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Journal articles on the topic 'Temperature of hardening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Niitsu, Y., and K. Ikegami. "Effect of Temperature Variation on Cyclic Elastic-Plastic Behavior of SUS 304 Stainless Steel." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 112, no. 2 (1990): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928601.

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The cyclic elastic-plastic behavior of SUS 304 stainless steel was investigated experimentally under various temperatures and temperature-changing conditions. The specimens were cyclically loaded between fixed axial strain limits at constant temperatures in the range from room temperature to 600°C. The effects of the cyclic strain amplitude on the saturation property of cyclic hardening were obtained at various temperatures. The effects of temperature variations on the cyclic hardening were examined under the temperature conditions of changing between two different temperatures. From these exp

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2

Ohno, Nobutada, Ryohei Yamamoto, and Dai Okumura. "Thermo-Mechanical Cyclic Plastic Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel at Large Temperature Ranges." Key Engineering Materials 725 (December 2016): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.725.275.

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Thermo-mechanical cyclic experiments on 304 stainless steel were performed at several temperature ranges which had maximum temperatures ranging from 350°C to 1000°C and a minimum temperature of 150 °C. Related isothermal cyclic experiments were also performed. Temperature-history dependent cyclic hardening significantly occurred under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading with maximum temperatures around 600°C, whereas almost no cyclic hardening was observed when the maximum temperature was 1000°C. The observed thermo-mechanical cyclic plastic behavior in the saturated state of cyclic hardening was

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3

Kruglyakov, A. A., S. O. Rogachev, P. Yu Sokolov, and D. V. Priupolin. "Preservation conditions of hot work hardening in die steel with regulated austenitic transformation during exploitation." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 66, no. 5 (2023): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-5-554-563.

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Die steels with regulated austenitic transformation during exploitation (RATE steels) are a new class of tungsten-free steels for hot forming at operating temperatures up to 750 – 800 °C. High durability of the pressing tool and its long service life are ensured by the ability of these steels to preservation of hot work hardening. This circumstance distinguishes RATE steels from traditional alloy steels, which are prone to softening at high temperatures. However, the temperature ranges for the preservation of hot hardening in RATE steels was not systematically studied, which makes it difficult

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4

Lloyd, David J. "The Work Hardening of some Commercial Al Alloys." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.55.

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The work hardening of Al alloys is very important in regards to their formability and their deformation behavior in service. The majority of the work in the literature has considered relatively pure materials, and has tended to concentrate on room temperature and elevated temperature behavior. In Al alloys there is interest in work hardening at lower temperatures since they are quite restricted in terms of the elevated temperatures at which they can be used. In this paper the work hardening of commercial 1000, 3000 and 5000 alloys have been investigated from room temperature down to 85°K. The

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5

Kirakevych, Iryna, Myroslav Sanytsky та Igor Margal. "Self-Сompacting Сoncretes, which hardening at different temperature conditions". Theory and Building Practice 2020, № 2 (2020): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.107.

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In the article the features of reinforced concrete hardening at different temperature conditions and the current issues of preparation technology of Self-Сompacting Сoncretes (SCC) on the basis of superplasticized cementitious systems, combining knowledge of structure and modifying Portland cement compositions "Portland cement – active mineral additives – microfiller – superplasticizer – accelerator of hardening" to search for rational making provision of technical and building properties of concrete in the changing factors of its composition, technology and exploitation are shown. The physico

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6

Bauer, A., and K. Schreiner. "Dimensional Stability of Low Temperature Surface Hardened Stainless Steel Components*." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 1 (2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0022.

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Abstract Stainless steels are commonly used for high precision components, which often are exposed to corrosive media. However, their inferior tribological behaviour restrict the use of these materials in many technical applications. Thermochemical surface hardening is one way to overcome these weaknesses. Solution nitriding in the austenitic range above 1000 °C is mainly used for hardening martensitic and ferritic stainless grades. In austenitic and duplex stainless grades, however, the hardening effect is limited. Additionally, the high process temperatures combined with a necessary rapid co

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7

Rusynko, A. K. "Creep with temperature hardening." Materials Science 33, no. 6 (1997): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02355560.

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8

Li, L., X. J. Zhu, L. Zhang, and F. Z. Tian. "Damage constitutive model of pure copper at different annealing temperatures." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2045, no. 1 (2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2045/1/012013.

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Abstract Aiming at the problem of damage evolution of pure copper during the plastic deformation, the normalized shape factor is introduced based on the RO model (Ramberg-Osgood model). The mesoscopic damage constitutive model of pure copper at different annealing temperatures is established and the tensile deformation of industrial pure copper at different annealing temperatures is analyzed. The results show that the error between the calculated value and the experimental value of the damage constitutive model, based on normalized shape factor, at different annealing temperatures, is less tha

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9

Odlum, K. D., and T. J. Blake. "A comparison of analytical approaches for assessing freezing damage in black spruce using electrolyte leakage methods." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 6 (1996): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-118.

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To compare different methods of quantifying shoot frost damage during controlled plant freezing tests, frost hardening of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedlings exposed to three temperature hardening regimes over 16 weeks was assessed using electrolyte leakage and intact seedling methods. Electrolyte leakage was expressed as index of injury and was quantified either as the temperature needed to induce an index of injury of 5% (DT5) or as the critical temperature (CT), the mildest temperature at which damage was first detected statistically. Damage to intact shoots was expressed as

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10

James, L. A. "Ramberg-Osgood Strain-Hardening Characterization of an ASTM A302-B Steel." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 117, no. 4 (1995): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842133.

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The Ramberg-Osgood strain-hardening exponents and coefficients are characterized for an unirradiated ASTM A302-B steel over a wide range of temperatures from −129 to 260°C. The strain-hardening exponent increases only slightly with temperature over this range, while the coefficient decreases with increasing temperature. Tensile specimens irradiated to 0.002, 0.029, and 0.046 dpa exhibited significant increases in the strain-hardening exponent with increasing neutron irradiation level.

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11

Xiao, Bing, Hong Hua Su, Shu Sheng Li, and Hong Jun Xu. "Research on Grind-Hardening Temperature and Cooling Rate of 48MnV Microalloyed Steel." Key Engineering Materials 359-360 (November 2007): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.359-360.148.

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The temperature, time and cooling rate are key factors in the hardening process using the grinding heat instead of the high frequency induction heat source. Thus, this paper established the mathematical model estimating the grind-hardening temperature, experimentally determined the grinding temperature and the cooling rate of different grinding parameters for 48MnV microalloyed steel using the conventional aluminum grinding wheel on a surface grinder, and investigated the grind-hardening effects and the forming mechanism of grind-hardening layer. The results show that the estimating temperatur

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12

Samuel, E. Isaac, Neeta Paulose, M. Nandagopal, S. Panneer Selvi, S. N. Narendra Babu, and S. L. Mannan. "Tensile Deformation and Work Hardening Behaviour of AISI 431 Martensitic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (2019): 916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2019-0028.

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AbstractTensile deformation and fracture behaviour of AISI 431 martensitic stainless steel, over the temperature range of 300-823 K, has been examined. Yield and ultimate tensile strength values decreased gradually from room temperature to intermediate temperatures, followed by a rapid decrease at high temperatures. At the intermediate temperatures (523-673 K), the steel exhibited jerky/serrated flow and anomalous variations in terms of a plateau in flow stress/strength and work hardening parameters and minima in ductility. These manifestations were identified to be the signatures of dynamic s

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13

Zhu, Jun, and Yin Zhong Shen. "Irradiation Hardening in Ferritic/Martensitic Steel P92 during Ar-Ions Irradiation at Elevated Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 378 (August 2013): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.378.289.

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The irradiation hardening behavior in a commercial ferritic/martensitic steel P92 has been investigated through 250KeV Ar-ions irradiations to a dose of 10dpa at 473, 673 and 973K combined with nanoindentation techniques. The results show that irradiation-induced hardening was observed at the all irradiation temperatures. There appear to have no previous reports of the irradiation-induced hardening at the temperature higher than 873K in ferritic/martensitic steels. Irradiation-induced hardening at elevated temperature of 973K has been found, for the first time, in ferritic/martensitic steel. T

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14

Rusanescu, Carmen Otilia, and Marin Rusanescu. "Process Design in the Manufacturing of Pipes for Chemical and Petrochemical Industry." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 9 (2018): 2357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.9.6533.

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In the present study the influence of vanadium microalloy on kinetics of transformation in medium carbon steel is studied. In order to choose the thermal treatment temperatures at optimal values, the steel transformation points were determined by dilatometric analysis. The bainitic transformation point was obtained under fast cooling conditions. The industrial experiments on the hardening and tempered of steel were performed in five variants of the oil hardening and reversing treatment, with austenitizing temperatures for hardening and the tempered temperature. The steel quality was determined

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15

Tesar, J., P. Vacikova, O. Soukup, and S. Houdkova. "Infrared Camera Analysis of Laser Hardening." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (December 9, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/593893.

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The improvement of surface properties such as laser hardening becomes very important in present manufacturing. Resulting laser hardening depth and surface hardness can be affected by changes in optical properties of material surface, that is, by absorptivity that gives the ratio between absorbed energy and incident laser energy. The surface changes on tested sample of steel block were made by engraving laser with different scanning velocity and repetition frequency. During the laser hardening the process was observed by infrared (IR) camera system that measures infrared radiation from the heat

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16

Wang, X. B. "Peak and Average Temperatures in Adiabatic Shear Band for Thermo-Viscoplastic Metal Materials." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.133.

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Gradient-dependent plasticity considering the microstructural effect is introduced into Johnson-Cook model to calculate the nonuniform temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band (ASB) and the evolutions of average and peak temperatures in ASB. Effects of initial static yield stress, strain-hardening coefficient, strain-hardening exponent, strain-rate parameter and thermal-softening parameter are numerically investigated. The calculated peak temperature in ASB considering both the plastic work and the microstructural effect is always greater than the average temperature calculated only us

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17

Kang, Dae H., D. W. Kim, S. Kim, Geun Tae Bae, K. H. Kim, and Nack J. Kim. "Room Temperature Formability of Mg Alloys." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.463.

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Room temperature formability of twin-roll cast Mg alloys has been investigated and correlated with their work hardening behavior. Tensile properties of these alloys were measured and their work hardening behaviour was analysed by using constitutive equations. Room temperature formability of the alloys was evaluated by the limiting dome height (LDH) value, obtained by the Erichsen cupping test. It shows that there is a linear relationship between LDH value and the inverse of yield ratio, which is a function of work hardening exponents. An increase in grain size increases work hardening exponent

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18

Tolmachov, Sergiy, and Dmytro Tolmachov. "PROPERTIES OF MONOLITHIC CEMENT CONCRETE, HARDENING AT TEMPERATURES CLOSE TO ZERO." Theory and Building Practice 2024, no. 2 (2024): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2024.02.102.

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One of the main problems of hardening monolithic cement concrete, especially in the conditions of restoration and reconstruction of various objects, is the hardening of concrete in conditions of negative temperatures. Winter concreting technologies are divided into two main methods: the thermos method, in which the temperature of the environment in which the concrete hardens, must be above zero degrees Celsius, or the use of antifreeze additives. In the last case, it is advisable to introduce antifreeze chemical additives into the concrete composition, which lower the freezing temperature of w

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19

Juijerm, P., I. Altenberger, U. Noster, and Berthold Scholtes. "Residual Stress Relaxation and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Deep Rolled AlMg4.5Mn (AA5083) at Elevated Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.436.

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The cyclic deformation behavior of deep rolled and polished aluminium wrought alloy AlMg4,5Mn in the temperature range 20-300°C has been investigated. Results of quasistatic tension and compression tests of untreated specimens in the temperature range 20-300°C are presented. To characterize the fatigue behavior for stress-controlled tests as a function of test temperature, s-n curves, cyclic deformations curves and mean strains as a function of number of cycles are given. The residual stress- and work hardening states near the surface of deep rolled aluminium alloy AlMg4.5Mn before and after f

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20

Geissler, E., and H. W. Bergmann. "Temperature Controlled Laser Transformation Hardening." Key Engineering Materials 46-47 (January 1991): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.46-47.121.

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21

Petrenec, Martin, Karel Obrtlík, Jaroslav Polák, and Jiří Man. "Effect of Temperature on the Low Cycle Fatigue of Cast Inconel 792-5A." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.383.

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Cyclic strain control tests have been performed on cylindrical specimens of cast polycrystalline Inconel 792-5A superalloy at 23, 500, 700 and 800 °C in laboratory atmosphere to study the effect of temperature on the fatigue behavior. Cyclic hardening-softening curves and fatigue life curves were measured. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the surface relief. Low amplitude straining was characterized by saturation of the stress amplitude. In room temperature high amplitude straining cyclic hardening was followed by marked saturation. Pronounced continuous hardening until fai

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22

Ohashi, Y., M. Kawai, and T. Kaito. "Inelastic Behavior of Type 316 Stainless Steel Under Multiaxial Nonproportional Cyclic Stressings at Elevated Temperature." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 107, no. 2 (1985): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225781.

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The stress-range and path-shape dependencies of multiaxial nonproportional cyclic hardening were studied for annealed type 316 stainless steel at 600°C by means of stress controlled tests. Cyclic experiments along circular stress paths with constant effective stresses in the axial-torsional stress plane were first performed. The significant cyclic hardening and its stress-range dependency observed for the circular stress cyclings were quantitatively shown in reference to the cyclic stress-strain curves resulted from uniaxial stress cyclings. Then, to discuss the effect of path-shape, the cycli

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23

Muhammad, Reza Akhirudin, Taufikurrahman, and Karmin. "PENGARUH VARIASI TEMPERATUR TEMPERING TERHADAP KEKERASAN DAN KETANGGUHAN BAJA AISI 4340." Machinery:Jurnal Teknologi Terapan 2, no. 3 (2021): 128–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6383845.

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<em>This study aims to identify any effects of temperature temperatures on the toughness and the hardness of 4340 steel, by steady temperatures and holding time to the hardenning process, thereafter using variations in temperature and holding time. This research administered the heat treatment hardening and tempering. In ordet to get hardness results by using rockwell's hardness test and toughness by using the impact test. Analysis of the test data was using Analysis of Variance (Anova). From the results of this study it was found that the hardness value decreased after theprocess temperin

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24

Mirzaev, D. A., and A. N. Makovetskii. "Intercritical Quench Hardening of Structural Pipeline Steels." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.248.

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The paper considers the effect of low-carbon pipeline steels initial condition on their mechanical properties and structure after quench hardening at different temperatures in the intercritical temperature range Ac1–Ac3 (ITR) followed by tempering at 600 °C. If the prior heat treatment is annealing or normalizing , which produces the ferrite-pearlite structure, then quenching from temperatures just above Ac1 causes very strong embrittlement due to the formation of a high-carbon austenite film at ferrite/pearlite boundaries. Increasing quenching temperature in the intercritical range increases

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25

Lee, Keum Oh, Sam Son Yoon, Soon Bok Lee, and Bum Shin Kim. "Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 429EM Ferritic Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1135.

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In recent, ferritic stainless steels are widely used in high temperature structure because of their high resistance in thermal fatigue and low prices. Tensile and low cycle fatigue(LCF) tests on 429EM stainless steel were performed at several temperatures from room temperature to 600°C. Elastic modulus, yield stress and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) decreased with increasing temperature. Considerable cyclic hardening occurred at 200°C and 400°C. 475°C embrittlement observed could not explain this phenomenon but dynamic strain aging(DSA) observed from 200°C to 500°C could explain the hardening

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26

Sutrisno, Nurtanto Fauzi, and Darmanto Seno. "Analysis of the Effect of Tempering Temperature on the Formation of Microstructure and Hardness Values in SKD11 Steel." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 06, no. 01 (2023): 45–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7509217.

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SKD11 steel is a tool steel material. SKD11 steel must have strong and tough mechanical properties. So to improve the quality and ability of SKD11 steel to accept external loads and forces, it is necessary to heat treatment. The heat treatment carried out in this research is hardening and hardening – tempering. The hardening process is carried out by heating SKD11 steel at austenitic temperature of 950 °C and holding time of 30 minutes. Then fast cooling (quenching) with water cooling media. As for the hardening – tempering process with temperature variations of 400 °C, 500

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27

Obrtlík, Karel, Alice Chlupová, Martin Petrenec, and Jaroslav Polák. "Low Cycle Fatigue of Cast Superalloy Inconel 738LC at High Temperature." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.581.

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Cylindrical specimens of cast polycrystalline nickel base superalloy Inconel 738LC were cyclically strained under total strain control at 23 and 800 °C to fracture. Cyclic hardening/softening curves, cyclic stress-strain curves, and fatigue life curves were obtained at both temperatures. Surface relief was studied in specimens fatigued to failure using scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic hardening/softening behaviour depends both on temperature and strain amplitude. Low amplitude straining was characterized by saturation of the stress amplitude. In high amplitude straining a pronounced harden

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28

Bendikiene, Regita, and Lina Kavaliauskiene. "Impact of Heat Treatment Conditions and Cold Plastic Deformation on Secondary Hardening and Performance of Cold Work Tool Steel X160CrMoV12." Metals 14, no. 10 (2024): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14101121.

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In this study, the effect of the cold plastic deformation of a Bridgman anvil at room temperature on the hardness and wear resistance of X160CrMoV12 steel was investigated by utilizing the hardness test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), abrasive emery wear (AEMW) test, optical examination, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three batches of samples were prepared for the experiment: I—as-hardened, II—after hardening with subsequent tempering at 600 °C for 1.5 h, and III— after hardening with subsequent plastic deformation. The hardening of the samples was performed at three temperatures: 1100 °C,

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29

Çavusoglu, Onur, Hakan Gürün, Serkan Toros, and Ahmet Güral. "Strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening response of DP1000 dual phase steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 5 (2018): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018016.

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In this study, strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity behavior of commercial DP1000 dual phase steel have been examined in detail at temperatures of 25 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C, at strain rates of 0.0016 s−1 and 0.16 s−1. As the strain rate has increased, the yield strength has increased but no significant change in tensile strength and strain hardening coefficient has been observed. As the temperature has increased, the yield and tensile strength has decreased in between 25 and 200 °C but it has showed an increase at 300 °C. The strain hardening coefficient has increased in paralle

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30

Chmilenko, F. V., I. I. Rastvorova, A. A. Safronov, Yu Yu Perevalov, and V. E. Parmenov. "Numerical Model of Induction Heating under Quenching Taking into Account the Austenization Process in Carbon Steels." LETI Transactions on Electrical Engineering & Computer Science 18, no. 2 (2025): 61–72. https://doi.org/10.32603/2071-8985-2025-18-2-61-72.

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In the present work the task was to develop an algorithm and, on its basis, to create a numerical model, which for cylindrical-shaped parts at a given frequency, part diameter and quenching depth finds the required power and heating time, taking into account the achievement of the required homogenization temperatures on the surface and the austenization temperature at the hardening depth. The required temperatures must be coordinated with the heating rate, which varies significantly on the surface of the part and the depth of hardening. The paper presents numerical modeling results for steel 4

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31

Herrera, C., R. L. Plaut, and Angelo Fernando Padilha. "Microstructural Refinement during Annealing of Plastically Deformed Austenitic Stainless Steels." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.423.

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The phenomena of strain hardening, strain induced martensite formation, recovery, martensite reversion and recrystallization have been studied in austenitic stainless steels of the AISI 304L and 316L types, after solution annealing, followed by rolling at different temperatures (-196, 25, 100 and 200°C) and subsequent annealing of the worked samples. Strain hardening and the percentage of α’ martensite formed showed strong dependency with the deformation temperature and with the austenite chemical composition. As expected, both strain hardening as well as the amount of the martensite formed wa

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32

Westermann, Ida, Odd Sture Hopperstad, and Magnus Langseth. "Mechanical Behaviour of an AA6082 Aluminium Alloy at Low Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 794-796 (June 2014): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.794-796.532.

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Aluminium alloys are known to have good cryogenic properties. However, little work is reported on aluminium alloys in the temperature range from room temperature and down to-100°C, which are likely operating temperatures in arctic regions. This work is an experimental study of the low temperature mechanical properties of an extruded AA6082 aluminium alloy in the T6 condition approved for marine applications. Quasi-static and dynamic tensile testing has been carried out at different temperatures from room temperature and down to-70°C. This decrease in temperature leads to a 10 % increase in yie

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33

Kruglyakov, A. A., S. O. Rogachev, and A. V. Molyarov. "High-temperature strength of die steel with regulated austenitic transformation during exploitation after quenching and tempering." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 66, no. 4 (2023): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-4-442-444.

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Steels with regulated austenitic transformation during exploitation (RATE) are a new class of ferritic-based tungsten-free tool steels for hot forming. The study obtained quantitative data on the high-temperature strength of RATE steel of new composition after quenching and tempering. The stress-strain curves are plotted and the tendency of steel to strain hardening at temperatures of 450 and 750 °C is estimated. It was established that at a temperature of 750 °C, corresponding to the operating temperature, RATE steel has a stronger tendency to work hardening than at a temperature of 450 °C.

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Tibbits, WN, and JB Reid. "Frost Resistance in .Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden: Physiological Aspects of Hardiness." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 3 (1987): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870235.

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The effects of photoperiod, temperature regime and differential root and shoot temperatures on frost resistance were examined in both hardening and dehardening Eucalyptus nitens seedlings. Frost resist- ance was primarily determined by measuring the relative loss of electrolytes from frosted leaf discs. This method of assessing frost resistance compares favourably with the frosting of whole seedlings since the critical temperatures producing 50% leaf death in whole seedlings and the leakage of 50% of cellular electrolytes (T50) agreed to within 0.6°C after 14 and 28 days' hardening. Unhardened

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35

Grabovskiy, V. Ya, and O. V. Lysytsia. "Determination of the dispersion hardening ability of a new die steel with controlled austenitic transformation." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 29, no. 3 (2023): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2023.03.003.

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The chemical composition of the stamping steel for high operating temperatures (above 700 °C) with controlled austenitic transformation during operation (CATO) was adjusted to implement its hardening by the dispersion hardening (aging) mechanism. The base steel was chosen as 3Х3Н8М7Ф, in which quenching and subsequent aging did not lead to such hardening. It was taken into account that in order to implement dispersion hardening, CATO steels should have a predominantly austenitic (rather than martensitic) structure in the hardened state, which was not provided for the base steel. As a result of

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Song, K. J., Y. H. Wei, Z. B. Dong, K. Fang, W. J. Zheng, and R. Ma. "Visco-Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Model for A7N01-T6 Alloy Welding and Analytical Solutions with Finite Element Codes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.284.

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This paper has established a viscoelasticplastic constitutive model for A7N01T6 alloy welding, which is temperature and deformation history dependent. The model uses elasticmixed hardening plastic and creep equation to describe the strain hardening at low temperatures and strain softening at high temperatures, respectively. Then it is applied for finite element numerical simulation of the welding process. By comparison with the conventional temperature dependent elasticperfectly plastic model, the overall longitudinal residual compressive plastic strain and the maximum deformation of welding s

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Kim, B. J., S. M. Son, K. S. Park, and Young Hoon Moon. "The Effects of the Heating Conditions on the Hydro-Formability of the Aluminum Alloys at High Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 3307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.3307.

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Modern automobiles are built with a steadily increasing variety of materials and semifinished products. The traditional composition of steel sheet and cast iron is being replaced with other materials such as aluminum and magnesium. But low formability of these materials has prevented the application of the automotive components. The formability can be enhanced by conducting the warm hydroforming using induction heating device which can raise the temperature of the specimen very quickly. The specimen applied to the test is AA6061 extruded tubes which belong to the age-hardenable aluminum alloys

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Hung, Tsung-Pin, Chao-Ming Hsu, Hsiu-An Tsai, Shuo-Ching Chen, and Zong-Rong Liu. "Temperature Field Numerical Analysis Mode and Verification of Quenching Heat Treatment Using Carbon Steel in Rotating Laser Scanning." Materials 12, no. 3 (2019): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030534.

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Temperature history and hardening depth are experimentally characterized in the rotational laser hardening process for an AISI 1045 medium carbon steel specimen. A three-dimensional finite element model is proposed to predict the temperature field distribution and hardening zone area. The laser temperature field is set up for an average distribution and scanned along a circular path. Linear motion also takes place alongside rotation. The prediction of hardening area can be increased by increasing the rotational radius, which in turn raises the processing efficiency. A good agreement is found b

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Ma, Sheng Qiang, Jian Dong Xing, Ya Ling He, et al. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Modified Boron High Speed Steel." Key Engineering Materials 732 (March 2017): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.732.24.

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Boron-bearing high speed steels are widely used in roller materials because of their improved wear resistance and toughness. In present work, aluminum was added into boron high speed steel and the aging-hardening behavior and microstructures of tempered boron high speed steel at various tempering temperatures were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and HR-150A Rockwell hardness tester. The results show that the bulk hardness of boron high speed steel gradually enhances with the increasing destabilized tempe

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Liu, Shuaiyang, Aiqin Wang, and Jingpei Xie. "Effect of Deformation Temperature, Strain Rate and Strain on the Strain Hardening Exponent of Copper/Aluminum Laminated Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 27, no. 4 (2018): 096369351802700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351802700401.

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In order to investigate the strain hardening behaviour of Cu/Al laminated composites, isothermal compression tests were conducted in the temperature range of 300–450 °C and stain rate range of 0.01–1 s−1. Based on the experimental data, stain hardening exponent n was calculated to evaluate the strain hardening ability of Cu/Al laminated composites during the deformation process. The results show that deformation temperature, strain rate, strain and laminated structure are all responsible for the evolution of flow stress during the isothermal compression. The highly non-linear character of Ln σ

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Oberste-Lehn, Ulli, Chad Beamer, Paul Gümpel, and Andreas Karl. "Corrosion Resistance of Low-Temperature, Surface-Hardened Stainless Steel." Materials Performance 58, no. 5 (2019): 42–46. https://doi.org/10.5006/mp2019_58_5-42.

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Thermochemical surface hardening is used to overcome the weak mechanical performance of austenitic and duplex stainless steels. Both low-temperature carburizing and nitrocarburizing can improve the hardness, wear, galling, and cavitation resistance, while maintaining their good corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to not form chromium-rich precipitates during hardening as these can deteriorate the passivity of the alloy. The hardening parameters, the chemical composition of the steel, and the manufacturing route of a component determine whether precipitates are formed. This article g

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Shveikin, V. P. "Thermomechanical Hardening of Steels." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.507.

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The methods of the hot working of metals by pressure are discussed. The features of the hot plastic deformation of the metal which determine the formation of the structure and properties of steel are noted. The definition of thermomechanical treatment is given. The definitions of a variety of thermomechanical and high-temperature thermomechanical processes are given. The features of the thermomechanical treatment of steels toughened to martensite are discussed. The temperature, deformation-velocity and time parameters of high-temperature thermomechanical processing are given. Their influence o

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Angella, Giuliano. "Flow Curve Modelling of an Austenitic Stainless Steel at High Temperatures Starting from the One-Parameter Model of Strain Hardening." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 1361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.1361.

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The flow curves of an austenitic stainless steel deformed at temperatures 700-1000°C with strain rates 10-5-10-2s-1were modelled with the Voce equation. The parameters needed to draw the Voce equation, are the saturation stressσVthat defines the height of the flow curve, the critical strainεCthat defines the velocity to achieveσV, and the stressσo, namely the back-extrapolated flow stress to zero strain. A modified strain hardening analysis based on the one-parameter model was used to analyze the strain hardening rate dσ/dεvs. the flow stressσin order to obtainσVandεC. The modified approach wa

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Gao, Jiashun, Haoxin Lan, Qingshan Jiang, et al. "Mechanisms of Hardness Variation in 14Cr12Ni3Mo2VN Martensitic Stainless Steel Under Different Tempering Temperatures Following High-Frequency Induction Quenching." Coatings 15, no. 3 (2025): 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15030306.

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To investigate the effect of tempering temperature on the hardness and its underlying mechanisms in 14Cr12Ni3Mo2VN martensitic stainless steel after high-frequency induction quenching (HFIQ), the microstructure, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of precipitated particles, residual austenite, residual stress, and microhardness of the material tempered at different temperatures were examined and analyzed. The results reveal that a secondary hardening phenomenon occurs during the tempering process in 14Cr12Ni3Mo2VN martensitic stainless steel. Overall, with increasing tempering temperature, th

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Medhurst, Tim, Alfons Esderts, and Rainer Masendorf. "Fatigue Life Calculation Concepts for Structures with Locally Modified Properties." Advanced Materials Research 137 (October 2010): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.137.317.

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The influence of forming on the cyclic behaviour of various thin sheet metals with austenitic phases is looked into, with the main focus lying on the variation of cyclic parameters and the progression of work hardening over the materials’ fatigue life. There is a marked interaction of hardening due to increased dislocation density resulting from forming and hardening due to cyclic straining under varying strain amplitudes of strain controlled LCF testing. This is strongly dependant on the degree of forming and the amplitude of the following cyclic loading. Also, the temperature influence durin

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Qin, Shuang, Muxin Yang, Fuping Yuan, and Xiaolei Wu. "Simultaneous Improvement of Yield Strength and Ductility at Cryogenic Temperature by Gradient Structure in 304 Stainless Steel." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (2021): 1856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071856.

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The tensile properties and the corresponding deformation mechanism of the graded 304 stainless steel (ss) at both room and cryogenic temperatures were investigated and compared with those of the coarse-grained (CGed) 304 ss. Gradient structures were found to have excellent synergy of strength and ductility at room temperature, and both the yield strength and the uniform elongation were found to be simultaneously improved at cryogenic temperature in the gradient structures, as compared to those for the CG sample. The hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) hardening was found to play a more important

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Xie, Zhaonan, Dong Jia, Xicheng Huang, et al. "Influence of Temperature on Hyperelastic Mechanical Behavior of Accelerated Aged EPDM Rubber." Polymers 17, no. 12 (2025): 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121626.

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EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) rubber is a crucial engineering material, and its mechanical behavior changes with aging duration and ambient temperature. The effects of temperature on the hyperelastic behavior of unaged and aged EPDM rubber are investigated by conducting accelerated aging tests under constant compression and uniaxial compression tests at different temperatures. The experimental results show that prolonged aging induces EPDM rubber to exhibit an approximately linear hardening trend under a constant temperature. For aged EPDM rubber, its stiffness initially decreases an

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Davari, Mohammad, and Mehdi Mansouri Hasan Abadi. "Investigation of intercritical heat treatment temperature effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of dual phase (DP) steel." Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 23, no. 2 (2017): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/293.

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In the present study, the effect of intercritical heat treatment temperature on the tensile properties and work hardening behavior of ferritic-martensitic dual-phase steel have been investigated utilizing tensile test, microhardness measurement and microscopic observation. Plain carbon steel sheet with a thickness of 2 mm was heat treated at 760, 780, 800, 820 and 840 °C intercritical temperatures. The results showed that martensite volume fraction (Vm) increases from 32 to 81%with increasing temperature from 760 to 840 °C. The mechanical properties of samples were examined by tensile and micr

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Zhao, Qing-Long, Tong-Tong Shan, Run Geng, et al. "Effect of Preheating Temperature on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Processed by Hot Rolling-Quenching." Metals 9, no. 2 (2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9020182.

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The present work investigates the microstructure and tensile properties of a hot rolled 6061 alloy quenched by cold rolls (RQ) at different preheating temperatures. The preheating temperature strongly affects microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Low preheating temperature (490 °C) resulted in both low strength and low elongation. The RQ alloy preheated at 540 °C exhibited improved ductility compared to those subjected to T6 and T8 temper, and comparable strength to that after T8 temper. The dynamic recovery during hot rolling contributed to the improved tensile elongation and re

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Jia, Bin, Zheng Liang Li, Jun Lin Tao, and Chun Tao Zhang. "Mechanical Behavior and Constitutive Equation of Concrete under High-Temperature Dynamical Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.303.

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SPHB tests of concrete under different temperatures and various loading conditions are completed, and high-temperature dynamical behavior of concrete is obtained. Dynamical mechanical behavior of concrete with high temperature is affected by not only the strain rate effect, but also the high temperature weakening effect, and the strain rate hardening effect is coupled with high temperature weakening effect, but the latter has greater influence. Concrete failure evolution is described on basis of the damage factor, the intercoupling strain rate hardening effect and temperature weakening effect

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