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Journal articles on the topic 'Temporale, region'
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Vadlamudi, L., R. Hatton, K. Byth, J. Harasty, S. Vogrin, M. J. Cook, and A. F. Bleasel. "Volumetric analysis of a specific language region – the planum temporale." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (February 2006): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2005.03.026.
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Kulynych, Jennifer J., Katalin Vladar, Bryan D. Fantie, Douglas W. Jones, and Daniel R. Weinberger. "Normal Asymmetry of the Planum Temporale in Patients with Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 6 (June 1995): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.6.742.
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BackgroundAbnormal cerebral anatomical lateralisation has been reported in schizophrenia and may implicate anomalous neurodevelopment in the aetiology of this disease. A popular recent hypothesis has predicted that such disturbances in normal lateralisation should be especially apparent in the morphology of the temporal lobes.MethodA temporal cortical region lying in the plane of the Sylvian fissure – known as the planum temporale – exhibits pronounced leftward asymmetry in normal right-handed males. We compared lateralisation of the planum temporale in schizophrenic and control males using MRI surface-rendering morphometry of the supratemporal cortex.ResultsContrary to the lateralisation hypothesis, normal patterns of leftward planum asymmetry were detected in both the schizophrenic and control groups. Schizophrenics and controls also exhibited a predicted symmetry in the bilateral areas of Heschl's gyrus, a supratemporal cortical structure immediately anterior to the planum.ConclusionThese data do not support the notion that neurodevelopmental mechanisms of cerebral asymmetry are abnormal in schizophrenia.
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Shiell, Martha M., François Champoux, and Robert J. Zatorre. "The Right Hemisphere Planum Temporale Supports Enhanced Visual Motion Detection Ability in Deaf People: Evidence from Cortical Thickness." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7217630.
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After sensory loss, the deprived cortex can reorganize to process information from the remaining modalities, a phenomenon known as cross-modal reorganization. In blind people this cross-modal processing supports compensatory behavioural enhancements in the nondeprived modalities. Deaf people also show some compensatory visual enhancements, but a direct relationship between these abilities and cross-modally reorganized auditory cortex has only been established in an animal model, the congenitally deaf cat, and not in humans. Using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, we measured cortical thickness in the planum temporale, Heschl’s gyrus and sulcus, the middle temporal area MT+, and the calcarine sulcus, in early-deaf persons. We tested for a correlation between this measure and visual motion detection thresholds, a visual function where deaf people show enhancements as compared to hearing. We found that the cortical thickness of a region in the right hemisphere planum temporale, typically an auditory region, was greater in deaf individuals with better visual motion detection thresholds. This same region has previously been implicated in functional imaging studies as important for functional reorganization. The structure-behaviour correlation observed here demonstrates this area’s involvement in compensatory vision and indicates an anatomical correlate, increased cortical thickness, of cross-modal plasticity.
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Hugdahl, Kenneth, and René Westerhausen. "What Is Left Is Right." European Psychologist 14, no. 1 (January 2009): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.78.
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The present paper is based on a talk on hemispheric asymmetry given by Kenneth Hugdahl at the Xth European Congress of Psychology, Praha July 2007. Here, we propose that hemispheric asymmetry evolved because of a left hemisphere speech processing specialization. The evolution of speech and the need for air-based communication necessitated division of labor between the hemispheres in order to avoid having duplicate copies in both hemispheres that would increase processing redundancy. It is argued that the neuronal basis of this labor division is the structural asymmetry observed in the peri-Sylvian region in the posterior part of the temporal lobe, with a left larger than right planum temporale area. This is the only example where a structural, or anatomical, asymmetry matches a corresponding functional asymmetry. The increase in gray matter volume in the left planum temporale area corresponds to a functional asymmetry of speech processing, as indexed from both behavioral, dichotic listening, and functional neuroimaging studies. The functional anatomy of the corpus callosum also supports such a view, with regional specificity of information transfer between the hemispheres.
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Thaler, L., J. L. Milne, S. R. Arnott, D. Kish, and M. A. Goodale. "Neural correlates of motion processing through echolocation, source hearing, and vision in blind echolocation experts and sighted echolocation novices." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00501.2013.
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We have shown in previous research (Thaler L, Arnott SR, Goodale MA. PLoS One 6: e20162, 2011) that motion processing through echolocation activates temporal-occipital cortex in blind echolocation experts. Here we investigated how neural substrates of echo-motion are related to neural substrates of auditory source-motion and visual-motion. Three blind echolocation experts and twelve sighted echolocation novices underwent functional MRI scanning while they listened to binaural recordings of moving or stationary echolocation or auditory source sounds located either in left or right space. Sighted participants' brain activity was also measured while they viewed moving or stationary visual stimuli. For each of the three modalities separately (echo, source, vision), we then identified motion-sensitive areas in temporal-occipital cortex and in the planum temporale. We then used a region of interest (ROI) analysis to investigate cross-modal responses, as well as laterality effects. In both sighted novices and blind experts, we found that temporal-occipital source-motion ROIs did not respond to echo-motion, and echo-motion ROIs did not respond to source-motion. This double-dissociation was absent in planum temporale ROIs. Furthermore, temporal-occipital echo-motion ROIs in blind, but not sighted, participants showed evidence for contralateral motion preference. Temporal-occipital source-motion ROIs did not show evidence for contralateral preference in either blind or sighted participants. Our data suggest a functional segregation of processing of auditory source-motion and echo-motion in human temporal-occipital cortex. Furthermore, the data suggest that the echo-motion response in blind experts may represent a reorganization rather than exaggeration of response observed in sighted novices. There is the possibility that this reorganization involves the recruitment of “visual” cortical areas.
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Kutová, M., J. Mrzílková, J. Riedlová, and P. Zach. "Asymmetric Changes in Limbic Cortex and Planum Temporale in Patients with Alzheimer Disease." Current Alzheimer Research 15, no. 14 (November 2, 2018): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205015666181004142659.
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Background: There are several cortical areas related to the limbic system that form the output from the hippocampal formation whose cellular and morphological features are important for the onset and progression of AD. We hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in the size of cortical pyramidal neurons and that there would also be a hemispheric asymmetry between Alzheimer disease patients and controls. These differences would potentially be accompanied by an increase in the numbers of Fluoro-Jade B-positive degenerating cortical neurons and a corresponding decrease in the numbers of DAPI-stained cortical neuronal nuclei in subjects with AD compared to controls. Such changes could potentially be used as another marker in postmortem neuropathological diagnosis of AD. Methods: We measured absolute numbers of DAPI and Fluoro-Jade B stained cells in five cortical areas of the limbic system and four subareas of planum temporale in the post-mortem brains of subjects with Alzheimer disease. We also measured the size of pyramidal neurons in layer III in the five cortical areas of the limbic system in these subjects. All measurements were performed separately for the left and right hemisphere in order to identify asymmetries between the two hemispheres. Results: We observed a significant decrease in numbers of DAPI stained cells in layers IV-VI of the anterior cingulate gyrus on the right side, in layers I-III of the posterior cingulate gyrus on the left side, in layers IV-VI in the transition region from superior temporal gyrus into planum temporale on the right and in layers IV-VI in the transition from planum temporale to insular cortex on the left. We also observed a significant increase in the numbers of Fluoro-Jade stained cells in layers I-III of the anterior cingulate gyrus and in layers I-III on the left and layers IV-VI of the right gyrus of Heschl. Shortening of the size of layer III pyramidal neurons in subjects with Alzheimer´s disease was found in the anterior cingulate gyrus on the right, in the posterior cingulate gyrus and entorhinal cortex on the left and on the right in the parahippocampal gyrus. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates asymmetries in different cortical regions of the temporal lobe that can be used as another marker in the postmortem diagnosis of AD.
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Smith, Kevin R., I.-Hui Hsieh, Kourosh Saberi, and Gregory Hickok. "Auditory Spatial and Object Processing in the Human Planum Temporale: No Evidence for Selectivity." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (April 2010): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21196.
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Although it is generally acknowledged that at least two processing streams exist in the primate cortical auditory system, the function of the posterior dorsal stream is a topic of much debate. Recent studies have reported selective activation to auditory spatial change in portions of the human planum temporale (PT) relative to nonspatial stimuli such as pitch changes or complex acoustic patterns. However, previous work has suggested that the PT may be sensitive to another kind of nonspatial variable, namely, the number of auditory objects simultaneously presented in the acoustic signal. The goal of the present fMRI experiment was to assess whether any portion of the PT showed spatial selectivity relative to manipulations of the number of auditory objects presented. Spatially sensitive regions in the PT were defined by comparing activity associated with listening to an auditory object (speech from a single talker) that changed location with one that remained stationary. Activity within these regions was then examined during a nonspatial manipulation: increasing the number of objects (talkers) from one to three. The nonspatial manipulation modulated activity within the “spatial” PT regions. No region within the PT was found to be selective for spatial or object processing. We suggest that previously documented spatial sensitivity in the PT reflects auditory source separation using spatial cues rather than spatial processing per se.
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Wen, Hung Tzu, Albert L. Rhoton, Evandro de Oliveira, Luiz Henrique M. Castro, Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo, and Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira. "Microsurgical Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe: Part 2—Sylvian Fissure Region and Its Clinical Application." Operative Neurosurgery 65, suppl_6 (December 1, 2009): ons1—ons36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000336314.20759.85.
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Abstract Objective: We present observations of the anatomy of the sylvian fissure region and their clinical application in neuroimaging, microsurgery for middle cerebral artery aneurysms and insular lesions, frontobasal resections, and epilepsy surgery. Methods: Sixty adult cadaveric hemispheres and 12 adult cadaveric heads were studied after perfusion of the arteries and veins with colored latex. The anatomic information was applied in more than 200 microsurgeries in and around the sylvian fissure region in the past 15 years. Results: The sylvian fissure extends from the basal to the lateral surface of the brain and presents 2 compartments on each surface, 1 superficial (temporal stem and its ramii) and 1 deep (anterior and lateral operculoinsular compartments). The temporal operculum is in opposition to the frontal and parietal opercula (planum polare versus inferior frontal and precentral gyri, Heschl’s versus postcentral gyri, planum temporale versus supramarginal gyrus). The inferior frontal, precentral, and postcentral gyri cover the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the lateral surface of the insula, respectively. The pars triangularis covers the apex of the insula, located immediately distal to the genu of the middle cerebral artery. The clinical application of the anatomic information presented in this article is in angiography, middle cerebral artery aneurysm surgery, insular resection, frontobasal resection, and amygdalohippocampectomy, and hemispherotomy. Conclusion: The anatomic relationships of the sylvian fissure region can be helpful in preoperative planning and can serve as reliable intraoperative navigation landmarks in microsurgery involving that region.
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Ferone, E., A. Pierallini, M. Bonamini, A. Bozzao, P. P. Quarato, M. T. Giallonardo, and L. M. Fantozzi. "Utilità delle sequenze turbo-flair e analisi volumetrica della regione ippocampale nella valutazione del paziente con epilessia temporale farmaco-resistente." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 10, no. 2_suppl (October 1997): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009970100s220.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the hippocampal region using Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery sequences (Turbo-FLAIR) to detect signal intensity abnormalities, and volumetric sequences to detect cortical thickness changes, in patients with drug-resistant temporal epilepsy. We evaluated 30 patients with drug-resistant temporal epilepsy with a 1.5 Tesla unit (NT 15 Philips Gyroscan). Conventional SE, Turbo SE, IR, Turbo-FLAIR, volumetric 3D sequences on coronal plane, PD, T2weighted SE sequences on axial plane, T1-weighted SE on sagittal plane / were performed. Signal intensity and volumetric computerized measurements were obtained using the SUN system. Differences in signal intensity values between the two hippocampal regions were found in 18 patients with Turbo-FLAIR sequences. In 6 of the sepatients no significant differences in computerized evaluation of signal intensity were detected with either conventional or Turbo-SE sequences. Volumetric analysis showed hippocampal cortex thinning in 9 out of 18 patients with hippocampal signal intensity abnormalities. Turbo -FLAIR provided the best sequences for the detection of signal intensity changes in the hippocampal region. Such changes are strongly suggestive of hippocampal sclerosis, especially when associated with cortical atrophy.
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ANTAL, A., J. BAUDEWIG, W. PAULUS, and P. DECHENT. "The posterior cingulate cortex and planum temporale/parietal operculum are activated by coherent visual motion." Visual Neuroscience 25, no. 1 (January 2008): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523808080024.
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The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is involved in higher order sensory and sensory-motor integration while the planum temporale/parietal operculum (PT/PO) junction takes part in auditory motion and vestibular processing. Both regions are activated during different types of visual stimulation. Here, we describe the response characteristics of the PCC and PT/PO to basic types of visual motion stimuli of different complexity (complex and simple coherent as well as incoherent motion). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed in 10 healthy subjects at 3 Tesla, whereby different moving dot stimuli (vertical, horizontal, rotational, radial, and random) were contrasted against a static dot pattern. All motion stimuli activated a distributed cortical network, including previously described motion-sensitive striate and extrastriate visual areas. Bilateral activations in the dorsal region of the PCC (dPCC) were evoked using coherent motion stimuli, irrespective of motion direction (vertical, horizontal, rotational, radial) with increasing activity and with higher complexity of the stimulus. In contrast, the PT/PO responded equally well to all of the different coherent motion types. Incoherent (random) motion yielded significantly less activation both in the dPCC and in the PT/PO area. These results suggest that the dPCC and the PT/PO take part in the processing of basic types of visual motion. However, in dPCC a possible effect of attentional modulation resulting in the higher activity evoked by the complex stimuli should also be considered. Further studies are warranted to incorporate these regions into the current model of the cortical motion processing network.
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Tramo, Mark Jude, Jamshed J. Bharucha, and Frank E. Musiek. "Music Perception and Cognition Following Bilateral Lesions of Auditory Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2, no. 3 (July 1990): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1990.2.3.195.
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We present experimental and anatomical data from a case study of impaired auditory perception following bilateral hemispheric strokes. To consider the cortical representation of sensory, perceptual, and cognitive functions mediating tonal information processing in music, pure tone sensation thresholds, spectral intonation judgments, and the associative priming of spectral intonation judgments by harmonic context were examined, and lesion localization was analyzed quantitatively using straight-line two-dimensional maps of the cortical surface reconstructed from magnetic resonance images. Despite normal pure tone sensation thresholds at 250–8000 Hz, the perception of tonal spectra was severely impaired, such that harmonic structures (major triads) were almost uniformly judged to sound dissonant; yet, the associative priming of spectral intonation judgments by harmonic context was preserved, indicating that cognitive representations of tonal hierarchies in music remained intact and accessible. Brainprints demonstrated complete bilateral lesions of the transverse gyri of Heschl and partial lesions of the right and left superior temporal gyri involving 98 and 20% of their surface areas, respectively. In the right hemisphere, there was partial sparing of the planum temporale, temporoparietal junction, and inferior parietal cortex. In the left hemisphere, all of the superior temporal region anterior to the transverse gyrus and parts of the planum temporale, temporoparietal junction, inferior parietal cortex, and insula were spared. These observations suggest that (1) sensory, perceptual, and cognitive functions mediating tonal information processing in music are neurologically dissociable; (2) complete bilateral lesions of primary auditory cortex combined with partial bilateral lesions of auditory association cortex chronically impair tonal consonance perception; (3) cognitive functions that hierarchically structure pitch information and generate harmonic expectancies during music perception do not rely on the integrity of primary auditory cortex; and (4) musical priming may be mediated by broadly tuned subcomponents of the thala-mocortical auditory system.
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McGettigan, Carolyn, Jane E. Warren, Frank Eisner, Chloe R. Marshall, Pradheep Shanmugalingam, and Sophie K. Scott. "Neural Correlates of Sublexical Processing in Phonological Working Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 4 (April 2011): 961–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21491.
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This study investigated links between working memory and speech processing systems. We used delayed pseudoword repetition in fMRI to investigate the neural correlates of sublexical structure in phonological working memory (pWM). We orthogonally varied the number of syllables and consonant clusters in auditory pseudowords and measured the neural responses to these manipulations under conditions of covert rehearsal (Experiment 1). A left-dominant network of temporal and motor cortex showed increased activity for longer items, with motor cortex only showing greater activity concomitant with adding consonant clusters. An individual-differences analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between activity in the angular gyrus and the hippocampus, and accuracy on pseudoword repetition. As models of pWM stipulate that its neural correlates should be activated during both perception and production/rehearsal [Buchsbaum, B. R., & D'Esposito, M. The search for the phonological store: From loop to convolution. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 762–778, 2008; Jacquemot, C., & Scott, S. K. What is the relationship between phonological short-term memory and speech processing? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 480–486, 2006; Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press, 1974], we further assessed the effects of the two factors in a separate passive listening experiment (Experiment 2). In this experiment, the effect of the number of syllables was concentrated in posterior–medial regions of the supratemporal plane bilaterally, although there was no evidence of a significant response to added clusters. Taken together, the results identify the planum temporale as a key region in pWM; within this region, representations are likely to take the form of auditory or audiomotor “templates” or “chunks” at the level of the syllable [Papoutsi, M., de Zwart, J. A., Jansma, J. M., Pickering, M. J., Bednar, J. A., & Horwitz, B. From phonemes to articulatory codes: an fMRI study of the role of Broca's area in speech production. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2156–2165, 2009; Warren, J. E., Wise, R. J. S., & Warren, J. D. Sounds do-able: auditory–motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane. Trends in Neurosciences, 28, 636–643, 2005; Griffiths, T. D., & Warren, J. D. The planum temporale as a computational hub. Trends in Neurosciences, 25, 348–353, 2002], whereas more lateral structures on the STG may deal with phonetic analysis of the auditory input [Hickok, G. The functional neuroanatomy of language. Physics of Life Reviews, 6, 121–143, 2009].
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Shiell, Martha M., and Robert J. Zatorre. "White matter structure in the right planum temporale region correlates with visual motion detection thresholds in deaf people." Hearing Research 343 (January 2017): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2016.06.011.
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Hickok, Gregory, Kayoko Okada, and John T. Serences. "Area Spt in the Human Planum Temporale Supports Sensory-Motor Integration for Speech Processing." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 5 (May 2009): 2725–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91099.2008.
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Processing incoming sensory information and transforming this input into appropriate motor responses is a critical and ongoing aspect of our moment-to-moment interaction with the environment. While the neural mechanisms in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that support the transformation of sensory inputs into simple eye or limb movements has received a great deal of empirical attention—in part because these processes are easy to study in nonhuman primates—little work has been done on sensory-motor transformations in the domain of speech. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate analysis techniques to demonstrate that a region of the planum temporale (Spt) shows distinct spatial activation patterns during sensory and motor aspects of a speech task. This result suggests that just as the PPC supports sensorimotor integration for eye and limb movements, area Spt forms part of a sensory-motor integration circuit for the vocal tract.
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Qiu, Anqi, Marc Vaillant, Patrick Barta, J. Tilak Ratnanather, and Michael I. Miller. "Region-of-interest-based analysis with application of cortical thickness variation of left planum temporale in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder." Human Brain Mapping 29, no. 8 (August 17, 2007): 973–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20444.
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Spocter, Muhammad A., Chet C. Sherwood, Steven J. Schapiro, and William D. Hopkins. "Reproducibility of leftward planum temporale asymmetries in two genetically isolated populations of chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1934 (September 9, 2020): 20201320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1320.
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Once considered a hallmark of human uniqueness, brain asymmetry has emerged as a feature shared with several other species, including chimpanzees, one of our closest living relatives. Most notable has been the discovery of asymmetries in homologues of cortical language areas in apes, particularly in the planum temporale (PT), considered a central node of the human language network. Several lines of evidence indicate a role for genetic mechanisms in the emergence of PT asymmetry; however, the genetic determinants of cerebral asymmetries have remained elusive. Studies in humans suggest that there is heritability of brain asymmetries of the PT, but this has not been explored to any extent in chimpanzees. Furthermore, the potential influence of non-genetic factors has raised questions about the reproducibility of earlier observations of PT asymmetry reported in chimpanzees. As such, the present study was aimed at examining both the heritability of phenotypic asymmetries in PT morphology, as well as their reproducibility. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated morphological asymmetries of PT surface area (mm 2 ) and mean depth (mm) in captive chimpanzees ( n = 291) derived from two genetically isolated populations. Our results confirm that chimpanzees exhibit a significant population-level leftward asymmetry for PT surface area, as well as significant heritability in the surface area and mean depth of the PT. These results conclusively demonstrate the existence of a leftward bias in PT asymmetry in chimpanzees and suggest that genetic mechanisms play a key role in the emergence of anatomical asymmetry in this region.
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Kuwert, T., S. R. G. Stodieck, Beate Diehl, Kerstin Wolf, G. Schuierer, E. B. Ringelstein, O. Schober, and P. Matheja. "PET and SPECT in Medically Non-Refractory Complex Partial Seizures." Nuklearmedizin 37, no. 07 (1998): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632338.
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Zusammenfassung Ziel: Im Gegensatz zu den medikamentös-refraktären komplex-fokalen Epilepsien (CPS) wurden zerebrale Perfusion und Metabolismus bei Patienten mit nichtrefraktären Epilepsien kaum untersucht. Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung der Häufigkeit temporaler Asymmetrien des regionalen zerebralen Glukoseverbrauchs (rCMRGIc), der regionalen zerebralen Perfusion (rCBF) und der regionalen zerebralen Benzodi- azepin-Rezeptordichte (BRD) bei dieser Patientengruppe. Methoden: Es wurden 49 Patienten mit medikamentös-nichtrefraktären, kryptogenen CPS untersucht (Alter: 36,0 ± 16,1 Jahre). Der rCMRGIc wurde mit F-18-FDG-PET (FDG), der rCBF mit Tc-99m-ECD-SPECT (ECD) und die BRD mit 1-123-Jomazenil-SPECT (IMZ) untersucht. Alle drei Untersuchungen wurden interiktual und binnen vier Wochen bei jedem Patienten durchgeführt. Die Dauer der Epilepsie betrug zwischen 0,1 und 42 Jahre (Median 4,0 Jahre). Die SPECT-Studien wurden mit der Dreikopfkamera Multispect 3, die PET-Studien mit dem PET-System ECAT EXACT 47 durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe von Linienprofilen wurden rCMRGIc, rCBF und BRD in vier temporalen Regionen bestimmt; die daraus errechneten Asymmetrie-Indizes (ASY) wurden mit den 95%-Konfidenzin- tervallen von Kontrollpersonen verglichen. Ergebnisse: Von den 49 Patienten wiesen 35 (71%) einen signifikant pathologischen ASY in mindestens einer Region auf; der rCMRGIc war asymmetrisch bei 41 % der Patienten, die BRD bei 29%, und der rCBF bei 24%. Bei einem Patienten waren alle drei Variablen pathologisch, bei zwei der rCMRGIc und die BRD, bei drei der rCMRGIc und der rCBF und bei vier weiteren Patienten der rCBF und die BRD. Eine isolierte Asymmetrie des rCMRGIc fand sich in 14, der BRD in 7 und des rCBF in 4 Fällen. Es gab keine Diskrepanzen in der Latéralisation zwischen den drei Methoden. Schlußfolgerung: Die Mehrzahl der Patienten mit medikamentös- nichtrefraktären CPS weist eine Abnormalität des rCMRGIc, der BRD oder des rCBF auf. In diesem Patientenkollektiv zeigt FDG-PET am häufigsten eine temporale Auffälligkeit.
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Kamourieh, Salwa, and Richard Wise. "DEMENTIA AND THE ‘COCKTAIL PARTY’ PROBLEM." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 86, no. 11 (October 14, 2015): e4.138-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2015-312379.48.
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BackgroundListening to one speaker in the presence of others (the ‘cocktail party’ problem) increases demands on attention and cognitive control. This study investigated the function of fronto-parietal systems and auditory regions in patients with progressive memory impairment.MethodsTwenty-five healthy volunteers (controls) and 32 patients were studied with functional MRI. The task involved attending to a female speaker, either in the absence or the presence of a masking male speaker.ResultsA behavioural measure designed to assess success at attending to the female speaker demonstrated a significant impairment in the patient group compared to the controls. This was associated with reduced activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), involved in attention and cognitive control, and in the left planum temporale (lPT), an auditory region central to solving the ‘cocktail party’ problem. However, treatment with galantamine in 18 patients resulted in no behavioural improvement and no increase in dACC or lPT activity.ConclusionsAn inability to register verbal information when listening in the presence of distracting background speech will contribute to complaints of ‘impaired memory’ and social isolation. We did not find evidence that central cholinesterase inhibition can improve this function in patients complaining of progressive memory decline.
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Sato, Jinya, Yoji Hirano, Noriaki Hirakawa, Junichi Takahashi, Naoya Oribe, Hironori Kuga, Itta Nakamura, et al. "Lower Hippocampal Volume in Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Quantitative MRI Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020121.
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Since patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share many biological features, detecting biomarkers that differentiate SZ and BD patients is crucial for optimized treatments. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is suitable for detecting subtle brain structural differences in patients with psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we adopted a neuroanatomically defined and manually delineated region of interest (ROI) method to evaluate the amygdalae, hippocampi, Heschl’s gyrus (HG), and planum temporale (PT), because these regions are crucial in the development of SZ and BD. ROI volumes were measured using high resolution MRI in 31 healthy subjects (HS), 23 SZ patients, and 21 BD patients. Right hippocampal volumes differed significantly among groups (HS > BD > SZ), whereas left hippocampal volumes were lower in SZ patients than in HS and BD patients (HS = BD > SZ). Volumes of the amygdalae, HG, and PT did not differ among the three groups. For clinical correlations, there were no significant associations between ROI volumes and demographics/clinical symptoms. Our study revealed significant lower hippocampal volume in patients with SZ and BD, and we suggest that the right hippocampal volume is a potential biomarker for differentiation between SZ and BD.
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Cappa, Stefano F. "The anatomical foundations of language dominance." Evolutionary Linguistic Theory 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/elt.00009.cap.
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Abstract The evidence about asymmetries between the two hemispheres in human and non-human species may contribute to the current debate about language evolution. Here I present a selective review of the available data, limited to the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the main language areas. Both post-mortem and imaging studies confirm the presence of a leftward asymmetry in the Planum Temporale (PT) region in humans; in the case of Broca’s area the evidence is less consistent. The data about non-human primates also support the presence of a leftward asymmetry of the PT area in apes and monkeys. Studies on large populations, combining quantitative structural imaging of cortex and white matter, functional imaging measures during language tasks, and detailed assessments of handedness are needed to assess the relevance of comparative brain anatomy data to the investigation of language evolution.
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Weintraub, Sandra, Benjamin Rader, Christina Coventry, Jaiashre Sridhar, Jessica Wood, Kyla A. Guillaume, Giovanni Coppola, et al. "Familial language network vulnerability in primary progressive aphasia." Neurology 95, no. 7 (July 22, 2020): e847-e855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009842.
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ObjectiveTo investigate evidence of the potential role of early cortical vulnerability in the development of primary progressive aphasia (PPA).MethodA woman with a diagnosis of PPA and her 9 adult siblings, 7 with developmental language disabilities, underwent neuropsychological testing, structural MRI, and resting-state fMRI. Whole-exome sequencing was conducted for genes associated with dyslexia or with neurodegenerative dementia.ResultsThe siblings demonstrated lower verbal than nonverbal cognitive test scores in a developmental dyslexia pattern. On structural MRI, although the siblings did not differ from controls in total brain volume, the left hemisphere language area volume was significantly smaller than the right. Furthermore, cortical connectivity between the left superior temporal area, previously identified as the region of peak atrophy in the proband early in the course of illness, and adjacent language network components, including the planum temporale, was decreased in the siblings. No distinctive genetic signatures were identified.ConclusionThis report further supports the hypothesis that at least some cases of PPA may be based on a familial language network vulnerability that interferes with the acquisition of language in some members and that makes the language network a locus of least resistance to the effects of an independently late-arising neurodegenerative disease in others. This association offers a conceptual model to explain why identical neurodegenerative diseases may selectively target the language network in some individuals while targeting networks that regulate memory or behavior in others. The genetic basis for this vulnerability remains to be determined.
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Bednarz, H., and R. Kana. "A-24 Metacognition and behavioral regulation associated with distinct connectivity patterns in autism spectrum disorder." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 6 (July 25, 2019): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz034.24.
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Abstract Objective Executive function (EF) deficits are well documented in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)1-2 and are commonly measured clinically using parent ratings3. No studies have investigated whether parent ratings of EF predict brain connectivity in ASD. Aim Examine whether the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) predicts functional brain connectivity in ASD. Method Resting-state fMRI and behavioral data were obtained from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE-II) database6 (n = 106 ASD, ages 5-13). ROI-to-ROI (Region of Interest) connectivity was computed for 132 ROIs spanning the whole brain, defined using Conn Toolbox. Multiple regression analyses examined the effect of BRIEF metacognition on connectivity while controlling for BRIEF behavioral regulation, and vice versa. Age, sex, and full-scale IQ were included as covariates. FDR correction was used (p < 0.05). Results More severe deficits in metacognition were associated with stronger connectivity between the left hippocampus and several ROIs, including the cerebellum and planum temporale. More severe deficits in metacognition were associated with weaker right hippocampus – right frontal pole connectivity. More severe deficits in behavioral regulation were associated with stronger connectivity between subcortical regions (i.e., thalamus, putamen, and caudate) and regions involved in motor (superior frontal gyrus) and limbic systems (cingulate gyrus). More severe behavioral regulation deficits were associated with weaker cerebellar-cerebellar connectivity. Conclusions Findings suggest that parent-ratings of metacognitive abilities in children with ASD are associated with hippocampal connectivity, while behavioral regulation abilities are associated with thalamic and striatum connections. These results build upon previous studies of metacognition and behavioral regulation 5,6.
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Galaburda, Albert M., and Ursula Bellugi. "V. Multi-Level Analysis of Cortical Neuroanatomy in Williams Syndrome." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, supplement 1 (March 2000): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900561995.
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The purpose of a neuroanatomical analysis of Williams Syndrome (WMS) brains is to help bridge the knowledge of the genetics of this disorder with the knowledge on behavior. Here, we outline findings of cortical neuroanatomy at multiple levels. We describe the gross anatomy with respect to brain shape, cortical folding, and asymmetry. This, as with most neuroanatomical information available in the literature on anatomical-functional correlations, links up best to the behavioral profile. Then, we describe the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the cortex. Further, we report on some histometric results. Finally, we present findings of immunocy-tochemistry that attempt to link up to the genomic deletion. The gross anatomical findings consist mainly of a small brain that shows curtailment in the posterior-parietal and occipital regions. There is also subtle dysmorphism of cortical folding. A consistent finding is a short central sulcus that does not become opercularized in the interhemispheric fissure, bringing attention to a possible developmental anomaly affecting the dorsal half of the hemispheres. There is also lack of asymmetry in the planum temporale. The cortical cytoarchitecture is relatively normal, with all sampled areas showing features typical of the region from which they are taken. Measurements in area 17 show increased cell size and decreased cell-packing density, which address the issue of possible abnormal connectivity. Immunostaining shows absence of elastin but normal staining for Lim-1 kinase, both of which are products of genes that are part of the deletion. Finally, one serially sectioned brain shows a fair amount of acquired pathology of microvascular origin related most likely to underlying hypertension and heart disease.
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Aoki, Fugaku, and Richard M. Schultz. "DNA replication in the 1-cell mouse embryo: stimulatory effect of histone acetylation." Zygote 7, no. 2 (May 1999): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199499000532.
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Temporal and spatial distribution of the sites of DNA replication were examined in 1-cell mouse embryos. Embryos were labelled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at hourly intervals after fertilisation, and the incorporation of BrdU was examined by laser-scanning confocal microscopy following immunostaining with an anti-BrdU antibody. DNA replication first started uniformly in both the male and female pronuclei in the intranuclear region and then was observed in the peripheral regions of nucleus and nucleolus. These changes, however, occurred asynchronously in that the female pronucleus required a longer time to complete replication in the intranuclear region but not in the peripheral regions. Inhibiting transcription with α-amanitin had no effect on the temporal and spatial patterns of DNA replication. Treatment of the embryos with trapoxin, a specific inhibitor of histone deacetylase, accelerated the completion of replication in the peripheral regions but not in the intranuclear region. These results suggest that DNA replication is temporally and spatially regulated in the 1-cell embryos and that acetylation of histones, but not transcription, is involved in the regulation of DNA replication.
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Cohn, Jason E., Tyler Pion, and Timothy M. Greco. "“Not Above, Not Below: Right in the Middle!”—Novel Filler Technique for Temporal Augmentation and Rejuvenation." Facial Plastic Surgery 36, no. 05 (May 22, 2020): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709710.
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AbstractThe temporal region is challenging to treat due to its thin skin, which has the propensity toward showing irregularities. The literature on temporal hollowing augmentation suggests placing the filler either into the subcutaneous space or within the temporalis muscle. However, these techniques have been based upon opinion rather than supporting anatomical and clinical data. We introduce a novel injection technique to avoid complications and achieve lasting results. This novel technique was confirmed with a cadaver model, in vivo model, and application to a human subject. The anatomical layers of the temporal region were highlighted: the skin, subcutaneous tissue, temporoparietal fascia (superficial temporal fascia), deep temporal fascia, superficial temporal fat pad, and temporalis muscle. Particular emphasis was placed on identifying the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery to avoid vascular complications. We believe the potential space between the temporoparietal fascia and the deep temporalis fascia is the safest, most efficacious plane to inject the temporal region with a 27-gauge cannula. Our future goal is to recruit and present a larger series of patients receiving this injection.
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Getzner, Michael. "Impacts of national parks on tourism: a case study from a prominent alpine national park." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 3 (July 2009): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2008-003005.
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-National parks and other categories of protected areas are often assumed to enhance regional economic development due to park tourism. The current study attempts to estimate the impact of the Hohe Tauern national park (Austria) on tourism by exploring whether and to what extent the national park may have had an influence on tourism development. For most national park communities, the results suggest that the establishment of the national park had some impact by enforcing an already positive trend or by weakening or reversing a negative trend of tourism. However, breakpoint tests exhibit turning points up to several years after the establishment of the park, indicating that taking a national park as the basis for tourism development is a medium to long term development strategy. In the short term, the impact of a national park on tourism is not measurable. Tourism increased by 1 to 3% annually after the breakpoint, indicating that the establishment of a national park has to be incorporated into the tourism and development strategy of a region right from the start. The causal relationship between the establishment of the national park and tourism development may be weak, in particular in communities where the difference between the actual and the forecast numbers of overnight stays is small. Marketing national park tourism and building up a brand or distinctive label may therefore contribute to regional development particularly in the long term.Key words: Tourism, national park, protected area, time series, stationarity, breakpoint test, ARIMA.JEL classifications: R110, L830, C220.Parole chiave: Turismo, parco nazionale, area protetta, serie temporale, stazionarietŕ, test di breakpoint, ARIMA.
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R. Echegaray, Carlos Sambricio. "Política de vivienda en el primer franquismo: 1936-1949." TEMPORÁNEA. Revista de Historia de la Arquitectura, no. 1 (2020): 59–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/temporanea.2020.01.03.
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Al Saadi, Fahad, Alan Champneys, Annette Worthy, and Ahmed Msmali. "Stationary and oscillatory localized patterns in ratio-dependent predator–prey systems." IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 86, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 808–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamat/hxab018.
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Abstract Investigations are undertaken into simple predator–prey models with rational interaction terms in one and two spatial dimensions. Focusing on a case with linear interaction and saturation, an analysis for long domains in 1D is undertaken using ideas from spatial dynamics. In the limit that prey diffuses much more slowly than predator, the Turing bifurcation is found to be subcritical, which gives rise to localized patterns within a Pomeau pinning parameter region. Parameter regions for localized patterns and isolated spots are delineated. For a realistic range of parameters, a temporal Hopf bifurcation of the balanced equilibrium state occurs within the localized-pattern region. Detailed spectral computations and numerical simulations reveal how the Hopf bifurcation is inherited by the localized structures at nearby parameter values, giving rise to both temporally periodic and chaotic localized patterns. Simulation results in 2D confirm the onset of complex spatio-temporal patterns within the corresponding parameter regions. The generality of the results is confirmed by showing qualitatively the same bifurcation structure within a similar model with quadratic interaction and saturation. The implications for ecology are briefly discussed.
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Korobkova, T. N. "THE TEMPORAL ASPECT OF BREAST CANCER MORBIDITY IN FEMALE POPULATION IN A GIVEN REGION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE AMUR REGION." Amur Medical Journal, no. 15-16 (2016): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22448/amj.2016.15-16.67-70.
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Song, Yeongtaek, and Incheol Kim. "Spatio-Temporal Action Detection in Untrimmed Videos by Using Multimodal Features and Region Proposals." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 3, 2019): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051085.
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This paper proposes a novel deep neural network model for solving the spatio-temporal-action-detection problem, by localizing all multiple-action regions and classifying the corresponding actions in an untrimmed video. The proposed model uses a spatio-temporal region proposal method to effectively detect multiple-action regions. First, in the temporal region proposal, anchor boxes were generated by targeting regions expected to potentially contain actions. Unlike the conventional temporal region proposal methods, the proposed method uses a complementary two-stage method to effectively detect the temporal regions of the respective actions occurring asynchronously. In addition, to detect a principal agent performing an action among the people appearing in a video, the spatial region proposal process was used. Further, coarse-level features contain comprehensive information of the whole video and have been frequently used in conventional action-detection studies. However, they cannot provide detailed information of each person performing an action in a video. In order to overcome the limitation of coarse-level features, the proposed model additionally learns fine-level features from the proposed action tubes in the video. Various experiments conducted using the LIRIS-HARL and UCF-10 datasets confirm the high performance and effectiveness of the proposed deep neural network model.
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Guo, Yang, Yuanyuan Sun, Yanmei Feng, Yujun Zhang, and Shankai Yin. "The Relative Weight of Temporal Envelope Cues in Different Frequency Regions for Mandarin Sentence Recognition." Neural Plasticity 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7416727.
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Acoustic temporal envelope (E) cues containing speech information are distributed across the frequency spectrum. To investigate the relative weight of E cues in different frequency regions for Mandarin sentence recognition, E information was extracted from 30 contiguous bands across the range of 80–7,562 Hz using Hilbert decomposition and then allocated to five frequency regions. Recognition scores were obtained with acoustic E cues from 1 or 2 random regions from 40 normal-hearing listeners. While the recognition scores ranged from 8.2% to 16.3% when E information from only one region was available, the scores ranged from 57.9% to 87.7% when E information from two frequency regions was presented, suggesting a synergistic effect among the temporal E cues in different frequency regions. Next, the relative contributions of the E information from the five frequency regions to sentence perception were computed using a least-squares approach. The results demonstrated that, for Mandarin Chinese, a tonal language, the temporal E cues of Frequency Region 1 (80–502 Hz) and Region 3 (1,022–1,913 Hz) contributed more to the intelligence of sentence recognition than other regions, particularly the region of 80–502 Hz, which contained fundamental frequency (F0) information.
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Poldrack, Russell A., Elise Temple, Athanassios Protopapas, Srikantan Nagarajan, Paula Tallal, Michael Merzenich, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Relations between the Neural Bases of Dynamic Auditory Processing and Phonological Processing: Evidence from fMRI." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 5 (July 1, 2001): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901750363235.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine how the brain responds to temporal compression of speech and to determine whether the same regions are also involved in phonological processes associated with reading. Recorded speech was temporally compressed to varying degrees and presented in a sentence verification task. Regions involved in phonological processing were identified in a separate scan using a rhyming judgment task with pseudowords compared to a lettercase judgment task. The left inferior frontal and left superior temporal regions (Broca's and Wernicke's areas), along with the right inferior frontal cortex, demonstrated a convex response to speech compression; their activity increased as compression increased, but then decreased when speech became incomprehensible. Other regions exhibited linear increases in activity as compression increased, including the middle frontal gyri bilaterally. The auditory cortices exhibited compression-related decreases bilaterally, primarily reflecting a decrease in activity when speech became incomprehensible. Rhyme judgments engaged two left inferior frontal gyrus regions (pars triangularis and pars opercularis), of which only the pars triangularis region exhibited significant compression-related activity. These results directly demonstrate that a subset of the left inferior frontal regions involved in phonological processing is also sensitive to transient acoustic features within the range of comprehensible speech.
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Тарабукина, Лена, Lena Tarabukina, Владимир Козлов, and Vladimir Kozlov. "Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning strokes over North Asia and its comparison with solar activity variations in 2009–2016." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 3, no. 2 (August 9, 2017): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-32201711.
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We analyze variations of lightning activity presented by the lightning stroke number obtained by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) within the territory with boundaries 40–80° N and 60–180° E in 2009–2016. There are two regions with high lightning activity: western (48–60° N, 60–90° E) and eastern (40–55° N, 110–140° E). The lightning stroke density in these regions is 10–100 times higher than that in surrounding areas. The comparison between daily variations of lightning stroke number and the 10.7 cm solar radio flux shows no correlation: the linear cor-relation coefficient varied from –0.55 to 0.86 in the western region and from –0.78 to 0.39 in the eastern region during all summer seasons. During the ascending phase of solar cycle 24, there was a spatial lightning redistribution between the western and eastern regions of high lightning activity. During peaks of the solar cy-cle and its descending phase, the redistribution was not so pronounced as that during the ascending
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Woodard, John L., Michael Seidenberg, Kristy A. Nielson, Sarah K. Miller, Malgorzata Franczak, Piero Antuono, Kelli L. Douville, and Stephen M. Rao. "Temporally Graded Activation of Neocortical Regions in Response to Memories of Different Ages." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 7 (July 2007): 1113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1113.
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The temporally graded memory impairment seen in many neurobehavioral disorders implies different neuroanatomical pathways and/or cognitive mechanisms involved in storage and retrieval of memories of different ages. A dynamic interaction between medial-temporal and neocortical brain regions has been proposed to account for memory's greater permanence with time. Despite considerable debate concerning its time-dependent role in memory retrieval, medial-temporal lobe activity has been well studied. However, the relative participation of neocortical regions in recent and remote memory retrieval has received much less attention. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we demonstrate robust, temporally graded signal differences in posterior cingulate, right middle frontal, right fusiform, and left middle temporal regions in healthy older adults during famous name identification from two disparate time epochs. Importantly, no neocortical regions demonstrated greater response to older than to recent stimuli. Our results suggest a possible role of these neocortical regions in temporally dating items in memory and in establishing and maintaining memory traces throughout the lifespan. Theoretical implications of these findings for the two dominant models of remote memory functioning (Consolidation Theory and Multiple Trace Theory) are discussed.
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Klymenko, Victor, and Naomi Weisstein. "Figure and Ground in Space and Time: 1. Temporal Response Surfaces of Perceptual Organization." Perception 18, no. 5 (October 1989): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p180627.
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The figure – ground organization of an ambiguous bipartite pattern can be manipulated by altering the temporal-frequency content of the two regions of the pattern. Ambiguous patterns in which the two regions of each pattern contained sine-wave gratings of either 8, 4, 1, or 0.5 cycles deg−1 undergoing contrast reversal at rates of 0, 3.75, 7.5, or 15 Hz were tested for figure–ground organization under conditions of equated space-averaged and time-averaged luminance and perceived contrast. All combinations of temporal-frequency differences between the two regions were tested at each spatial frequency. The data are reported for two levels of temporal resolution (15 and 30 s). The pattern region with the relatively higher temporal frequency tended to be seen as the background a higher percentage of the viewing time. There were significant linear trends for the appearance as background of the region of higher temporal frequency with respect to the magnitude of the temporal-frequency difference between the two regions of each pattern for all spatial frequencies and data intervals except the final 15 s interval of the lowest (0.5 cycle deg−1) spatial-frequency condition.
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Zhong, Weida, Qiuling Suo, Abhishek Gupta, Xiaowei Jia, Chunming Qiao, and Lu Su. "MetaTP." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478083.
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With the popularity of smartphones, large-scale road sensing data is being collected to perform traffic prediction, which is an important task in modern society. Due to the nature of the roving sensors on smartphones, the collected traffic data which is in the form of multivariate time series, is often temporally sparse and unevenly distributed across regions. Moreover, different regions can have different traffic patterns, which makes it challenging to adapt models learned from regions with sufficient training data to target regions. Given that many regions may have very sparse data, it is also impossible to build individual models for each region separately. In this paper, we propose a meta-learning based framework named MetaTP to overcome these challenges. MetaTP has two key parts, i.e., basic traffic prediction network (base model) and meta-knowledge transfer. In base model, a two-layer interpolation network is employed to map original time series onto uniformly-spaced reference time points, so that temporal prediction can be effectively performed in the reference space. The meta-learning framework is employed to transfer knowledge from source regions with a large amount of data to target regions with a few data examples via fast adaptation, in order to improve model generalizability on target regions. Moreover, we use two memory networks to capture the global patterns of spatial and temporal information across regions. We evaluate the proposed framework on two real-world datasets, and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
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Soames, J. V., U. J. Moore, R. A. Ord, and J. H. McElroy. "Angiomyoma of the temporal region." British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 27, no. 3 (June 1989): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-4356(89)90150-2.
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Yang, Zhao Ping, Ji Xi Gao, and Mei Rong Tian. "Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Net Primary Productivity in the Source Regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 5130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.5130.
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Based on remote sensing data, climatic data and other related data in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers from 2000 to 2006, the net primary production (NPP) of source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers was estimated by using CASA (Camegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) model. Spatial pattern and changing tendency for vegetation NPP, and correlation relationships between air temperature, precipitation and NPP were analyzed. The results showed that annual average NPP in source regions of Yangze and Yellow Rivers was 104.22 gC.m-2.a-1. A total mean annual NPP in source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers was 22.07×1012g C.a-1, which decreased from southeastern to northwestern part and this trend coupled with the changes in temperature and precipitation. Increasing trend of NPP in source region of Yellow River was clearer than that in source region of Yangze River during 2000-2006. The region with increasing tendency occupied approximately 68.42% of total area, while the region with decreasing tendency accounted for 23.83%. Marked decrease regions for NPP were mainly distributed in the southeastern source region of the Yellow River including Gande county, Dari county, Maqin county and area nearby Dari river and Kequ, occupied 10.56% of total source regions area. The region of very marked increase sporadically distributed in the region with marked increase trend. The northwestern region of Yellow River and southeastern region of Yangtze River were located by region with indistinct increase extensively. Regression analysis of vegetation NPP and climate factors showed that average temperature and precipitation were important factors affecting changes in vegetation NPP; while the mean air temperature appears to be the primary factor controlling terrestrial NPP in the source regions of Yangze and Yellow rivers.
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Idoyaga Molina, Anatilde. "Tiempo, espacio y existencia. Análisis de los seres míticos pilagá." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 15, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v15i2.19335.
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En este artículo se propone una taxonomía jerárquica de los seres míticos de la cultura Pilagá, uno de los grupos étnicos que habitan en la región del Gran Chaco de América del Sur. La taxonomía que propongo se basa en los diferentes niveles espacio-temporales en el que estas entidades se encuentran, así como en las funciones específicas que se les atribuyen por la cultura Pilagá.In this article I propose a hierarchical taxonomy of the mythical beings of the Pilagá culture, one of the ethnic groups that inhabit the Gran Chaco region of South America. The taxonomy I propose is based on the different spatio-temporal levels on which these entities are located as well as on the specific functions attributed to them by Pilagá culture.
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Ashina, S., R. Jensen, and L. Bendtsen. "Pain Sensitivity in Pericranial and Extracranial Regions." Cephalalgia 23, no. 6 (July 2003): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00559.x.
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Chronic myofascial pain is very common in the general population. The pain is most frequently located in the shoulder and neck regions, and nociceptive input from these regions may play an important role for tension-type headache. The mechanisms leading to the frequent occurrence of muscle pain in the shoulder and neck regions are largely unknown. It is possible that the pain is caused by increased sensitivity of muscle nociceptors or by central sensitization induced by nociceptive input from muscle. The primary aim of the present study was to compare muscle pain sensitivity in the trapezius and anterior tibial muscles. The secondary aim was to investigate whether temporal summation, a clinical correlate of wind-up, is more pronounced in muscle than in skin and, if so, whether such a difference is more pronounced in the trapezius than in the anterior tibial region. Sixteen healthy subjects were included. Pressure-pain thresholds and electrical cutaneous and intramuscular pain thresholds were measured at standard anatomical points in the trapezius and anterior tibial regions. Temporal summation was assessed by repetitive electrical stimulation. Pressure-pain thresholds ( P = 0.005) and intramuscular electrical pain thresholds ( P = 0.006) were significantly lower in trapezius than in anterior tibial muscle. Temporal summation was present in skin and muscle of both regions ( P < 0.001). The degree of temporal summation was significantly higher in muscle than in skin in the trapezius region ( P = 0.02), but not in the anterior tibial region ( P = 0.47). In conclusion, we found that muscle pain sensitivity was higher in the trapezius than in the anterior tibial muscle. We also demonstrated that temporal summation could be induced in both muscle and skin and, importantly, that temporal summation was significantly more pronounced in muscle than in skin in the trapezius but not in the anterior tibial region. These data may help to explain why chronic muscle pain most frequently is located in the shoulder and neck regions.
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Naughtin, Claire K., Benjamin J. Tamber-Rosenau, and Paul E. Dux. "The neural basis of temporal individuation and its capacity limits in the human brain." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00534.2013.
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Individuation refers to individuals' use of spatial and temporal properties to register an object as a distinct perceptual event relative to other stimuli. Although behavioral studies have examined both spatial and temporal individuation, neuroimaging investigations of individuation have been restricted to the spatial domain and at relatively late stages of information processing. In this study we used univariate and multivoxel pattern analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data to identify brain regions involved in individuating temporally distinct visual items and the neural consequences that arise when this process reaches its capacity limit (repetition blindness, RB). First, we found that regional patterns of blood oxygen level-dependent activity in a large group of brain regions involved in “lower-level” perceptual and “higher-level” attentional/executive processing discriminated between instances where repeated and nonrepeated stimuli were successfully individuated, conditions that placed differential demands on temporal individuation. These results could not be attributed to repetition suppression, stimulus or response factors, task difficulty, regional activation differences, other capacity-limited processes, or artifacts in the data or analyses. Consistent with the global workplace model of consciousness, this finding suggests that temporal individuation is supported by a distributed set of brain regions, rather than a single neural correlate. Second, conditions that reflect the capacity limit of individuation (instances of RB) modulated the amplitude, rather than spatial pattern, of activity in the left hemisphere premotor cortex. This finding could not be attributed to response conflict/ambiguity and likely reflects a candidate brain region underlying the capacity-limited process that gives rise to RB.
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Smith, Rick J., and Ian T. Jackson. "Anatomy and Significance of the Temporal Fat Pad in Apert Syndrome." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 31, no. 3 (May 1994): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1994_031_0224_aasott_2.3.co_2.
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Abnormal temporal region anatomy In Apert syndrome described in the literature includes inferior and lateral displacement of the middle cranial fossa, effacement of the temporal fossa, and thinning of the temporalis muscle. Four patients with Apert syndrome were noted to have hyperplasia of the bilateral superficial temporal fat pads, which could be contoured surgically. A case is presented with reformatted three-dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) scans with intraoperative documentation of Increased temporal fat as compared to normal controls.
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Grim, Joseph A., and James O. Pinto. "Estimating Continuous-Coverage Instantaneous Precipitation Rates Using Remotely Sensed and Ground-Based Measurements." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50, no. 10 (October 2011): 2073–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-033.1.
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AbstractThis study demonstrates a method of temporally and spatially scaling precipitation rates at low probability of precipitation-rate exceedance levels (e.g., 0.1%) from coarser-resolution global datasets to near-instantaneous localized rain gauge precipitation rates. In particular, the 8-km-, 1-h-resolution Climate Prediction Center Morphing (CMORPH) dataset was scaled to 1-min localized rates using the Automated Surface Observing Station (ASOS) rain gauge data. Maps of these scaled precipitation rates show overall patterns and magnitudes that are nearly identical to the lower-spatial-resolution rain gauge maps yet retain the much higher resolution of the original remotely sensed global dataset, which is particularly important over regions of complex geography and sparse surface observing stations. To scale the CMORPH data, temporal and spatial conversion factor arrays were calculated by comparing precipitation rates at different temporal (ASOS 1-min and 1-h) and spatial (ASOS 1-h and CMORPH 1-h) resolutions. These temporal and spatial conversion factors were found to vary by probability level, season, and climatological region. Meteorological implications of these variations are discussed.
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Cui, Jing, Yanrong Liu, Junling Sun, Di Hu, and Handong He. "G-STC-M Spatio-Temporal Analysis Method for Archaeological Sites." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050312.
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Based on the significant hotspots analysis method (Getis-Ord Gi* significance statistics), space-time cube model (STC) and the Mann–Kendall trend test method, this paper proposes a G-STC-M spatio-temporal analysis method based on Archaeological Sites. This method can integrate spatio-temporal data variable analysis and the space-time cube model to explore the spatio-temporal distribution of Archaeological Sites. The G-STC-M method was used to conduct time slice analysis on the data of Archaeological Sites in the study area, and the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of Archaeological Sites in East China from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty were discussed. The distribution of Archaeological Sites has temporal hotspots and spatial hotspots. Temporally, the distribution of Archaeological Sites showed a gradual increasing trend, and the number of Archaeological Sites reached the maximum in the Qing Dynasty. Spatially, the hotspots of Archaeological Sites are mainly distributed in Jiangsu (30°~33° N, 118°~121° E) and Anhui (29°~31° N, 117°~119° E) and the central region of Zhejiang (28°~31° N, 118°~121° E). Temporally and spatially, the distribution of Archaeological Sites is mainly centered in Shanghai (30°~32° N, 121°~122° E), spreading to the southern region.
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Maureira Cid, Fernando, Hernán Díaz Muñoz, Elizabeth Flores Ferro, Omar Gavotto Nogales, and Marcelo Hadweh Briceño. "Variaciones de las dinámicas no lineales de las ondas gamma durante la resolución de una prueba de atención tras la aplicación de ejercicio físico (Variations in nonlinear gamma wave dynamics during the resolution of a test of attention after the applica." Retos, no. 37 (October 7, 2019): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.73032.
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Introducción: la electroencefalografía es una útil herramienta para estudiar la asociación entre actividades motrices y las funciones cognitivas. Material y método: el objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer los efectos de 30 minutos de ejercicio aeróbico sobre las ondas cerebrales gamma durante la resolución de una prueba de atención selectiva. La muestra estuvo constituida por 12 estudiantes universitarios (7 experimentales y 5 controles). El registro de la actividad cerebral se realizó con dispositivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc® durante la resolución de la prueba de atención selectiva de Toulouse-Piéron realizada antes y después de 30 minutos de ejercicio físico aeróbico. Resultados: se observan variaciones en los índices de Hurst en la región prefrontal derecha e izquierda, además de la región temporal izquierda después de la realización del ejercicio físico. Las correlaciones de las regiones frontales, temporales y occipitales aumentaban o disminuían tras la intervención, pese a que los puntajes en la prueba aumentaron en todos ellos. Conclusiones: no es posible asociar un funcionamiento cerebral único con la mejora en los resultados de una prueba cognitiva tras el ejercicio físico, dando cuenta de la enorme variabilidad de las estrategias cerebrales para la resolución de un problema cognitivo.Abstract. Introduction: Electroencephalography is a useful tool for studying the association between motor activities and cognitive functions. Material and method: the aim of this research was to study the effects of 30 minutes of aerobic exercise on gamma brain waves during the resolution of a selective attention test. The sample consisted of 12 university students (7 experimental and 5 control). The recording of brain activity was performed with brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® during the resolution of the Toulouse-Piéron selective attention test conducted before and after 30 minutes of aerobic physical exercise. Results: variations in Hurst indices are observed in the right and left prefrontal regions, in addition to the left temporal region after physical exercise. The correlations of the frontal, temporal and occipital regions increased or decreased after the intervention, although the scores on the test increased in all of them. Conclusions: it is not possible to associate a single brain function with the improvement in the results of a cognitive test after physical exercise, as there exists an enormous variability of brain strategies for solving a cognitive problem.
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Aristizábal, Edier, Sandra López, Oscar Sánchez, Mariana Vásquez, Felipe Rincón, Diana Ruiz-Vásquez, Sebastián Restrepo, and Johan Sebastián Valencia. "Evaluación de la amenaza por movimientos en masa detonados por lluvias para una región de los Andes colombianos estimando la probabilidad espacial, temporal, y magnitud." Revista Boletín de Geología 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v41n3-2019004.
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Los movimientos en masa detonados por lluvia son una de las amenazas que cobra el mayor número de víctimas anuales en terrenos montañosos y ambientes tropicales, como los Andes colombianos. En el presente estudio, se evaluó la amenaza por movimientos en masa detonados por lluvias en el Valle de Aburrá, localizado en el norte de los Andes colombianos, donde se asienta un número importante de viviendas y familias en áreas altamente susceptibles. Por esta razón, se presenta un método cuantitativo que permite evaluar de forma holística la amenaza combinando la probabilidad espacial, temporal y magnitud. Para la probabilidad espacial de ocurrencia, se utiliza el método estadístico bivariado denominado Peso de la Evidencia. Para la probabilidad temporal, se identificaron los umbrales de lluvia detonante y lluvia antecedente requerida para detonar un movimiento en masa y su probabilidad temporal diaria, y finalmente, para la probabilidad de magnitud, se utilizó la curva magnitud-frecuencia de acuerdo con el inventario multitemporal de movimientos en masa elaborado. Los resultados obtenidos señalan que la categoría de amenaza alta representa el 75% de los movimientos en masa del inventario elaborado y abarca el 37% del área de estudio, la categoría media representa 28% de los movimientos en masa del inventario y el 56% del área de estudio, y finalmente la categoría de amenaza baja representa tan solo el 25% de los movimientos en masa del inventario y el 7% del área de estudio.
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Haimberger, Leopold. "Checking the temporal homogeneity of radiosonde data in the Alpine region using ERA-40 analysis feedback data." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 13, no. 2 (May 6, 2004): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2004/0013-0123.
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Hoffman, Ralph E., Brian Pittman, R. Todd Constable, Zubin Bhagwagar, and Michelle Hampson. "Time course of regional brain activity accompanying auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 4 (April 2011): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086835.
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BackgroundThe pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations remains poorly understood.AimsTo characterise the time course of regional brain activity leading to auditory verbal hallucinations.MethodDuring functional magnetic resonance imaging, 11 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder signalled auditory verbal hallucination events by pressing a button. To control for effects of motor behaviour, regional activity associated with hallucination events was scaled against corresponding activity arising from random button-presses produced by 10 patients who did not experience hallucinations.ResultsImmediately prior to the hallucinations, motor-adjusted activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus was significantly greater than corresponding activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus. In contrast, motor-adjusted activity in a right posterior temporal region overshadowed corresponding activity in the left homologous temporal region. Robustly elevated motor-adjusted activity in the left temporal region associated with auditory verbal hallucinations was also detected, but only subsequent to hallucination events. At the earliest time shift studied, the correlation between left inferior frontal gyrus and right temporal activity was significantly higher for the hallucination group compared with non-hallucinating patients.ConclusionsFindings suggest that heightened functional coupling between the left inferior frontal gyrus and right temporal regions leads to coactivation in these speech processing regions that is hallucinogenic. Delayed left temporal activation may reflect impaired corollary discharge contributing to source misattribution of resulting verbal images.
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Guo and Luo. "Concentration of Healthcare Resources in China: The Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Its Spatial Drivers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 4606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234606.
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This paper estimated and evaluated the spatial–temporal evolution of the concentration of healthcare resources (HCRs), in 31 provinces in China between 2004 and 2017, by using the entropy method. The spatial Durbin model (SDM) was used to further analyze the mechanisms behind the spatial driving forces at the national and regional levels. The findings revealed that: (i) The concentration of HCRs differed significantly among eastern, central, and western regions. The eastern, followed by the central region, had the highest concentration. Going east to west, the concentration of HCRs in the first echelon decreased, while it increased in the second and third echelons; (ii) places with higher concentrations clustered, while those with lower concentrations agglomerated; and (iii) economic development, population size, and urbanization promoted concentration. Education facilitated HCR concentration in the eastern and central regions, income stimulated HCR concentration in the eastern and western regions, and fiscal expenditure on healthcare promoted HCR concentration in the eastern region. Economic development inhibited HCR concentration in neighboring regions, population size restrained HCR concentration in neighboring areas in the western region, urbanization and income curbed HCR concentration in neighboring areas in the eastern and western regions, and fiscal expenditure on healthcare hindered HCR concentration in neighboring areas in the eastern region. Policy recommendations were proposed toward optimizing allocation of healthcare resources, increasing support for healthcare and education, and accelerating urbanization.
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Grant, Simon WJ, Moorthy Halsnad, Steve Colley, and Ian Sharp. "Direct traumatic optic neuropathy in a temporal laceration: A case report." Trauma 19, no. 1 (June 22, 2016): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460408615624726.
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Facial lacerations are a common presentation in emergency departments. It is important to appreciate the mechanism of injury and the anatomy of structures involved in penetrating lacerations in the maxillofacial region. A 65-year-old man suffered an accidental penetrating injury with a sharp kitchen knife to the right temporal region. There was a single laceration to the right temporal region. The right eye had no perception to light, a total afferent and efferent pupillary defect and partial ophthalmoplegia. Computerised tomography scan revealed signs of penetration through the skin, temporalis, postero-lateral orbital wall and orbital apex. There was no injury to the globe or either retrobulbar or intracranial haemorrhage. A diagnosis of direct traumatic optic neuropathy was made following consultation with opthalmology and neurosurgery teams. Only two similar cases of penetrating trauma in the temporal region resulting in direct traumatic optic neuropathy have been identified in the literature. This case presentation highlights the structures that are at risk of damage from penetrating trauma in the maxillofacial region.