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Journal articles on the topic 'Tempering'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Gonzalez-Pociño, Alejandro, Florentino Alvarez-Antolin, and Juan Asensio-Lozano. "Improvement of Adhesive Wear Behavior by Variable Heat Treatment of a Tool Steel for Sheet Metal Forming." Materials 12, no. 17 (2019): 2831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172831.

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Vanadis 10 steel is a powder metallurgy (PM) processed tool steel. It is a ledeburitic steel with 8% Cr and 10% V. By deliberately varying the process parameters related to the quenching, tempering, and nitriding of these steels, the aim of this study is to determine which of these parameters have a significant influence on its adhesive wear resistance. The research methodology employed was a Design of Experiments (DoE) with six factors and two levels for each factor. The tempering temperature, number of temperings, and carrying out of a thermochemical nitriding treatment were found to have a

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Tawn, Nicholas G., and Gareth O. Roberts. "Accelerating parallel tempering: Quantile tempering algorithm (QuanTA)." Advances in Applied Probability 51, no. 03 (2019): 802–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apr.2019.35.

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AbstractIt is well known that traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods can fail to effectively explore the state space for multimodal problems. Parallel tempering is a well-established population approach for such target distributions involving a collection of particles indexed by temperature. However, this method can suffer dramatically from the curse of dimensionality. In this paper we introduce an improvement on parallel tempering called QuanTA. A comprehensive theoretical analysis quantifying the improved efficiency and scalability of the approach is given. Under weak regularity

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3

Jung, Min Su, Seok Jae Lee, and Young Kook Lee. "Tempering Kinetics of S45C Martensitic Steel." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.375.

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The strain change during the tempering of S45C martensitic steel was examined at different heating rates using a dilatometer. Tempering stages 1 and 3 corresponding to the precipitations of transition carbide and cementite were observed. Tempering kinetics at each stage was investigated from the relation between the measured strain and atomic volume change during tempering. From the tempering kinetic data, continuous heating tempering diagram was constructed and the tempering kinetic model was proposed as Zener-Hillert type differential equation.

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Xia, Xiaomeng, Yvhan Jin, Huiyan Zhao, Gang Wang, and Dongyan Huang. "Optimization and Experiment of Hot Air Drying Process of Cyperus esculentus Seeds." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (2023): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030617.

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To improve the drying efficiency, drying uniformity and germination rate after hot air drying of Cyperus esculentus seeds, this paper proposed a drying method that combines tempering and hot air drying. The drying curve of Cyperus esculentus was obtained by experiment. The influence of the drying method on the drying quality of Cyperus esculentus seeds and the trend of drying quality with the tempering process parameters (the tempering temperature, the moisture content of Cyperus esculentus at the beginning of tempering and the tempering duration) were analyzed by single-factor experiments. Th

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5

Fisher, W., and S. Wesolkowski. "Tempering technostress." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 18, no. 1 (1999): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/44.752243.

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6

Larson. "Tempering Romance." Criticism 57, no. 1 (2015): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/criticism.57.1.0137.

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7

Eaker, Lisa, and Ari Stantas. "Tempering Tenacity." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 21, no. 1 (2007): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap200721121.

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8

Wheelock, Stefan M. "Tempering Cosmopolitanism." American Literary History 32, no. 4 (2020): 804–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajaa026.

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9

Gramacy, Robert, Richard Samworth, and Ruth King. "Importance tempering." Statistics and Computing 20, no. 1 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11222-008-9108-5.

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10

Reinberger, Stefanie. "Tempering Tantrums." Scientific American Mind 19, no. 5 (2008): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind1008-72.

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11

Bird, Lucy. "Tempering toxicity." Nature Reviews Immunology 5, no. 1 (2005): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1542.

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12

Smith, John S. H. "Tempering Memories." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 23, no. 2 (1990): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45228097.

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13

Braithwaite, John. "Tempering Martin." Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 11, no. 2-3 (2019): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00113-2.

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14

Guo, Cong Sheng, Shu Ming Long, Hai Wa Bo, and Hong Bin Tan. "The Hardness Changing Regularity of Quenched-Steel in Tempering Process and Its Double-Exponential Model." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 1578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.1578.

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The transformation of tempering for quenched steel corresponded to complicated process of phase transformation, and mechanical properties of quenched-and-tempered steel were related to the phase transformation. In practice, hardness test was adopted to judge whether the properties of tempered-parts qualified because of its facility. Numerous researches indicated that, there existed correlativity expressed by different function forms between tempering hardness of quenched-steel and its tempering parameters. However, considering physical metallurgy of tempering process, the adoption of double-ex

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15

Maulidin, Achmad Fitrah, Leopold Oscar Nelwan, and Rokhani Hasbullah. "Kajian Pengeringan Bak Gabah Secara Intermittent Terhadap Mutu Beras." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 7, no. 3 (2020): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.07.3.171-178.

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Grain drying with bed dryer is generally effective with high temperatures, but this can increase fissured rice percentage. This can be overcome by combining drying method with tempering. These study were aim to examine drying temperature and duration on bed dryer using intermittent high temperature dryer, and its effect on quality variety of Ciherang with 20-22% moisture content. These research method consists of drying treatment without tempering using 35°C, 60°C and 80°C temperatures to 14% moisture content. Drying treatment with tempering consists of initial drying process-initial tempering

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16

Zhao, Li Ping, Hui Min Zhang, Wen Liu, and Wen Yu. "Effect of Different Tempering Processes on Microstructure and Hardness of Q690 Steel." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.49.

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Q690 steel was the research object in this test. The traditional tempering and induction tempering were used in this experiment after quenching. By studying the microstructure and hardness of the sample at the two different tempering processes, it can be concluded that there are more carbide precipitations in the microstructure and the microstructure of the sample is more uniform when the tempering temperature was 450°C. For same tempering temperature, the carbide dispersion, uniformity of the microstructure and retained austenite transformation are all better in 5mm depth range to sample surf

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17

Su, Xiyang, Xiaoshuo Zhu, Yudong Fu, Shichen Xiao, and Yuchao Liu. "Comparative Analysis of Tribological Behavior of 45 Steel under Intensive Quenching-High-Temperature Tempering and Queenching-Tempering Process." Applied Sciences 14, no. 13 (2024): 5942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14135942.

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The intensive quenching process compared to traditional methods results in a lower quenching cracking tendency. The comprehensive mechanical properties of an intensive quenching workpiece has good advantages. In order to improve the performance and product quality of a 45 steel workpiece, the hardening–tempering treatment used in the traditional quenching process is replaced by an intensive quenching process. This study investigates the tribological properties of 45 steel and their differences and connection under the intensive quenching and high-temperature tempering process in comparison to

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18

Grajcar, Adam, Mateusz Morawiec, Jose Antonio Jimenez, and Carlos Garcia-Mateo. "Dilatometric and Microstructural Study of Martensite Tempering in 4% Mn Steel." Materials 13, no. 19 (2020): 4442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194442.

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This paper presents the results of martensite tempering resistance in 4% Mn steel. The material was quenched and tempered at 350 °C for 15, 30, and 60 min. The analysis of the quenching and tempering was carried out using dilatometric and microstructural approaches. The phase composition was assessed using X-ray diffraction. The Ms temperature and tempering progress were simulated using JMatPro software. The dilatometric analysis revealed a small decrease in the relative change in length (RCL) during tempering. This decrease was connected to the precipitation kinetics of cementite within the m

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19

Sun, Guojin, and Qi Wang. "Development of Predictive Models for Tempering Behavior in Low-Carbon Bainitic Steel Using Integrated Tempering Parameters." Metals 14, no. 8 (2024): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14080881.

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Low-carbon bainitic steels are known for their excellent combination of strength and toughness, making them suitable for various industrial applications. Understanding the tempering behavior of these steels is crucial for optimizing their mechanical properties through heat treatment. This study presents predictive models for tempering behavior based on empirical data, which is fundamental for understanding the thermal stability and transformation kinetics of the steel. Through integrated tempering parameters, we established predictive models that integrate tempering temperature and time, yield

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20

Janjusevic, Zoran, Zvonko Gulisija, Marija Mihailovic, and Aleksandra Pataric. "The investigation of applicability of the Hollomon-Jaffe equation on tempering the HSLA steel." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 15, no. 3 (2009): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0903131j.

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High strength low-alloyed (HSLA) Cr-Mn-Si steels belong to a group of steels that can reach their full mechanical properties after quenching and tempering. Those properties depend both on the temperature and time of tempering. Knowing the tempering parameters, it is possible to reach the desired properties of the treated steel. Some results on investigating the Hollomon-Jaffe equation (in parametric form) application for tempering of HSLA steel, are shown in this paper. The experiments were performed in real production conditions, using a standard material. The quenching was performed at 870?C

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21

Pradani, Yayi Febdia, Yuliana Aziza, and Muhammad Hudan Rahmat. "ANALISIS KEKUATAN TARIK, KEKERASAN, DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA PENGELASAN BAJA ST-60 BERDASARKAN VARIASI TEMPERATUR TEMPERING." Jurnal Teknologi Terapan: G-Tech 2, no. 1 (2020): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33379/gtech.v2i1.327.

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Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh variasi temperatur tempering pada temperatur 2500C, 3500C, dan 5000C dengan holding time 30 menit menggunakan pendinginan udara terhadap kekuatan tarik, kekerasan dan struktur mikro pada pengelasan baja St.60. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif. Sedangkan desain penelitiannya adalah penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan di laboratorium. Objek penelitian ini adalah baja karbon menengah St.60 yang kemudian diberi perlakuan yakni pengelasan kemudian tempering dengan variasi temperatur.Hasil penelitian rata-rata k

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22

Yang, Lisheng, Fanlin Zhang, Hanyu Luo, Chaoyong Xu, Jinchang Zhang, and Jianchun Cao. "Effect of Zr on the microstructure and properties of high-strength Ti-Mo microalloyed steel after quenching and tempering." Metallurgical Research & Technology 121, no. 4 (2024): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2024055.

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Investigation on the effects of Zr and quenching and tempering processes on the microstructure and properties of high-strength Ti-Mo microalloyed steel using SEM, TEM, mechanical property testing, and First-principles calculations. The results show that within the tempering temperature range of 550–650 °C, the microstructures of Ti-Mo microalloyed steel and Ti-Zr-Mo microalloyed steel consist of ultra-low carbon martensite and carbides. Specifically, the strength of Ti-Mo microalloyed steel initially increases and then decreases with the increase in tempering temperature, while the strength of

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23

Mori, Keitaro, Masahiro Kubo, and Kazuo Okamura. "Simulation of hot stamping considering self-tempering." MATEC Web of Conferences 408 (2025): 01003. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202540801003.

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The application of ultra-high-strength steel plates to automobile bodies has progressed to achieve weight reduction and collision safety, with expanding applications of hot stamping (HS) technology for components with tensile strengths of 1.5 GPa or more. HS simulations considering phase transformation for predicting formability, hardenability, and shape accuracy have been reported. The hardness of HS components obtained via die quenching is lower than that of martensitic structures obtained via water quenching, due to self-tempering from the temperature history below the martensite-transforma

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24

Rosmindari, Shiammita, Arifin Dwi Saputro, and Nursigit Bintoro. "Changes of Dark Couverture Chocolate Hardness During Storage Tempered Using Automatic Tempering Machine with Tank and Tempering Temperature as Variables." BIO Web of Conferences 80 (2023): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20238004002.

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Couverture chocolate is highly demanded by consumers. Dark couverture chocolate is known as chocolate with high proportion of cocoa. There are several parameters that need to be considered to ensure the quality of this chocolate. One of the important chocolate qualities is hardness. In chocolate making, which is affected by the tempering process. Generally, the tempering process is carried out manually or automatically. Manual tempering is done by hand and is difficult to control the process temperature. Therefore, an automatic tempering machine was chosen in this study by controlling the tank

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25

Tang, Guo Zhang, Yun Gang Li, He Yang, Yu Zhu Zhang, and Hai Li Yang. "Optimization on Heat Treatment Process of 45CrMnSi Steel by Orthogonal Test." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.217.

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The effect of quenching temperature, tempering temperature and tempering time on hardness of 45CrMnSi steel was studied by orthogonal test. It was found that the order of significant factors for the hardness was quenching temperature > tempering temperature > tempering time. Based on the results of the range analysis, the optimum process parameters for the maximum hardness were that the quenching temperature was 900°C, the tempering temperature was 150°C, and the tempering time was 180 min. Under the optimum process conditions, the hardness reached to HRC52 with impact toughness of 15 J/

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26

Rahman, Reza, and Dwi Rahmalina. "PENGEMBANGAN PROSES MANUFAKTUR BOLT HEX SOCKETUNTUK MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN CACAT PERMUKAAN MELALUI PROSES RETEMPERING." Teknobiz : Jurnal Ilmiah Program Studi Magister Teknik Mesin 9, no. 1 (2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/teknobiz.v9i1.888.

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Dalam proses pembuatan Bolt Hex Socket ini sering sekali terjadi permasalahan dimana cacatterbesar adalah warna belang, dimana hasil proses perlakuan permukaan (Black oxide proses) berbeda warna(warna Belang) setelah adanya perlakuan proses pelurusan (Straigtening) yang menyebabkan secara visualpart yang tidak baik. Keberadaan cacat ini tidak diperbolehkan karena dapat menyebabkan permukaan tidaktahan terhadap karat.Untuk mengatasi kondisi tersebut serta meningkatkan target produksi, maka perludibahas perbaikan untuk mengatasi cacat tersebut, serta untuk meningkatkan produktivitas proses manuf

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27

Wang, Xue Min, and Hui Zhao. "The Tempering on Microstructure and the Yield-to-Tensile Ratio of High Performance Steels." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.655.

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The effects of tempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 600MPa grade low carbon bainitic steel were investigated. The cause for the microstructure evolution has been investigated and the best tempering process was chosen to decrease the yield ratio of the steel. The influence of tempering process on the yield-to-tensile ratio of steels has been investigated by the aid of optical microscopy, SEM and XRD. The results show that after the TMCP processing the microstructure of steels mainly consist of lath martensite and bainite. The bainite and martensite have been

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Wang, Hongli, Jian Zhang, Jingtao Huang, et al. "The Evolution of a Microstructure during Tempering and Its Influence on the Mechanical Properties of AerMet 100 Steel." Materials 16, no. 21 (2023): 6907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16216907.

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In order to provide guidance for furthering the balance of strength and toughness of AerMet 100 steel through tempering treatment, the effects of the tempering time on microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated. The microstructure evolution, especially M2C precipitates and austenite in AerMet 100 tempered at 482 °C for 1~20 h, was characterized, and its influences on the mechanical properties were studied. The tensile strength decreases gradually, the yield strength increases first and then decreases, and the fracture toughness KIC increases gradually with an increasing temperin

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Li, Hong Bo, Jing Wang, Han Chi Cheng, Chun Jie Li, and Xing Jun Su. "Effect of Tempering Temperature on Mechanical Properties of High Strength Wear Resistant Cast Steel." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.440.

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This paper mainly studied the high temperature quenching oil quenching, tempering temperature on the influence of high strength steel mechanical properties of wear resistant. The results show that high strength and toughness wear-resistant cast steel with 880°C× 30min after oil quenching, the hardness of 38.6HRC steel, the impact toughness value reaches 40.18J/cm2. After 200°C, 400°C and 600°C tempering, with the increase of the tempering temperature, the hardness decreased linearly, as by 600°C tempering, the hardness has been reduced to 22.3HRC. Impact toughness with the tempering temperatur

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Zhang, Wenfeng, Zhong Liu, Tianming Li, Xiaogang Liu, and Wei Xiong. "Effects of alloy elements on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602021.

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This work is mainly concerning with effects of Carbon, Nickel and vanadium on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel. the results showed that The experimental steels yielded their best comprehensive properties at 940 °C of quenching and at 200 °C of tempering for 0.33 wt% C steel, at 940 °C of quenching and at 220°C of tempering for 0.38 wt% C steel, and at 920°C of quenching and at 230 °C of tempering for 0.4 wt% C steel, respectively.3% Ni steel yielded the best property at 900 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering, while 5% Ni steel was 920 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering. Th

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Xie, Yixin, Xiaonong Cheng, Jiabo Wei, and Rui Luo. "Characterization of Carbide Precipitation during Tempering for Quenched Dievar Steel." Materials 15, no. 18 (2022): 6448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186448.

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Carbide precipitation and coarsening are investigated for quenched Dievar steel during tempering. Lath/lenticular martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite, auto-tempered, and larger spherical carbides are all observed in the as-quenched condition. The carbide precipitation sequence on tempering is ascertained to be: M8C7 + cementite → M8C7 + M2C + M7C3 → M8C7 + M7C3 + M23C6 → M8C7 + M7C3 + M23C6 + M6C; carbides become coarser on tempering, and the sizes for inter-lath carbides increase noticeably with increasing tempering temperatures due to the faster grain boundary diffusion, whereas th

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32

Xu, Shun, Xin Zhou, and Zhong-Can Ou-Yang. "Parallel Tempering Simulation on Generalized Canonical Ensemble." Communications in Computational Physics 12, no. 5 (2012): 1293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.120811.200112a.

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AbstractParallel tempering simulation is widely used in enhanced sampling of systems with complex energy surfaces. We hereby introduce generalized canonical ensemble (GCE) instead of the usual canonical ensemble into the parallel tempering to further improve abilities of the simulation technique. GCE utilizes an adapted weight function to obtain a unimodal energy distribution even in phase-coexisting region and then the parallel tempering on GCE yields the steady swap acceptance rates (SARs) instead of the fluctuated SARs in that on canonical ensemble. With the steady SARs, we can facilitate a

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He, Zhiyang, Pei Wang, Gongmei Liu, Jie Liu, and Shenghua Zhang. "The Phase Transformation in a Low-Carbon 13Cr4Ni Martensitic Stainless Steel during Two-Stage Intercritical Tempering." Metals 13, no. 7 (2023): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13071302.

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The microstructure evolution of a low-carbon 13Cr4Ni martensitic stainless steel during two-stage intercritical tempering at 630 °C and 590 °C has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermodilatometry, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the amount and size of reversed austenite increase remarkably after second-stage tempering at 590 °C. However, there is no remarkable variation in the chemical composition and nucleation site of the reversed austenite during the first- and second-stage tempering. The dynamics of the phase transformation and elements distribution imply t

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Mantzoukas, John, Dimitris G. Papageorgiou, Carmen Medrea, and Constantinos Stergiou. "Hardness behavior of W. Nr. 1.7709 steel, oil quenched and tempered between 475°C and 575°C." MATEC Web of Conferences 349 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134902005.

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Steel components frequently involve a heat treatment to improve mechanical properties. In order to meet difficult working conditions, several components are hardened by quenching. W. Nr. 1.7709 is a representative structural steel with very low thermal conductivity among EN wrought alloy steels, which is extensively used after hardening and tempering. Although the steelmakers provide technical information about their heat treatment sequence, the tempering diagram of the specific grade has not been designed yet. The present paper analyses the temper resistance of the specific steel after oil qu

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Krawczyk, Jakub, Paweł Widomski, and Marcin Kaszuba. "Advanced Complex Analysis of the Thermal Softening of Nitrided Layers in Tools during Hot Die Forging." Materials 14, no. 2 (2021): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020355.

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This article is devoted to the issues of thermal softening of materials in the surface layer of forging tools. The research covers numerical modeling of the forging process, laboratory tests of tempering of nitrided layers, and the analysis of tempering of the surface layer of tools in the actual forging process. Numerical modeling was supported by measuring the temperature inside the tools with a thermocouple inserted into the tool to measure the temperature as close to the surface as possible. The modeling results confirmed the possibility of tempering the die material. The results of labora

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Han, Rong, Jialing He, Yixuan Chen, Feng Li, Hu Shi, and Yang Jiao. "Effects of Radio Frequency Tempering on the Temperature Distribution and Physiochemical Properties of Salmon (Salmo salar)." Foods 11, no. 6 (2022): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11060893.

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Salmon (Salmo salar) is a precious fish with high nutritional value, which is perishable when subjected to improper tempering processes before consumption. In traditional air and water tempering, the medium temperature of 10 °C is commonly used to guarantee a reasonable tempering time and product quality. Radio frequency tempering (RT) is a dielectric heating method, which has the advantage of uniform heating to ensure meat quality. The effects of radio frequency tempering (RT, 40.68 MHz, 400 W), water tempering (WT + 10 °C, 10 ± 0.5 °C), and air tempering (AT + 10 °C, 10 ± 1 °C) on the physio

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37

Sugeng, Prasetyo, and Taufikurrahman. "PENGARUH PROSES TEMPER TERHADAP KEKERASAN, KETANGGUHAN DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA HASIL TEMPA TRADISIONAL DI DESA MANDI ANGIN." AUSTENIT 10, no. 2 (2018): 79–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4547665.

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Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah baja pegas daun bekas (<em>medium carbon steel</em>) yang digunakan masyarakat desa mandi angin sebagai bahan baku utama untuk membuat parang. Pemberian laku panas di dalam tungku (<em>furnace</em>) dan dilanjutkan tempering selama 60 menit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui harga kekerasan, harga impak (<em>toughness</em>) dan struktur mikro, pada hasil tempa di desa mandi dengan variasi spesimen : spesimen awal,  <em>tempering</em> 250°C, dan<em> tempering</em> 400°C. Hasil  pengamatan struktur

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38

Purwanto, R. Edy, Moh Hartono, and Agus Sujatmiko. "Tempering Process Gradually to Improve Quality Tool." Applied Mechanics and Materials 836 (June 2016): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.836.153.

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Tempering is a heating treatment process to improve the elasticity with a little hardness. It is reheating the steel that has been hardened under the critical temperature of 723 oC and applying a holding time at that temperature, then cooling the steel in the air outside. The hardening was followed by gradual tempering process at different temperatures of 650°C, 550 oC and 450°C at 60, 120, and 180-minute holding times. The tempering process resulted in hard and tough not easily broken or worn tool steel. Besides, it improves the tensile strength and increases the durability of tool against co

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Haiko, Oskari, Antti Kaijalainen, Sakari Pallaspuro, et al. "The Effect of Tempering on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Novel 0.4C Press-Hardening Steel." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (2019): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204231.

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In this paper, the effects of different tempering temperatures on a recently developed ultrahigh-strength steel with 0.4 wt.% carbon content were studied. The steel is designed to be used in press-hardening for different wear applications, which require high surface hardness (650 HV/58 HRC). Hot-rolled steel sheet from a hot strip mill was austenitized, water quenched and subjected to 2-h tempering at different temperatures ranging from 150 °C to 400 °C. Mechanical properties, microstructure, dislocation densities, and fracture surfaces of the steels were characterized. Tensile strength greate

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Oktadinata, Herry, and Hilal Abdurrahman Misbah. "Pengaruh Temperatur Tempering terhadap Sifat Mekanik dan Struktur Mikro Besi Cor Nodular." Metal Indonesia 44, no. 2 (2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32423/jmi.2022.v44.51-59.

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Eksperimen ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi perubahan sifat mekanik dan struktur mikro besi cor nodular setelah dilakukan tempering pada temperatur 350 °C dan 450 °C dengan waktu penahanan selama satu jam dan dilanjutkan pendinginan udara. Sebelum dilakukan tempering terlebih dahulu dilakukan perlakuan panas hardening pada temperatur 850 °C dengan waktu penahanan selama satu jam dan quenching dengan media oli. Besi cor nodular yang digunakan pada penelitian ini memiliki kandungan 3,45% C, 2,6% Si, 0,635% Mn, 1,58% Ni, 0,275% Cr, dan 0,1% Mg. Kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik besi cor nodular seb

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Saravanan, K., R. Suresh Kumar, V. M. J. Sharma, et al. "Effect of Tempering Temperature on Strength and Fracture Toughness of 0.3C-CrMoV(ESR) Steel." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.433.

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0.3C-CrMoV(ESR) steel is an ultra-high strength low alloy steel indigenously developed by ISRO for space applications. The steel is used in the form of rings of 2.8 m diameter also. In this paper, the effect of tempering temperature on ring rolled steel for the best combination of fracture toughness and strength properties is studied. The tensile properties and fracture toughness of the steel were evaluated in the as quenched and tempered conditions through the specimens drawn in radial direction of the ring segment. Five tempering temperatures were used in the study: 200, 450, 475, 500 and 51

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Thummikanonth, Kritsana, Pairoj Sapsamanwong, Apirath Gositanon, and Thawatchai Boonluang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Quenching and Tempering Process of AISI 4130 Steel for Rocket Components." Key Engineering Materials 792 (December 2018): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.792.16.

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In manufacturing process of rocket components, quenching and tempering process can be used to achieve suitable hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of raw material. The trial and error of quenching and tempering process to succeed suitable properties of raw material will waste of budget and time. In this study, numerical analysis of quenching and tempering process on AISI 4130 steel was investigated comparative to actual heat treatment process to evaluate the agreement between them. The numerical analysis technique was used to seek suitable tempering temperature with specify

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Luo, Ping, Xianjun Li, Wenliang Zhang, et al. "The Study of Hardness Evolution during the Tempering Process of 38MnB5Nb Ultra-High-Strength Hot Stamping Steel: Experimental Analysis and Constitutive Models." Metals 13, no. 10 (2023): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13101642.

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To elucidate the hardness evolution behaviors for 38MnB5Nb ultra-high-strength hot stamping steel, a series of tempering processes with varying tempering temperatures and times were carried out with a dilatometer. Meanwhile, the hardness of each sample was measured after dilatometer experiments. The results indicated that the tempering process parameters (including the tempering temperature and time) play an important role in the hardness of the studied steel. The hardness of 38MnB5Nb ultra-high-strength hot stamping steel at the quenched state is about 580 Hv, while it is 240 Hv for the quasi

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Wang, Yan. "Influence of heat treatment process on the microstructure and hardness of Q345B steel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2842, no. 1 (2024): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2842/1/012063.

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Abstract This paper studied and determined the heat treatment processing technology of Q345B steel, and analyzed its metallographic structure and hardness after different quenching and tempering methods. The results showed that the salt quenching cooling rate was the fastest, resulting in the most martensite and the highest hardness. The hardness of salt-quenched, water-quenched, and oil-quenched steel decreased sequentially, but all of them are significantly higher than the initial hardness of Q345B steel. 950°C was more suitable for quenching Q345B steel than 900°C, with better microstructur

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Yang, Yue Hui, Jing Li, Shao Qiang Yuan, and Guo Li Liang. "Investigation on the Formation of Reversed Austenite in QT Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1081 (December 2014): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1081.219.

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Microstructures of 9Ni steel quenched at different temperatures were obtained, and a simulated tempering at different temperature was implemented with the DIL850A dilatometer, then the effect of initial microstructure before tempering on the formation of reversed austenite was studied. Results show that the formation of reversed austenite during tempering becomes easier with the decrease of quenching temperature and the increasing of tempering temperature, but the stability may deteriorates with the rapid increasing of reversed austenite in content. Overall, the amount of reversed austenite ma

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Oba, Maxi Yosafat, Suriana Laga, and Saiman Sutanto. "Kajian Lama Tempering Terhadap Karakteristik Sensori Dan Kadar Lemak Coklat Batang Dengan Metode Couverture." PALLANGGA: Journal of Agriculture Science and Research 1, no. 2 (2023): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56326/pallangga.v1i2.2451.

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Chocolate bars are the result of the processing of cocoa beans which are the most popular. Chocolate is known to contain antioxidants and flavonoids which are very useful for preventing the entry of free radicals into the body which can cause cancer. Tempering is carried out with the aim of changing the shape of the crystals in the fat because if tempering is not carried out, the crystal form of the fat is unstable so that the resulting chocolate will melt easily. This study aims to determine: (1) The effect of variations in length of tempering chocolate on fat content and organoleptic (color,

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Pandey, C., and MM Mahapatra. "Evolution of phases during tempering of P91 steel at 760℃ for varying tempering time and their effect on microstructure and mechanical properties." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 6 (2016): 1141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916656678.

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In the present investigation, a systematic study has been undertaken with regard to the effects of tempering time on room temperature mechanical properties of P91 (X10CrMoVNNB9-1) steel. Samples cut from P91 (X10CrMoVNNB9-1) industrial pipe were normalized at 1040 ℃ for 40 min and then tempered at 760 ℃ for different tempering times starting from 2 h to 8 h. Detailed analysis of microstructure, particle size, inter-particle spacing, and secondary phase carbide particles of the tempered samples was conducted by secondary electron microscopy technique. Optical microscopy was also utilized to cha

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Li, Yan Mei, Shu Zhan Zhang, Zai Wei Jiang, et al. "Effect of Tempering Time on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SA738 Gr.B Steel." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1739.

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The effect of tempering time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SA738 Gr.B nuclear power steel was studied using SEM, TEM and thermodynamic software, and its precipitation and microstructure evolution during tempering were clarified. The results showed that SA738 Gr.B nuclear power steel has better comprehensive mechanical properties after tempering at 650 °C for 1h. With the extension of the tempering time, M3C transformed into M23C6 with increasing size, which affected the yield strength and impact energy. When the tempering time is 8h ~ 10h, due to the transformation of M3C

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Wang, Ke Lu, Xin Li, and Xian Juan Dong. "Effect of Tempering Temperature on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of 800MPa Microalloy Low Carbon Bainitic Steel." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.406.

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The effect of tempering temperature on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a microalloy low carbon bainitic steel was investigated by microscopic analysis and testing of mechanical properties. The results show that the microstructures of the tested steel primarily consists of lath bainite, granular bainite, quasipolygonal ferrite and little acicular ferrite at different tempering temperatures. With the tempering temperature increasing, the proportion of lath bainitie decreases, while the volume of granular bainite and quasipolygonal ferrite increases. At the tempering temperatures

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Haryadi, Gunawan Dwi. "PENGARUH SUHU TEMPERING TERHADAP KEKERASAN, KEKUATAN TARIK DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PADA BAJA K-460." ROTASI 8, no. 2 (2012): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.8.2.1-8.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan kekerasan logam yaitu baja k-460. Baja k-460mempunyai kekerasan yang tinggi dan diharapkan mempunyai keuletan. Dengan tempering baja akan menambah sifatsifatnya,seperti kekerasan, keuletan dan tegangan tariknya..Hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan setelah proses tempering dengan variasi suhu telah merubahkekerasannya. Kekerasan baja setelah pemanasan menurun ketika suhu tempering dinaikkan. Perubahan suhutempering juga mempengaruhi nilai kekuatan tarik. Pada suhu 100oC kekuatan tarik maksimumnya 2014,8 Mpa, danpada suhu 200oC, 300oC, dan 400

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