To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Temporal oscillators.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Temporal oscillators'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 43 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Temporal oscillators.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Camacho, Lopez Santiago. "Spatio-temporal dynamics of nonlinear volume gratings for holographic laser oscillators." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311942.
Full text
2
Ng, Li Huang Honey. "Evaluating models of verbal serial short-term memory using temporal grouping phenomena." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0059.
Full textAbstract:
[Truncated abstract] Various capabilities such as the ability to read or conduct a conversation rely on our ability to maintain and recall information in the correct order. Research spanning more than a century has been devoted to understanding how units of information are retained in order in short-term memory. The nature of the mechanisms that code the positions of items in serial short-term verbal recall can be investigated by examining a set of phenomena that can be termed temporal grouping effects. Inserting extended pauses to break a list of verbal items into sub-lists (e.g. SHD-QNR-BJF, where the dashes represents the pauses) improves the accuracy of serial recall relative to performance observed without this temporal grouping. In addition, two other effects are linked to temporal grouping. One of these effects is a shift in the shape of the serial position function, which changes from a single bowed function to a multiple-bowed function. That is, the serial position curve for ungrouped sequences is typically characterized by better performance for the beginning and ending items compared to the mid-list items. For grouped lists, the multiple-bowed function comprises better recall for the beginning and ending items within each group. Another effect associated with temporal grouping is a change in the patterns of order errors. For ungrouped sequences (e.g. SHDQNRBJF), order errors often involve the swapping of items in neighbouring positions, such as exchanging D for Q or R for B. By contrast, grouped sequences (such as SHD-QNR-BJF) show a reduction in order errors that cross group boundaries such as exchanging items D and Q or R and B; instead, there tend to be an increased incidence of exchanging items that share similar within-group positions such as swapping H and N or Q and B. According to several current models of short-term memory, items are retained by associating them with extra-list information such as contextual information. ... This was done by unconfounding temporal position (time from group onset) and ordinal position (number of items from group onset) for certain key items in sequences comprising two groups of four consonants. The critical manipulation was to vary the SOAs within and across the two groups. Errors that involve items migrating across groups should preserve within-group temporal position according to oscillator models, but should preserve within-group ordinal position according to non-oscillator models. Results from the intergroup errors strongly favored preservation of ordinal rather than temporal position. Finally, the Appendix reports an unpublished experiment that examined patterns of errors in recalling sequences of nine visually presented letters, where the letters were grouped into threes using temporal gaps. A critical manipulation was the insertion of a tobe- ignored item (an asterisk) between the first and second letters of selected groups. Inclusion of this item failed to alter the patterns of errors observed, indicating that the coding of serial position is based on only those events represented for recall. The central conclusion based on all the studies is that serial order for verbal items is retained using contextual positional codes that change with each presentation of a tobe- remembered item, are influenced by large temporal gaps that lead to grouping, but otherwise are not dependent on the timing of events.
3
Kosem, Anne. "Cortical oscillations as temporal reference frames for perception." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069219.
Full textAbstract:
The timing of sensory events is a crucial perceptual feature, which affects both explicit judgments of time (e.g. duration, temporal order) and implicit temporal perception (e.g. movement, speech). Yet, while the relative external timing between events is commonly evaluated with a clock in physics, the brain does not have access to this external reference. In this dissertation, we tested the hypothesis that the brain should recover the temporal information of the environment from its own dynamics. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG) combined with psychophysics, the experimental work suggests the involvement of cortical oscillations in the encoding of timing for perception. In the first part of this dissertation, we established that the phase of low-frequency cortical oscillations could encode the explicit timing of events in the context of entrainment, i.e. if neural activity follows the temporal regularities of the stimulation. The implications of brain oscillations for the encoding of timing in the absence of external temporal regularities were investigated in a second experiment. Results from a third experiment suggest that entrainment does only influence audiovisual temporal processing when bound to low-frequency dynamics in the delta range (1-2 Hz). In the last part of the dissertation, we tested whether oscillations in sensory cortex could also 'tag' the timing of acoustical features for speech perception. Overall, this thesis provides evidence that the brain is able to tune its timing to match the temporal structure of the environment, and that such tuning may be crucial to build up internal temporal reference frames for explicit and implicit timing perception.
4
Han, Biao. "Predictive coding : its spike-time based neuronal implementation and its relationship with perception and oscillations." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30029/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le codage prédictif and sa relation avec la perception et les oscillations. Nous avons, dans l'introduction, fait une revue des connaissances sur les neurones et le néocortex et un état de l'art du codage prédictif. Dans les chapitres principaux, nous avons tout d'abord, proposé l'idée, au travers d'une étude théorique, que la temporalité de la décharge crée une inhibition sélective dans les réseaux excitateurs non-sélectifs rétroactifs. Ensuite, nous avons montré les effets perceptuels du codage prédictif: la perception de la forme améliore la perception du contraste. Enfin, nous avons montré que le codage prédictif peut utiliser des oscillations dans différentes bandes de fréquences pour transmettre les informations en avant et en rétroaction. Cette thèse a fourni un mécanisme neuronal viable et innovant pour le codage prédictif soutenu par des données empiriques démontrant des prédictions rétroactives excitatrices et une relation forte entre codage prédictif et oscillations<br>In this thesis, we investigated predictive coding and its relationship with perception and oscillations. We first reviewed my current understanding about facts of neuron and neocortex and state-of-the-arts of predictive coding in the introduction. In the main chapters, firstly, we proposed the idea that correlated spike times create selective inhibition in a nonselective excitatory feedback network in a theoretical study. Then, we showed the perceptual effect of predictive coding: shape perception enhances perceived contrast. At last, we showed that predictive coding can use oscillations with different frequencies for feedforward and feedback. This thesis provided an innovative and viable neuronal mechanism for predictive coding and empirical evidence for excitatory predictive feedback and the close relationship between the predictive coding and oscillations
5
Chorley, N. "Spatial and temporal analysis of sunspot oscillations." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/47200/.
Full textAbstract:
Sunspots are the most conspicuous feature seen on the solar photosphere and are manifestations of the solar magnetic field. Their study, then, may provide us with a greater understanding of the dynamo mechanism thought to be responsible for the generation of this field. In this thesis, the oscillations of sunspots are studied by making use of observational data from two instruments: the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH) and the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) on board the Hinode spacecraft. First, a study of long period oscillations was undertaken in which two long period peaks (P > 10 min) were identified in the power spectra of time series generated from sets of images of 3 sunspots observed with NoRH. In addition, by using the techniques of period, power, correlation and lag mapping, it was found that the power in each of these peaks was concentrated over the umbral regions and that there were two regions of approximately equal size oscillating in anti-phase with each other. It was suggested that these properties could be signatures of a "shallow" sunspot. A follow-up study was then performed, in which the lifetimes of the long period oscillations were investigated over a period of 9 days. These oscillations were seen to dominate the spectra during this interval and the periods and amplitudes were stable during that time. A simple model of a damped, driven simple harmonic oscillator (in which the driving term was nonlinear) was proposed to explain the generation and support of the oscillations. Finally, a study of the spatial properties of the 3 minute oscillations was performed by applying the mapping techniques mentioned above to Hinode/SOT data. The distributions of power and lag of maximum correlation coefficient were found to be non-uniform over the sunspots under study and this may be indicative of inhomogeneities of the physical quantities in the structures.
6
Adhimoolam, Balaji. "Diode-oscillator fiber-amplifier systems: versatile, high power spectro-temporal control." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2006. http://doc.utwente.nl/57343.
Full text
7
Khalid, Benyaich. "Bistability, temporal oscillations and Turing patterns in a spatial reactor." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210948.
Full text
8
Michelmann, Sebastian. "Temporal dynamics and mechanisms of oscillatory pattern reinstatement in human episodic memory." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8489/.
Full textAbstract:
A fundamental question in the investigation of episodic memory is how the human brain represents information from the past. This thesis introduces a new method that tracks content specific representations in rhythmic fluctuations of brain activity (i.e. brain oscillations). It is demonstrated that a frequency band centred at 8 Hz carries information about remembered stimulus content. This is shown in human electrophysiological recordings during episodic memory formation and retrieval. Strong and sustained power decreases consistently mark this 8 Hz frequency band; successful memory encoding and retrieval are associated with power decreases in low frequencies (< 30 Hz) throughout this thesis and in numerous former studies. The presented results link power decreases to the reinstatement of oscillatory patterns in sensory specific areas for the first time and therefore implicate them in the representation of information. Finally, the temporal dynamics of recollection are investigated by tracking information from distinct sub-events in continuous episodic memories. In behavioural and neural data, memory replay is faster than perception and takes place in a forward direction. Herein, fragments of fine-grained temporal patterns are reinstated; yet, subjects can skip flexibly between sub-events. Leveraging oscillatory mechanisms to track information can therefore identify episodic memory replay as a dynamic process.
9
Webb, Dominic-Luc. "Temporal monitoring of intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling and origins of Ca²⁺ oscillations /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-741-3/.
Full text
10
Vincent-Lamarre, Philippe. "Learning Long Temporal Sequences in Spiking Networks by Multiplexing Neural Oscillations." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39960.
Full textAbstract:
Many living organisms have the ability to execute complex behaviors and cognitive processes that are reliable. In many cases, such tasks are generated in the absence of an ongoing external input that could drive the activity on their underlying neural populations. For instance, writing the word "time" requires a precise sequence of muscle contraction in the hand and wrist. There has to be some patterns of activity in the areas of the brain responsible for this behaviour that are endogenously generated every time an individual performs this action. Whereas the question of how such neural code is transformed in the target motor sequence is a question of its own, their origin is perhaps even more puzzling. Most models of cortical and sub-cortical circuits suggest that many of their neural populations are chaotic. This means that very small amounts of noise, such as an additional action potential in a neuron of a network, can lead to completely different patterns of activity. Reservoir computing is one of the first frameworks that provided an efficient solution for biologically relevant neural networks to learn complex temporal tasks in the presence of chaos. We showed that although reservoirs (i.e. recurrent neural networks) are robust to noise, they are extremely sensitive to some forms of structural perturbations, such as removing one neuron out of thousands. We proposed an alternative to these models, where the source of autonomous activity is no longer originating from the reservoir, but from a set of oscillating networks projecting to the reservoir. In our simulations, we show that this solution produce rich patterns of activity and lead to networks that are both resistant to noise and structural perturbations. The model can learn a wide variety of temporal tasks such as interval timing, motor control, speech production and spatial navigation.
11
Ouedraogo, Wendpagnagde david. "Impact de l'oscillation lente corticale sur l'activité des cellules granulaires du gyrus denté dans un modèle animal d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4047.
Full textAbstract:
En plus des crises, les patients atteints d'épilepsie du lobe temporale (ELT) souffrent de déficits cognitifs tels que des troubles de l'apprentissage et de la mémoire épisodique. La formation de la mémoire épisodique nécessite des interactions entre le cortex et l'hippocampe pendant le sommeil. Ces interactions sont orchestrées par l'oscillation lente qui est générée dans le réseau thalamocortical. L'oscillation lente se propage dans d'autres structures sous corticales mais l'hippocampe semble être moins influencé. Cela pourrait être du à la fonction de filtre du gyrus denté. Dans l'ELT, le gyrus denté subit une réorganisation structurelle et fonctionnelle qui pourrait altérer sa fonction de filtre et aussi modifier la propagation d'activités épileptiformes du cortex vers l'hippocampe. Cependant, la propagation de rythmes physiologiques du cortex vers le réseau hippocampique pendant l'épileptogenèse a été peu étudié. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour but d'étudier l'influence des oscillations lentes corticales sur le potentiel de membrane et la décharge des cellules granulaires du gyrus denté dans un modèle d'ELT sous anesthésie. Nos résultats montrent une augmentation de la modulation du potentiel de membrane et ainsi que de la décharge des cellules granulaires du gyrus par l'oscillation lente corticale pendant l'épileptogenèse. Les changements qui s'opèrent dans le gyrus denté pendant l'épileptogenèse le rendraient plus permissif aux informations en provenance du cortex facilitant ainsi la propagation des oscillations lentes du cortex vers l'hippocampe<br>In addition to seizures, patients with temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) suffer from cognitive deficits such as learning and episodic memory impairment. The functional interactions between the cortex and the hippocampus notably during sleep are thought to be important for episodic memory formation. These interactions are orchestrated by the slow oscillation which is generated in thalamo-cortical networks. The slow oscillation is not confined to thalamo-neocortical networks but propagates to other subcortical structures but the hippocampus seems however less strongly influenced by the widespread propagation of the slow oscillation. This could result from the gate function of the dentate gyrus. In TLE, the dentate gyrus is associated with profound structural and functional network alterations which can alter the propagation of pathological activities such as epileptiform discharges from the cortex to the hippocampus. However, whether and how epilepsy modifies the impact of physiological activities on hippocampal networks remains to be investigated. This work was designed to study the influence of slow cortical oscillations on the membrane potential and discharge of granule cells in the dentate gyrus in an animal model of TLE. Our results show an increase in the modulation of membrane potential and as well as the discharge of granule cells in the dentate gyrus by the cortical slow oscillation during epileptogenesis. The changes that occur in the dentate gyrus during epileptogenesis would make it more permissive facilitating the spread of slow oscillations from the cortex to the hippocampus
12
Brusch, Lutz. "Complex Patterns in Extended Oscillatory Systems." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2001. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1006416783250-74051.
Full textAbstract:
Ausgedehnte dissipative Systeme können fernab vom thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht instabil gegenüber Oszillationen bzw. Wellen oder raumzeitlichem Chaos werden. Die komplexe Ginzburg-Landau Gleichung (CGLE) stellt ein universelles Modell zur Beschreibung dieser raumzeitlichen Strukturen dar. Diese Arbeit ist der theoretischen Analyse komplexer Muster gewidmet. Mittels numerischer Bifurkations- und Stabilitätsanalyse werden Instabilitäten einfacher Muster identifiziert und neuartige Lösungen der CGLE bestimmt. Modulierte Amplitudenwellen (MAW) und Super-Spiralwellen sind Beispiele solcher komplexer Muster. MAWs können in hydrodynamischen Experimenten und Super-Spiralwellen in der Belousov-Zhabotinsky-Reaktion beobachtet werden. Der Grenzübergang von Phasen- zu Defektchaos wird durch den Existenzbereich der MAWs erklärt. Mittels der selben numerischen Methoden wird Bursting vom Fold-Hopf-Typ in einem Modell der Kalziumsignalübertragung in Zellen identifiziert.
13
Santos, Bruno Andre. "Temporal structure of neural oscillations underlying sensorimotor coordination : a theoretical approach with evolutionary robotics." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/46174/.
Full textAbstract:
The temporal structure of neural oscillations has become a widespread hypothetical \mechanism" to explain how neurodynamics give rise to neural functions. Despite the great number of empirical experiments in neuroscience and mathematical and computa- tional modelling investigating the temporal structure of the oscillations, there are still few systematic studies proposing dynamical explanations of how it operates within closed sensorimotor loops of agents performing minimally cognitive behaviours. In this thesis we explore this problem by developing and analysing theoretical models of evolutionary robotics controlled by oscillatory networks. The results obtained suggest that: i) the in- formational content in an oscillatory network about the sensorimotor dynamics is equally distributed throughout the entire range of phase relations; neither synchronous nor desyn- chronous oscillations carries a privileged status in terms of informational content in relation to an agent's sensorimotor activity; ii) although the phase relations of oscillations with a narrow frequency difference carry a relatively higher causal relevance than the rest of the phase relations to sensorimotor coordinations, overall there is no privileged functional causal contribution to either synchronous or desynchronous oscillations; and iii) oscilla- tory regimes underlying functional behaviours (e.g. phototaxis, categorical perception) are generated and sustained by the agent's sensorimotor loop dynamics, they depend not only on the dynamic structure of a sensory input but also on the coordinated coupling of the agent's motor-sensory dynamics. This thesis also contributes to the Coordination Dynam- ics framework (Kelso, 1995) by analysing the dynamics of the HKB (Haken-Kelso-Bunz) equation within a closed sensorimotor loop and by discussing the theoretical implications of such an analysis. Besides, it contributes to the ongoing philosophical debate about whether actions are either causally relevant or a constituent of cognitive functionalities by bringing this debate to the context of oscillatory neurodynamics and by illustrating the constitutive notion of actions to cognition.
14
Heideman, Simone. "Dynamics of temporal anticipation in perception and action." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:98dde64e-11ea-4516-af8c-5f4707d52907.
Full textAbstract:
The selective deployment of attention over time optimises our perception and action at the moments when relevant events are expected to happen. Such "temporal orienting" to moments when something is going to happen is especially useful when this information can be combined with predictions about where and what events are likely to occur. A large body of research has already established how temporal predictions dynamically influence our perception and action, but questions remain regarding the neural bases of these attentional mechanisms. In this thesis I present three magnetoencephalography (MEG) studies that I conducted to investigate anticipatory neural dynamics associated with spatial-temporal orienting of attention for perception and action. I also investigate and discuss how such anticipatory dynamics change with ageing and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD), and how these anticipatory neural dynamics behave in situations where a complex, hidden spatial-temporal structure is present. In Chapter 1, I introduce the topic of this thesis by reviewing the literature on temporal orienting of attention and by introducing my specific research questions. In Chapter 2, I present an MEG study on anticipatory neural dynamics of joint spatial-temporal orienting of attention in the visual domain, in younger and older adults. This study shows that neural dynamics with spatial, temporal and spatial-temporal orienting are all differentially affected by ageing. In Chapter 3, I describe an MEG experiment that investigates anticipatory neural dynamics during spatial-temporal motor preparation and compares PD participants to healthy control participants. This study reveals that both behavioural and neural dynamics with temporal orienting are affected in PD. In Chapter 4, I describe an experiment that explores how an implicit spatial-temporal structure is utilised to predict and prepare for upcoming actions. This study shows that motor cortical excitability is dynamically modulated in anticipation of the location and timing of events, even when such expectations are hidden in complex visual-motor sequences that remain largely implicit. In Chapter 5, the General discussion, I place these results in their wider context and discuss limitations and future directions.
15
Clastres, Xavier. "Codage temporel de l'information visuelle dans les réseaux neuro-mimétiques." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30211.
Full text
16
Rohenkohl, Gustavo. "Temporal orienting in the human brain : neural mechanisms of control and modulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:95d78d46-6398-48ce-8ff9-30b4fd192e3f.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of the experiments reported in this thesis was to explore the neural mechanisms underlying the temporal orienting of attention. In Chapter 3, I explored the possible dissociation between exogenous and endogenous temporal orienting by comparing reaction times to targets appearing after rhythmic or symbolic cues. Behavioural results provided evidence for the existence of dissociable exogenous and endogenous types of temporal orienting of attention. The experiment in Chapter 4 combined spatiotemporal expectations using rhythmic moving cues to test the modulatory effect of exogenous temporal orienting in the brain. Specifically, I used EEG to test the effect of temporal orienting on perceptual and motor stages of target analysis, as well as on anticipatory oscillatory brain activity. The time-frequency analysis revealed that rhythmic cues can entrain slow brains oscillations, providing a putative mechanism for enhancing the perceptual processing of expected events. Spatiotemporal expectations also modulated the amplitude of visual responses and the timing and amount of preparatory motor activity. In Chapter 5, I used a novel task to explore the neural modulatory effects of spatial and temporal expectations acting in isolation or in coordination. For the first time, the analysis of early visual responses demonstrated that temporal expectations alone, independently of spatial orienting, can enhance early visual perceptual processes. The time-frequency analysis in this experiment showed a desynchronisation of alpha oscillations focused over central-parietal electrodes induced by rhythmic cues that were independent of spatial expectations. When rhythmic cues carried spatiotemporal information, the alpha desynchronisation also spread over contralateral occipital electrodes. In Chapter 6, fMRI was used to test the possible neural dissociation between motor and temporal orienting. The results confirmed the large overlap between these two processes, but also indicated independent behavioural and neural effects of temporal orienting. Temporal orienting activated the left IPS across motor conditions, further implicating the left IPS in temporal orienting. Based on the results of these experiments, directions for future studies are discussed.
17
Dupont, Geneviève. "Spatio-temporal organization of cytosolic Ca2+ signals: a modelling approach to the molecular mechanisms and physiological implications of Ca2+ oscillations and waves." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210912.
Full text
18
Händel, Chris. "Fluctuations and Oscillations in Cell Membranes." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-200703.
Full textAbstract:
Zellmembranen sind hochspezialisierte Mehrkomponentenlegierungen, welche sowohl die
Zelle selbst als auch ihre Organellen umgeben. Sie spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei
vielen biologisch relevanten Prozessen wie die Signaltransduktion und die Zellbewegung.
Aus diesem Grund ist eine genaue Charakterisierung ihrer Eigenschaften der Schlüssel
zum Verständnis der Bausteine des Lebens sowie ihrer Erkrankungen. Besonders Krebs
steht im engen Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen der biomechanischen Eigenschaften
vom Gewebe, Zellen und ihren Organellen. Während Veränderungen des Zytoskeletts
von Krebszellen im Fokus vieler Biophysiker stehen, ist die Bedeutung der Biomechanik
von Zellmembran weitgehend unklar. Zellmembranen faszinieren Wissenschaftler jedoch
nicht nur wegen ihrer biomechanischen Eigenschaften. Sie sind auch Beispiele für eine
selbstorganisierte und heterogene Landschaft, in der Prozesse fernab des Gleichgewichtes,
wie z.B. räumliche und zeitliche Musterbildungen, auftreten. Die vorgelegte Dissertation
untersucht erstmals umfassend die zentrale Rolle der Zellmembran und ihrer molekularen
Architektur für die Signalübertragung, die Biomechanik und die Zellmigration. Hierfür
werden einfache Modellmembranen aber auch komplexere Vesikel und ganze Zellen
mittels etablierter physikalischer Methoden analysiert. Diese reichen von Fourier-
Analysen zur Charakterisierung von thermisch angeregten Membranundulationen über
Massenspektrometrie und ‘Optical Stretcher’ Messungen von ganzen Zellen bis hin
zur Filmwaagentechnik. Des Weiteren wird ein Modellsystem vorgestellt, welches
sowohl einen experimentellen als auch einen mathematischen Zugang zum ‘ME-switch’
ermöglicht. Die vorgelegte Dissertation bietet neue Einblicke in wichtige Funktionen
von Zellmembranen und zeigt neue therapeutische Perspektiven in der Membran- und
Krebsforschung auf.
19
DECCO, CLAUDIA C. G. "Analise temporal das oscilacoes espaciais de xenonio em reatores de pequeno porte." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1997. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10683.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
05404.pdf: 2708504 bytes, checksum: 1041726f601369567f34c17cf8a9d296 (MD5)<br>Dissetacao (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
20
Willis-Ott, Christina. "Ytterbium-doped fiber-seeded thin-disk master oscillator power amplifier laser system." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5890.
Full textAbstract:
Lasers which operate at both high average power and energy are in demand for a wide range of applications such as materials processing, directed energy and EUV generation. Presented in this dissertation is a high-power 1 ?m ytterbium-based hybrid laser system with temporally tailored pulse shaping capability and up to 62 mJ pulses, with the expectation the system can scale to higher pulse energies. This hybrid system consists of a low power fiber seed and pre-amplifier, and a solid state thin-disk regenerative amplifier. This system has been designed to generate high power temporally tailored pulses on the nanosecond time scale. Temporal tailoring and spectral control are performed in the low power fiber portion of the system with the high pulse energy being generated in the regenerative amplifier. The seed system consists of a 1030 nm fiber-coupled diode, which is transmitted through a Mach-Zehnder-type modulator in order to temporally vary the pulse shape. Typical pulses are 20-30 ns in duration and have energies of ~0.2 nJ from the modulator. These are amplified in a fiber pre-amplifier stage to ~100 nJ before being used to seed the free-space Yb:YAG thin-disk regenerative amplifier. Output pulses have maximum demonstrated pulse energies of 62 mJ with 20 ns pulse after ~250 passes in the cavity. The effects of thermal distortion in laser and passive optical materials are also. Generally the development of high power and high energy lasers is limited by thermal management strategies, as thermally-induced distortions can degrade laser performance and potentially cause catastrophic damage. Novel materials, such as optical ceramics, can be used to mitigate thermal distortions; however, thorough analysis is required to optimize their fabrication and minimize thermal distortions. Using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS), it is possible to analyze the distortion induced in passive and doped optical elements by high power lasers. For example, the thin-disk used in the regenerative amplifier is examined in-situ during CW operation (up to 2 kW CW pump power). Additionally, passive oxide-based optical materials and Yb:YAG optical ceramics are also examined by pumping at 2 and 1 ?m respectively to induce thermal distortions which are analyzed with the SHWFS. This method has been developed as a diagnostic for the relative assessment of material quality, and to grade differences in ceramic laser materials associated with differences in manufacturing processes and/or the presence of impurities. In summation, this dissertation presents a high energy 1 ?m laser system which is novel in its combination of energy level and temporal tailoring, and an analysis of thermal distortions relevant to the development of high power laser systems.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics and Photonics<br>Optics
21
Hoyos, Jorge Jaramillo. "Temporal patterns of spiking activity in the hippocampal formation." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17111.
Full textAbstract:
Um eine Folge von Ereignissen aus unserem Gedächtnis abzurufen, ist zunächst ein Mechanismus erforderlich, der geordnete Sequenzen abspeichert. Hierbei stehen wir vor dem Problem, dass Ereignisse in unserem Leben auf einer Zeitskala von Sekunden oder mehr stattfinden. Auf der anderen Seite basiert das Lernen von Sequenzen auf der Plastizität von Synapsen im Gehirn, die durch die Abfolge von Aktionspotentialen von Nervenzellen im Millisekunden-Bereich gesteuert wird. Um dieses zeitliche Problem zu lösen, betrachten wir den Hippocampus, eine Struktur im Gehirn von Vertebraten, die für das explizite Gedächtnis (Fakten, Ereignisse, Sequenzen) entscheidende Bedeutung hat. In Nagetieren ist der Hippocampus sehr gut untersucht. Dort wurden Neurone gefunden, die nur dann aktiv sind, wenn das Tier innerhalb einer bestimmten Region seiner Umgebung ist: im sogenannten “Ortsfeld” des entsprechenden Neurons. Während der Bewegung durch ein Ortsfeld verschiebt sich die Phase der Nervenimpulse zu immer früheren Phasen der EEG-Oszillation. Dieses Phänomen wird als “Phasenpräzession” bezeichnet. Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Phasenpräzession eine Lösung für unser Dilemma bietet: es führt zu einer zeitlich komprimierten Darstellung der Sequenz von Orten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuche ich den Mechanismus und die Funktion von Phasenpräzession im Hinblick auf die Ausbreitung neuronaler Aktivität von einer Hirnregion zu einer anderen. Phasenpräzession konnte bereits in mehreren Regionen des Gehirns beobachtet werden. Bisher war unklar, ob Phasenpräzession in jeder dieser Regionen eigenständig entsteht, oder ob die Phasenpräzession von einer vorgeschalteten Population von Neuronen “vererbt” werden kann. Schliesslich diskutiere ich auf Grundlage der aktuellen Literatur, ob Phasenpräzession das Verhalten beeinflusst und gebe einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschungsmöglichkeiten auf diesem Gebiet.<br>The process of faithfully retrieving episodes from our memory requires a neural mechanism capable of initially forming ordered and reliable behavioral sequences. These behavioral sequences take place on a timescale of seconds or more, whereas the timescale of neural plasticity and learning is in the order of tens of milliseconds. To shed light on this dilemma, we turn to studies of hippocampal place cells in rodents, i.e., cells that selectively increase their firing rates in locations of the environment known as the place fields. Within a field, the firing phases of a place cell precess monotonically relative to the ongoing theta rhythm. This phenomenon, termed "phase precession", leads to a temporally compressed representation of the behavioral sequences experienced by the rodent, and the compressed timescale matches the requirements of neural plasticity. In this thesis, I study the mechanisms and functions of phase precession by proposing a framework that relies on the concept of inheritance: the simple idea that patterns of neural activity can be propagated from one region to another. Indeed, phase precession has been observed in several regions of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, and an important open question is whether phase precession emerges independently in each region, or conversely, whether phase precession can be "inherited" from an upstream neu ronal population. These results suggest that the presence of phase precession in different stages of the hippocampal circuit and other regions of the brain is indicative of a common source, a fact that can help us better understand the temporal spiking patterns in the brain. Finally, I critically review the current evidence for a behavioral role for phase precession and suggest a roadmap for future research in this field.
22
Mariote, Leonardo Elias. "Mineração de series temporais de dados de sensores." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/276076.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Claudia Maria Bauzer Medeiros<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T15:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Mariote_LeonardoElias_M.pdf: 1035887 bytes, checksum: 094c91408f53fdbaaa175f5b7206a2d7 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Redes de sensores têm aumentado a quantidade e variedade de dados temporais disponíveis. Com isto, surgiram novos desafios na definição de novas técnicas de mineração, capazes de descrever características distintas em séries temporais. A literatura correlata endereça problemas diversos, como indexação, classificação, definição de vetores de características e funções de distâncias mais eficazes. No entanto, a maioria dos trabalhos atuais tem como objetivo descrever e analisar os valores de uma série temporal, e não sua evolução. Além disto, vários fenômenos requerem uma análise mais elaborada, capaz de relacionar várias grandezas. Tal tipo de análise não pode ser realizada pela maioria das técnicas existentes hoje. Esta dissertação apresenta uma técnica que descreve séries temporais sob uma premissa diferente - a de caracterizar a oscilação das séries e não seus valores propriamente ditos. O novo descritor apresentado - TID ES (TIme series oscillation D EScriptor) - utiliza os coeficientes angulares de uma segmentação linear da curva que representa a evolução das . séries analisadas, em múltiplas escalas. Com isso, permite a comparação e a mineração de séries utilizando várias granularidades, enriquecendo a análise efetuada. As principais contribuições são: ~I) A especificação de um descritor que caracteriza a oscilação de séries temporais, ao invés de seus valores, utilizando múltiplas escalas; (II) A implementação deste descritor, validada por meio de dados sintéticos e reais; (III) A extensão do descritor de modo a suportar a análise de coevolução em um conjunto de séries<br>Abstract: Sensor networks have increased the amount and variety of temporal data available. This motivated the appearance of new techniques far data mining, which describe different aspects of time series. Related work addresses several issues, such as indexing and clustering time series, and the definition of more efficient feature vectares and distance functions. However, most results focus on describing the values in a series, and not their evolution. Furthermore, the majority of papers only characterize a single series, which is not enough in cases where multiple kinds of data must be considered simultaneously. This thesis presents a new technique, which describes time series using a distinct approach, characterizing their oscillation, rather than the values themselves. The descriptor presented - called TIDES (TIme series oscillation DEScriptor) uses the angular coefficients from a linear segmentation of the curve that represents the evolution of the analyzed series. Furthermore, TIDES suports multiscale analysis, what enables series and series mining under different granularities. The main contributions are: (I) The specification of a descriptor that characterizes the oscillation of time series, rather than their values, unde multiple scale; (II) The implementation of this descriptor, validated for synthetic and real data; (III) The extension of the descriptor to support the analysis of the coevolution of a set of series<br>Mestrado<br>Banco de Dados<br>Mestre em Ciência da Computação
23
Dubois, Julien. "Percevoir le monde sous le stroboscope attentionnel : Études psychophysiques et électroencéphalographiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619137.
Full textAbstract:
Notre expérience du monde est fluide, continue. Pourtant, elle pourrait reposer sur un échantillonage discret, par l'attention, de l'information sensorielle entrante. Sous illumination continue un observateur portant attention à une roue à rayons en rotation peut percevoir des inversions illusoires; ceci semble être un artéfact d'aliasing temporel, suggérant que la perception du mouvement par l'attention utilise des échantillons. Nous avons cherché des signes d'aliasing dans d'autres tâches, mais avons rencontré des obstacles pratiques. La périodicité présumée de l'attention nous a mené à prédire que des positions spatiales attendues simultanément devraient être échantillonnées tour à tour. Nous avons des résultats psychophysiques allant à l'encontre d'une division soutenue de l'attention spatiale. Nous avons également étudié certains désordres pathologiques de la perception du mouvement, compatibles avec des mécanismes perceptuels discrets. Certaines oscillations cérébrales sont certainement à l'origine des périodicités découvertes. Un rythme fronto‐central à environ 7hz nous a permis de prédire si un sujet détecterait un stimulus visuel très faible apparaissant à une position attendue. Nous avons aussi cherché une influence phasique de l'activité spontanée du cerveau sur le jugement de simultanéité. Enfin, nous avons voulu suivre la position de l'attention spatiale en temps réel dans un paradigme où le sujet devait porter attention à deux endroits simultanément. Ce travail a révélé des périodicités de l'attention et de la perception; il reste à faire pour parvenir à une compréhension théorique complète de la façon dont ces rythmes forment notre expérience.
24
Marins, Carlos Nazareth Motta. "Sistema e processo para geração, sincronização remota e comparação de sinais temporais precisos." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260829.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Jacobus Willibrordus Swart, Pierre Kaufmann<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T16:19:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Marins_CarlosNazarethMotta_D.pdf: 3218841 bytes, checksum: 93bb7dd5ba9269c6004bfb826f4c53fc (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: Nesta tese foram propostas, analisadas e implementadas soluções completas de sistemas para disseminação de referência temporal com alta resolução através de enlaces de rádio tendo como foco o atendimento das necessidades do novo sistema de geo-referenciamento denominado GEOLOCAL. As soluções encontradas atendem outras aplicações que requerem sincronismo remoto de tempo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em diferentes áreas que englobam contadores de alta precisão; relógios com resolução de nano segundo; enlaces de rádio para disseminação de tempo e determinação de distância; geradores de seqüências codificadas para detecção e identificação de campos de contagem; supressores digitais de jitter com uso de média de amostras; e sincronizadores de marcha para osciladores baseados em quartzo. Os contadores de alta precisão foram pesquisados para construção do relógio de alta resolução. Como resultado foi obtida uma solução inédita empregando linhas de retardo com contadores independentes. Esta configuração possibilita aliar alta resolução de contagem com uso de osciladores de referência operando em baixa freqüência sem que a incerteza do processo seja aumentada em função dos erros de não linearidade de interpolação. Os enlaces de rádio foram construídos com interface síncrona entre as bases de transmissão e recepção empregando modulação FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) e os erros nas medidas de tempo de propagação nos circuitos causados pela influência de jitter foram minimizados através do cálculo de média das amostras tomadas em cada campo de contagem. No intuito de viabilizar a implementação de um sistema de baixo custo, foi desenvolvida uma técnica inovadora de sincronização de marcha entre elementos osciladores de quartzo do
tipo OCXO (Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator). Esta técnica de sincronização permite que o sistema opere com estabilidades equivalentes a referências baseadas em rubídio. Os sistemas eletrônicos digitais foram construídos com solução FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array).<br>Abstract: This thesis present new proposals for time dissemination systems, which were analyzed and implemented as complete solutions providing high resolution in radio links focusing in the requirements of the new geolocation system known as GEOLOCAL. The solutions found are useful for other applications equiring time synchronization. The work has been developed in different areas that include high precision counters; nanosecond resolutions clocks; radio links for time dissemination and measurements of distance; coded sequence generators for detection and identification of counting fields, digital jitter suppressors using samples averaging and clock synchronizers for quartz based oscillators. High precision counters have been investigated for the purpose to construct a high resolution clock. As a result it has been obtained a unique solution using delay lines with independent counters. This configuration allows the obtaining high count
resolution with the use of low frequency reference oscillators, without increasing the system uncertainties due to interpolation non-linearity errors. The radio links were constructed with synchronous interface between the transmission and reception bases using FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) modulation. The measurements errors due to jitter in circuit propagation were minimized by calculating the average of samples taken every count set. In order to implement a low cost system, it has been developed an innovative clock synchronization technique between quartz oscillator elements to the type OCXO (Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator). This synchronization technique produced stabilities equivalent to those obtained with rubidium-referred oscillators. The digital systems have been constructed using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array).<br>Doutorado<br>Telecomunicações e Telemática<br>Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
25
Buchin, Anatoly. "Modeling of single cell and network phenomena of the nervous system : ion dynamics during epileptic oscillations and inverse stochastic resonance." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0041/document.
Full textAbstract:
Dans cette thèse nous avons utilisé des méthodes de systèmes dynamiques et des simulations numériques pour étudier les mécanismes d'oscillations d'épilepsie associés à des concentrations d’ions dynamiques et au comportement bimodal des cellules Purkinje du cervelet. Le propos général de ce travail est l'interaction entre les propriétés intrinsèques des neurones simple et la structure d'entrée synaptique contrôlant l'excitabilité neuronale. Dans la première partie de la thèse nous avons développé un modèle de transition de crise épileptique dans le lobe temporal du cerveau. Plus précisément nous nous sommes concentrés sur le rôle du cotransporteur KCC2, qui est responsable de la maintenance du potassium extracellulaire et du chlorure intracellulaire dans les neurones. Des données expérimentales récentes ont montré que cette molécule est absente dans un groupe significatif de cellules pyramidales dans le tissue neuronal de patients épileptiques suggérant son rôle épileptogène. Nous avons trouvé que l'addition d’une quantité critique de cellules pyramidale KCC2 déficient au réseau de subiculum, avec une connectivité réaliste, peut provoquer la génération d’oscillations pathologiques, similaire aux oscillations enregistrées dans des tranches de cerveau épileptogène humaines. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié le rôle du bruit synaptique dans les cellules de Purkinje. Nous avons étudié l'effet de l'inhibition de la génération du potentiel d’action provoquée par injection de courant de bruit, un phénomène connu comme résonance stochastique inverse (RSI). Cet effet a déjà été trouvé dans des modèles neuronaux, et nous avons fournis sa première validation expérimentale. Nous avons trouvé que les cellules de Purkinje dans des tranches de cerveau peuvent être efficacement inhibées par des injectionsde bruit de courant. Cet effet est bien reproduit par le modèle phénoménologique adapté pour différentes cellules. En utilisant des méthodes de la théorie de l'information, nous avons montré que RSI prend en charge une transmission efficace de l'information des cellules de Purkinje simples suggérant son rôle pour les calculs du cervelet<br>In this thesis we used dynamical systems methods and numericalsimulations to study the mechanisms of epileptic oscillations associated with ionconcentration changes and cerebellar Purkinje cell bimodal behavior. The general issue in this work is the interplay between single neuron intrinsicproperties and synaptic input structure controlling the neuronal excitability. In the first part of this thesis we focused on the role of the cellular intrinsicproperties, their control over the cellular excitability and their response to thesynaptic inputs. Specifically we asked the question how the cellular changes ininhibitory synaptic function might lead to the pathological neural activity. We developed a model of seizure initiation in temporal lobe epilepsy. Specifically we focused on the role of KCC2 cotransporter that is responsible for maintaining the baseline extracellular potassium and intracellular chloride levels in neurons. Recent experimental data has shown that this cotransporter is absent in the significant group of pyramidal cells in epileptic patients suggesting its epileptogenic role. We found that addition of the critical amount of KCC2-deficient pyramidal cells to the realistic subiculum network can switch the neural activity from normal to epileptic oscillations qualitatively reproducing the activity recorded in human epileptogenic brain slices. In the second part of this thesis we studied how synaptic noise might control the Purkinje cell excitability. We investigated the effect of spike inhibition caused by noise current injection, so-called inverse stochastic resonance (ISR). This effect has been previously found in single neuron models while we provided its first experimental evidence. We found that Purkinje cells in brain slices could be efficiently inhibited by current noise injections. This effect is well reproduced by the phenomenological model fitted for different cells. Using methods of information theory we showed that ISR supports an efficient information transmission of single Purkinje cells suggesting its role for cerebellar computations
26
Fanuel, Lison. "Mesurer et améliorer le maintien en mémoire de travail chez les adultes jeunes et âgés : mesures comportementales et électrophysiologiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2098/document.
Full textAbstract:
Au cœur de la plupart de nos activités quotidiennes, la mémoire de travail est une fonction cognitive permettant de maintenir des informations à court terme tout en traitant d’autres informations (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968 ; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). Différents modèles s’accordent sur le rôle central de l’attention dans la mémoire de travail, notamment via un mécanisme de maintienspécifique : le rafraîchissement attentionnel (Johnson, 1992). La présente thèse s’est intéressée à ce mécanisme encore assez mal connu chez des populations jeunes et âgées.La mémoire de travail de travail semble altérée dans le vieillissement et de récents travaux suggèrent que cette altération pourrait résulter d’un déficit du rafraîchissement attentionnel chez les adultes âgés (Hoareau, Lemaire, Portrat, & Plancher, 2016 ; Jarjat et al., 2018 ; Plancher, Boyer, Lemaire, & Portrat, 2017). Une mesure comportementale du rafraîchissement a été utilisée pour tester l’hypothèse du ralentissement du rafraîchissement attentionnel dans le vieillissement. Cependant, nos résultats suggèrent plutôt que les adultes âgés auraient des difficultés à initier un mécanisme de rafraîchissement, confortant l’hypothèse d’une altération (mais pas nécessairement un ralentissement) du rafraîchissement attentionnel dans le vieillissement.Afin de développer un moyen d’améliorer le rafraîchissement attentionnel des adultes jeunes et âgés, nous nous sommes ensuite tournées vers la théorie de l’attention dynamique (Jones, 1976 ; Jones & Boltz, 1989 ; Large & Jones, 1999). Issue des travaux sur la cognition musicale, la théorie de l’attention dynamique propose que la distribution des ressources attentionnelles puisse être guidée par une structure temporelle externe et régulière, résultant en une meilleure allocation des ressources attentionnelles et une amélioration des traitements perceptifs et cognitifs. Puisque le rafraîchissement est un mécanisme attentionnel, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que la présence de régularités temporelles durant le maintien en mémoire de travail pourrait le rendre plus efficace. Nos études révèlent que la présence d’un rythme auditif régulier durant la rétention d’informationsaméliore, en effet, le rafraîchissement attentionnel chez les adultes jeunes et certains les adultes âgés qui ont de bonnes capacités d’inhibition.Puisque le rafraîchissement attentionnel a été étudié jusqu’à maintenant par le biais de mesures comportementales indirectes, nous avons cherché à identifier une mesure plus directe de ce mécanisme via une mesure électrophysiologique du rafraîchissement. Les mesures électroencéphalographiques effectuées durant le maintien en mémoire de travail suggèrent que les oscillations neurales, particulièrement dans les bandes de fréquence bêta, sont impliquées dans lerafraîchissement attentionnel.Nos résultats confortent l’intérêt d’utiliser des techniques interventionnelles musicales et/ou rythmiques pour pallier les altérations de la mémoire de travail. Les travaux de cette thèse offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour (1) l’étude de l’altération du maintien en mémoire de travail dans le vieillissement et (2) l’effet bénéfique de la présence d’une structure temporelle régulière sur les oscillations neurales durant le maintien en mémoire de travail. À plus long-terme, l’utilisation del’électroencéphalographie devrait permettre de mieux comprendre l’impact de ces interventions sur le fonctionnement de la mémoire de travail<br>Working memory is at the core of most of our daily-life activities. This cognitive function allows maintaining information at short-term while processing other information (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968 ; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974). Several models have agreed on the central role of attention in working memory, in particular via a specific maintenance mechanism: attentional refreshing (Johnson, 1992). The present PhD thesis investigated this mechanism, which is still not well known, in young and old adults.Working memory seem to be impaired in aging, and recent studies have suggested that this impairment could be due to a deficit of attentional refreshing in old adults (Hoareau et al., 2016 ; Jarjat et al., 2018 ; Plancher et al., 2017). A behavioral measure of refreshing was used to test the hypothesis of a slowing down of refreshing in aging. However, our results rather suggest an agerelated deficit in the initiation of attentional refreshing and are thus in line with the hypothesis of an impairment (but not necessarily a slowing) of attentional refreshing in aging.To develop a way to improve attentional refreshing in young and old adults, we focused on the dynamic attending theory (Jones, 1976 ; Jones & Boltz, 1989 ; Large & Jones, 1999). Based on music cognition research, the dynamic attending theory proposes that the distribution of attentional resources can be guided in the presence of an external and temporally regular structure, resulting in a better allocation of attentional resources and enhanced perceptual and cognitive processing. As refreshing is an attentional mechanism, we hypothesized that this mechanism might benefit from the presence of temporal regularities during maintenance in working memory. Our studies revealed that the presence of an auditory, temporally regular rhythm during retention benefits indeed attentional refreshing in young adults and some in old adults who have with greater inhibition capacities.As attentional refreshing has been investigated up to now only with indirect behavioral measures, we aimed for a more direct assessment of this mechanism by investigating electrophysiological measures of refreshing. Electroencephalographical recordings during maintenance in working memory suggested that neural oscillations, especially in the beta-bandfrequency range, are involved in attentional refreshing.Our findings strengthen the interest of musical and/or rhythmical intervention techniques aiming to overcome deficits in working memory. The research of this thesis offers new perspectives for studying (1) age-related impairments of maintenance in working memory in aging and (2) the beneficial effect of the presence of a temporally regular structure on neural oscillations duringmaintenance in working memory. In a long-term perspective, electrophysiology could be helpful provide a better understanding of the impact of these techniques on working memory functioning
27
Wittenberg, Marc André [Verfasser], Alfons [Gutachter] Schnitzler, and Christian [Gutachter] Bellebaum. "Investigating the Role of Neuronal Oscillations in Tactile Temporal Perception using Magnetoencephalography and Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation / Marc André Wittenberg ; Gutachter: Alfons Schnitzler, Christian Bellebaum." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236753577/34.
Full text
28
Silva, Anderson Brito da. "Revisitando o eletrocorticograma intra-operat?rio na epilepsia mesial do lobo temporal: relev?ncia das oscila??es de alta frequ?ncia." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17030.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:28:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
AndersonBS_DISSERT.pdf: 4240084 bytes, checksum: 0331343a1aab5e54d0d9cb6baeccb72d (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-12-13<br>Epilepsies are neurological disorders characterized by recurrent and spontaneous seizures
due to an abnormal electric activity in a brain network. The mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
(MTLE) is the most prevalent type of epilepsy in adulthood, and it occurs frequently
in association with hippocampal sclerosis. Unfortunately, not all patients benefit from
pharmacological treatment (drug-resistant patients), and therefore become candidates for
surgery, a procedure of high complexity and cost. Nowadays, the most common surgery is
the anterior temporal lobectomy with selective amygdalohippocampectomy, a procedure
standardized by anatomical markers. However, part of patients still present seizure after the
procedure. Then, to increase the efficiency of this kind of procedure, it is fundamental to
know the epileptic human brain in order to create new tools for auxiliary an individualized
surgery procedure.
The aim of this work was to identify and quantify the occurrence of epilepticform activity -such as interictal spikes (IS) and high frequency oscillations (HFO) - in electrocorticographic
(ECoG) signals acutely recorded during the surgery procedure in drug-resistant patients
with MTLE.
The ECoG recording (32 channels at sample rate of 1 kHz) was performed in the surface
of temporal lobe in three moments: without any cortical resection, after anterior temporal
lobectomy and after amygdalohippocampectomy (mean duration of each record: 10 min; N
= 17 patients; ethic approval #1038/03 in Research Ethic Committee of Federal University
of S?o Paulo). The occurrence of IS and HFO was quantified automatically by MATLAB
routines and validated manually. The events rate (number of events/channels) in each
recording time was correlated with seizure control outcome.
In 8 hours and 40 minutes of record, we identified 36,858 IS and 1.756 HFO. We observed
that seizure-free outcome patients had more HFO rate before the resection than non-seizure
free, however do not differentiate in relation of frequency, morphology and distribution of
IS. The HFO rate in the first record was better than IS rate on prediction of seizure-free
patients (IS: AUC = 57%, Sens = 70%, Spec = 71% vs HFO: AUC = 77%, Sens = 100%,
Spec = 70%). We observed the same for the difference of the rate of pre and post-resection
(IS: AUC = 54%, Sens = 60%, Spec = 71%; vs HFO: AUC = 84%, Sens = 100%, Spec =
80%). In this case, the algorithm identifies all seizure-free patients (N = 7) with two false
positives.
To conclude, we observed that the IS and HFO can be found in intra-operative ECoG
record, despite the anesthesia and the short time of record. The possibility to classify the
patients before any cortical resection suggest that ECoG can be important to decide the
use of adjuvant pharmacological treatment or to change for tailored resection procedure.
The mechanism responsible for this effect is still unknown, thus more studies are necessary
to clarify the processes related to it<br>As epilepsias s?o dist?rbios neurol?gicos caracterizados por crises espont?neas e recorrentes,
resultantes de uma atividade el?trica anormal de uma rede neural. Dentre os diferentes
tipos de epilepsia, a epilepsia mesial do lobo temporal (EMLT) ? a mais observada em
adultos, sendo frequentemente associada ? esclerose hipocampal. Infelizmente, nem todos
os pacientes s?o beneficiados pelo tratamento farmacol?gico (pacientes f?rmaco-resistentes).
Para estes sujeitos, uma alternativa ? a realiza??o de cirurgia, um procedimento de alta
complexidade e elevado custo. Atualmente, o procedimento mais realizado ? a lobectomia
temporal anterior com amigdalo-hipocampectomia seletiva, uma cirurgia padronizada por
marcos anat?micos. Entretanto, uma parcela dos pacientes continua a apresentar crises
incapacitantes ap?s o tratamento cir?rgico. Desta forma, para aumentar a efici?ncia deste
tipo de tratamento, ? fundamental a compreens?o do enc?falo humano epil?ptico com
vistas a se criar ferramentas que auxiliem na realiza??o de procedimentos individualizados.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar e quantificar a ocorr?ncia de atividade
epileptiforme - esp?culas interictais (EI) e oscila??es de alta frequ?ncia (OAF) - em registros
eletrocorticogr?ficos (ECoG) realizados durante procedimento cir?rgico em pacientes com
EMLT refrat?ria ao tratamento farmacol?gico.
Registros ECoG (32 canais a uma taxa de amostragem de 1 kHz) foram realizados na
superf?cie do lobo temporal em 3 momentos cir?rgicos: no c?rtex intacto, ap?s lobectomia
temporal anterior e ap?s amigdalo-hipocampectomia (dura??o m?dia de cada um desses
registros: 10 min; N=17 pacientes). A ocorr?ncia de EI e OAF foi quantificada automatica-mente, por meio de rotinas em MATLAB, e validadas manualmente. A taxa de ocorr?ncia
em cada um dos tempos cir?rgicos foi correlacionada com o resultado cir?rgico quanto ao
controle das crises, num seguimento de 2 anos.
De um total de 8 h e 40 min de registro, identificamos 36.858 EI e 1.756 OAF. Observamos
que os pacientes que ficaram livres de crises no p?s-operat?rio apresentaram maior quanti-dade de OAF antes da cirurgia do que aqueles que continuaram a ter crises; por?m, n?o
diferiram quanto a frequ?ncia, morfologia e distribui??o de EI. A ocorr?ncia de OAF no
registro basal apresentou melhor desempenho que as EI na previs?o do controle total das
crises no p?s-operat?rio (EI: AUC = 57%, S = 71% , E = 70% vs OAF: AUC = 77%, S =
100%, E=70%). O mesmo foi observado com a varia??o da ocorr?ncia entre os momentos
pr?- e p?s-ressec??o (EI: AUC = 54%, S = 71%, E = 60% vs OAF: AUC = 84%, S =
100%, E = 80%). Nesse caso, o classificador foi capaz de identificar todos os pacientes
livres de crises (N = 7) , apresentando apenas dois falsos positivos.
Desta forma, podemos concluir que as OAF, juntamente com as EI, podem ser encontradas
no registro ECoG intra-operat?rio, mesmo na presen?a de anest?sicos e em uma curta
sess?o de registro. Al?m disso, a observa??o de que a ocorr?ncia desses eventos no in?cio
da cirurgia permite classificar o paciente quanto ao progn?stico cir?rgico abre caminho
para aplicar o ECoG intra-operat?rio, por exemplo, na decis?o sobre o uso de tratamento
farmacol?gico adjuvante ou da convers?o para ressec??es individualizadas. No entanto,
o mecanismo respons?vel por esse efeito ainda ? desconhecido, logo novos estudos s?o
necess?rios para melhor esclarec?-lo
29
Jochaut-Roussillon, Delphine. "Analyse comparée de la pathologie du traitement temporel auditif dans les troubles du spectre autistique et la dyslexie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066723/document.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse a eu pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension de deux troubles du langage: ceux associés aux troubles du spectre autistique et la dyslexie. Les récentes avancées sur les mécanismes neuraux de segmentation acoustique du signal de parole indiquent le rôle majeur des oscillations qui offrent des fenêtres d'intégration temporelle à l'échelle de la syllabe et du phonème, unités linguistiques ayant un sens. À l'aide d'enregistrements simultanés d'EEG et d'IRM fonctionnelle durant la visualisation d'un film et au repos, nous avons étudié les rythmes corticaux auditifs et leur topographie chez des sujets sains, autistes et dyslexiques. Nous avons montré que les sujets dyslexiques et les sujets autistes montrent une sensibilité atypique à la structure syllabique et à la structure phonémique. L'activité gamma et l'activité thêta ne s'engagent pas de façon synergique dans l'autisme. L'activité thêta dans le cortex auditif gauche échoue à suivre les modulations de l'enveloppe temporelle du signal de parole dans l'autisme et à potentialiser l'activité gamma qui encode les détails acoustiques. Les troubles du langage dans l'autisme résultent d'une altération du couplage des oscillations lentes et rapides, perturbant le décodage neural du signal de parole. Dans la dyslexie, l'activité corticale auditive thêta n'est pas altérée, et l'activité de modulation de l'activité gamma par l'activité thêta préservée, rendant possible le décodage phonémique, bien qu'atypique. Dans les deux pathologies, ces altérations de l'activité oscillatoire dans le cortex auditif entraînent une altération de la connectivité fonctionnelle entre le cortex auditif et les autres aires du langage<br>This research aimed to better understand two language disorders : those associated with autism spectrum disorder and dyslexia. Recent advances indicate how cortical collective neural behaviour intervene in speech segmentation and decoding. Cortical oscillations allow integration temporal windows at syllabic (4-7 Hz) and phonemic (25-35 Hz) time scale, resulting in chunking continuous speech signal into linguistically relevant units. We measured slow fluctuations of rhythmic cortical activity and their topography in healthy subjects, in subjects with autism spectrum disorder and in dyslexic subjects using combined fMRI and EEG. We showed that the sensitivity to syllabic and phonemic density is atypical in dyslexia and in autism. In autism gamma and theta activity do not engage synergistically in response to speech. Theta activity in left auditory cortex fails to track speech modulations and to down-regulate gamma oscillations that encode speech acoustic details. The language disorder in autism results from an altered coupling of slow and fast oscillations that disrupts the temporal organization of the speech neural code. In dyslexia, theta activity is not altered and theta-paced readout of gamma activity is preserved, enabling the phonemic decoding, even atypical (faster). In both pathologies, auditory oscillatory anomalies lead to atypical oscillation-based connectivity between auditory and other language cortices
30
Farias, Kelly Soares. "Interferindo com oscila??es de alta frequ?ncia no hipocampo epil?ptico: consequ?ncias para as crises espont?neas." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17024.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:28:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
KellySF_DISSERT.pdf: 3939064 bytes, checksum: 5be69492fa857ba043776a01195d92b4 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2012-09-21<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico<br>Crises epil?pticas s?o eventos parox?sticos do sistema nervoso central (SNC) caracterizadas por uma descarga el?trica neuronal anormal, com ou sem perda de consci?ncia e com sintomas cl?nicos variados. Nas epilepsias do lobo temporal as crises tem in?cio focal, em estruturas do sistema l?mbico. Dados cl?nicos e experimentais mostram que essas regi?es apresentam morte neuronal (esclerose hipocampal), reorganiza??o sin?ptica (brotamento aberrante das fibras musgosas) e gliose reativa, sendo esses marcadores biol?gicos da zona epileptog?nica. Registros extracelulares mostram que al?m das altera??es anat?micas mencionadas acima, a zona epileptog?nica tamb?m apresenta oscila??es de alta frequ?ncia patol?gicas (pOAF). As pOAF s?o oscila??es transientes (50 100 ms de dura??o), de baixa amplitude (200 μV - 1.5 mV) e de frequ?ncias vari?veis (80 800 Hz). A rela??o entre essas oscila??es e a g?nese das crises espont?neas ainda ? desconhecida. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da estimula??o el?trica intracerebral (EIC) nas pOAF e frequ?ncia de crises espont?neas de animais cronicamente epil?pticos (modelo da epilepsia do lobo temporal). Atualmente, a EIC ? utilizada no tratamento de dist?rbios do movimento (e.g., doen?a de Parkinson) e em alguns casos de dor cr?nica, e experimentalmente, no tratamento das epilepsias de dif?cil controle. A hip?tese de trabalho dessa disserta??o ? de que a indu??o de depress?o de longa dura??o por EIC, ao reduzir a excitabilidade neuronal local, modular? as pOAF, bem como a frequ?ncia de crises espont?neas. Para isso, comparamos as caracter?sticas espectrais das pOAF e a frequ?ncia de crises espont?neas antes e depois de um protocolo de 12 horas de estimula??o el?trica de baixa frequ?ncia (0,2 Hz) aplicado na via perforante. De fato, esse protocolo reduziu a amplitude do potencial de a??o coletivo registrado no giro denteado (GD) do hipocampo dorsal em 45% (amplitude m?dia da primeira e da ?ltima hora de estimula??o: 7,3 ? 3,0 mV e 4,1 ? 1,5 mV, respectivamente; p<0,05; teste t). O monitoramento cont?nuo do potencial de campo local, realizado no GD e em CA3 simultaneamente, mostrou que o protocolo de estimula??o empregado foi eficaz em (i) aumentar a dura??o (64,6 ? 9,3 ms vs. 70,5 ? 11,5 ms) e reduzir (ii) a entropia (3,72 ? 0,28 vs. 3,58 ? 0,30), (iii) o ?ndice pOAF (0,20 ? 0,08 vs. 0,15 ? 0,07) e (iv) o modo espectral (237,5 ? 15,8 Hz vs. 228,7 ? 15,2 Hz) das pOAF (valores do GD, expressos como m?dia ? desvio-padr?o, para os per?odos pr? e p?s estimula??o respectivamente; p<0,05; teste t). Ainda, este protocolo reduziu significativamente a frequ?ncia de crises espont?neas (1,8 ? 0,4 vs. 1,0 ? 0,3 crises/hora; pr? e p?s estimula??o, respectivamente; p<0,05; teste t). Curiosamente, observamos um aumento na dura??o m?dia das crises espont?neas ap?s o t?rmino do protocolo (39,7 ? 6,0 vs. 51,6 ? 12,5 s; pr? e p?s estimula??o respectivamente; p<0,05; teste t). Estes resultados sugerem que a redu??o da excitabilidade neuronal, por meio de protocolos de estimula??o el?trica, altera o perfil espectral das pOAF. Esse efeito foi acompanhado de redu??o na frequ?ncia de crises espont?neas. Apesar de preliminar, o presente trabalho contribui para o refinamento de terapias baseadas em EIC para indiv?duos com epilepsia
31
Devalle, Federico. "Collective phenomena in networks of spiking neurons with synaptic delays." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666912.
Full textAbstract:
A prominent feature of the dynamics of large neuronal networks are the synchrony-driven collective oscillations generated by the interplay between synaptic coupling and synaptic delays. This thesis investigates the emergence of delay-induced oscillations in networks of heterogeneous spiking neurons. Building on recent theoretical advances in exact mean field reductions for neuronal networks, this work explores the dynamics and bifurcations of an exact firing rate model with various forms of synaptic delays. In parallel, the results obtained using the novel firing rate model are compared with extensive numerical simulations of large networks of spiking neurons, which confirm the existence of numerous synchrony-based oscillatory states. Some of these states are novel and display complex forms of partial synchronization and collective chaos.
Given the well-known limitation of traditional firing rate models to describe synchrony-based oscillations, previous studies greatly overlooked many of the oscillatory states found here. Therefore, this thesis provides a unique exploration of the oscillatory scenarios found in neuronal networks due to the presence of delays, and may substantially extend the mathematical tools available for modeling the plethora of oscillations detected in electrical recordings of brain activity.<br>Una característica fonamental de la dinàmica d'una xarxa neuronal és l'emergència d'oscil·lacions degudes a sincronització. L'origen d'aquestes oscil·lacions és molt sovint degut les interaccions sinàptiques i als seus retards temporals inherents. Aquesta tesi analitza la emergència d'oscil·lacions produïdes per retards sinàptics en xarxes neuronals heterogènies. A partir de troballes recents en teories de camp mig per xarxes neuronals, aquest treball explora la dinàmica i les bifurcacions d'un model de {\it rate} amb diferents tipus de retards sinàptics.
En paral·lel els resultats obtinguts mitjançant el nou model de rate són comparats amb simulacions numèriques de grans xarxes neuronals. Aquestes simulacions confirmen l'existència de nombrosos estats oscil·latoris produïts per sincronització. Alguns d'aquests estats són nous I mostren formes complexes de sincronització parcial i de caos col·lectiu. Gran part d'aquestes oscil·lacions han estat àmpliament ignorades a la literatura, degut a la limitació dels models tradicionals de rate per descriure estats amb un alt nivell de sincronització.
Així doncs aquesta tesi ofereix una exploració única dels possibles escenaris oscil·latoris en xarxes neuronals amb retards sinàptics, i amplia significativament les eines matemàtiques disponibles per a la modelització de la gran diversitat d'oscil·lacions neuronals presents en les mesures
elèctriques de l'activitat cerebral.
32
Cenier, Tristan. "Interactions entre rythmes rapides et rythmes lents dans la représentation de l’information olfactive dans le réseau bulbaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10093/document.
Full textAbstract:
Une particularité de la modalité sensorielle olfactive est la nature complexe du stimulus chimique à représenter. Les cellules sensorielles de la cavité nasale sont sensibles aux traits physico-chimiques des molécules et transmettent cette information vers le bulbe olfactif, premier relais central de cette modalité. L’organisation des voies de projection vers le bulbe entraîne une spatialisation de l’activité dans cette structure, ce qui constitue un mode de représentation de l’information mais qui n’est pas suffisant à lui seul. Le bulbe olfactif est également marqué par des phénomènes dynamiques prépondérants. Tout d’abord le rythme respiratoire, qui organise temporellement le niveau d’activation de l’appareil sensoriel, ensuite les oscillations des potentiels de champs locaux, et enfin les oscillations sous-liminaires des potentiels de membrane des cellules. Ces éléments dynamiques pourraient être le support de la formation d’assemblées de neurones, sous-populations de cellules synchronisées transitoirement et permettant la représentation de l’information suivant un principe spatio-temporel. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse sont basés sur l’enregistrement conjoint des activités unitaires des cellules du bulbe, des oscillations des potentiels de champs locaux et de la respiration en réponse à des stimulations olfactives. Nous montrons les relations existant entre les différents phénomènes dynamiques et comment ils permettent d’organiser l’activité des cellules pour aboutir à la formation d’assemblées de neurones fonctionnelles. Nous mettons particulièrement en évidence le rôle central de la respiration dans le fonctionnement intégré du bulbe olfactif<br>A striking feature of the olfactory sensory system is its ability to deal with a complex multi-dimensional chemical stimuli. Receptor cells in the nasal cavity are sensitive to specific features of molecules and transmit this information to the olfactory bulb, first relay for olfaction in the central nervous system. Due to the organization of projection pathways to the bulb, afferent information activates the structure in a topographical fashion ; although this may constitute a coding strategy for olfactory information it has proven insufficient, and other strategies must be investigated. Dynamic phenomenons are a preponderant feature of the olfactory bulb. The respiratory rhythm imposes a sinusoidal level of activation to the system, oscillations in local field potentials and subthreshold oscillations in neurons membrane potentials may interact and lead to the transient synchronization of sub-populations of neurons. This particular mechanism, designated as neural assemblies, is in theory a good candidate for the representation of olfactory information. The work presented here is based on conjoint recordings, in anesthetized animals, of unitary activities, oscillations in the LFP and respiration, in response to olfactory stimulation. We show the relationships existing between the various dynamic phenomenons, and hypothesize on their functional roles. We propose that a same mechanism may form different neural assemblies each assuming a specific functional role. The respiratory rhythm acts as a gating system, organizing the formation of successive yet different neural assemblies
33
Malvestio, Irene. "Detection of directional interactions between neurons from spike trains." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666226.
Full textAbstract:
An important problem in neuroscience is the assessment of the connectivity
between neurons from their spike trains. One recent approach developed for
the detection of directional couplings between dynamics based on recorded
point processes is the nonlinear interdependence measure L. In this thesis we
first use the Hindmarsh-Rose model system to test L in the presence of noise
and for different spiking regimes of the dynamics. We then compare the
performance of L against the linear cross-correlogram and two spike train
distances. Finally, we apply all measures to neuronal spiking data from an
intracranial whole-night recording of a patient with epilepsy. When applied
to simulated data, L proves to be versatile, robust and more sensitive than
the linear measures. Instead, in the real data the linear measures find more
connections than L, in particular for neurons in the same brain region and
during slow wave sleep.<br>Un problema important en la neurociència és determinar la connexió entre
neurones utilitzant dades dels seus trens d’impulsos. Un mètode recent que
afronta la detecció de connexions direccionals entre dinàmiques utilitzant
processos puntuals és la mesura d’interdependència no lineal L. En aquesta
tesi, utilitzem el model de Hindmarsh-Rose per testejar L en presència de
soroll i per diferents règims dinàmics. Després comparem el desempenyorament
de L en comparació al correlograma lineal i a dues mesures de trens
d’impulsos. Finalment, apliquem totes aquestes mesures a dades d’impulsos
de neurones obtingudes de senyals intracranials electroencefalogràfiques
gravades durant una nit a un pacient amb epilèpsia. Quan utilitzem dades
simulades, L demostra que és versàtil, robusta i més sensible que les mesures
lineals. En canvi, utilitzant dades reals, les mesures lineals troben més connexions
que L, especialment entre neurones en la mateixa àrea del cervell i
durant la fase de son d’ones lentes.
34
DORNELLES, Leonardo Dalla Porta. "Oscilações coletivas e avalanches em redes de neurônios estocásticos." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18384.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-08T13:00:17Z
No. of bitstreams: 2
license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5)
Dissertacao_LeonardoDallaPorta.pdf: 4244662 bytes, checksum: 214ab17f2ee3583441af553e0a0a7931 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T13:00:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2
license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5)
Dissertacao_LeonardoDallaPorta.pdf: 4244662 bytes, checksum: 214ab17f2ee3583441af553e0a0a7931 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2016-10-06<br>FACEPE<br>Avalanches neuronais, assim como oscilações e sincronização, são padrões de atividade espontânea observados em redes neuronais. O conceito de avalanches neuronais foi concebido na última década. Esse padrão de atividade tem distribuições de tamanhos P(s) e durações P(d) invariantes por escala, i.e., obedecem relações do tipo lei de potência P(s) ∼ s −τ, com expoente τ ≃ 3/2, e P(d) ∼ d−τt, com expoente τt ≃ 2, respectivamente. Essas propriedades são compatíveis com a ideia de que o cérebro opera em um regime crítico. A partir dessas constatações, muitos estudos teóricos e experimentais reportaram os potenciais benefícios de um cérebro operando na criticalidade, como por exemplo a máxima sensibilidade aos estímulos sensoriais, máxima capacidade de informação e transmissão e uma ótima capacidade computacional. Modelos da classe de universalidade de percolação direcionada (DP) têm sido amplamente utilizados para explicar a estatística invariante por escala das avalanches neuronais. Porém estes modelos não levam em consideração a dinâmica dos neurônios inibitórios e, além disso, como apresentam uma transição de fase entre um estado absorvente e uma fase ativa, torna-se difícil conciliar o modelo com correlações temporais de longo alcance que são observadas experimentalmente em diferentes escalas espaciais. Neste contexto, um novo modelo computacional (CROs, do original em inglês Critical Oscillations) surgiu na literatura (Poil et al., J. Neurosci., 32 9817, 2012), incluindo neurônios inibitórios e buscando conciliar correlações temporais com avalanches neuronais. Neste modelo não há uma fase absorvente, e uma suposta transição de fases ocorre entre uma fase ativa e outra com oscilações coletivas. Devido à ausência de uma fase absorvente, avalanches neuronais são definidas comparando-se a atividade instantânea da rede com um limiar que depende da mediana da atividade total. Justamente na linha crítica do espaço de parâmetros, quando há uma balanço entre excitação e inibição neuronal, avalanches neuronais invariantes por escala são observadas juntamente com correlações temporais de longo alcance (ruído 1/ f). No presente trabalho, um estudo mais profundo a respeito dos resultados reportados para o modelo CROs foi realizado. As oscilações neuronais mostraram-se robustas para diferentes tamanhos de rede, e observamos que a dinâmica local reflete a dinâmica oscilatória global da rede. Correlações temporais de longo alcance foram observadas (num intervalo de escalas temporais) através da técnica de Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, sendo robustas perante modificações no tamanho da rede. O resultado foi confirmado pela análise direta do espectro, que apresentou decaimento do tipo 1/ f numa determinada faixa de frequências. O diagrama de fases do modelo mostrou-se robusto em relação ao tamanho da rede, mantendo-se o alcance das interações locais. Entretanto, os resultados mostraram-se fortemente dependentes do limiar utilizado para detecção das avalanches neuronais. Por fim, mostramos que distribuições de durações de avalanches são do tipo lei de potência, com expoente τt ≃ 2. Este resultado é inédito e o valor encontrado coincide com o expoente crítico da classe de universalidade de DP na dimensão crítica superior. Em conjunto, nossos resultados fornecem mais evidências de que o modelo CROs de fato apresenta uma transição de fases.<br>Neuronal avalanches, as well as waves and synchronization, are types of spontaneous activity experimentally observed in neuronal networks. The concept of neuronal avalanches was conceived in the past decade. This pattern of activity has distributions of size P(s) and duration P(d) which are scale invariant, i.e., follow power-law relations P(s) ∼ s−τ, with exponent τ ≃ 3/2, and P(d) ∼ d−τd, with exponent τt ≃ 2, respectively. These properties are compatible with the idea that the brain operates in a critical regime. From these findings, many theoretical and
experimental studies have reported the potential benefits of a brain operating at criticality, such as maximum sensitivity to sensory stimuli, maximum information capacity and transmission and an optimal computational capabilities. Models belonging to the directed percolation universality class (DP) have been widely used to explain the scale invariant statistic of neuronal avalanches. However, these models do not take into account the dynamics of inhibitory neurons and, since as they present a phase transition between an absorbing state and an active phase, it is difficult to reconcile the model with long-range temporal correlations that are observed experimentally at different spatial scales. In this context, a new computational model (CROs, Critical Oscillations) appeared in the literature (Poil et al., J. Neurosci., 32 9817, 2012), including inhibitory neurons and seeking to reconcile temporal correlations with neuronal avalanches. In this model there is no absorbing phase, and a supposed phase transition occurs between an active phase and another with collective oscillations. Due to the lack of an absorbing phase, neuronal avalanches are defined comparing by the instant network activity with a threshold that depends of the total activity median. Precisely at the critical line in parameter space, when a balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition occurs, scale invariant neuronal avalanches are observed with long-range temporal correlations (1/ f-like noise). In the present work, a deeper study about the results reported for the CROs model was performed. Neuronal oscillations have been shown to be robust to increasing network sizes, and it was observed that local dynamic reflects the oscillatory global dynamic of the network. Long-range temporal correlations were observed (in a range of time scales) via Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, being robust against changes in network size. The result was confirmed by direct analysis of the spectrum, which showed a decay like 1/ f in a given frequency band. The phase diagram of the model was robust with respect to the network size, as long as the range of local interactions was kept. However, the results were dependent of the threshold used to detect neuronal avalanches. Finally, we have shown that the distributions of avalanches duration follows a power-law with exponent τt ≃ 2. This result is unprecedented and the value obtained coincides with the critical exponent of the DP universality class in the upper critical dimension. Together, our results provide further evidence that in fact the CROs model presents a phase transition.
35
Gouzien, Élie. "Optique quantique multimode pour le traitement de l'information quantique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4110.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse étudie l’optique quantique multimode, aussi bien du point de vue de la génération que celui de la détection. Elle s’articule autour de trois volets. Nous étudions la génération de lumière comprimée multimode dans une cavité. Pour cela nous considérons la forme la plus générale de hamiltonien quadratique, permettant entre autres de décrire l’utilisation de plusieurs pompes dans un matériau effectuant du mélange à quatre ondes. Une approche combinant fonctions de Green et décompositions de matrices symplectiques est décrite. Cette théorie générique est appliquée à des cas particuliers. Dans un premier temps, des exemples en basse dimension sont donnés. Ensuite, une configuration d’oscillateur paramétrique optique pompé de manière synchrone (SPOPO) est décrite et étudiée ; les résultats obtenus montrent que ce système a un comportement très différent de celui du SPOPO utilisant une non-linéarité d’ordre 2. Ces travaux ouvrent la voie à la réalisation de peignes de fréquences quantiques avec des micro-résonateurs en anneau gravés sur silicium. Un autre problème examiné est celui de prendre en compte l’information temporelle obtenue lors du clic d’un détecteur de photon unique. Pour cela nous utilisons un formalisme multimodal temporel afin d’expliciter les opérateurs décrivant la mesure. Les principaux défauts des détecteurs réels, dont la gigue temporelle, l’efficacité finie et les coups d’obscurité sont pris en compte. L’utilisation des opérateurs est illustrée par la description d’expériences usuelles de l’optique quantique. Enfin, on montre que la lecture du temps de clic du détecteur permet d’améliorer la qualité de l’état généré par une source de photons annoncés. En troisième partie nous présentons un schéma de génération d’intrication hybride entre variables continues et discrètes, pour laquelle la partie discrète est encodée temporellement. Ce schéma est analysé en détail vis-à-vis de sa résistance aux imperfections expérimentales<br>This thesis studies multimode quantum optics, from generation to detection of light. It focuses on three main parts. Multimode squeezed states generation within cavity is studied. More specifically, we take into account general quadratic Hamiltonian, which allows describing experiments involving arbitrary number of modes and pumps within a medium performing four-wave mixing. We describe a generic approach combining Green functions and symplectic matrix decomposition. This general theory is illustrated on specific cases. First, low-dimensional examples are given. Then, a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO) is described and studied; it shows a very distinct behavior from that of the SPOPO using second order non-linearity. This work opens way to the realization of quantum frequency combs with ring micro-resonators engraved on silicon. Single-photon detectors are described taking into account temporal degrees of freedom. We give positive-valued measurement operators describing such detectors including realistic imperfections such as timing-jitter, finite efficiency and dark counts. Use of those operators is illustrated on common quantum optics experiments. Finally, we show how time-resolved measurement allows improving the quality of state generated by single-photon heralded source. In the third part we propose a protocol for generating a hybrid state entangling continuous and discrete variables parts, for which the discrete part is time-bin encoded. This scheme is aanalysed in detail with respect to its resilience to experimental imperfections
36
Shende, Vikram Ravindra 1982. "MicroRNAs Function as Cis- and Trans- Acting Modulators of Clock Gene Expression in SCN and Peripheral Circadian Oscillators." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148183.
Full textAbstract:
The circadian system in mammals is arranged as a hierarchical network of oscillators, with the master pacemaker of circadian rhythms located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and peripheral oscillators in most other organ and tissue systems of the body. The molecular machinery responsible for generating circadian rhythms is composed of interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops with the gene Brain Muscle Arnt-like 1 (Bmal1) functioning as a core positive regulator. Using the mouse, Mus musculus as a model system, we studied the post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating Bmal1 expression in the SCN pacemaker and in peripheral oscillators.
Target prediction algorithms were used to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) predicted to target Bmal1. We profiled the temporal expression of miR-142-3p in the mouse SCN in vivo and in an immortalized SCN cell line and observed robust circadian rhythms in its expression in the SCN. Following luciferase-reporter and site-directed mutagenesis analyses, we identified miR-142-3p as a bona-fide post-transcriptional repressor of Bmal1. The temporal expression of potential Bmal1-targeting miRNAs was also examined in the circulation in mouse serum. In mice housed in a light-dark cycle, diurnal oscillations were observed in serum levels of miR-152 and miR-494, but not miR-142-3p expression. Luciferase reporter studies indicated that miR-494, both independently and synergistically with miR-142-3p, repressed the Bmal1 3′ UTR. Overexpression of these miRNAs disrupted ensemble circadian rhythms of PER2::LUCIFERASE activity in cultured fibroblasts. Overexpression of the miRNAs also increased their extracellular levels and their intracellular accumulation in recipient cultures exposed to conditioned medium. Furthermore, inhibition of exocytosis and endocytosis affected ensemble circadian rhythms in cultured fibroblasts.
The results thus implicate miR-142-3p and miR-494 in the regulation of Bmal1 expression in the SCN and peripheral oscillators and suggest that miRNAs may function as both, intracellular and extracellular (cis- and trans- acting) signals, modulating the core clock mechanism in the SCN and in fine-tuning the synchronization of circadian rhythmicity between cell-autonomous oscillators in the periphery.
37
Dempsey, Donna Lynn. "Observations of dayside magnetopause oscillations and concurrent temporal variations in cusp precipitation." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/19371.
Full textAbstract:
On April 13, 1996, while Russia's Interball Tail spacecraft was travelling through the dayside magnetosheath, NASA's Polar spacecraft traversed the northern cusp. Transients observed in the data from the Interball Tail/SCA-1 particle instrument are shown to be multiple crossings of the magnetopause. Analysis of data from the SCA-1 instrument and magnetic field data from the MIF instrument shows quasi-periodic motions of the magnetopause. Simultaneous observations of changes in cusp precipitation by the Polar/TIDE instrument and changes in the He2+/H+ density ratio in the cusp by the Polar/TIMAS instrument show variations on the same time scale. We show that the variations in the cusp data observed by Polar are the result of changes in the reconnection rate at the magnetopause and that these changes are associated with the magnetopause oscillations observed by Interball.
38
Ferrandez, Roxanne. "Profil temporel de l’efficacité du traitement visuel en reconnaissance d’objets et de visages." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/23828.
Full textAbstract:
Les variations d’efficacité du traitement visuel dans le temps ont été étudiées par échantillonnage temporel aléatoire. Vingt-quatre adultes ont identifié des stimuli composés de bruit blanc visuel et d’images d’objets familiers (expérience 1) ou de visages célèbres (expérience 2). Le ratio signal-bruit variait à travers le temps selon des fonctions d’échantillonnage générées par l’intégration d’ondes sinusoïdales de différentes fréquences (5 à 55 Hz) et de phases et amplitudes aléatoires. Des vecteurs de classification (VC) temporels ont été calculés en soustrayant la somme pondérée des ratios signal-bruit associés aux mauvaises réponses de celle associée aux bonnes réponses. Des images de classification (IC) temps-fréquence ont été obtenues en appliquant la même procédure aux résultats d’analyses temps-fréquence réalisées sur la fonction d’échantillonnage de chaque essai. Les VC temporels des deux expériences sont très variables entre les participants. Par contre, les IC temps-fréquence sont remarquablement similaires à travers les participants (cohérence inter-sujets de .93 et .57 pour l’expérience 1 et 2 respectivement). Des comparaisons par test t nous indiquent de nombreuses différences entre les IC temps-fréquence des objets et visages familiers, mais aussi des objets non familiers et des mots analysés dans des études précédentes. Ainsi, ces IC sont sensibles à la classe de stimuli présentés, mais aussi à la familiarité de ces derniers. Les résultats témoignent d’une variation rapide dans l’efficacité de l’encodage visuel durant les 200 premières millisecondes d’exposition au stimulus et suggèrent que les IC du domaine temps-fréquence reflètent un aspect hautement fondamental du traitement visuel, hypothétiquement rattaché aux oscillations cérébrales.<br>Variations in visual processing effectiveness through time were investigated using random temporal stimulus sampling. Twenty-four adults named photographs of either familiar objects (experiment 1) or famous faces (experiment 2). Stimuli were made by a linear combination of the target image and high density white visual noise. Signal-to-noise ratio varied throughout the 200 ms stimulus duration. A new temporal sampling function was generated on each trial by the integration of random amplitude and phase sinusoidal waves of frequency between 5 and 55 Hz (in 5 Hz steps). Temporal classification vectors (CV) were calculated by subtracting the weighted sum of the signal-to-noise ratio associated to errors from that associated to correct responses. Time-frequency classification images (CI) were obtained by applying the same procedure on the outcome of time-frequency analyses applied to the sampling functions of each trial. In both experiments, the temporal CVs were highly variable across participants, but the time-frequency CIs were remarkably similar across participants (inter-subject coherence of .93 and .57 for experiments 1 and 2 respectively). T-tests revealed multiple differences between the time-frequency CIs obtained with familiar objects and faces, but also with non-familiar objects and words analyzed in previous studies. Therefore, theses CIs are sensitive to stimulus type, but also to stimulus familiarity. The present results indicate rapid variations of visual encoding effectiveness in the initial 200 ms of stimulus exposure and suggests that the time-frequency CIs tap a highly fundamental aspect of visual processing, hypothetically linked to brain oscillations.
39
Bahmer, Andreas [Verfasser]. "Computer simulation of chopper neurons : intrinsic oscillations and temporal processing in the auditory system / von Andreas Bahmer." 2007. http://d-nb.info/98417639X/34.
Full text
40
Händel, Chris. "Fluctuations and Oscillations in Cell Membranes." Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14612.
Full textAbstract:
Zellmembranen sind hochspezialisierte Mehrkomponentenlegierungen, welche sowohl die
Zelle selbst als auch ihre Organellen umgeben. Sie spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei
vielen biologisch relevanten Prozessen wie die Signaltransduktion und die Zellbewegung.
Aus diesem Grund ist eine genaue Charakterisierung ihrer Eigenschaften der Schlüssel
zum Verständnis der Bausteine des Lebens sowie ihrer Erkrankungen. Besonders Krebs
steht im engen Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen der biomechanischen Eigenschaften
vom Gewebe, Zellen und ihren Organellen. Während Veränderungen des Zytoskeletts
von Krebszellen im Fokus vieler Biophysiker stehen, ist die Bedeutung der Biomechanik
von Zellmembran weitgehend unklar. Zellmembranen faszinieren Wissenschaftler jedoch
nicht nur wegen ihrer biomechanischen Eigenschaften. Sie sind auch Beispiele für eine
selbstorganisierte und heterogene Landschaft, in der Prozesse fernab des Gleichgewichtes,
wie z.B. räumliche und zeitliche Musterbildungen, auftreten. Die vorgelegte Dissertation
untersucht erstmals umfassend die zentrale Rolle der Zellmembran und ihrer molekularen
Architektur für die Signalübertragung, die Biomechanik und die Zellmigration. Hierfür
werden einfache Modellmembranen aber auch komplexere Vesikel und ganze Zellen
mittels etablierter physikalischer Methoden analysiert. Diese reichen von Fourier-
Analysen zur Charakterisierung von thermisch angeregten Membranundulationen über
Massenspektrometrie und ‘Optical Stretcher’ Messungen von ganzen Zellen bis hin
zur Filmwaagentechnik. Des Weiteren wird ein Modellsystem vorgestellt, welches
sowohl einen experimentellen als auch einen mathematischen Zugang zum ‘ME-switch’
ermöglicht. Die vorgelegte Dissertation bietet neue Einblicke in wichtige Funktionen
von Zellmembranen und zeigt neue therapeutische Perspektiven in der Membran- und
Krebsforschung auf.:1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 The Cell Membrane
2.1.1 Lipids in Cell Membranes
2.1.2 Membrane Proteins
2.1.3 An Overview on Membrane Models
2.1.4 Lipid Rafts
2.2 Model Membranes – An Experimental Access to Cell Membranes
2.2.1 Surface Tension and Thermodynamic Equilibrium
2.2.2 Langmuir Monolayer
2.2.3 The Polymorphism of Langmuir Monolayers
2.2.4 Membrane Vesicles
2.3 Biological Membranes as Semiflexible Shells
2.3.1 Elasticity of Soft Shells
2.3.2 Helfrichs Theory About Bending Deformations
2.3.3 Membrane Undulation
2.4 Membranes in Cell Signaling
2.4.1 Signal Transduction Fundamentals
2.4.2 Phosphoinositides
2.4.3 Phosphatidylinositol Signaling Pathway
2.4.4 The Myristoyl-Electrostatic Switch
2.5 Reaction-Diffusion Systems
2.5.1 Diffusion
2.5.2 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
2.5.3 Reaction-Diffusion Systems
3 Methods, Materials and Theory
3.1 Optical Microscopy
3.1.1 Fluorescence Microscopy
3.1.2 Phase Contrast Microscopy
3.2 Cell Culture and GPMV Formation
3.2.1 Tumor Dissociation and Cell Culturing of Primary Cells
3.2.2 Cell Lines and Cell Culturing
3.2.3 Preparation of Giant Plasma Membrane Vesicles
3.3 Optical Stretcher
3.4 Fourier Analysis of Thermally Excited Membrane Fluctuations
3.4.1 The Quasi-Spherical Model – Membrane Fluctuations
3.4.2 Determination of the Bending Rigidity
3.5 Mass Spectrometry
3.5.1 MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
3.5.2 ESI Mass Spectrometry
3.6 Migration, Invasion and Cell Death Assays
3.7 Langmuir-Blodgett Technique
3.7.1 Langmuir Troughs and Film Balances
3.7.2 Experimental Setup and Monolayer Preperation
3.7.3 Phospholipids, Dyes and Buffer Solutions
4 Fluctuations in Cell Membranes
4.1 Cell Membrane Softening in Human Breast and Cervical Cancer Cells
4.1.1 Bending Rigidity of Human Beast and Cervical Cell Membranes
4.1.2 MALDI-TOF Analysis of Lipid Composition
4.1.3 Summary and Discussion
4.2 Targeting of Membrane Rigidity – Implications on Migration
4.2.1 ESI Tandem Analysis of Lipid Composition
4.2.2 Biomechanical Behavior of Whole Cells and Membranes
4.2.3 Migration and Invasion Behavior
4.2.4 Summary and Discussion
5 Oscillations in Cell Membranes
5.1 Mimicking the ME-switch
5.1.1 DPPC/PIP2 monolayers at the presence of MARCKS
5.1.2 Lateral organization of PIP2 in DPPC/PIP2 monolayers
5.1.3 Translocation of MARCKS
5.1.4 Phosphorylation of MARCKS by PKC
5.1.5 Summary and Discussion
5.2 Dynamic Membrane Structure Induces Temporal Pattern Formation
5.2.1 Mechanism of the Oscillation
5.2.2 Modeling the ME-switch
5.2.3 Time Evolution
5.2.4 Phase Diagrams and Open Systems
5.2.5 Summary and Discussion
6 Conclusion and Outlook
Appendix
Bibliography
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Acknowledgement
41
Calvo, Hernán Laureano. "Time-reversal focusing and space-time control of interferences :." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/137.
Full textAbstract:
Tesis (Doctor en Física)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, 2010.<br>La focalización de ondas acústicas que se propagan por un medio inhomogéneo fue lograda con éxito a través del procedimiento conocido como espejo de reversión temporal (TRM). En este experimento, las ondas salientes son almacenadas al cruzar la frontera entre una región denominada cavidad y el espacio de propagación libre y luego son reemitidas para lograr la reversión en el tiempo. Sorpresivamente, esta simple prescripción permite recuperar la excitación inicial con gran precisión y constituye una versión alternativa al eco de Loschmidt.
En esta tesis, analizamos el procedimiento TRM dentro de una nueva perspectiva. Ésta consiste en proponer la función temporalmente revertida dentro de la cavidad como la función objetivo en un proceso de inyección. Este enfoque de dispersión inversa en el tiempo ha dado lugar al desarrollo del filtro de inversión perfecta, una prescripción que procesa la información registrada con el fin de compensar cualquier acción retardada y asegurar la reversión temporal exacta en la dinámica de ondas acústicas y cuánticas. Además, desarrollamos una nueva estrategia, basada en la dualidad onda-partícula intrínseca en una ecuación de onda lineal, para analizar la estabilidad dinámica del TRM frente a imperfecciones en el protocolo y perturbaciones en el operador de evolución.<br>The focalization of acoustic waves propagating through complex media was succesfully
achieved by the time reversal mirror (TRM) procedure. In the experiment, the escaping
waves are recorded as they cross the frontier between a region denoted as the cavity and
a free propagating space and then re-emitted to achieve the time reversal. Surprisingly,
this simple prescription allows to recover the initial excitation with high precision and
constitutes an alternative version of the Loschmidt echo. The remarkable robustness of
the technique against inhomogeneities in the system and imperfections in the procedure
enabled several applications in Medical Physics, Oceanography and Telecommunications.
In this thesis, we addressed the TRM procedure in a completely new perspective. This
consists in proposing the time reversed function inside the cavity as the target function
of the injection process. This inverse time scattering approach led to the development
of the perfect inverse filter, a prescription for processing the recorded information that
compensates any feedback and ensures the exact time reversal of the dynamics of acoustic
and quantum waves. We have also developed a novel strategy, based on the wave-particle
duality intrinsic in a linear wave equation, to analyze the dynamical stability of the TRM
against imperfections in the protocol and perturbations in the evolution operator.<br>Fil: Calvo, Hernán Laureano. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física; Argentina.
42
Castellano, Marta. "Computational Principles of Neural Processing: modulating neural systems through temporally structured stimuli." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-2014121112959.
Full textAbstract:
In order to understand how the neural system encodes and processes information, research
has focused on the study of neural representations of simple stimuli, paying
no particular attention to it's temporal structure, with the assumption that a deeper
understanding of how the neural system processes simpli fied stimuli will lead to an understanding of how the brain functions as a whole [1]. However, time is intrinsically bound to neural processing as all sensory, motor, and cognitive processes are inherently dynamic. Despite the importance of neural and stimulus dynamics, little is known of how the neural system represents rich spatio-temporal stimulus, which ultimately link the neural system to a continuously changing environment. The purpose of this thesis is to understand whether and how temporally-structured neural activity modulates the processing of information within the brain, proposing in turn that, the precise interaction
between the spatio-temporal structure of the stimulus and the neural system is
particularly relevant, particularly when considering the ongoing plasticity mechanisms
which allow the neural system to learn from experience. In order to answer these questions, three studies were conducted. First, we studied the impact of spiking temporal structure on a single neuron spiking response, and explored in which way the functional connections to pre-synaptic neurons are modulated through adaptation. Our results suggest that, in a generic spiking neuron, the temporal
structure of pre-synaptic excitatory and inhibitory neurons modulate both the
spiking response of that same neuron and, most importantly, the speed and strength
of learning. In the second, we present a generic model of a spiking neural network that processes rich spatio-temporal stimuli, and explored whether the processing of stimulus within the network is modulated due to the interaction with an external dynamical
system (i.e. extracellular media), as well as several plasticity mechanisms. Our results
indicate that the memory capacity, that re
ects a dynamic short-term memory of incoming stimuli, can be extended on the presence of plasticity and through the interaction with an external dynamical system, while maintaining the network dynamics in a regime suitable for information processing. Finally, we characterized cortical
signals of human subjects (electroencephalography, EEG) associated to a visual categorization task. Among other aspects, we studied whether changes in the dynamics of the stimulus leads to a changes in the neural processing at the cortical level, and introduced the relevance of large-scale integration for cognitive processing. Our results suggest that the dynamic synchronization across distributed cortical areas is stimulus specific and specifically linked to perceptual grouping.
Taken together, the results presented here suggest that the temporal structure of the
stimulus modulates how the neural system encodes and processes information within
single neurons, network of neurons and cortical areas. In particular, the results indicate that timing modulates single neuron connectivity structures, the memory capability of networks of neurons, and the cortical representation of a visual stimuli. While the learning of invariant representations remains as the best framework to account for a number of neural processes (e.g. long-term memory [2]), the reported studies seem to provide support the idea that, at least to some extent, the neural system functions in a non-stationary fashion, where the processing of information is modulated by the stimulus dynamics itself. Altogether, this thesis highlights the relevance of understanding adaptive processes and their interaction with the temporal structure of the stimulus, arguing that a further understanding how the neural system processes dynamic stimuli is crucial for the further understanding of neural processing itself, and any theory that aims to understand neural processing should consider the processing of dynamic signals. 1. Frankish, K., and Ramsey, W. The Cambridge Handbook of Cognitive Science.
Cambridge University Press, 2012. // 2. McGaugh, J. L. Memory{a Century of Consolidation. Science 287, 5451 (Jan. 2000), 248{251.
43
Suryawanshi, Anup Arvind. "Uncertainty Quantification in Flow and Flow Induced Structural Response." Thesis, 2015. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3875.
Full textAbstract:
Response of flexible structures — such as cable-supported bridges and aircraft wings — is associated with a number of uncertainties in structural and flow parameters. This thesis is aimed at efficient uncertainty quantification in a few such flow and flow-induced structural response problems.
First, the uncertainty quantification in the lift force exerted on a submerged body in a potential flow is considered. To this end, a new method — termed here as semi-intrusive stochastic perturbation (SISP) — is proposed. A sensitivity analysis is also performed, where for the global sensitivity analysis (GSA) the Sobol’ indices are used. The polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) is used for estimating these indices. Next, two stability problems —divergence and flutter — in the aeroelasticity are studied in the context of reliability based design optimization (RBDO). Two modifications are proposed to an existing PCE-based metamodel to reduce the computational cost, where the chaos coefficients are estimated using Gauss quadrature to gain computational speed and GSA is used to create nonuniform grid to reduce the cost even further. The proposed method is applied on a rectangular unswept cantilever wing model. Next, reliability computation in limit cycle oscillations (LCOs) is considered. While the metamodel performs poorly in this case due to bimodality in the distribution, a new simulation-based scheme proposed to this end. Accordingly, first a reduced-order model (ROM) is used to identify the critical region in the random parameter space. Then the full-scale expensive model is run only over a this critical region. This is applied to the rectangular unswept cantilever wing with cubic and fifth order stiffness terms in its equation of motion.
Next, the wind speed is modeled as a spatio-temporal process, and accordingly new representations of spatio-temporal random processes are proposed based on tensor decompositions of the covariance kernel. These are applied to three problems: a heat equation, a vibration, and a readily available covariance model for wind speed. Finally, to assimilate available field measurement data on wind speed and to predict based on this assimilation, a new framework based on the tensor decompositions is proposed. The framework is successfully applied to a set of measured data on wind speed in Ireland, where the prediction based on simulation is found to be consistent with the observed data.