more generally.

The purpose of this study is to describe elitist language on the Humor Recehku Instagram account, namely (1) non-standard word forms; (2) abbreviated forms that cause non-standard; and (3) word forms from foreign languages. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. The data collection technique was done by observing and taking notes. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman qualitative analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions and levers. This research leads to the content analysis “content analysis”. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and sentences that experience language shifts in an elitist form. The results of this study indicate that there is a language shift in the case of using elitist language in the Humor Recehku Instagram account. First, non-standard word forms include non-standard words without a play (emang, gini, telfon, sampe, ngerasa dan sebagainya); non-standard words with a pun (Oktrouble dan gw); and non-standard words weakening phonemes (males, denger, bener-bener, ye, cakep, anjeng, kecapean, dan temen). Second, abbreviations that cause non-standard abbreviated standard words (sm, org, krn, dan trs); and abbreviated non-standard words (not and yesterday2). Third, foreign language words are divided into (typing, excuse, mood and so on); phrase (self-reminder, close friend IG); and sentences (is the best kind of sleep, oh well honey, you keep your small circle, and friend with many but trust any).

South Sulawesi's Lake Tempe is a popular tourist site. Many foreigners, both locally and internationally, visit Lake Tempe. The quality of the guide's service has a significant impact on the smoothness and comfort of travel in Tempe. As a result, a training and mentoring program for foreign-language tourism performers in the Tempe Lake area is required. The PKM program is carried out in stages: (1) PKM participant selection; (2) PKM briefing participants; (3) survey site; (4) PKM program socialization; (5) debriefing tourist actors; and (6) twice-weekly training and mentorship for three months. In total, 25 meetings were held to provide training and mentorship. The training team enhances the vocabulary at the start of the training, and subsequently, the material and speaking are intensified by the team. The assessment's findings revealed a significant increase: (1) There were three people in the very good group, 25 in the good category, and two in the bad category when it came to vocabulary ability. (2) There are 26 persons who are classified as good at tenses, and just four people who are classified as less good. (3) In terms of speaking skill, four people were rated as very good, 25 were rated as good, and one was rated as less good.

One of the tempeh craftsmen villages is Parerejo, Purwodadi Subdistrict, Pasuruan Regency. A total of 107 work and depend on their income as tempeh producers in that area. Thus far, most of the craftsmen only sold it in the form of fresh tempeh. Only view people are using tempeh as tempeh chips. Consequenetly, the tempeh are not sold on a day that is wasted due to the shelf life is not long enough. The introducing of implementers was carried out slowly and kinship before the main program was carried out. This program used fresh tempeh which was adjusted to the implementation of food technology knowledge. This was conducted by processing fresh tempeh into three types of diversified tempeh products such as mendoan tempeh, tempeh balls, and tempeh rolade. In this service program, communicative language was used to accompany knowledge transfer about tempeh processing to the tempe craftsmen community. This program was conducted to intend that the given information can be accepted by the community, so that this community service program get a positive response. After conducting counseling and training to the tempeh craftsmen community, some of enthusiastic were got from craftsmen when they did the activities. Most of the craftsmen did not yet know the diversification of processed tempeh products that were delivered by the team. As a result of this service program, it can be concluded that these activities were very beneficial for the tempeh craftsmen community in Parerejo Village and they hope that the service activities with more various materials.

Artiklis pööratakse tähelepanu kolmele episoodile Ida-Euroopa mõistmises ja „kodustamises“ rahvusvahelises kunstidialoogis. Vaadeldakse Lääne- ja Ida-Euroopa kunstnike ja teoreetikute lähenemiskatseid 1990. aastatel läbi kolme dialoogi otsiva episoodi. Neist üks käsitleb meililisti Syndicate lagunemist ja vahetumist listiga Spectre. Teine käsitleb konflikti 1996. aastal näitusel „Interpol – a global network from Stock- holm and Moscow“. Kolmas juhtum on seotud Peeter Linnapi korraldatud näitusega „Le Top 50“ (1994), kus prooviti astuda otsekontakti lääne kuns- timaailma tippudega. Viimase näite täiendusena käsitletakse Kaisa Eiche 2021. aastal läbiviidud eksperimenti. Artikkel näitab, et Ida-Euroopast pole enam võimalik rääkida „lähedase Teise“ võtmes. Ta on „mitte-Teine“.

U okviru doktorske disertacije razvijena je brza i selektivna metoda zaodređivanje i praćenje ostataka herbicida na bazi sulfonilurea (nikosulfuron,oksasulfuron, tribenuron metil, tritosulfuron, triasulfuron, rimsulfuron iprosulfuron) u zemljištu primenom visoko pritisne tečne hromatografije saUV detektor sa nizom fotoosetljivih dioda (HPLC-UV-DAD). Razdvajanjesulfonilurea je izvedeno uz primenu Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 kolone. U ciljudefinisanja odgovarajućih uslova analize, ispitan je i definisan uticajnajznačajnijih eksperimentalnih faktora. Usvojeni su sledeći optimalni uslovigradijentne elucije: mobilna faza acetonitril (A) i 0,1% sirćetna kiselina (B) t= 0 min, 52% A; t = 2-2,5 min, 47% A; t = 2,5-5 min, 52% A, pri konstatnomprotoku od 1 mL min-1 i temperaturi kolone od 250C. Na osnovu odzivaanalitičkog signala, njegove reproduktivnosti i linearnosti, talasna dužina od240 nm je usvojena kao odgovarajuća. Utvrđeno je da je uticaj matriksa bioizražen te je stoga za kvantitativno određivanje sadržaja SU u uzorcimazemljišta primenom HPLC-UV-DAD metode korišćena MMC kalibracionakriva. Pri analizi ekstrakata nekontaminiranog zemljišta ostvarena je granicakvantitativnog određivanja za nikosulfuron, oksasulfuron, tribenuron metil,tritosulfuron, triasulfuron, rimsulfuron i prosulfuron od 3,16 μg kg-1, 3,40 μgkg-1, 3,76 μg kg-1, 4,13 μg kg-1, 3,60 μg kg-1, 3,04 μg kg-1 i 2,97 μg kg-1,redom. Za potrebe osetljivijih, selektivnijih i tačnijih određivanja SU uzemljištu, definisana je metoda uz primenu tečne hromatografije satandemskom masenom spektrometrijom (HPLC-MS-MS). HPLC-MS-MS jekorišćena kao referntna tehnika za proveru rezultata koji su dobijeniprimenom HPLC uz UV-DAD detektor. Definisan je efikasan postupak zapripremu uzoraka zemljišta u cilju hromatografskog određivanja SU.Najefikasnija ekstrakcija ostvarena je primenom smeše dihlormetanacetonitril(2:1, v/v), zakišeljene sirćetnom kiselinom (0,8%, v/v), uz dodatakuree (0,3 g/ 10g zemljišta). Postupak mikrotalasne estrakcije u zatvorenomsistemu omogućio je najbolje uslove za ekstrakciju SU. U cilju izdvajanja SU,iz matriksa ekstrakata zemljišta, primenjena je ekstrakcija na čvrstoj fazi (SPE) sa silika gelom kao adsorbensom. Definisana metoda za određivanjeispitivanih SU, kao i razvijeni postupak pripreme uzoraka, uspešno jeprimenjen u analizi realnih uzoraka zemljišta. Veoma dobre vrednosti testapovrata ostvarene pri analizi primenom HPLC-UV-DAD metode, potvrdile supre svega ispravnost postupka pripreme uzoraka, a delom i kompletnemetode. Tačnost razvijene metode za određivanje SU u zemljištu potvrđena jeparalelnim analizama uzoraka zemljišta korišćenjem HPLC-MS-MS.Primenom Studentovog t-testa (upareni), utvrđeno je da se rezultati paralelnihanaliza statistički značajno ne razlikuju (P=95%). Istraživanja u okvirudisertacije obuhvatila su i praćenje disipacije nikosulfurona, rimsulfurona,oksasulfurona i prosufurona u različitim komercijalnim dozama primenetokom 50 dana u polju na tri različite dubine (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm i 30-45 cm),kao i laboratorijskim uslovima na dve temperature (250C i 300C). Vremepolurazgradnje (DT50) ispitivanih SU (nikosulfuron, oksasulfuron iprosulfuron) definisano Mitttag-Lefler-ovom funkcijom u ogledima ulaboratorijskim uslovima na 250C iznosilo je 0,65 dana (50 g ha-1 a.k.), 0,64dana (160 g ha-1 a.k.) i 0,66 dana (30 g ha-1 a.k.), redom, a na 300C zanikosulfuron 0,20 dana (50 g ha-1 a.k.) i prosulfuron 0,49 dana (50 g ha-1 a.k.).DT50 za ispitivane SU u polju, takođe definisano Mitttag-Lefler-ovomfunkcijom, iznosilo je 72 minuta (0,05 dana), 0,23 dana, 0,12 dana i 0,15dana, za nikosulfuron, rimsulfuron, oksasulfuron i prosulfuron, redom.Značajno veća disipacija koja je utvrđena istraživanjima u okviru ovedisertacije najverovatnije je uzrokovana uticajem abiotičkih i biotičkihprocesa, kao i faktora spoljašnje sredine.
In this thesis a fast and selective method for determination and monitoringof residues sulfonylurea herbicides (SU) (nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron,tribenuron methyl, tritosulfuron, triasulfuron, rimsulfuron and prosulfuron)in soil, by applying high-performance liquid chromatography with UVdetector with diode array diodes (HPLC-UV-DAD) was developed. Theseparation of the sulfonylurea was performed by use of a Zorbax EclipseXDB-C18 column. In order to define appropriate conditions of analysis,the influence of the most significant the experimental factors wasinvestigated and defined. The following optimal conditions for gradientelution: mobile phase acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% acetic acid (B) t = 0 min,52% A; t = 2-2.5 min, 47% A; t = 2.5-5 min, 52% A were adopted at aconstant flow rate of 1 mL min-1 and column temperature of 250C. Onbasis of the response of the analytical signal, its reproducibility andlinearity, the wavelength of 240 nm was adopted as an appropriate. Theinfluence of the matrix was expressed and therefore for the quantitativedetermination of investigated SU in soil samples application of HPLCUV-DAD methods was used MMC calibration curve. In the analysis ofextracts of nocontaminated soil limits of quantitation for nicosulfuron,oxasulfuron, tribenuron methyl, tritosulfuron, triasulfuron, rimsulfuron andprosulfuron was achieved 3.16 μg kg-1, 3.40 μg kg-1, 3.76 μg kg-1, 4.13 μgkg-1, 3.60 μg kg-1, 3.04 μg kg-1 and 2.97 μg kg-1, respectively. The methodby using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSMS)was defined in order to find more sensitive, more selective and moreaccurate way to determine concentration SU in soil. HPLC-MS-MS wasused as the reference technique for checking results that have beenobtained by HPLC with UV-DAD detector. An efficient procedurepreparation of soil samples for the purpose chromatographic determinationof SU was defined. Using a mixture of dichloromethane-acetonitrile (2: 1,v / v), acidified with acetic acid (0.8%, v / v), with the addition of urea (0.3g / 10 g soil) was applied as the most effective way for extraction SU.Microwave extraction process in a closed system allowed the bestconditions for the extraction of SU. In order to extract SU from matrixexctracts soil the solid phase the extraction (SPE) with silica gel as anadsorbent was used. The defined method for determination of investigated SU, as well as the developed procedure of sample preparation, wassuccessfully applied in the analysis of real samples of soil. The correctnessof procedure of sample preparation was confirmed with very good valuesof recovery test which was applied in the analysis by using HPLC-UVDAD.The accuracy of the developed method for determination of SU wasconfirmed by coupled analysis soil samples using HPLC-MS-MS. Theresults of parallel analysis does not differ significantly at 95% confidencelevel. It was obtained using Student t-test (paired). The method developedin this thesis was used for monitoring the dissipation of nicosulfuron,rimsulfuron, oxasulfuron prosufuron, in different commercial doses ofapplication during 50 days in field at three different depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm) and for laboratory conditions at two temperatures(25ºC and 30ºC). The half-life time (DT50) of investigated SU werecalculated by use of Mitttag-Lefler function in experiments underlaboratory conditions at 25ºC. The values of DT50 for nicosulfuron,prosufuron and oxasulfuron read: 0.65 days (50 g ha-1 a.k.), 0.64 days (160g ha-1 a.k.) and 0.66 days (30 g ha-1 a.k.), respectively. In the same type ofexperiments at 30ºC we get DT50 for nicosulfuron equals 0.20 days (50 gha-1 a.k.) and for prosulfuron equals 0.49 days (50 g ha-1 a.k.). The valuesof DT50 on experiments in field were obtain also by use of Mitttag-Lefler'sfunction, and half-life times for nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, oxasulfuron andprosufuron from the commercially recommended doses, equal 72 minutes(0.05 days), 0.23 days, 0.12 days and 0.15 days, respectively. Significantlygreater dissipation which was determined in this thesis was probablycaused by the influence of abiotic and biotic processes as well asenvironmental factors.

Ова дисертација се бави проучавањем средњовјековних историјских тема упериодици која је излазила на подручју данашње Црне Горе у периоду од 1835. године до1941. године. Циљ нашег истраживања био је сакупљање и анализа разнородне грађе отемама из средњовјековља јужнословенског простора, које су третиране и објављене упериодици на простору Црне Горе у посматраном периоду, њихово груписање у тематскецјелине, хронолошко излагање, као и састављање једног потпуног и вјеродостојногисторијског прегледа развоја медијевистике у периодици на простору Црне Горе упоменутом периоду. У раду је обрађено 458 текстова у којима је заступљенасредњовјековна тематика, од којих је највећи број објављен у часописима: ГласуЦрногорца, Зетском гласнику, Записима, Просвјети, Гласу Боке, Гласнику Народногуниверзитета Боке Которске и Зети. Такође, кроз систематизовани преглед, углавномдескриптивног карактера, жељели смо да дамо потпунију слику и што свестранијеизложимо све радове из средњовјековне историје јужнословенског простора објављене упериодици на простору Црне Горе у посматраном периоду. Намјера је била да изложимосваку помена вреднију активност на овом пољу, што би могло представљати доприносизучавању и заокруживању слике заступљености медијавистике у историографији ЦрнеГоре.Значај дисертације огледа се у томе што овој проблематици, до сада, нијепоклоњена пуна пажња у радовима који су се бавили периодиком на простору данашњеЦрне Горе у посматраном периоду. Такође, чланцима који се односе на средњовјековнипериод јачала се национална свијест, утврђивао идентитет, његовала културна баштина ифолклор. 
Ova disertacija se bavi proučavanjem srednjovjekovnih istorijskih tema uperiodici koja je izlazila na području današnje Crne Gore u periodu od 1835. godine do1941. godine. Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je sakupljanje i analiza raznorodne građe otemama iz srednjovjekovlja južnoslovenskog prostora, koje su tretirane i objavljene uperiodici na prostoru Crne Gore u posmatranom periodu, njihovo grupisanje u tematskecjeline, hronološko izlaganje, kao i sastavljanje jednog potpunog i vjerodostojnogistorijskog pregleda razvoja medijevistike u periodici na prostoru Crne Gore upomenutom periodu. U radu je obrađeno 458 tekstova u kojima je zastupljenasrednjovjekovna tematika, od kojih je najveći broj objavljen u časopisima: GlasuCrnogorca, Zetskom glasniku, Zapisima, Prosvjeti, Glasu Boke, Glasniku Narodnoguniverziteta Boke Kotorske i Zeti. Takođe, kroz sistematizovani pregled, uglavnomdeskriptivnog karaktera, željeli smo da damo potpuniju sliku i što svestranijeizložimo sve radove iz srednjovjekovne istorije južnoslovenskog prostora objavljene uperiodici na prostoru Crne Gore u posmatranom periodu. Namjera je bila da izložimosvaku pomena vredniju aktivnost na ovom polju, što bi moglo predstavljati doprinosizučavanju i zaokruživanju slike zastupljenosti medijavistike u istoriografiji CrneGore.Značaj disertacije ogleda se u tome što ovoj problematici, do sada, nijepoklonjena puna pažnja u radovima koji su se bavili periodikom na prostoru današnjeCrne Gore u posmatranom periodu. Takođe, člancima koji se odnose na srednjovjekovniperiod jačala se nacionalna svijest, utvrđivao identitet, njegovala kulturna baština ifolklor. 
This dissertation deals in with the study of medieval historical themes in Montenegrinperiodicals which coming out on the territory of Montenegro in the period from 1835 to 1941.The aim of our study was the collection and analysis of diverse materials on topics frommedieval on area of the South Slavic, which treated and published in Montenegrin periodicalson area of Montenegro in the observed period, their grouping into thematic units, chronologicalpresentation, as well as the drafting of a comprehensive and credible historical overviewdevelopment medieval history in Montenegrin periodicals on area of Montenegro during thisperiod. The study included 458 articles in which he represented a medieval theme, of which thelargest number was published in magazines: Glas Crnogorca, Zetski glasnik, Zapisi, Prosvjeta,Glas Boke, Glasnik Narodnog univerziteta Boke Kotorske and Zeta. Also, through the systematicreview, mainly descriptive character, we wanted to give a more complete picture and mostcomprehensive expose all the works of the medieval history about area of the South Slavicpublished in Montenegrin periodicals on the area of Montenegro in observed period. Theintention was to expose every noteworthy activity in this field, which could represent acontribution to the study and completing the image representation medieval history in thehistoriography of Montenegro. The importance of the dissertation is reflected in the fact that thisissue does not give full attention until now in papres which dealt with periodical on the area ofpresent-day Montenegro in the observed period. Also, the articles which refers to the medievalperiod by strengthening the national consciousness, determined the identity, cherished culturalheritage and folklore.

The aim of the dissertation entitled Topicalization andLeft Dislocation in English and Serbian is to describeand offer a generative account of the syntactic andinformation-structural properties of topicalization andleft dislocation in the languages in question, twosuperficially similar preposing structures whichexpress the same propositions, but are not felicitous inthe same context. The analysis is not contrastive in thesense that we are looking for English-Serbiancounterparts or vice versa, but the tertiumcomparationis are the phenomena of topicalizationand left dislocation. The fundamental diagnostics ofdifferentiating between the two variants of leftdislocation identified in Serbian is laid out, viz.Hanging Topic Left Dislocation and Contrastive LeftDislocation. The dissertation also explores howinformational structuring of an utterance determinescontextual choices. The lexicon provides the input tothe computational system which by means of featuresbuilds structure via phases and also gives rise todisplacement. The data related to information structurecome from the numeration. The results of the researchindicate that the notion of a topic should bedeconstructed in a combination of the features [+/-a(nchored), +/-c(ontrastive)], similarly to López(2009), anchored in the sense of Birner & Ward(1998), and contrastive in the pragmatic sense of Titov(2013), whereby [+/-c] is parasitic on [+a].Topicalization in both English and Serbian, andContrastive Left Dislocation in Serbian mark topicsvii[+a, +c], whereas Hanging Topic Left DislocationHTLD in both English and Serbian marks topic [+a, -c]. It is argued that adding pragmatic features inaddition to formal ones relevant to the derivation bythe operation which forms the numeration does notoffend the Inclusiveness Condition either. Theinterpretation of an element marked as a topic is theresult of its featural content and its syntactic position,reflecting the interaction of syntax, prosody andpragmatics. Pragmatic features are valued butuninterpretable in the numeration rendering thesyntactic object containing it active for syntacticoperations. Probe (pragmatic) features triggerAgree(ment), but not displacement. It is an edgefeature that drives movement or Internal Merge. It isargued that topicalization in both English and Serbianis generated by movement. The edge feature on C(Force) licenses the TopP if it is required for theinterpretation and if it is structurally possible, asobserved by Jiménez-Fernández & Miyagawa (2014).Unlike in English, the non-phase head T in Serbiancan inherit an edge feature from C and license theTopP in the Spec,TP in those structures which are saidto be incompatible with topicalization in English. Thehead licensing the left-dislocated element is realizedas comma intonation, as argued by Emonds (2004). Itis argued that Hanging Topic Left Dislocation in bothEnglish and Serbian is derived by base-generation ofthe left-dislocated constituent in its surface position(adjoined to a CP), whereas Contrastive LeftDislocation in Serbian by movement (also to aposition attached to a CP). What moves is theresumptive pronoun, and then co-reference isestablished upon adjoining of the left-dislocatedelement via the operation Match or Match+Agree ofBoeckx (2003), which is the only way not to violatethe Inclusiveness Condition. Although bothTopicalization and Contrastive Left Dislocation markcontrastive topics, they have different discoursedistributions, as confirmed by our corpus, thus thisadjoining of a left-dislocated element is justified. Inthe case of Hanging Topic Left Dislocation, coreferencebetween the left-dislocated element and theresumptive pronoun is established via the operationMatch of Boeckx (2003). If the resumptive pronoun isa clitic, it moves to the second position in its intonational phrase triggered by the phonological requirement. Hanging Topic Left Dislocation in both English and Serbian marks referential topics and it isalso a topic-promoting device in Serbian, as argued onrelying on our corpus.
Cilj doktorske disertacije pod nazivom Tematizacija ileva dislokacija u engleskom i srpskom jeziku je daopiše i ponudi generativni prikaz sintaksiĉkih iinformacijsko strukturnih osobina tematizacije i levedislokacije u pomenutim jezicima, dveju naizgledsliĉnih struktura za pomeranje reĉeniĉnog elementa uprednje polje koje izraţavaju iste propozicije, ali neodgovaraju istom kontekstu. Analiza nije kontrastivnau smislu da traţimo englesko srpske ekvivalente iliobratno, već je tertium comparationis pojavatematizacije i leve dislokacije. PonuĊeni su i osnovnidijagnostiĉki testovi za razlikovanje dva oblika levedislokacije identifikovana u srpskom, naime levedislokacije odvojene teme i kontrastne levedislokacije. Disertacija takoĊe istraţuje kakoinformacijsko strukturiranje iskaza odreĊujekontekstualne izbore. Leksikon obezbeĊuje ulaznuinformaciju sistemu sintaksiĉkih operacija koji putemobeleţja gradi strukturu u fazama i takoĊe dovodi dopomeranja. Podaci vezani za informacijsku strukturusu dati u numeraciji. Rezultati istraţivanja ukazuju napotrebu da se pojam teme rašĉlani na kombinacijuobeleţja [+/-a, +/-c], sliĉno Lópezu (2009), anaforiĉnou smislu Birnera & Warda (1998), i kontrastno upragmatiĉkom smislu Titove (2013) pri ĉemu je [+/-c]zavisno od [+a]. Tematizacija i u engleskom i usrpskom jeziku i kontrastna leva dislokacija u srpskomobeleţavaju teme kao [+a, +c], dok leva dislokacijaodvojene teme i u engleskom i u srpskom jezikuobeleţava teme kao [+a, -c]. U radu se dokazuje da ni dodeljivanje pragmatiĉkih obeleţja pored formalnih obeleţja relevantnih za derivaciju putem operacije koja formira numeraciju ne narušava uslov ukljuĉenosti. Interpretacija elementa obeleţenog kao tema je rezultat njegove kombinacije obeleţja i njegove sintaksiĉke pozicije, što odraţava interakciju sintakse, prozodije i pragmatike. Pragmatiĉka obeleţja su vrednovana, ali netumaĉiva u numeraciji ĉineći sintaksiĉki objekat koji ih sadrţi aktivnim za sintaksiĉke operacije. Upravna (pragmatiĉka) obeleţja uzrokuju slaganje, ali ne i pomeranje. Obeleţje ivice je ono što pokreće pomeranje ili interno spajanje. Argumentujemo da je tematizacija i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku generisana pomeranjem. Obeleţje ivice na upravnom elementu C (Force) dozvoljava TopP ako je to neophodno za interpretaciju i ako je strukturno moguće, kao što su formulisali Jiménez-Fernández & Miyagawa (2014). Za razliku od engleskog, nefazni upravni element T (upravni element obeleţja vremena) u srpskom jeziku moţe da preuzme obeleţje ivice od C i dozvoli TopP u Spec,TP u onim strukturama za koje se smatra da nisu kompatibilne sa tematizacijom u engleskom jeziku. Upravni element koji dozvoljava levu dislokaciju se realizuje kao intonacijska pauza, kao što predlaţe Emonds (2004). Argumetujemo da je leva dislokacija odvojene teme i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku nastala generisanjem levo dislociranog konstituenta u mestu realizacije (pridruţenom CP projekciji), dok je kontrastna leva dislokacija u srpskom nastala pomeranjem (takoĊe u poziciju pridruţenu CP projekciji). Ono što se zapravo pomera je rezumptivna zamenica i onda se po pridruţivanju levo dislociranog elementa uspostavlja koreferentnost putem operacije uskladi ili uskladi+sloţi Boeckxa (2003), što predstavlja jedini naĉin da se ne naruši uslov ukljuĉenosti. Iako i tematizacija i kontrastna leva dislokacija obeleţavaju kontrastne teme, one imaju razliĉite diskursne distribucije, što je potvrdio naš korpus, stoga je ovo pridruţivanje levo dislociranog elementa opravdano. U sluĉaju leve dislokacije odvojene teme, koreferentnost izmeĊu levo dislociranog elementa i rezumptivne zamenice se uspostavlja putem operacije uskladi (Boeckx 2003). Ako je rezumptivna zamenica klitika, ona se pomera u drugu poziciju u svojoj intonacijskoj frazi, što je uzrokovano fonološkim zahtevom. Leva dislokacija odvojene teme i u englesko i u srpskom jeziku obeleţava referencijske teme i takoĊe je sredstvo unapreĊivanja teme u srpskom, kao što se argumentuje na osnovu našeg korpusa.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1994.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-182).

Abstract The Republic of Sierra Leone is a smaller country in size, population, and the number of its languages than many other countries on the West African coast such as Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria. A particularly interesting phenomenon is however present in the configuration of the languages present and used in the country, and how language links up the general population. Though there are two proportionately large indigenous languages spoken in the country, Temne and Mende, it is found that the language which has spread and serves as a universal lingua franca known by as much as 95 per cent of the population of Sierra Leone is in fact an Englishbased creole known as Krio, which is the mother tongue of a much smaller group of speakers primarily located in and near the capital city Freetown. This chapter examines the growing significance of Krio in Sierra Leone and how it originally developed as a contact language among different groups of resettled emancipated slaves and other indigenous inhabitants of the Freetown area. The implications of the growth of Krio for national language policy and the position of English as the official language are examined, as well as the existence of ambivalent and changing attitudes towards the Krio language. Section 7.2 begins with a brief historical outline of the emergence of Sierra Leone and its special population in Freetown. Section 7.3 then provides an overview of the variety of different languages present in the country and their role in everyday life in Sierra Leone. Section 7.4 focuses heavily on both the Krio people and their language during the colonial period and after independence, and how Krio has come to spread as a common, inter-ethnic language among almost all of the population of Sierra Leone. Section 7.5 concludes the chapter with a re-examination of the issues surrounding language and national identity in the country and whether and how national language(s) might be planned for Sierra Leone.

Abstract Had I been born in central Papua New Guinea a century ago, odds are that I would have considered myself humiliated had I been an adult seen in public without my penis sheath, despite the fact that my penis sheath would have constituted essentially my only “clothing.” I was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, however, and if I were to wander around my current neighborhood in Tempe, Arizona, outfitted in traditional New Guinean fashion, I would be arrested in short order. ou do not need to be told that the difference in what constitutes appropriate attire varies enormously, and that is true even within Papua New Guinea today, where a great many men have traded in their penis sheaths for shorts and T-shirts. The diversity of cultural traditions, the rapidity of cultural change, and the capacity of children transferred from one society to another to adopt the local customs and local language all demonstrate that human behavior is highly flexible and dependent upon the capacity to learn. As a result, many persons have accepted the non sequitur that the genes which have survived past episodes of natural selection have little or no role to play in the development of our behavior.

The article presents the key activities of a recent educational project (Lifelong learning of teachers of Romanian, English and French, in the knowledge society, POSDRU ID 87/1.3/S 62536), based on a teacher training program with ICT support. This project is implemented by Braila County School in partnership with the University of Bucharest, SIVECO Romania and TEHNE - The Center for Development and Innovation in Education, sustained in January 2011 - December 2013. Out of the 5000 teachers included in the target group were trained, using a form of applied curriculum, exchange experience and on-line collaboration. The aim of this paper is to describe an interesting link between the training curriculum and e-learning platform. We illustrate the results of the two training modules available on the project platform (Curriculum design and Differential education), both in interactive and text forms. The courses offered new curriculum design, implementation and assessment competences, adapting to pupils' features and current trends in (native and foreign) language teaching; new competences to develop learning experienced based on differentiated teaching, using interactive teaching-learning methods; develop capacities to interrelate within the professional community. We will present some evaluation results of the final report, including the impact of technology in teacher training. In this sense, the portal dedicated to teachers of Romanian, English, and French was appreciated as an efficient tool for professional communication. In synthesis, the project offered teachers new opportunities to develop a teaching career, through the certified training program and modern digital resources. In order to understand Mastery learning teaching models, this paper include a number of concrete examples of the lesson plans launched trough the national competitions, and presented during the two National Conferences.