Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Template Methode'

Having conducted the research described in this thesis I found that there exists a possibility to produce polyelectrolyte nanostructures on hydrophobic surfaces by application of the moving contact line approach. It was demonstrated that the morphology of nanostructures displays a range of structure variations from root-like to a single wire structure with a high anisotropy and aspect ratio (providing diameters of several nanometers and the length limited by the sample surface dimensions). Such nanostructures can be produced exactly on the spot of interest or can be transferred from the surface where they were produced to any other surfaces by the contact printing technique. A model describing the polymer deposition during the moving contact line processes on hydrophobic surfaces has been proposed. The application of this model provides the ground for an explanation of all the obtained experimental data. Utilizing moving contact line approach aligned one-dimensional polycation structures were fabricated and these structures were used as templates for assembling amphiphile molecules. Quasiperiodic aligned and oriented nanostructures of polyelectrolyte molecules formed in moving droplets were utilized for fabrication of electrically conductive one-dimensional nanowires.

Having conducted the research described in this thesis I found that there exists a possibility to produce polyelectrolyte nanostructures on hydrophobic surfaces by application of the moving contact line approach. It was demonstrated that the morphology of nanostructures displays a range of structure variations from root-like to a single wire structure with a high anisotropy and aspect ratio (providing diameters of several nanometers and the length limited by the sample surface dimensions). Such nanostructures can be produced exactly on the spot of interest or can be transferred from the surface where they were produced to any other surfaces by the contact printing technique. A model describing the polymer deposition during the moving contact line processes on hydrophobic surfaces has been proposed. The application of this model provides the ground for an explanation of all the obtained experimental data. Utilizing moving contact line approach aligned one-dimensional polycation structures were fabricated and these structures were used as templates for assembling amphiphile molecules. Quasiperiodic aligned and oriented nanostructures of polyelectrolyte molecules formed in moving droplets were utilized for fabrication of electrically conductive one-dimensional nanowires.

Chemisch dotiertes Polypyrrol gilt als Modellsubstanz für leitfähige Polymere mit nichtdegeneriertem Grundzustand. Das elektrische Transportverhalten in dotiertem Polypyrrol wird durch lokalisierte Ladungsträger, Bipolaronen und Polaronen, bestimmt. Es besteht dabei eine enge gegenseitige Wechselwirkung zwischen der Struktur der Polymerkette und den Eigenschaften der Ladungsträger. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Kombination von Hochdruckmethodik und optischer Spektroskopie vertieft das Verständnis der Beziehung zwischen der molekularen und supramolekularen Struktur und den elektronischen und optischen Eigenschaften.
Durch spezifische Synthesemethoden lassen sich unterschiedliche Strukturen in der polymeren Probe induzieren, die sich durch den Anteil an hochgeordneten Polymerketten unterscheiden. Die gezielte Veränderung dieser Strukturen durch Druckexperimente ermöglicht das Studium des Einflusses der Synthesemethoden auf die Ladungsträgereigenschaften. Für diese Studien wurden herkömmlich synthetisierte Polypyrrol-Filme und Filme, die sich aus Polypyrrol-Nanoröhren zusammensetzen (Synthese in Kernspur-membranen, "Template-Synthese") bei ansonsten gleichen Syntheseparametern untersucht. Raman- und Infrarotspektroskopie sowie UV-Vis-NIR-Absorptionsspektroskopie, die jeweils für die Hochdruckmethodik adaptiert wurden, dienten der Charakterisierung der Proben. Zusätzlich wurden temperatur- und druckabhängige Messungen des elektrischen Widerstands an den Template-Proben durchgeführt. Die Morphologie template-synthetisierter Polypyrrol-Nanoröhren und die filmbildenden Eigenschaften sowie der mögliche Aufbau von Schichtarchitekturen wurden mit transmissions- und rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Techniken untersucht.
Die aus den Hochdruckexperimenten gewonnenen Daten werden in der Arbeit im Hinblick auf die Stabilität der Ladungsträger interpretiert. Im Ergebnis bewirkt die Druckerhöhung eine Dissoziation der Bipolaronen in den untersuchten Proben. Das Ladungsträger-gleichgewicht verschiebt sich dadurch mit steigendem Druck zu Zuständen mit höherem Anteil an polaronischen Ladungsträgern. Die Template-Synthese bewirkt gegenüber herkömmlich synthetisierten Proben einen höheren Anteil an Polaronen bereits bei Normaldruck, und eine Lage des Systems näher bei einem Isolator-Metall-Übergang. Die Dissoziationsrate der Bipolaronen ist für Template- und herkömmlich synthetisierte Proben vergleichbar groß und unabhängig vom Initialzustand nach der Synthese.

Dieses Verhalten der Ladungsträger wird weitergehend im Rahmen eines Modells untersucht, bei dem der Einfluß benachbarter Polymerketten und der Dotandionen berücksichtigt wird. Dementsprechend können sich die Wellenfunktionen der Ladungsträger unter bestimmten Bedingungen auch auf benachbarte Ketten erstrecken (transversale Polaronen bzw. Bipolaronen). Eine solche Ausdehnung der Wellenfunktionen unter Mitwirkung der Dotandionen wurde in den untersuchten Proben nicht festgestellt. Die Wellenfunktionen der Ladungsträger besitzen demnach hauptsächlich Komponenten entlang der Polymerkette (longitudinale Polaronen bzw. Bipolaronen). Aus der Änderungsrate druckabhängiger spektraler Charakteristiken lassen sich Aussagen über den Ordnungszustand der Probe ableiten.

Diese auf experimentellem Wege gefundenen Ergebnisse liefern somit Hinweise für die bisher kontrovers diskutierte Koexistenz der beiden Ladungsträgerarten Polaronen und Bipolaronen und die Größe ihrer jeweiligen Bindungsenergien. Druckerhöhung und Template-Synthese bewirken analoge Änderungen der Polymerstruktur. Sowohl höherer Druck wie auch die Template-Synthese lassen sich mit einem höheren Ordnungsgrad in den Template-Proben korrelieren.

Der Ladungstransport in den Proben kann durch ein Mott Variable Range Hopping-Modell mit druckabhängiger charakteristischer Dimension beschrieben werden. Die Erhöhung des Drucks bewirkt einen Anstieg der Dimension, eine bessere Überlappung der Wellenfunktionen der Ladungsträger und eine Vergrößerung der Lokalisierungslänge der Ladungsträger. Die druckinduzierte Dissoziation der Bipolaronen beeinflußt den Ladungstransport zusätzlich durch Erhöhung der Anzahl unabhängiger Ladungsträger und verbessert diesen aufgrund stärkerer Überlappung der Wellenfunktionen. Template-Proben niedriger Synthesetemperatur zeigen bei Normaldruck eine höhere Dimension des Mott Variable Range Hoppings und eine größere Lokalisierungslänge gegenüber bei Raumtemperatur synthetisierten Proben. Kürzere Synthesezeiten bewirken einen Anstieg der Dimension bei Normaldruck und eine Verschiebung des Dimensionscrossovers zu niedrigeren Temperaturen. Template-Proben kurzer Synthesezeit zeigen geringere druckinduzierte Änderungen als solche mit langer Synthesezeit. Es wurde ein kontinuierliches Ordnungsmodell der Polypyrrol-Nanoröhren entwickelt, das dieses Verhalten beschreibt.

Die Morphologie und die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Nanoröhren werden durch spezifische Syntheseparameter, wie Temperatur und Dauer, beeinflußt und können mit Transmissions- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie beobachtet werden. Die filmbildenden Eigenschaften der Röhren hängen stark von diesen mechanischen Eigenschaften ab. Die Struktur der Filme kann dabei von einer unregelmäßigen Anordnung der Röhren bis zu nahezu parallel ausgerichteten Röhren variieren. Es wurden Möglichkeiten untersucht, die Röhren in den Filmen zu orientieren und aus diesen Filmen durch Schichtung makroskopische Architekturen mit einem hohen Grad an orientierten Röhren aufzubauen. Solche Architekturen können für verschiedene Anwendungen, z.B. in elektronischen Bauteilen oder mikroskopischen Bioreaktoren, von Interesse sein.
Chemically doped polypyrrole is a model substance for conducting polymers with non-degenerate ground state. The electrical transport behaviour in doped polypyrrole is determined by localised charge carriers, polarons and bipolarons, respectively. A strong interaction between the structure of the polymer chain and the properties of the carriers exists. In this work the applicability of the combination of high pressure techniques with spectroscopy in the visible spectral range is demonstrated to improve the understanding of the relationship between the molecular and supramolecular structure and the electronic and optical properties.

The use of specific synthesis methods allows the induction of different structures in the polymeric sample. These structures possess different amounts of highly ordered polymer chains. High pressure experiments are a suitable method to influence the structures in a controlled manner. In this way the effect of the different synthesis methods on the charge carrier properties can be studied. For these investigations polypyrrole films synthesised by ordinary chemical synthesis and films build up of template synthesised polypyrrole nanotubules, respectively, were fabricated under the same chemical synthesis conditions. The characterisation of the samples was carried out by Raman and infrared spectroscopy as well as optical absorption spectroscopy. All spectroscopic methods were adapted for high pressure techniques. Additionally, temperature and pressure dependent measurements of the electrical resistance were performed on the template synthesised samples. The morphology of polypyrrole nanotubules and films consisting of nanotubules as well as architectures built up from these films were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

The data obtained from the high pressure experiments are interpreted in view of the stability of the charge carriers. One result is the dissoziation of bipolarons upon pressure increase in the samples under investigation with increasing pressure. The charge carrier equilibrium is shifted to states with larger amount of polarons. Template synthesis, compared with ordinarily synthesised samples, results in a larger amount of polarons at ambient pressure and a position of the samples closer to an insulator-metal transition. The dissoziation rate of bipolarons in template and ordinary synthesised samples is comparable and independent of the initial state after completed synthesis procedure.

This behaviour of the charge carriers is further investigated in the frame of a model which takes the influence of neighbouring polymer chains and of dopant ions into considerations. According to this model, the wave functions of the charge carriers are also allowed to extend on neighboured chains under certain conditions (transverse polarons or bipolarons, respectively). Such an expansion of the wave functions where dopant ions act as mediating bridges of lower potential cannot be observed in the samples under investigation. Hence, the wave functions of the charge carriers contain mainly components along the polymer chain (longitudinal polarons or bipolarons, respectively). From the alteration rate of pressure dependent spectral characteristics information can be gained on the state of order in the samples.

These experimental results deliver hints for the up to now controversial discussion on the coexistence of the charge carrier species polarons and bipolarons and the magnitude of their binding energies. Pressure increase and template synthesis yield analogous changes of the polymer structure. High pressure as well as template synthesis can be correlated with a higher degree of order in the samples.

The charge carrier transport in the samples can be described by a Mott Variable Range Hopping model with a pressure dependent characteristic dimension. The increase of pressure results in an increasing dimension, a larger overlap of the wave function of the charge carriers and an increase of their localisation length. Additionally, pressure induced dissoziation of bipolarons improves the charge carrier transport by increasing the amount of independent charge carriers and larger overlap of the wave functions. Template synthesised samples prepared at lower synthesis temperature show a higher dimension of the Mott Variable Range Hopping and a larger localisation length than samples synthesised at room temperature. Shorter synthesis time results in an increase of the characteristic dimension at ambient pressure and a shift of the dimensional crossover to lower temperatures. Also, these samples show smaller pressure induced changes compared to samples with longer synthesis time. A model is developed describing this behaviour in the frame of a continuous order change in polypyrrole nanotubules.

The morphology and the mechanical properties of the template synthesised nanotubules are influenced by specific synthesis parameters, e.g. temperature and duration, as can be observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The resulting films formed by the tubules strongly depend on these mechanical properties. The structure of the films can vary between disordered arrangement and almost parallel orientation of the tubules. The possibilities for orienting of the individual tubules in films and for building macroscopic architectures by subsequent stacking of those films were investigated. Such architectures are interesting from an application point of view e.g. in electronic devices and microscopic bioreactors.

Die Arbeit beschreibt die Anfertigung eines speziellen SOI-Substrates, bei dem eine strukturierte Kobaltdisilizidschicht zwischen dem vergrabenen Oxid und der Silizium- Bauelementeschicht angeordnet ist. Dieses soll für die gemeinsame Integration bipolarerer und unipolarerer Bauelemente auf einem SOI-Substrat im Bereich der Höchstfrequenztechnik Anwendung finden. Verschiedene Technologien zur Herstellung von SOI-Substraten sowie deren Eigenschaften werden vorgestellt und in Hinblick auf eine mögliche Anwendung diskutiert. Schließlich wurden die konventionellen Technologien, Bond and Etchback SOI (BESOI) und wasserstoffinduzierte Delamination (SmartCut®), als geeignet ausgewählt. Es wurden erstmalig durchgängige Technologiekonzepte erarbeitet, welche die Prozesse zur SOI- Substratfertigung und die Teilschritte zur Herstellung hochwertiger Kobaltdisilizidschichten mittels des Kobalt-Salicide-Prozesses enthalten. Schwerpunkte bei der Silizidherstellung waren die Metallabscheidung mit sehr guter Homogenität sowie die zur Silizierung notwen-digen Hochtemperaturprozesse. Weiterhin wurde ein nasschemischer Prozess entwickelt, welcher das Ätzen der Ausgangsmetalle, selektiv zur entstehenden Silizidschicht, ermöglicht. Ein Schlüsselprozess in beiden Technologien ist das Waferbonden, welches in Hinblick auf Funktionalität und Fehlerfreiheit optimiert wurde. Für den BESOI-Prozess ist das Wafergrinden die kritische Technologie. Dabei war es vor allem notwendig, eine optimale Restsiliziumdicke zu finden. Bei der SmartCut®-Technologie stellte die Wasserstoffionen-implantation durch abwechselnde Gebiete mit und ohne Silizid mit der gleichen Reichweite der implantierten Ionen eine große Herausforderung dar. Die Grenzfläche zwischen dem Kobaltdisilizid und dem Silizium der Bauelementeschicht ist bei Verwendung des konventionellen Kobalt-Salicide-Prozesses zu rau für die Anwendung als vergrabenes Silizid in einem SOI-Substrat. Durch Modifikation von Prozessparametern und durch die Anordnung verschiedener Schichten zwischen Silizium und Kobalt während der Silizidherstellung wurde versucht, eine Verbesserung der Grenzflächenqualität zu erzielen. Mit der Verwendung einer polykristallinen Siliziumzwischenschicht gelang es schließlich, die Rauhigkeitswerte signifikant zu senken. Schließlich wurde die Eigenschaft des Kobalts untersucht, in den Siliziumkristall einzudringen und die Rekombinationslebensdauer der Minoritätsladungsträger zu senken. Durch die Verwendung eines reineren Sputtertargets und die Modifikation der Schichtgeometrien während der Silizidherstellung wurde versucht, eine Verbesserung der Lebensdauerwerte zu erzielen.

Template semantics is a template-based approach to describing the semantics of model-based notations, where a pre-defined template captures the notations' common semantics, and parameters specify the notations' distinct semantics. In this thesis, we investigate using template semantics to parameterize the translation from a model-based notation to the input language of the SMV family of model checkers. We describe a fully automated translator that takes as input a specification written in template semantics syntax, and a set of template parameters, encoding the specification's semantics, and generates an SMV model of the specification. The result is a parameterized technique for model checking specifications written in a variety of notations. Our work also shows how to represent complex composition operators, such as rendezvous synchronization, in the SMV language, in which there is no matching language construct.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 96 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-96).

Miniaturization has become a driving force in different areas of technology including microelectronics, sensoric- and bio-technologies and in fundamental science. Because of the well-known limitations of conventional lithographic methods, newly emerging bottom-up approach, utilizing self-assembly of various nanoobjects including single polymer molecules and carbon nanotubes constitutes a very promising alternative for fabrication of ultimately small devices. Carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for nanotechnology and hold much promise to revolutionize fundamental science in a investigation of phenomena, associated with the nanometer–sized objects.It was found in this work that grafted chains of poly(2-vinylpyridine) form a shell covering the carbon nanotubes that makes them dispersible in organic solvents and in acidic water (CNTs-g-P2VP).The positively charged poly(2-vinylpyridine) shell is responsible for the selective deposition of carbon nanotubes onto oppositely charged surfaces. It was established that the deposition CNTs-g-P2VP from aqueous dispersions at low pH is an effective method to prepare ultra-thin films with a tunable density of carbon nanotubes.It was shown that poly(2-vinylpyridine) grafted to carbon nanotubes is a universal support for the immobilization of various nanoclusters at the carbon nanotube's surface. Prussian Blue nanoparticles were selectively attached to the surface of CNTs-g-P2VP.Conducting polymer nanowires are another very promising kind of nanomaterials that could be also suitable for applications in nanodevices and nanosensors. In this work was developed a simple method to control the conformation and orientation of single adsorbed polyelectrolyte molecules by co-deposition with octylamine. A simple chemical route to conductive polypyrrole nanowires by the grafting of polypyrrole from molecules of polystyrensulfonic acid was developed. The dc conductivity of individual polypyrrole nanowires approaches the conductivity of polypyrole in bulk.The conductivity can be described using variable-range hopping model.

Miniaturization has become a driving force in different areas of technology including microelectronics, sensoric- and bio-technologies and in fundamental science. Because of the well-known limitations of conventional lithographic methods, newly emerging bottom-up approach, utilizing self-assembly of various nanoobjects including single polymer molecules and carbon nanotubes constitutes a very promising alternative for fabrication of ultimately small devices. Carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for nanotechnology and hold much promise to revolutionize fundamental science in a investigation of phenomena, associated with the nanometer–sized objects.It was found in this work that grafted chains of poly(2-vinylpyridine) form a shell covering the carbon nanotubes that makes them dispersible in organic solvents and in acidic water (CNTs-g-P2VP).The positively charged poly(2-vinylpyridine) shell is responsible for the selective deposition of carbon nanotubes onto oppositely charged surfaces. It was established that the deposition CNTs-g-P2VP from aqueous dispersions at low pH is an effective method to prepare ultra-thin films with a tunable density of carbon nanotubes.It was shown that poly(2-vinylpyridine) grafted to carbon nanotubes is a universal support for the immobilization of various nanoclusters at the carbon nanotube's surface. Prussian Blue nanoparticles were selectively attached to the surface of CNTs-g-P2VP.Conducting polymer nanowires are another very promising kind of nanomaterials that could be also suitable for applications in nanodevices and nanosensors. In this work was developed a simple method to control the conformation and orientation of single adsorbed polyelectrolyte molecules by co-deposition with octylamine. A simple chemical route to conductive polypyrrole nanowires by the grafting of polypyrrole from molecules of polystyrensulfonic acid was developed. The dc conductivity of individual polypyrrole nanowires approaches the conductivity of polypyrole in bulk.The conductivity can be described using variable-range hopping model.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 1987.
"June 1987." "Also numbered Classic-87-03"--Cover. "This research was supported by NASA Ames Consortium Agreement NASA NCA2-150 and Office of Naval Research Contracts N00014-86-K-0565, N00014-82-K-0335, N00014-75-C-1132"--P. vi. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-129).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of New Orleans, 2004.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Chemistry."--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Information Extraction (IE) is becoming increasingly important for the semantic analysis of free-text documents stored in large document repositories, such as the Web. Once free-text is analysed for the recognition of concepts and concept interrelations in events and facts of interest, the resulting structured information becomes a valuable knowledge resource. This resource can be of further use in other information management technologies, such as document summarisation, ontology development, semantic document indexing, question answering, etc., or can be further exploited by data mining and reasoning technologies.

This research project focussed on developing synthetic strategies to fabricate a variety of nanoporous materials ranging the full range of pore sizes from micro to macro using template assisted sol-gel routes. Both colloidal crystals and surfactant self assemblies were employed as templates. Initial studies focussed on the fabrication of macroporous titano/alumino and tinsilicate materials by dip infiltrating colloidal crystal templates with sol-gel mixtures. The sols were prehydrolysed in order to ensure atomic scale homogeneity of the final material. These materials were subsequently characterised using SEM to observe the macrostructure whilst XRD, EDX, NMR and iR were used to characterise the thermal stability and chemical homogeneity. The work reports materials with metal:silicon atomic ratios for macroporous titanosilicates and aluminosilicates that are far in excess of those previously reported in the literature. Following this research was focused on the production of hierarchically ordered meso/macro silica materials by dip coating a preformed colloidal crystal into a sol-gel solution which contained surfactants. This technique combines principles of colloidal crystal templating and liquid crystal templating and by varying the surfactant it was possible to obtain mesoporous pore walls with both ordered and wormhole pore morphologies. The materials were characterised with both SEM, TEM and Nitrogen sorption and exhibited surface areas in excess of 500 m2 g-1. It was further shown that the mesopore size could be tuned by choosing different surfactants and mesopore sizes ranging from 2-7 nm were produced. Finally, the synthetic procedures developed to produce meso/macro silica were used to produce meso/macro titania and zirconia by extending the method to incorporate different metal alkoxides precursors. These materials were once again characterised by SEM, TEM and nitrogen sorption and it was shown meso/macro titania and zirconia could be easily fabricated using this simple approach. It was also shown that the ordering in these materials was more sensitive to the chosen surfactant with only larger tri-block copolymer surfactants yielding stable mesostructures.

La fabricación de micro- y nanoestructuras orgánicas ha recibido un creciente interés debido a sus potenciales aplicaciones en campos como los sensores, las células solares y los diodos emisores de luz. En este trabajo, se ha desarrollado la técnica "template-based method", la cual consiste en la infiltración de un polímero en un molde poroso para obtener una estructura que sea su replica inversa. Dicha técnica ha sido utilizada empleando diferentes condiciones experimentales. El silicio macroporoso y la alumina nanoporosa han sido utilizados como moldes. Se fabricaron micro- y nanoestructuras orgánicas y se caracterizaron por microscopia electrónica de barrido, absorción, fotoluminiscencia, difracción de rayos X y espectroscopia Raman. Se analizó la morfología, las propiedades ópticas y la estructura cristalográfica de las micro- y nanoestructuras obtenidas. Finalmente, se estudió la influencia del disolvente, la estructura y del método experimental en la ordenación de las cadenas del polímero dentro de los nanoporos.



Fabrication and characterization of polymer micro- and nanostructures by template-based method
The fabrication of polymer micro- and nanostructures has received an increasing interest due to its potential applications in fields such as sensors, solar cells and light-emitting diodes. In this thesis, we have developed the template-based method, which consists on the infiltration of a specific material into a cavity (called template) to obtain the inverse replica of the template. This method has been studied using different experimental conditions. Macroporous silicon and self-ordered nanoporous alumina have been employed as templates. Polymer micro- and nanostructures were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis absorbance, photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Then, the morphology, optical properties and the degree of crystallinity of the micro- and nanostructures were analysed. Finally, the influence of the solvent, the structure and the experimental method in the conformation of the polymer chains inside the nanopores were studied.

The formation of thick, robust, mesoporous titania films is of particular interest and the focus of this thesis has been the study and comparison of the surfactant templated formation of such materials by three methods. film structure has been studied using TEM and small angle X-ray and neutron scattering while formation was studied using Brewster angle microscopy and X-ray and neutron reflectometry. Repetitive dip-coating was used to produce films for development into dye sensitized solar cells allowing development of cells of reasonable efficiency when four depositions were used. This research showed that repetitive deposition does not necessarily lead to a linear increase in film thickness, as subsequent depositions may be thinner making the future application of this method for solar cells problematic. In contrast to dip-coating, a fluorinated surfactant was used in a largely alcohol solvent to produce mesostructured films at the air-solution interface. Film formation occurred by a surface driven mechanism via addition of individual precursors and micelles producing a lamellar structure in-situ. After removal from the interface a cubic phase developed after drying of the film. Although films are not stable to calcination the calcined material remains porous. The surfactant templated formation of ZnO films at the air-solution interface was also studied. The di-block copolymer PEPEG2250 was also used to template titania films at the air-solution interface from alcoholic solvent. Film formation occurred via a bulk driven mechanism. Although these films were found to be disordered at the interface and not stable to calcinations they were unusually robust and self supporting after removal from the interface. Studies of subphase development allowed the first time-resolved observation of surfactant templated titania particle formation.

First, PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)) colloidal spheres were synthesised using surfactant free emulsion polymerisation (SFEP) process. The effects of temperature, monomer concentration and seeding in the SFEP process were investigated. PMMA colloidal crystals were fabricated using two different self-assembly techniques; the vertical deposition via evaporation and a modified floating (air-water interface) technique. The floating technique made it possible to fabricate 2D and 3D colloidal crystals with controlled thickness through multiple depositions. Once self-assembled, the PMMA colloidal crystals were used as templates to synthesise different 2D and 3D metal oxide inverse opal structures. Different colloidal crystal templating techniques including vacuum assisted and horizontal templating via sol-gel infiltration were used to produce highly ordered inverse opal structures. A comprehensive temperature dependent study on the formation of 3D TiO2 inverse opals was carried out. Successful synthesis of different metal oxide hollow spheres was made possible using a simple sol-gel templating approach. By using seeded polymerisation combined with template-directed synthesis, sphere-in-sphere hollow spheres were successfully synthesised, with independent compositions for both the inner and outer spheres. By using a modified templating technique, it was possible to synthesise bilayered inverse opals with different metal oxide layers. A successful production of such a bilayered/heterojunction system was realised. By using secondary templating combined with a chemical bath deposition (CBD) process, it was also possible to grow ZnO nanorods onto this bilayered inverse opal structure producing a hierarchical hybrid nanostructure. This novel structure was further sensitised by narrow band gap CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots and used in PEC water splitting experiments. The results were very promising and showed stepwise increase in photoefficiency for every step in the synthesis of the novel hierarchical structure of quantum dot sensitised ZnO nanorods on bilayered TiO2/ZnO inverse opal. Increasing surface area, enhancing charge separation, faster charge transport, better light scattering and visible light absorption all played their parts in such a sequential photoenhancing system. Bilayered TiO2/ZnO inverse opal was also used as a photoanode material in dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC) devices and showed improved photoenhancement. The photonic crystal properties of ZnO inverse opal was investigated by coupling it to potassium titanate (K2Ti4O9) nanobelts. Such configuration showed higher photoefficiency in DSSC devices compare to a single system of titanate. In summary, these strategies offer a novel approach for the synthesis of hierarchical structures with each part playing a role in enhancing light harvesting for better energy conversion.

L’acceleratore di protoni e ioni pesanti LHC costruito presso i laboratori del CERN di Ginevra permette sviluppi straordinari nel campo della fisica delle particelle alle alte energie. Tra le diverse linee di ricerca attualmente operative lo studio del quark top riveste un ruolo di particolare rilevanza. Infatti, l’elevata energia accessibile alla macchina rende possibile la raccolta di campioni di elevata statistica necessari per uno studio dettagliato delle proprietà del quark top, la particella più pesante fino ad oggi nota. In particolare in questa tesi viene studiato, e confrontato con l'analisi standard, un nuovo metodo, chiamato “template overlap method”, per la selezione di quark top prodotti ad alta energia. L'obiettivo è valutare se questo nuovo metodo permetterà una migliore precisione nella misura della sezione d'urto differenziale di produzione di coppie tt nelle prossime prese dati dove l'energia nel centro di massa raggiungerà i 13 TeV. L'analisi, per ora, è stata svolta su dati montecarlo simulati per l'esperimento ATLAS ad una energia del centro di massa di 8 TeV. I risultati ottenuti sono incoraggianti perchè mostrano un'alta efficienza di selezione all'aumentare dell'energia dei prodotti di decadimento del top.

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis discusses the investigation of various aspects of templated self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP) thin films for nanofeature fabrication. Two chapters outline the research of a combined physical and chemical templating method with two BCPs. The method was not effective in templating poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) BCP because of limited template wettability. The method effectively templated poly(octofluro pentamethacrylate-block-hydroxystyrene) (OFPMA-b-HSM) BCP to fabricate orthogonally-directed lamellar microdomains and nanohole-mesh arrays. Chapter 4 discusses the achievement of a mean overlay accuracy of 52 nm and 0' for two electron-beam-based lithographic features as a result of an investigated overlay process. Lastly, the thesis reports the fabrication of a wide-range of nanofeatures - from two-dimensional and three dimensional nanoholes arrays to elliptical and cylindrical meshes - by the sacrificial-post templating method with poly(styreneblock- dimethylsiloxane) (PS-b-PDMS) BCP.
by Samuel M. Nicaise.
S.M.

Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 1998.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 79 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-68).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 39 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 39).

With the advance of the modern information society, the importance of reliable identity authentication has increased dramatically. Using biometrics as a means for verifying the identity of a person increases both the security and the convenience of the systems. By using yourself to verify your identity such risks as lost keys and misplaced passwords are removed and by virtue of this, convenience is also increased. The most mature and well-developed biometric technique is fingerprint recognition. Fingerprints are unique for each individual and they do not change over time, which is very desirable in this application. There are multitudes of approaches to fingerprint recognition, most of which work by identifying so called minutiae and match fingerprints based on these.

In this diploma work, two alternative methods for locating distinct features in fingerprint images have been evaluated. The Template Correlation Method is based on the correlation between the image and templates created to approximate the homogenous ridge/valley areas in the fingerprint. The high-dimension of the feature vectors from correlation is reduced through principal component analysis. By visualising the dimension reduced data by ordinary plotting and observing the result classification is performed by locating anomalies in feature space, where distinct features are located away from the non-distinct.

The Circular Sampling Method works by sampling in concentric circles around selected points in the image and evaluating the frequency content of the resulting functions. Each images used here contains 30400 pixels which leads to sampling in many points that are of no interest. By selecting the sampling points this number can be reduced. Two approaches to sampling points selection has been evaluated. The first restricts sampling to occur only along valley bottoms of the image, whereas the second uses orientation histograms to select regions where there is no single dominant direction as sampling positions. For each sampling position an intensity function is achieved by circular sampling and a frequency spectrum of this function is achieved through the Fast Fourier Transform. Applying criteria to the relationships of the frequency components classifies each sampling location as either distinct or non-distinct.

Using a cyclic approach to evaluate the methods and their potential makes selection at various stages possible. Only the Circular Sampling Method survived the first cycle, and therefore all tests from that point on are performed on thismethod alone. Two main errors arise from the tests, where the most prominent being the number of spurious points located by the method. The second, which is equally serious but not as common, is when the method misclassifies visually distinct features as non-distinct. Regardless of the problems, these tests indicate that the method holds potential but that it needs to be subject to further testing and optimisation. These tests should focus on the three main properties of the method: noise sensitivity, radial dependency and translation sensitivity.

Thesis (M.S.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009
Title from PDF (viewed on 19 August 2009) Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center

This thesis is focused in the synthesis of phosphine-based macrocycles by template methods. Furthermore, it explores some alternative methods for the synthesis of known and unknown polydentate primary phosphine compounds necessary for the preparation of new macrocycles. Following this new procedure the novel tripodal primary phosphine cis, cis-1,3,5-triphosphinomethylcyclohexane (2.15) has been prepared in good yields as well as the reported bis(2-phosphinoethyl)amine (PNP, 3.4). Mono-alkylation of 3.4 allowed the preparation of the asymmetric 2-(allylphosphino)-N-(2-phosphinoethyl)ethanamine ligand (3.16) in low yields. Whilst ligands 2.15 and 3.16 failed to form well-defined facially coordinated molybdenum(O) and chromium(O) complexes respectively, 3.4 formed octahedral complexes with Cr(0) and Fe(II) metals, {/ac-Cr(CO)₃(PNP)}, 3.8 and {n5-C₅H₄(SiMe₃)}Fe(PNP) PF6, 3.10. Different attempts have been made to cyclise the facially coordinated chromium complex 3.8, however all of them have failed. The synthesis of 3.8 and 3.10 has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The synthesis of a new Mn(I) 9-membered tribenzanulated I1 triphosphamacrocycle complex Mn(CO)₃{(C₆H₄F)PC ₆H₄PHC₆H₄PHC₆H₄} OTf, 4.10 has been successfully synthesised by sequential introduction of 1,2-diphosphinobenzene and tris(2-fluorophenyl)phosphine on a manganese(I) complex and subsequent addition of /-BuOK. Alkylation of the two secondary phosphorus of 4.10 with Mel allowed the isolation of the more stable manganese complex II Mn(CO)₃{(C₆H₄F)PC₆H ₄P(CH₃)C₆H₄P(CH₃)C ₆H₄} OTf/I 4.12. The liberation of the phosphine trioxide macrocycle, {(C₆H₄F)J>(0)C₆H₄P(0)(CH ₃)C₆H₄(0)(CH₃)C₆H₄ } 4.14 from the metal has been achieved using 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide in excess. In addition, the X-ray crystal structures of the non-cyclised precursor intermediate Mn(CO)₃{(C₆H₄F)₃P}{C ₆H₄(PH₂)₂-o} OTf 4.9 and the half cyclised intermediate (I Mn(CO)₃{(C₆H₄F)₂PC ₆H₄PHC₆H₄PH₂} OTf 4.11 as well as the final macrocycle 4.12 have also been established.

The aim of the thesis is to find a method, in conjunction with the ordinary differential equation (ODE) based method of lines (MOL) solution of Richards’ equation, to model the steep wetting front infiltration in very dry soils, accurately and efficiently. Due to the steep pressure head or steep water volumetric content gradients, highly nonlinear soil hydraulic properties and the rapid movement of the wetting front, accurate solutions for infiltration into a dry soil are usually difficult to obtain. Additionally, such problems often require very small time steps and large computation times. As an enhancement to the used ODE/MOL approach, Higher Order Finite Differencing, Varying Order Finite Differencing, Vertical Scaling, Adaptive Schemes and Non-uniform Stretching Techniques have been implemented and tested in this thesis. Success has been found in the ability of Vertical Scaling to simulate very steep moving front solution for the Burgers’ equation. Unfortunately, the results also show that Vertical Scaling needs significant research and improvement before their full potential in routine applications for difficult nonlinear problems, such as Richard’s equation with very steep moving front solution, can be realized. However, we have also shown that the use of the composed form of RE and a 2nd order finite differencing for the first order derivative approximation is conducive for modelling steep moving front problem in a very dry soil. Additionally, with the combination of an optimal influx value at the edges of the inlet, the ODE/MOL approach is able to model a 2-D infiltration in very dry soils, effectively and accurately. Furthermore, one of the strengths of this thesis is the use of a MATLAB PDE template. Implementing the ODE/MOL approach via a MATLAB PDE template has shown to be most suitable for modelling of partial differential equations. The plug and play mode of modifying the PDE template for solving time-dependent partial differential equations is user-friendly and easy, as compared to more conventional approaches using Pascal, Fortran, C or C++. The template offers greater modularity, flexibility, versatility, and efficiency for solving PDE problems in both 1-D and 2-D spatial dimensions. Moreover, the 2-D PDE template has been extended for irregular shaped domains.

This thesis presents the template-based quantitative perfusion SPECT (TQPS) method, which is designed for the semi-quantitative analysis in SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Unlike traditional methods employing normal patient databases as the healthy standard when quantifying myocardial perfusion defects, the proposed method utilizes a patient-specific template for its healthy standard. In doing so, TQPS aims to overcome a number of the limitations associated with the non-patient-specific nature of normal patient databases. The TQPS method begins with the construction of a template, which is a 3D digital model of the patient’s healthy heart, using the SPECT reconstructed image. The template is then projected, reconstructed and sampled into the bulls-eye map domain. A ratio of the patient and template bulls-eye images produces a final corrected image in which a patient-specific threshold is applied to identify perfusion defects. Traditional semi-quantitative cardiac measurements, such as the summed stress score and perfusion defect extent were employed for the analysis. This thesis presents the investigation of TQPS in three phases: method evaluation, optimization, and validation. The first two phases focused on controlled simulation studies in which the assessment was based on how well TQPS was able to quantify myocardial perfusion defects relative to the truth. In these studies, the method was able to spatially define perfusion defects with a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 76%, respectively, while estimating the global perfusion defect size to within 3% of the truth. In the third phase, the aim was to clinically evaluate TQPS relative to an established commercial method (QPS). TQPS exhibited improved specificity relative to the commercial method for the detection of significant coronary artery disease in the left anterior descending artery. The sensitivities for detecting 70% stenosis or greater in the LAD, LCX and RCA territories for QPS and TQPS were 60%, 82%, 75%, and 88%, 94%, 75%, respectively. In summary, the TQPS method was able to accurately quantify myocardial perfusion defects in SPECT MPI, while exhibiting considerable advantages over a traditional normal database method, particularly in the LAD coronary territory.

A new strategy for creating homochiral metal-organic frameworks is demonstrated, through fusion of pillaring and templating concepts. This strategy makes use of the synergy among various chemical interactions during self-assembly process, and leads to the synthesis of a series of homochiral frameworks. In the presence of only pillar-to-pillar π-π interactions, inter-pillar forces compete again metal-pillar interactions, resulting in mismatch between pillar-to-pillar and metal-to-metal separations and consequently 2-D materials without pillaring. To create 3-D materials, a method is developed to use various aromatic molecules, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particular, as templates to modulate the inter-pillar interaction and separation, leading to the formation of 3-D homochiral frameworks. The use of aromatic molecules, especially hydrocarbons, as structure-directing agents, represents a new approach in the development of crystalline porous materials. Aromatic templates can be post-synthetically extracted to yield flexible porous homochiral materials with gate-opening gas sorption behaviors for both N₂ and CO₂ at partial pressures tunable by temperatures.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 389 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 327-336).

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 113 p. : ill. (some col.) Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-88

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-72).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 325 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-144).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 103 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-65).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 81 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-81).

This developmental study addresses the problem of Native American language loss through the development of a new instructional model to teach indigenous languages to Native American learners. Whole language methods advocated in second language instruction incorporate observational learning strategies - strategies which are inherent in the Native American home, but often ignored in school. Instructional technology provides a mechanism for the development of curriculum materials which reflect appropriate instructional techniques. A template with embedded whole language methods to address culturally-specific learning strategies was created through the use of hypermedia. The design, development, and implementation of the project template is detailed. The thematic content framework of the template is local legends about the origins of celestial elements. A sample product using the Cherokee language was created from the template and pilot tested on a reservation in North Carolina. Pilot test data is discussed, as well as recommendations for future research in the use of technology for Native American language preservation. A Developer’s Guide to Template Modification is appended to support the adaptation of the template for use with other Native American languages.
Ph. D.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 252 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 250-251).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 153 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-153).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 93 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-93).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 167 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-109).

Since its discovery, top quark has represented one of the most investigated field in particle physics. The aim of this thesis is the reconstruction of hadronic top with high transverse momentum (boosted) with the Template Overlap Method (TOM). Because of the high energy, the decay products of boosted tops are partially or totally overlapped and thus they are contained in a single large radius jet (fat-jet). TOM compares the internal energy distributions of the candidate fat-jet to a sample of tops obtained by a MC simulation (template). The algorithm is based on the definition of an overlap function, which quantifies the level of agreement between the fat-jet and the template, allowing an efficient discrimination of signal from the background contributions. A working point has been decided in order to obtain a signal efficiency close to 90% and a corresponding background rejection at 70%. TOM performances have been tested on MC samples in the muon channel and compared with the previous methods present in literature. All the methods will be merged in a multivariate analysis to give a global top tagging which will be included in ttbar production differential cross section performed on the data acquired in 2012 at sqrt(s)=8 TeV in high phase space region, where new physics processes could be possible. Due to its peculiarity to increase the pT, the Template Overlap Method will play a crucial role in the next data taking at sqrt(s)=13 TeV, where the almost totality of the tops will be produced at high energy, making the standard reconstruction methods inefficient.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 87 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-87).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 162 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-161).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 119 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-119).