Journal articles: 'Temperature and thickness effects'

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Gui, Jooseng (Gavin), Joby Carlson, Patrick E. Phelan, Kamil E. Kaloush, and Jay S. Golden. "Impact of Pavement Thickness on Surface Diurnal Temperatures." Journal of Green Building 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.2.121.

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Simulations of pavement surface temperature were carried out using a one-dimensional mathematical model developed previously based on a fundamental energy balance. By altering the parameters input to the model, an analysis was conducted to study the effects on the diurnal pavement temperatures caused by varying paving material and thicknesses. Such study offers an understanding of the optimum thicknesses for the materials to yield cooler surface temperatures by reducing heat absorption. This model can assist in determining appropriate mitigation strategies for the Urban Heat Island effect and human discomfort. The results indicated that there exists a critical layer thickness at which the maximum surface temperature is minimized. Further increase beyond the critical thickness results in adverse maximum and minimum surface temperatures. The study also shows that high albedo concrete cement surfaces have cooler surface temperatures as compared to lower-albedo asphalt-based surface pavements.

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Artiles, A., and H. Heshmat. "Analysis of Starved Thrust Bearings Including Temperature Effects." Journal of Tribology 109, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261454.

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A method of analysis is described treating starvation in finite thrust bearing pads. A variable-size finite difference mesh is used to represent the two-dimensional temperature and pressure fields. A combination of Newton-Raphson iteration, direct iteration, and column matrix methods are used to solve for the start-of-film and minimum film thickness as well as the coupled two-dimensional energy and Reynolds equations. A parametric study describes the performance characteristics of the tapered land thrust bearing (flowrates, extent of fluid film, temperature rises, load capacity and torque) for different minimum film thicknesses and levels of starvation. This study considered variations in the geometrical parameters such as pad aspect ratio (L/R2=1/3, 1/2, 2/3) and extent of the pad (β=27, 42, and 57 deg) with an optimum taper ratio (β1/β=0.8). It is found that the effects of starvation are fairly small near the flooded condition but accelerate rapidly below the 50 percent starvation level. The start of the film (θ1) depends mostly on the level of starvation, and is essentially independent of the geometrical parameters, operating conditions or film thickness.

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Everson, Peter J., Tej Sura, Thiran Udawatta, Daemeon Nicolaou, and John Tracy Watson. "Splint Padding Thickness: Temperature Effects and X-ray Visualization." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 35, no. 9 (September 2021): e341-e345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bot.0000000000002051.

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Zhang, Qing, Lai Fei Cheng, Wei Wang, Xi Wei, Li Tong Zhang, and Yong Dong Xu. "Effects of Interphase Thickness on Damping Behavior of 2D C/SiC Composites." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1531.

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Internal friction of 2D C/SiC composites fabricated by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method was measured by dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) at different frequencies from room temperature (RT) to 400°C in air atmosphere. Internal friction of 2D C/SiC composites increased gradually with increasing temperature and then decreased after damping peak appeared in the temperature range of 250°C to 300°C. Damping capacity and peak value decreased gradually with increasing frequency, accompanied with a shift of damping peak towards lower temperatures. Moreover, the effect of interphase thickness on damping behavior of 2D C/SiC composites was investigated. The results showed that damping peak of the composites increased gradually and the temperature of the peak shifted to the lower temperature with increasing PyC interphase thickness, when the interphase thickness is in the range of 90~296nm. The influence of interphase thickness on interfacial bonding strength, sliding resistance and the microstructure of SiC matrix was discussed, which was considered to be responsible for the results.

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Yu, Eun Seong, Seok Jun Kang, Jong Mo Lee, and Byung Seong Bae. "Effects of Annealing on an IGZO-Metal Interface." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 4423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19419.

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The interface reaction between a metal layer and a layer of amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide was investigated. Oxygen atoms at the interface bond to the metal atoms and form metal oxide. The reaction depends on the annealing temperature and ambient conditions. The thickness of the metal oxide at the interface increased with the annealing temperatures. The reaction relies on the Gibbs free energy for oxidation. Ta, which has low Gibbs free energy formed a 33 nm layer of tantalum oxide at an annealing temperature of 450 °C. The HR-TEM and EDX observation showed that the metal oxide thicknesses were 5, 10, and 33 nm at annealing temperatures of 350, 400, and 450 °C, respectively. The thicknesses obtained with both Ar and oxygen gas were 4, 8, and 21 nm, respectively. The lower oxide thicknesses were attributed to the lower number of oxygen vacancies in the IGZO deposited using Ar and oxygen, which was identified by XPS analysis.

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Hidayat, Mas Irfan P., Dian M. Felicia, Ferdiansyah I. Rafandi, and Affiani Machmudah. "Effects of Sample Shapes and Thickness on Distribution of Temperature inside the Mineral Ilmenite Due to Microwave Heating." Minerals 10, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10040382.

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The study of interaction between microwave radiation and minerals is gaining increasing interest in the field of minerals and material processing. Further studies are, however, still required to deepen the understanding of such microwave heating mechanisms in order to develop innovative techniques for mineral treatment using microwave heating. In this paper, effects of sample shapes and thickness on the distribution of temperature inside the mineral ilmenite (FeTiO3) due to microwave heating were numerically studied using the finite element (FE) method. The analysis was carried out in such a way that the flux of microwave energy was converted into an equivalent amount of heat generation in the mineral through the Poynting theorem of conservation of energy for the electromagnetic field. In this study, as a first attempt, the cylinder and slab of ilmenite were modeled to be irradiated from top and bottom surfaces with the variation of cylinder and slab thicknesses. Temperature-dependent material properties of ilmenite were taken into account in the FE simulation. Corresponding boundary conditions were then applied accordingly to the cylinder and slab of ilmenite with comparable characteristic length. Numerical results showed that, in terms of temperature differences between locations having maximum and minimum temperatures, slab geometries tended to produce higher values in comparison to those of cylinder geometries with the thickness variation, while the profiles of temperature inside the ilmenite samples were similar for both geometries. For the same duration of microwave heating, the slab geometry, hence, induced greater non-uniformity of temperature inside the ilmenite. It was also observed that, for the ilmenite samples with thickness value greater than 1.5 cm, the hotspot locations were not in the center of the sample, but on the surface of sample. Moreover, from several thickness values considered in this study, the ilmenite sample with thickness value of 3 cm gave a good trade-off between the maximum temperature value attained and temperature differences inside the sample, for both geometries. Thus, the shape and thickness of ilmenite samples affect the effectiveness of microwave heating of ilmenite, in terms of maximum temperature attained, temperature differences, and uniformity of temperature.

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Wang, Zhao Xi, Hui Ji Shi, and Xiao Liang Zhang. "Experimental Investigation of the Size Effects on the Fracture Toughness and Tearing Modulus." Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (March 2008): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.35.

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Detailed experiments of fracture toughness in which SENB specimens of five different thicknesses were included were carried out to investigate the size effect in the ductile to brittle transition temperature region. It is found that the fracture toughness of the upper shelf increases with the thickness of the specimens with the similar geometry. While the fracture toughness of the lower shelf decreases with the thickness in the range of 4mm to 12mm and then drops up from 12mm to 16mm with the appearance of shear lips which present the shearing fracture under the plane stress state. The tearing modulus dJ/da which determines the resistance to stable crack growth increases with the increment of thickness and the reduction of the temperature. The results of the stress triaxiality increasing with the reduction of the thickness explain well the experimental results.

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Zarrabi,, Khosrow, and Ian Rose,. "Effects of Localised Loss of Tube Thickness on Metal Temperature." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 11, no. 5 (October 2000): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm.2000.11.5.343.

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9

Ricci, P., Mohamad El Mehtedi, L. Barone, and S. Spigarelli. "Effects of Temperature and Sheet Thickness on Formability of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 604-605 (October 2008): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.604-605.147.

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The formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets, with two different thicknesses, has been investigated at room temperature and 250°C by means of Nakazima tests. The different straining conditions have been studied by using sheet blanks with several length to width ratios, and Forming Limit Diagrams were then obtained with and without using lubricant. As expected, an increase in temperature was observed to enhance the formality of the alloy. The formability increases also by increasing the thickness as well as by using Teflon foil as lubricant. The microstructure of the deformed samples was analysed by means of light optical microscope.

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Whitmore, M. D., and J. P. Whitehead. "Self-consistent field theory of compressible phospholipid membranes at finite pressure." Canadian Journal of Physics 76, no. 11 (November 1, 1998): 883–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p98-050.

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In this paper, we use the self-consistent field theory developed in thepreceding paper to study the effects of hydrostatic pressure on theliquid crystal phase of fully hydrated phospholipid membranes, and thecompeting effects of temperature and pressure. In agreement withexperiment, the theory predicts that, at constant temperature, thebilayer thickness and average orientational order parameter both increase withincreasing pressure. When both temperature and pressure are increasedsimultaneously so as to follow the liquid crystal/gel phase coexistencecurve, the thickness and average order parameter decrease, a resultwhich is also in agreement with experiment. We also examine anapproximate relationship between the thickness of the hydrophobicregion and the average orientational order parameter which has beenused to estimate layer thicknesses from NMR data. \\\\ PACS Nos.: 87.22.Bt, 87.10.+e, 64.60.Cn

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Wang, Li Wen, and Dan Dan Xu. "Computation and Analysis of Frost Formation on Ground Aircraft." Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (March 2012): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.166.

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Aircraft ground icing can result in decreasing the stability of the aircraft at or shortly after take off.. A theoretical model for frost formation by water vapor on aircraft in atmospheric air has been presented in this study. Frost surface temperature and frost thickness can be obtained by the model. Effects of aircraft surface temperatures and air conditions, such as aircraft surface temperature, air temperature and air velocity on the frost surface temperature and frost thickness can be evaluated by using this model. It revealed that the surface temperature increases with the surface temperature, the air speed and air temperature. The frost thickness increases with the air speed and the air temperature, decrease with the surface temperature.

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Hussin, H., N. Soin, M. F. Bukhori, S. Wan Muhamad Hatta, and Y. Abdul Wahab. "Effects of Gate Stack Structural and Process Defectivity on High-kDielectric Dependence of NBTI Reliability in 32 nm Technology Node PMOSFETs." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/490829.

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We present a simulation study on negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) induced hole trapping inE′center defects, which leads to depassivation of interface trap precursor in different geometrical structures of high-kPMOSFET gate stacks using the two-stage NBTI model. The resulting degradation is characterized based on the time evolution of the interface and hole trap densities, as well as the resulting threshold voltage shift. By varying the physical thicknesses of the interface silicon dioxide (SiO2) and hafnium oxide (HfO2) layers, we investigate how the variation in thickness affects hole trapping/detrapping at different stress temperatures. The results suggest that the degradations are highly dependent on the physical gate stack parameters for a given stress voltage and temperature. The degradation is more pronounced by 5% when the thicknesses of HfO2are increased but is reduced by 11% when the SiO2interface layer thickness is increased during lower stress voltage. However, at higher stress voltage, greater degradation is observed for a thicker SiO2interface layer. In addition, the existence of different stress temperatures at which the degradation behavior differs implies that the hole trapping/detrapping event is thermally activated.

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13

Rao, Wei, Ding Guo Li, and Hong Chun Yan. "Effects of Individual Layer Thickness on the Structure and Electrical Properties of Sol-Gel-Derived Ba_0.8Sr_0.2TiO₃ Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.23.

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Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin films were prepared with various individual layer thicknesses using a sol– gel process. The individual layer thickness strongly affected the structure, ferroelectricity, and dielectric properties of the films. The films prepared with an individual layer thickness of 60 nm showed small equiaxed grains, cubic structure, temperature-independent dielectric constant, and no ferroelectricity. The films prepared with an individual layer thickness of 8 nm showed columnar grains, tetragonal structure, good ferroelectricity, and two dielectric peaks in the dielectric constant–temperature curve. The individual layer thickness for layer-by-layer homoepitaxy growth that resulted in columnar grains was <20 nm.

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14

Shen, Hao, and Christopher K. W. Tam. "Effects of Jet Temperature and Nozzle-Lip Thickness on Screech Tones." AIAA Journal 38, no. 5 (May 2000): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1055.

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Tuzluca, Fatma Nur, Yasar Ozkan Yesilbag, and Mehmet Ertugrul. "Investigation of temperature, catalyst thickness and substrate effects in In2O3 nanostructures." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 111 (December 2017): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.08.035.

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Fang, Y. C., W. Q. Li, L. J. Qi, L. Y. Li, Y. Y. Zhao, Z. J. Zhang, and M. Lu. "Photoluminescence from SiOxthin films: effects of film thickness and annealing temperature." Nanotechnology 15, no. 5 (February 9, 2004): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/15/5/016.

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Das, V. Damodara, and C. Bahulayan. "Thickness and temperature effects on thermoelectric properties of Pb0.6Sn0.4Te thin films." Journal of Applied Physics 80, no. 3 (August 1996): 1633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362962.

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Shen, Hao, and Christopher K. W. Tam. "Effects of jet temperature and nozzle-lip thickness on screech tones." AIAA Journal 38 (January 2000): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.14478.

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19

Brillhart, M., and J. Botsis. "Fatigue fracture behaviour of PEEK: 2. Effects of thickness and temperature." Polymer 33, no. 24 (January 1992): 5225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)90805-7.

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Özdemir, A. F., T. Göksu, N. Yıldırım, and A. Turut. "Effects of measurement temperature and metal thickness on Schottky diode characteristics." Physica B: Condensed Matter 616 (September 2021): 413125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2021.413125.

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Ye, Jin Ling, and Feng Ye. "Effects of Strong Carbide-Forming Elements on Low Temperature Salt-Bath Chromizing." Advanced Materials Research 214 (February 2011): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.646.

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The microstructure, phase structure, white layer thickness and chromium concentration, microhardness of the chromized layer of T10 steel and 3Cr2W8V steel by low temperature salt-bath chromizing with plasma nitriding are contrasted. The chromizing process is investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that the strong carbide-forming elements (Cr, W, V) obstruct the diffusion of chromium and carbon, the white layer thickness and microhardness, surface chromium concentration of the chromized layer are reduced. A chromized layer of T10 steel with average 7.3μm in thickness, 84.47% in surface chromium concentration and 1300HV-1400HV in microhardness is formed on the substrate by chromizing at 610°C for 6h, as compared to the chromized layer of 3Cr2W8V steel with average 3.3μm in thickness, 74.27% in surface chromium concentration and 1200HV-1300HV in microhardness.

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Agudelo-Giraldo, Jose Darío, Francy Nelly Jiménez-García, and Elisabeth Restrepo-Parra. "The Influence of Thickness on the Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Thin Films: A Computational Approach." Computation 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation9040045.

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A study of the magnetic behaviour of polycrystalline thin films as a function of their thickness is presented in this work. The grain volume was kept approximately constant in the virtual samples. The model includes the exchange interaction, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, surface anisotropy, boundary grain anisotropy, dipolar interaction, and Zeeman effect. The thickness-dependence of the critical temperature, blocking temperature, and irreversibility temperature are presented. Surface anisotropy exerts a great influence at very low thicknesses, producing a monodomain regime. As the thickness increases, the dipolar interaction produces a coupling in-plane of single domains per grain which favours superparamagnetic states. At higher thicknesses, the effects of the in-plane anisotropy produced by dipolar interaction and surface anisotropy decrease dramatically. As a result, the superparamagnetic states present three-dimensional local anisotropies by the grain.

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Lamvik, M. K., and S. D. Davilla. "Irradiation-induced mass loss effects at low temperature are dependent on specimen material." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100105242.

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Low temperatures reduce the rate at which total mass or specific elements are lost from specimens during irradiation in electron microscopes. Many studies have shown such reductions when liquid nitrogen temperature was compared with room temperature. Some studies suggested an even greater benefit at liquid helium temperature. We recently found that there was a substantial reduction in the rate of mass loss from collodion when specimens were held at liquid helium temperature. The need for additional studies is illustrated by a comparison of collodion with albumin, which shows qualitative and quantitative differences in the response of these two materials to electron irradiation at liquid helium temperature.Collodion had distinct advantages as an initial specimen: There have been previous measurements, thus allowing comparison. Collodion is sensitive to radiation, so experiments could be completed efficiently. Most important was that collodion films could be made of uniform thickness, thus allowing the inital thickness to be used to monitor for accidental pre-exposure or unwanted material (like adsorbed water).

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Jou, Rong Yuan. "Heat Transfer Investigations of a Nano-Porous Silicon Film Deposited on a Flexible Cyclic Olefin Copolymers Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 364-366 (December 2007): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.364-366.931.

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A nano-porous silicon film deposited on a flexible cyclic olefin copolymers substrate is adopted to insulate the structure at high processing temperature during device manufacturing. In this study, the thermal conductivity of nano-porous silicon film modeled by Lysenko et al. [7] is implement to do the one-dimensional heat conduction analysis and to calculate the temperatures theoretically and numerically. In numerical work, the COMSOL finite-element based package is used for the numerical computations and effects of applied temperature loading, thickness of nanoporous silicon layer, and porosity are discussed. As shown in the analysis results, thickness of 200μm has the lowest temperature than other thicknesses, 25μm, 50μm, and 100μm, etc. Porosity plays a vital effect for thermal insulation. From the analyses, the case of 80% porosity has the larger temperature decrement than cases of 40% and 60%. It may be attributed to the lower conduction by higher porosity. Also, these temperatures show good agreement between the theoretical and numerical results and are consistent to the Lysenko et al. [7] statement for nano-porous silicon film for thermal insulating material.

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He, Yan, Yuan Zheng Tang, Man Ding, and Lian Xiang Ma. "Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous and Crystalline SiO₂ Nano-Films from Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.64.

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Normal thermal conductivity of amorphous and crystalline SiO2nano-films is calculated by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations in the temperature range from 100 to 700K and thicknesses from 2 to 6nm. The calculated temperature and thickness dependences of thermal conductivity are in good agreement with previous literatures. In the same thickness, higher thermal conductivity is obtained for crystalline SiO2nano-films. And more importantly, for amorphous SiO2nano-films, thickness can be any direction of x, y, z-axis without effect on the normal thermal conductivity, for crystalline SiO2nano-films, the different thickness directions obtain different thermal conductivity results. The different results of amorphous and crystalline SiO2nano-films simply show that film thickness and grain morphology will cause different effects on thermal conductivity.

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Tan, Ming Jen, X. J. Zhu, S. Thiruvarudchelvan, and K. M. Liew. "Oxidation Effects during High Temperature Deformation of CP Ti Alloy." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3678.

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This work reports the influence of oxidation on the superplasticity of commercially pure titanium at high temperatures. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at temperatures in the range 600-800°C with an initial strain rate of 10s-1 to 10s-3. This study shows that oxidization at the surface of the alloy causes oxide film on the surface of commercially pure titanium alloy, and the thickness of oxide film increase with increasing exposure time and temperature. XRD analysis shows that the oxide film consists of TiO2. Because this oxide film is very brittle, it can induce clefts and degrade the ductility of the titanium at high temperatures. The mechanism of the initial clefts was investigated and a model for the cleft initiation and propagation during high temperature tensile test was proposed.

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Stempihar, Jeffrey J., Tina Pourshams-Manzouri, Kamil E. Kaloush, and Maria Carolina Rodezno. "Porous Asphalt Pavement Temperature Effects for Urban Heat Island Analysis." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2293, no. 1 (January 2012): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2293-15.

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Increased nighttime temperatures caused by retained heat in urban areas is a phenomenon known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Urbanization requires an increase in pavement surface area, which contributes to UHI as a result of unfavorable heat retention properties. In recent years, alternative pavement designs have become more common in an attempt to mitigate the environmental impacts of urbanization. Specifically, porous pavements are gaining popularity in the paving industry because of their attractive storm water mitigation and friction properties. However, little information regarding the thermal behavior of these materials is available. This paper explores the extent to which porous asphalt pavement influences pavement temperatures and investigates the impact on UHI by considering the diurnal temperature cycle. A one-dimensional pavement temperature model developed at Arizona State University was used to model surface temperatures of porous asphalt, traditional dense-graded asphalt, and portland cement concrete pavements. Scenarios included variations in pavement thickness, structure, and albedo. Thermal conductivity testing was performed on porous asphalt mixtures to obtain values for current and future analysis. In general, porous asphalt exhibited higher daytime surface temperatures than the other pavements because of the reduced thermal energy transfer from the surface to subsurface layers. However, porous asphalt showed the lowest nighttime temperatures compared with other materials with a similar or higher albedo. This trend can be attributed to the unique insulating properties of this material, which result from a high air void content. As anticipated, the outcome of this study indicated that pavement impact on UHI is a complex problem and that important interactions between influencing factors such as pavement thickness, structure, material type, and albedo must be considered.

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Yang, Huan Ping, Fang Zhang, Yu Hui Sha, Xu Zhu, and Liang Zuo. "Effects of Rolling Temperature on Through-Thickness Deformation and Recrystallization Textures in Heavily Rolled Silicon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1729.

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The silicon steel was rolled to 95% reduction at 20°C, 400°C and 600°C, and subsequently annealed at different temperatures to obtain complete recrystallization microstructure without appreciable grain growth. The effects of rolling temperature on through-thickness deformation and recrystallization textures were investigated by ODF analysis. The deformation textures are all composed of α- and γ-fiber, whereas α-fiber and {111}﹤110﹥ decrease and {111}﹤112﹥ increases with the increasing rolling temperature. Through-thickness recrystallization texture varied significantly, a strong partial γ-fiber spreading from {111}﹤112﹥ or {554}﹤225﹥ to {111}﹤134﹥ and {114}﹤481﹥ are developed in steel sheet rolled at 20°C and 400°C, while a dominated η-fiber peaked at {310}﹤001﹥ is formed between surface and quarter thickness in steel sheet rolled at 600°C. The different recrystallization textures can be ascribed to the profuse shear band at 600°C compared with the microstructures at 20°C and 400°C.

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Tzou, W. C., C. G. Kuo, P. S. Cheng, Y. H. Lin, and Cheng Fu Yang. "Investigate the Characteristics of 0.65(K_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃)-0.35BaTiO₃ Films at Various Deposition Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 813 (September 2013): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.813.372.

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0.65(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO30.35BaTiO3 (KBT-BT3) ceramics were synthesized using a two-step calcination process that combined hydrothermal and conventional calcination processes. After sintered into ceramic target, KBT-BT3 films were deposited on Pt/Ti/Si and SiO2/Si/Al substrates by radio frequency magnetron (RF) sputtering at various temperatures. The surface morphologies and thicknesses of KBT-BT3 films were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the thickness increased with increasing deposition temperature. XRD patterns showed that all KBT-BT3 films were amorphous and higher deposition temperature had no apparent effects to improve the crystalline orientation. The effects of deposition temperatures on the properties of the current-electric filed, polarization-applied electric field, and capacitance-voltage curves were also investigated. As deposition temperatures of KBT-BT3 films increased from room temperature to 400°C, the leakage current density had no apparent variation but the threshold voltage was shifted to lower value. The theorems for the effects of deposition temperature on the properties of KBT-BT3 films were also investigated.

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Butuk, N., and S. R. Gollahalli. "Effects of Heating on Two-Dimensional Mixing Layers." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 119, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794987.

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Transverse profiles of temperature and the mean velocities in the streamwise direction in a horizontal shear layer are presented. The variation of vorticity thickness along the streamwise coordinate is examined for the cases when both streams were at room temperature and when the top stream was heated to 360 K. The similarity of the velocity field is observed only near the plane of the interface of the two streams in both cases. The vorticity thickness-velocity ration correlation agrees well with the data available for the isothermal shear layers. The heating of one stream was not found to significantly influence the vorticity thickness, which is explained by the counteracting influences of viscosity and density changes.

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AHMADI, MONA, PEJMAN KHORSHID, and OMID JALILI. "Optical thickness corrections to ECE measurement of electron temperature in IR-T1 tokamak." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 3 (November 26, 2012): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812001018.

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AbstractThe Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) radiation has been investigated, passing through plasma column with concerning absorption effect on the IR-T1 tokamak. The intensity of second harmonic X-mode is used to investigate changes in electron temperature profile. The results show that radiation temperature (Trad) detected outside the plasma column is less than the electron temperature (Te) in the core. The radiation temperature can be directly interpreted as Te to about 3–10% reduction. This implies that optical thickness and electron density effects are more considerable at lower temperatures.

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Liu, G. D., and C. H. Wang. "Study of Thermal Stress in Nano Silver Bonded Silicon Substrates for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, HiTen (July 1, 2019): 000052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491.2019.hiten.000052.

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Abstract The silver nanoparticle paste is a promising material for high temperature die-attach applications. In this paper, the finite element method is used to study the relationship between the thickness of the sintered silver layer and the thermal stress in the sintered silver joint. Silicon chips are bonded together with sintered silver layers of different thicknesses. In the experimental study, strain gauges are attached onto the surface of the upper silicon and used to estimate the effects of the nano silver die-attach layer. The results show that the average stress in the silver layer at the interface decreases with the increasing thickness of the silver layer, while the stress on the silicon surface increases with the increasing thickness of the silver layer.

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Aamir, Muhammad, Qiang Liao, Xun Zhu, Aqeel-ur-Rehman, Hong Wang, and Muhammad Zubair. "Estimation of Surface Heat Flux and Surface Temperature during Inverse Heat Conduction under Varying Spray Parameters and Sample Initial Temperature." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/721620.

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An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effects of inlet pressure, sample thickness, initial sample temperature, and temperature sensor location on the surface heat flux, surface temperature, and surface ultrafast cooling rate using stainless steel samples of diameter 27 mm and thickness (mm) 8.5, 13, 17.5, and 22, respectively. Inlet pressure was varied from 0.2 MPa to 1.8 MPa, while sample initial temperature varied from 600°C to 900°C. Beck’s sequential function specification method was utilized to estimate surface heat flux and surface temperature. Inlet pressure has a positive effect on surface heat flux (SHF) within a critical value of pressure. Thickness of the sample affects the maximum achieved SHF negatively. Surface heat flux as high as 0.4024 MW/m2was estimated for a thickness of 8.5 mm. Insulation effects of vapor film become apparent in the sample initial temperature range of 900°C causing reduction in surface heat flux and cooling rate of the sample. A sensor location near to quenched surface is found to be a better choice to visualize the effects of spray parameters on surface heat flux and surface temperature. Cooling rate showed a profound increase for an inlet pressure of 0.8 MPa.

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Yang, Zheng, Chun Yong Huo, and Wanlin Guo. "The Charpy Notch Impact Test of X70 Pipeline Steel with Delamination Cracks." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2391.

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The effects of thickness, notch orientation and delamination cracks on the impact toughness of X70 pipeline steel are investigated experimentally by use of the instrumented Charpy impact tests at different temperatures. The couple effect of delamination cracks, thickness, notch orientation and temperature is discovered. The delamination cracks have certain direction, and their amount and size are related to the temperature and the specimen thickness. Though the delaminating orientations of T-S and T-L specimen are not same, the reasons for both T-S and T-L specimen delaminating are that the weak interfaces in the specimens are pulled apart by the stress perpendicular to them. The delamination cracks can improve the actual impact toughness of X70 pipeline steel both T-L and T-S specimens. The effect of delamination cracks on the actual impact toughness changes with the thickness and the temperature. The couple effect of wall thickness, defect orientation and working temperature of pipeline must be taken into account in safe assessment of pipeline.

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Amjadi, Mohammad, and Ali Fatemi. "Tensile Behavior of High-Density Polyethylene Including the Effects of Processing Technique, Thickness, Temperature, and Strain Rate." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091857.

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The primary goal of this study was to investigate the monotonic tensile behavior of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in its virgin, regrind, and laminated forms. HDPE is the most commonly used polymer in many industries. A variety of tensile tests were performed using plate-type specimens made of rectangular plaques. Several factors can affect the tensile behavior such as thickness, processing technique, temperature, and strain rate. Testing temperatures were chosen at −40, 23 (room temperature, RT), 53, and 82 °C to investigate temperature effect. Tensile properties, including elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, were obtained for all conditions. Tensile properties significantly reduced by increasing temperature while elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength linearly increased at higher strain rates. A significant effect of thickness on tensile properties was observed for injection molding specimens at 23 °C, but no thickness effect was observed for compression molded specimens at either 23 or 82 °C. The aforementioned effects and discussion of their influence on tensile properties are presented in this paper. Polynomial relations for tensile properties, including elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength, were developed as functions of temperature and strain rate. Such relations can be used to estimate tensile properties of HDPE as a function of temperature and/or strain rate for application in designing parts with this material.

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Ganesan, P. G., and V. Damodara Das. "Thickness and temperature effects on electrical resistivity of (Bi0.5Sb0.5)2Te3 thin films." Materials Letters 60, no. 17-18 (August 2006): 2059–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.02.025.

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Abunahla, Heba, Baker Mohammad, Dirar Homouz, and Curtis J. Okelly. "Modeling Valance Change Memristor Device: Oxide Thickness, Material Type, and Temperature Effects." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 63, no. 12 (December 2016): 2139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2016.2622225.

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SIMMONS, SHARON L., TOM R. CARR, and FLOYD K. McKElTH. "Effects of Internal Temperature and Thickness on Palatability of Pork Loin Chops." Journal of Food Science 50, no. 2 (August 25, 2006): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13389.x.

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Muller, Robert. "THE EFFECTS OF MASHING TEMPERATURE AND MASH THICKNESS ON WORT CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 97, no. 2 (March 4, 1991): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1991.tb01055.x.

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Abdallah, B., C. Duquenne, M. P. Besland, E. Gautron, P. Y. Jouan, P. Y. Tessier, J. Brault, Y. Cordier, and M. A. Djouadi. "Thickness and substrate effects on AlN thin film growth at room temperature." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 43, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap:2008082.

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41

Kim, Ki-Young, and Lin Ye. "Effects of thickness and environmental temperature on fracture behaviour of polyetherimide (PEI)." Journal of Materials Science 39, no. 4 (February 2004): 1267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000013885.27372.fd.

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42

Sutar, Harekrushna, Birupakshya Mishra, Pragyan Senapati, Rabiranjan Murmu, and Dibyani Sahu. "Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Graphene Nanoplatelet-Reinforced Polypropylene Nanocomposites: Effects of Nanofiller Thickness." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010024.

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In this work, polypropylene (PP) and graphene nanoplatelet (GNPs) composites are routed through twin screw mixing and injection moulding. Two types of GNPs with a fixed size of 25 µm with surface areas ranging from 50–80 m2/g (H25, average thickness 15 nm) and 120–150 m2/g (M25, average thickness 6–8 nm) were blended with PP at loading rates of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weight%. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strengths and Young’s modulus (Ε) are determined. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and polarised light microscopy (PLM) techniques are used to understand the crystallisation, thermal, dynamic mechanical, and structural behaviour of the prepared composites. The improvement of mechanical strength is observed with GNP loading for both grades. Decreasing the GNP thickness decreases the impact strength and on the other hand improves the tensile and flexural strengths and Young’s modulus. Maximum tensile (≈33 MPa) and flexural (≈58.81 MPa) strength is found for the composite carrying 5 wt% M25. However, maximum impact strength (0.197 J) is found for PP-5 wt% H25. XRD analysis confirms GNPs have an induction effect on PP’s β phase crystal structure. The PP-GNP composite exhibits better thermal stability based on determining the TD (degradation temperature), T10 (temperature at 10% weight loss), T50 (temperature at 50% weight loss), and TR (temperature at residual weight). Enhancement in melt (Tm) and crystallisation temperatures (Tc) is are observed due to a heterogeneous nucleation effect. The FESEM analysis concludes that the GNP thickness has a significant effect on the degree of dispersion and agglomeration. The smaller the thickness, the better is the dispersion and the lower is the agglomeration. Overall, the use of thinner GNPs is more advantageous in improving the polymer properties.

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Chen, Chen, Jin Shan Yu, Xin Gui Zhou, and Chang Rui Zhang. "The Effects of Reaction Temperature on Nanographites Supported by SiC Particles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 711 (December 2014): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.711.170.

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Nanographites supported by silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles were prepared through one-step pyrolysis method using polycarbosilane (PCS) as the precursor at temperatures ranging from 1100°C~1400°C. The effects of reaction temperature on the morphology, microstructure and crystallinity of the graphite flakes on SiC particles were explored by means of SEM, TEM, RAMAN and XRD. The experimental results show that the desired products with core/shell structures can only be obtained at reaction temperatures higher than 1100°C. With the increase of reaction temperature (1250°C~1400°C), the thickness and the average size of sp2domains show an incremental trend before a decline while the density and the degree of deformation continuously improve. The possible mechanism for those changes was also discussed.

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Dehoff, P. H., and K. J. Anusavice. "Tempering Stresses in Feldspathic Porcelain." Journal of Dental Research 68, no. 2 (February 1989): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680020701.

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The objective of this study was to develop an analytical model to calculate transient and residual (tempering) stresses in dental porcelain plates subjected to cooling rates used by commercial laboratories. The model incorporates linear viscoelasticity and structural relaxation effects. The viscosities of three experimental body porcelains and three experimental opaque porcelains as a function of temperature were calculated from creep rates measured in a bending beam viscometer. Measurements were made under thermal equilibrium conditions for temperatures ranging from 550°C to 625°C. Thermal expansion data measured in a differential dilatometer at slow heating rates were supplied by the manufacturer. Temperature distribution in the plates as a function of convective heat transfer coefficient, initial plate temperature, and plate thickness was calculated by use of standard numerical techniques. Calculations of transient and residual stress were performed for one body porcelain, for two plate thicknesses, and for three variable cooling rates. Calculated surface residual stresses were strongly dependent on plate thickness, cooling rate, and initial soak temperature. For the cases studied, the maximum residual surface compressive stress was 26.4 MPa.

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Li, Taidong, Jiquan Li, Frederik Desplentere, Xinxin Xia, Xiang Peng, and Shaofei Jiang. "Effect of gas on the polymer temperature in external gas-assisted injection molding." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 6 (July 26, 2019): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0028.

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AbstractThe introduction of gas is the principal difference between external gas-assisted injection molding (EGAIM) and conventional injection molding. In this study, the effects of gas thickness and gas delay time on polymer temperature were discussed. A modified one-dimensional transient heat conduction model of polymer was established to reveal the relationships between polymer temperature and gas thickness and gas delay time in EGAIM. The temperature histories of polymer were obtained by the simulation methods, including Moldflow and ANSYS, and were verified by comparing the experimental data to numerical simulation results. The effects of gas thickness and gas delay time on the temperature histories of polymer will be discussed in detail. The results showed that the polymer temperature is strongly affected by the heat preservation of gas, which in turn, increases with the increase of gas thickness and delay time. This paper provides quantitative methods and theoretical guidance for the study of the effects of gas on the polymer temperature in EGAIM.

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BELEVTSEV, B. I., E. Yu BELIAYEV, and Yu A. KOLESNICHENKO. "1D AND 2D QUANTUM INTERFERENCE EFFECTS IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN Au FILM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 27, no. 08 (March 15, 2013): 1350026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979213500264.

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We present transport properties of quench-condensed Au film with nominal thickness ≈3.56 nm and R□ ≈ 5 k Ω for T > 10 K. This film has weak nonmetallic temperature dependence of resistance with logarithmic behavior above 10 K and somewhat stronger dependence at low temperatures. Above 3 K only two-dimensional (2D) quantum interference effects in electron transport have been found; whereas, below 3 K both one-dimensional (1D) and 2D effects of weak localization (WL) and electron–electron interaction (EEI) can be distinguished. This reflects inhomogeneous structure of the film near the thickness-controlled metal-insulator transition (MIT).

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Streck, Nereu Augusto, Flavio Miguel Schneider, and Galileo Adeli Buriol. "SOIL TEMPERATURE MODIFICATIONS CAUSED BY SOLARIZATION IN NURSERIES." Ciência Rural 23, no. 3 (December 1993): 385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84781993000300027.

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Solarization effects on soil temperature were evaluated during the autumn. The increase in soil temperature caused by the use of transparent polyethylene (PE) low tunnels over solarized nurseries, in subtropical central region of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, was also quantified. Treatments were: a) solarization with 100µ thickness PE (T1), b) solarization with 100µ thickness PE, covered with low tunnel (T2), c) solarization with 50µ thickness PE (T3), d) solarization with 50µ thickness PE, covered with low tunnel (T4), and e) bare soil (T). The low tunnel consisted of a 100µ thickness PE and measured 0.5m height in the center of the nursery. The results showed that additional use of low tunnels have increased, on the average, 5.0ºC over the maximum temperature of the superficial layer of the soil in the solarized nurseries. In addition, it was observed several days in which the maximum temperature exceeded 45ºC.

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Zhu, Jialin, Chao Deng, Yahui Liu, Nan Lin, and Shifeng Liu. "Effects of Annealing Temperature on Recrystallization Texture and Microstructure Uniformity of High Purity Tantalum." Metals 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010075.

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One hundred and thirty-five degree clock rolling significantly improves the texture homogeneity of tantalum sheets along the thickness, but a distinctly fragmented substructure is formed within {111} (<111>//normal direction (ND)) and {100} (<100>//ND) deformation grains, which is not suitable to obtain a uniform recrystallization microstructure. Thus, effects of different annealing temperatures on the microstructure and texture heterogeneity of tantalum sheets along the thickness were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that the texture distribution along θ-fiber and γ-fiber is irregular and many large grains with {111} orientation develop during annealing at high temperature. However, low-temperature annealing can not only weaken the texture intensity in the surface and the center layer but also introduce a more uniform grain size distribution. This result can be attributed to the subgrain-nucleation-dominated recrystallization mechanism induced by recovery at low temperature, and moreover, a considerable decline of recrystallization driving force resulting from the release of stored energy in the deformation matrix.

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Wang, Xiao Qiang, Shi Ye Feng, Shu Hua Su, Zhi Bo Zhang, Qiang Lu, and Chang Qing Dong. "The Drying Characteristic of Biomass with High Moisture Content." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.401.

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This paper presents the drying characteristics of rice husk and cornstalk with high moisture content at fixed temperatures. Experiments were performed in an oven drier, to reveal to the effects of initial moisture content, bed thickness and drying temperature on the biomass drying characteristics. The results indicated that the drying time was decreased as the rising of the drying temperature, and increased along with the initial moisture content and bed thickness. Moreover, the risk husk was easy to be dried than the cornstalk.

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Bagheri, Gh Seyed, M. Reza Soleymani Yazdi, and M. Tahmasebi. "Investigation of Forging Process Parameters Effects on Die Fatigue Life Using Numerical Methods." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.937.

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In this study, the hot forging process of spline hub was simulated using the finite volume method. The proposed simulation model was compared with experimental samples and approved. Then, stress analysis of the rigid die was undertaken using the finite element method. On the basis of proposed model, the full factorial design of experiments was performed for investigating the influence of forging temperature and flash thickness on the die fatigue life. Results show that the increase in forging temperature and flash thickness, both cause the increase in the fatigue life. It is also shown that the effect of forging temperature on the fatigue life is greater than that of flash thickness. In drop-hammer forging, when number of blows decreases, the die fatigue life increases considerably.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Temperature and thickness effects'

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