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Ferneini, Elie M. "Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD)." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 79, no. 10 (October 2021): 2171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2021.07.008.
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Ferneini, Elie M. "Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD)." Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 79, no. 10 (October 2021): 2171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2021.07.008.
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Collins, Timothy. "Temporomandibular joint disorders." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 13, no. 8 (June 11, 2020): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738020925858.
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The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is prone to a number of disease states involving any one of its anatomical components. The current favoured term for problems associated with the TMJ is ‘temporomandibular disorder’ (TMD). TMD is one of the most common orofacial pain conditions. Patients will present to GPs and general dental practitioners as well as directly to accident and emergency, typically for referral to Oral and maxillofacial surgery, due to either significant acute pain or chronic pain that can no longer be tolerated. Common features of TMD include pain in the face and preauricular area, restricted jaw movement, and noise from the TMJs during jaw movements. TMD can coincide with poor general health, psychological co-morbidities such as depression and often affects quality of life.
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Malik, Wajiha, Sadaf Malik, Sheema Shakir, Asifullah Khan, Amra Qadeer, and Waqar Malik. "Severity Patterns of Temporomandibular Disorders in Young Adults with Suspected Clinical Features." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 1143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221621143.
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Objective: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) being progressive disorder having relatively higher prevalence in young adults necessitates early recognition in order to prevent development of established TMD. Method: Using a structured proforma and the method of interview, data were collected from 162 subjects for the frequency of severity pattern of Temporomandibular joint disorders in young adults with suspected clinical features .TMD were classified as mild ,moderate, severe and individuals having no TMD. According to Fonseca’s questionnaire the severity was determined from collective score earned from the response of the patient. TMD was clinically classified as none if the score ranged between 0-15 points, mild if 20-40 points, moderate if 45-65 points and severe if 70-100 points. Score was obtained from response of the patient. Results: Study revealed that out of 162 patients with symptoms 16.0% were categorized as having no TMD, 40.15% as having mild TMD, 35.2% with moderate TMD and 8.6% representing severe TMD. Conclusion: The most significant category of the TMD severity pattern in the young adults of this study was the mild level of temporomandibular disorder. Subjects with moderate level of TMD according to Fonseca’s questionnaire should be referred to the specialist clinic for the treatment of established TMD. Keywords: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD), Pain, Fonseca questionnaire
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Nor Masitah Mohamed Shukri, Santhosh Kumar M P, and Arthi Balasubramaniam. "Prevalence of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Among Dental Patients in A Private Institution." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL3 (October 10, 2020): 1309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.3383.
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Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) are the bilateral synovial articulation between temporal bone and lower jaw, seen on each side of the jaws. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) can be defined as the tenderness of the jaws and dysfunction of the associated muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joints, which connect the mandible to the skull. The exact cause of TMD still remains mysterious and unclear. However, the possible attributes of TMD are arthritis, trauma or blow to the TMJ, excessive gum chewing and bruxism. Patients are usually treated with ice packs, gentle massage at the jaw area and prescription of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This study sought to evaluate the incidence rate, age and gender differences of TMD among patients reporting to Saveetha Dental College and Hospital. The following parameters were evaluated based on the dental records; age, gender and types of TMD. Excel tabulation and SPSS version 23 was used for data analysis. The prevalence of temporomandibular disorders was higher in female patients (51.9%) than male patients (48.1%). The most frequent age group affected by temporomandibular disorders was 31-40 years (36.7%). Disc-condyle disorder (75.9%) is the most frequent sub-type of temporomandibular disorders present in the patients. There was no statistically significant correlation between age and TMD (p=0.847); and gender and TMD (p=0.365). It can be concluded that within the limits of study, TMD was present in adulthood and was more common in women, with disc-condyle disorder being the most prevalent type.
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Wahad Khan, Mahvish, and Abdul Mueed Zaigham. "Prevalence and Severity of Temporomandibular Disorders in Medical/Dental Undergraduate Students." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 30, no. 02 (May 25, 2021): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.302.94.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this epidemiological study was to assess the prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in undergraduate students at CMH Lahore Medical College (CMH-LMC) and Institute of Dentistry (IOD) using Fonseca’s questionnaire. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted. A questionnaire was distributed among 644 undergraduate students attending CMH Lahore Medical College (CMH-LMC) and Institute of Dentistry (IOD). The questionnaire had some general questions regarding medical and dental history requiring responses in yes or no and it had 10 specific questions regarding the temporomandibular joint with response options yes, sometimes & no which were allocated scores 10, 5 and 0 respectively. The sum of points was used to classify participants into TMD free, mild, moderate, and severe temporomandibular disorders (TMD). RESULTS: The prevalence of TMD was found to be 62%. Among all the participants almost 37% were TMD free, 43% students suffered from Mild TMD, 18% students had moderate TMD and 1% students suffered from severe TMD. CONCLUSION: The Fonseca’s questionnaire can be used as an effective tool in assessment of prevalence and severity of temporomandibular disorders. Public health services should adopt the questionnaire for screening, as information can be obtained in a relatively short period and at a low cost for a wide population. KEYWORDS: Fonseca’s questionnaire, Temporomandibular disorders, Orofacial pain, Cervicofacial muscles.
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Belo, João, André Almeida, Paula Moleirinho-Alves, and Catarina Godinho. "Temporomandibular Disorders and Bruxism Prevalence in a Portuguese Sample." Medical Sciences Forum 5, no. 1 (July 22, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/msf2021005037.
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Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) encompasses a set of disorders involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint and associated structures. It is a complex biopsychosocial disorder with several triggering, predisposing and perpetuating factors. In the etiology of TMD, oral parafunctions, namely bruxism, play a relevant role. The study of bruxism is complicated by some taxonomic and diagnostic aspects that have prevented achieving an acceptable standardization of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in a Portuguese sample.
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de Kanter, Robert J. A. M., Pasquale G. F. C. M. Battistuzzi, and Gert-Jan Truin. "Temporomandibular Disorders: “Occlusion” Matters!" Pain Research and Management 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8746858.
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By analogy with the journal’s title Pain Research and Management, this review describes TMD Research and Management. More specific are the (1) research aspects of “occlusion,” still one of the most controversial topics in TMD, and (2) as much as possible evidence-based management aspects of “TMD” for the dental practitioner. Research. The disorders temporomandibular dysfunction and the synonymous craniomandibular dysfunction are still being discussed intensely in the literature. Traditionally, attention is mostly devoted to occlusion and its relationship with these disorders. The conclusions reached are often contradictory. Considering the definitions of temporomandibular and craniomandibular dysfunctions/disorders and “occlusion,” a possible explanation for this controversy can be found in the subsequent methodological problems of the studies. Based on a Medline search of these terms over the past 40 years related to contemporary terms such as “Evidence Based Dentistry” and “Pyramid of Evidence,” these methodological aspects are examined, resulting in recommendations for future research and TMD-occlusal therapy. Management. To assist the dental practitioner in his/her daily routine to meet the modern standards of best practice, 7 guidelines are formulated that are explained and accompanied with clinical examples for an evidence-based treatment of patients with this disorder in general dental practices.
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Durham, J. "Temporomandibular disorders (TMD): an overview." Oral Surgery 1, no. 2 (May 2008): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-248x.2008.00020.x.
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Fatola, David, Syukri Adiputra, and Ricca Chairunnisa. "Risk factors of temporomandibular disorders: literature review." Makassar Dental Journal 10, no. 3 (December 13, 2021): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v10i3.467.
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Over recent years temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been reported to increase in numbers. The TMD is a condition that causes the temporomandibular joint and or chewing muscles not to function normally and is often observed in combinations; covers a large area and has major symptoms like pain, followed by limitations in the mandibular movement, and other clinical problems. If the disorder is not treated immediately, it will cause pathological changes and create more complex conditions. Al-though the risk factors of the TMD are still debated, they nonetheless have been found to be in the development of the disorders. In short, identifying, understanding, and controlling the risk factors may help to prevent the TMD, and more benefits lead to a successful treatment.
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Leite, Priscila, Nicole Melo, Pâmela Silva, Robinsom Montenegro, Paulo Bonan, and André Batista. "Low-level laser therapy for temporomandibular disorders (tmd) treatment: a systematic review of randomized trials." Journal of Research in Dentistry 2, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v2e52014376-387.
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AIM: Conducting a systematic review of randomized clinical trials focusing on the efficacy of LLLT on pain control in patients with TMD, diagnosed by the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Search was performed at PubMed/MEDLINE database with the terms: (1) “Laser AND temporomandibular disorders”; (2) “Laser AND temporomandibular disorders AND RDC/TMD”; (3) “Low-level laser therapy AND temporomandibular disorders”; (4) “Low-level laser therapy AND temporomandibular disorders AND RDC/TMD”; (5) “Low-level laser therapy AND temporomandibular joint dysfuntion syndrome”; (6) “Low-level laser therapy AND temporomandibular joint dysfuntion syndrome AND RDC/TMD”; (7) “Laser AND temporomandibular joint dysfuntion syndrome” (8) “Laser AND RDC/TMD”; (9) “Low-level laser therapy AND RDC/TMD”. Inclusion criteria: articles need to be randomized clinical trial performed in humans; evaluate the effect of LLLT in the treatment of TMD diagnosed by the use of RDC/TMD; published in English or Portuguese in the last 10 years. Protocol studies and pilot studies were excluded. RESULTS: Ten studies were included. The type of laser used was Gallium Aluminum Arsenide (GaAlAs) diode, with exception of 1 paper, which used super pulsed Gallium Arsenide laser. Eight studies reported decreased in pain levels, in two articles there was no statistically significant difference between test and placebo groups. CONCLUSION: In most studies, LLLT was effective in pain remission, but there is no standardization in parameters like wavelength, output power and frequency. Studies with more complex experimental designs, standardized diagnostic criteria for TMD and defined protocols for the use of LLLT are needed to determine its efficacy in the treatment of TMD.
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Sena, Marina Fernandes de, Késsia Suênia F. de Mesquita, Fernanda Regina R. Santos, Francisco Wanderley G. P. Silva, and Kranya Victoria D. Serrano. "Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in children and adolescents." Revista Paulista de Pediatria 31, no. 4 (December 2013): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-05822013000400018.
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OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children and adolescents, verifying the methodological variations. DATA SOURCES: Research conducted in Medline, PubMed, Lilacs and BBO databases, including manuscripts (except reviews and case reports) published from 1990 to 2012. The descriptors were "temporomandibular joint syndrome", "temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome", "temporomandibular joint disorders", "prevalence studies", and "cross-sectional studies"; the words "dysfunction", "disorder", "temporomandibular", "children", "adolescents", "prevalence", "frequency", and "transversal" were used. DATA SYNTHESIS: Seventeen articles were selected, and the TMD frequency varied from 16 to 68%. Regarding the methodological criteria, only three articles (18%) reported sample size determination, three (18%) clearly described the sample selection process by stratified selection technique, and nine studies (53%) carried out the calibration of the examiners. The diagnostic criteria used in the studies were: Helkimo index (n=2; 12%), Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) (n=4; 24%), the jaw index (n=1; 6%), clinical protocols (n=10; 59%), and anamnestic questionnaires (n=6; 35%). CONCLUSIONS: The TMD prevalence in children and adolescents varies in the literature. Appropriate and standardized methods are needed to identify, with greater validity, the presence of TMD in this population, allowing a better understanding of the pathological aspects in order to address more effective preventive and therapeutic procedures.
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Berger, Marcin, Justyna Oleszek-Listopad, Milena Marczak, and Jolanta Szymanska. "Psychological aspects of temporomandibular disorders – literature review." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2015-0044.
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Abstract Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) constitute a group of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint and associated structures. An etiological connection of TMD with psychological factors was proposed as early as the 1980’s. Indeed, the interdependence of psychological and health aspects in the patient’s treatment, place light upon the more important variables contributing to the various mental disorders that may accompany TMD. Current literature suggests a close relationship between TMD and selected psychological factors, such as personality traits, stress, depression, anxiety, and catastrophizing. Of note, anxiety-depressive disorders, somatisation and catastrophizing contribute to chronic TMD, mainly in the form of myofascial pain. Hence, knowledge of the influence of psychological factors affecting TMD, enables the identification of patients with an increased risk of chronic painful TMD.
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Lestari, Brigitta Swasti, Rasmi Rikmasari, and Setyawan Bonifacius. "Comparison of diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders based on RDC/TMD Axis I and DC/TMD Axis I." Indonesian Journal of Prosthodontics 2, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46934/ijp.v2i2.37.
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Introduction: The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) has become the most widely used diagnostic protocol for research in temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The invalidity of RDC/ TMD in clinical application causes the revision of RDC/TMD to be the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (DC/TMD). The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in diagnosis of TMD between RDC/ TMD examination and DC/TMD Axis I on students of Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University. Method: The type of this research was comparative survey approach using clinical examinations and questionnaires. The sample was collected from 48 people using random sampling techniques. The diagnosis of TMD was obtained by filling in the symptom questionnaire and clinical examination based on RDC/TMD Axis I and DC/TMD Axis I, which is then entered into the RDC/TMD diagnosis algorithm and DC/TMD decision tree. Results: The results showed that from 48 samples there were 36 (75%) people with the same diagnosis of RDC/TMD and DC/TMD, and 12 (25%) people with different diagnoses between RDC/TMD and DC/TMD. Conclusions: Based on the results of the study, the diagnosis of TMD based on RDC/TMD were still categorized the same as the diagnosis based on DC/TMD.
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Jedynak, Bożena, Marta Jaworska-Zaremba, Barbara Grzechocińska, Magdalena Chmurska, Justyna Janicka, and Jolanta Kostrzewa-Janicka. "TMD in Females with Menstrual Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 7263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147263.
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Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a common reason for patients to present at dental offices. The majority of people with TMD are women between the age of 20 and 40 years. The purpose of this study was to assess the types and prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in female patients of reproductive age with menstrual disorders. Materials and methods: The study involved 65 females of reproductive age (18–40 years, an average of 28.00 ± 6.27 years). The women who qualified for the study were patients of the University Center for Maternal and Newborn’s Health hospitalized because of infertility or menstrual cycle disorders. Women with confirmed estrogen metabolism disorders participated in a clinical study with the use of Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Results: In the studied female patients with menstrual disorders, temporomandibular disorders (92.3%) were frequent occurrences. The most common type was intra-articular joint disorders (68%). Other reported complaints included masticatory muscle pain (44.62%), and degenerative joint diseases (12.3%). Conclusions: 1. In women with menstrual disorders, TMD may exist. 2. In women with TMD symptoms, their medical history should be extended to include the diagnosis of female hormone disorders.
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List, Thomas, and Rigmor Højland Jensen. "Temporomandibular disorders: Old ideas and new concepts." Cephalalgia 37, no. 7 (January 9, 2017): 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416686302.
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Background Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is an umbrella term for pain and dysfunction involving the masticatory muscles and the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). TMD is the most common orofacial pain condition. Its prominent features include regional pain in the face and preauricular area, limitations in jaw movement, and noise from the TMJs during jaw movements. TMD affects up to 15% of adults and 7% of adolescents. Chronic pain is the overwhelming reason that patients with TMD seek treatment. TMD can associate with impaired general health, depression, and other psychological disabilities, and may affect the quality of life of the patient. Assessment Evaluations indicate that the recently published Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) are reliable and valid. These criteria cover the most common types of TMD, which include pain-related disorders (e.g., myalgia, headache attributable to TMD, and arthralgia) as well as disorders associated with the TMJ (primarily disc displacements and degenerative disease). As peripheral mechanisms most likely play a role in the onset of TMD, a detailed muscle examination is recommended. The persistence of pain involves more central factors, such as sensitization of the supraspinal neurons and second-order neurons at the level of the spinal dorsal horn/trigeminal nucleus, imbalanced antinociceptive activity, and strong genetic predisposition, which also is included in DC/TMD. Conclusion The etiology is complex and still not clearly understood, but several biological and psychosocial risk factors for TMD have been identified. Several studies indicate that patients with TMD improve with a combination of noninvasive therapies, including behavior therapy, pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and occlusal appliances. More stringently designed studies, however, are needed to assess treatment efficacy and how to tailor treatment to the individual patient.
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Sfondrini, Maria Francesca, Letizia Bolognesi, Mario Bosco, Paola Gandini, and Andrea Scribante. "Skeletal Divergence and Condylar Asymmetry in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD): A Retrospective Study." BioMed Research International 2021 (September 24, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8042910.
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Introduction. This study was aimed at evaluating the association between vertical skeletal patterns, condylar height symmetry, and temporomandibular disorders in adults. Methods. The study sample consisted of 200 patients (ages 18–30 years old) retrospectively recruited: 100 with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and 100 without TMD (control), diagnosed by Diagnostic Criteria for the Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). For each subject, skeletal divergence was assessed on lateral cephalograms, and condylar height symmetry was evaluated by orthopantomography (Habets’ method). Results. Subjects with temporomandibular disorders showed a strong association with condylar asymmetry ( p < 0.0001 ) and, for the skeletal pattern variables, hyperdivergence ( p < 0.001 ). A correlation with the female sex was also found ( p < 0.04 ), while there was no difference in terms of age in the 2 groups ( p > 0.29 ). Conclusions. Although it does not imply a direct cause-and-effect relationship, the present study suggests condylar asymmetry and hyperdivergent skeletal pattern are more likely to be associated with a higher risk of temporomandibular disorder joint diseases in adult patients.
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Vijayendranath, Nayak S., Gunasheela S, Karthik M, and Hegde Aparna. "Healing by Inflammation - Prolotherapy." Case Reports in Dental Science 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46619/crds.2020.1-1003.
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Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a collective term used to describe a group of disorders related to temporomandibular region. It’s considered to be the common cause for orofacial pain. With the advancement of research, prolotherapy is considered to be the one of the treatment modalities to treat TMD, when the conservative management fails.
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Dodic, Slobodan, Darinka Stanisic-Sinobad, and Miroslav Vukadinovic. "The relationship of occlusal disharmonies and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 134, no. 9-10 (2006): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0610380d.
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Introduction: The influence of occlusal condition on the onset of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been strongly debated for many years and is still the source of controversy. Until 1980s, the occlusal factors such as the presence of uncured malocclusions, discrepancies between intercuspal position (ICP) and retruded contact position (RCP) greater than two millimeters, occlusal abnormality, particularly mediotrusion and retrusion, and loss of posterior teeth were considered the primary causes of TMD. Objective: The objective of our study was to find correlation of occlusion disharmonies (difference between ICP and RCP) and present sings and symptoms of TMD. Method: The study involved 60 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age who were divided in two groups. The study group consisted of 30 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age with sings and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). TMD was confirmed according to Helkimo index. An average value of Helkimo index in this group was 1. The control group included 30 subjects between 20 and 25 years of age without TMD sings and symptoms. An average value of Helkimo index in this group was 0. The function analysis of cinematic centers position in RCP and ICP was performed in each subject using the computer pantograph Arcus-Digma (KaVo EWL GmbH, Leutkirch, Germany). Results: The results of our study showed that the translation tracing of cinematic points from RCP to ICP was significantly different in TMD subjects and asymptomatic group (p>0.16). In addition, the study revealed that 53.4 % of subjects with sings and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders had marked translation in the lower temporomandibular joint (0.61-1.2 mm) what directed to intracapsular disorders. Conclusion: The results of our study suggested significant difference of RCP and ICP between subjects with sings and symptoms of the temporomandibular disorders and subjects without sings and symptoms.
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Scarola, Roberta, Nicola Montemurro, Elisabetta Ferrara, Massimo Corsalini, Ilaria Converti, and Biagio Rapone. "Temporomandibular Disorders and Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, F (April 10, 2021): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5918.
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Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and fibromyalgia (FM) have some clinical characteristics in common, for instance the chronic evolution, the pathophysiology incompletely understood and a multifactorial genesis. The incidence and the relationship between TMD and FM patients are the aims of this review. A MEDLINE and Pubmed search was performed for the key words “temporomandibular disorder” AND “fibromyalgia” from 2000 to present. A total of 19 papers were included in our review, accounting for 5449 patients. Ten studies, reporting a total of 4945 patients with TMD, showed that only 16.5% of these patients had diagnosis of FM, whereas 12 studies, reporting a total of 504 patients with FM, demonstrated that 77.0% of these patients had diagnosis of TMD. A comorbid relationship exists between TMD and FM. The complexity of both diseases shows the importance of a multimodal and interdisciplinary.
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Halpern, Leslie R., Marci Levine, and Thomas B. Dodson. "Sexual Dimorphism and Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD)." Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America 19, no. 2 (May 2007): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2007.01.012.
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Panga, Satheesh Simha Reddy, Ravi Sekhar, and Raja Sekhar. "Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities for Temporomandibular Disorders (Part I): History, Classification, Anatomy and Patient Evaluation." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 1, no. 3 (2011): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1035.
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ABSTRACT Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is not just one disorder, but a group of conditions, often painful, that affect the temporomandibular joint, and the muscles that control chewing. Many psychological and physical factors cause myofascial pain, internal derangement of the joint, degenerative joint diseases which ultimately leads to temporomandibular disorder. Scientists are exploring how behavioral, psychological and physical factors may combine to cause temporomandibular disorders and researchers are working to clarify temporomandibular disorders symptoms, with the goal of developing easier and better methods of diagnosis and improved treatment. In part 1 of this 2-part series on temporomandibular disorders, emphasis will be placed on the history and classification of temporomandibular disorders, structure and function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and patient evaluation techniques.
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Moccia, Stefania, Ludovica Nucci, Carmela Spagnuolo, Fabrizia d’Apuzzo, Maria Grazia Piancino, and Giuseppe Minervini. "Polyphenols as Potential Agents in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155305.
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Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) consist of multifactorial musculoskeletal disorders associated with the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and annexed structures. This clinical condition is characterized by temporomandibular pain, restricted mandibular movement, and TMJ synovial inflammation, resulting in reduced quality of life of affected people. Commonly, TMD management aims to reduce pain and inflammation by using pharmacologic therapies that show efficacy in pain relief but their long-term use is frequently associated with adverse effects. For this reason, the use of natural compounds as an effective alternative to conventional drugs appears extremely interesting. Indeed, polyphenols could represent a potential therapeutic strategy, related to their ability to modulate the inflammatory responses involved in TMD. The present work reviews the mechanisms underlying inflammation-related TMD, highlighting the potential role of polyphenols as a promising approach to develop innovative management of temporomandibular diseases.
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Makeiev, V. F., and M. Y. Oliynyk. "MODERN VIEWS ON ETHIOPOLOGICAL FACTORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2018.12.
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In the analysis of literature devoted to the temporomandibular joint, attention is concerned with differentiation of etiological factors and variants of the mechanism of development of TMD’s which were proposed by various authors. These disorders are due to peculiarities of the structure and function of the TMJ. Occlusion is the first and perhaps the most controversial etiological factor in the occurrence of TMD. The price was also important reason for temporomandibular disorders. Nowadays, most researchers include occlusion to the factors associated with the development of TMD, which plays possible role both in the tendency and in preserving TMD. Angle and others of their studies determined the effect of pathological dentition on the development of temporomandibular joints . The authors found that in patients with TMD, the difference between the height of central occlusion and the height of physiological rest was higher than in patients without TMD. Summarizing the results of the study, the authors have established a close relationship between pathological erosion of teeth and the appearance of temporomandibular dislocation. Discussions about the effect of occlusion on TMD have been influenced and limited by therapeutic measures in the occurrence of TMD, but modern researchers work to isolate the multifactorial etiology of temporomandibular disorder and reduce the role of occlusion as the main etiological factor in the onset of TMD.
Ockeson, one of the main etiological factors of temporomandibular disorder, considers psychoemotional factor and stress susceptibility as the main dominance of the muscular component of functional disorders of the masticatory apparatus in combination with myofascial pain. The less important element of occlusion (about 20% of etiological factors) is associated with occurrence of occlusive dysfunctions.
Probert et al. having conducted a large-scale study that included 20,673 patients who were victims of road accidents, it has been shown that the incidence of TMD after injury from the seat belt was very low and injury as an independent etiologic factor can not be a trigger factor for TMD. Endotracheal anesthesia is also suggested as a risk factor for the development of TMD in a number of clinical cases and systemic studies. Any association between endotracheal intubation and the development of short-term symptoms of TMD’s is likely to occur in patients with such a history of dysfunctional disorders.
The physician should be aware of the TMD's etiology, because it allows determining the purpose of the examination and planning of the treatment, as well as to confirm the results of treatment and rehabilitation of the patient.
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Santos, Edilaine Soares, Antônio Marcos de Souza Prates, Fabiele Perpétua Chagas Sabatim Barros, Rachel Silva Lima, Karolina Nunes Freitas Moraes, Henrique Hadad, Valthierre Nunes de Lima, and Lamis Meorin Nogueira. "Analysis of the relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and sleep quality: A cross-sectional study." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 7 (June 14, 2021): e10210716088. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16088.
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Considered as a set of disorders, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) involves several anatomical structures such as the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles and attached structures. Its etiology is multifactorial, and the psychobehavioral factor, especially sleep disorders, is relevant in this context. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), sleep quality, and possible associations between these variables, in first to fifth year students of the Dental School. A sample of 182 students participated in this study and a questionnaire proposed by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire were used to obtain the data. 75.27% of the students were females and 24.72% males. TMD was observed in 45.60% of students, and 68.13% of the students reported poor sleep quality. However, there was no significant association between the variables (TMD and sleep quality, p=0.114). Regarding the severity of TMD, the mild form was more prevalent (34.61%), being more prevalent in females (79.16%). However, there was no significant association between TMD and sleep quality (p=0.317). There was no association between TMD and sleep quality in the studied population.
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Ohlmann, Brigitte, Moritz Waldecker, Michael Leckel, Wolfgang Bömicke, Rouven Behnisch, Peter Rammelsberg, and Marc Schmitter. "Correlations between Sleep Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020611.
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The aim of this study was to identify correlations between sleep bruxism (SB) and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) as diagnosed by means of the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD). Sleep bruxism was diagnosed on the basis of I) validated questionnaires, II) clinical symptoms, and III) electromyographic/electrocardiographic data. A total of 110 subjects were included in the study. Fifty-eight patients were identified as bruxers and 52 as nonbruxers. A psychosocial assessment was also performed. An RDC/TMD group-I diagnosis (myofascial pain) was made for 10 out of 58 bruxers, whereas none of the nonbruxers received a diagnosis of this type. No significant differences were found between bruxers and nonbruxers with regard to RDC/TMD group-II (disc displacement) and group-III (arthralgia, arthritis, arthrosis) diagnoses. Somatization was significantly more common among bruxers than nonbruxers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that somatization was the only factor significantly correlated with the diagnosis of myofascial pain. The results of this study indicate a correlation between myofascial pain, as diagnosed using the RDC/TMD, and somatization. It seems that somatization is a stronger predictor of an RDC/TMD diagnosis of myofascial pain than sleep bruxism is.
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Jasim, Hajer, Malin Ernberg, Anders Carlsson, Björn Gerdle, and Bijar Ghafouri. "Protein Signature in Saliva of Temporomandibular Disorders Myalgia." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072569.
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In the last years, several attempts have been made to study specific biological markers of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). So far, no laboratory tests have been appropriately validated for the diagnosis and prognosis of these disorders. This study aimed to investigate the proteomic profile of the whole stimulated saliva of TMD myalgia patients in order to evaluate potential diagnostic and/or prognostic salivary candidate proteins which could be useful for the management of TMD. Twenty patients diagnosed with TMD myalgia according to the validated Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) and 20 matched healthy pain-free controls were enrolled. Saliva samples were collected in the morning. Comparative proteomic analysis was performed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis of the quantitative proteomics data revealed that 20 proteins were significantly altered in patients compared to controls. Among these proteins, 12 showed significantly increased levels, and 8 showed significantly decreased levels in patients with TMD myalgia compared to controls. The identified proteins are involved in metabolic processes, immune response, and stress response. This proteomic study shows that the salivary protein profile can discriminate patients with TMD myalgia from healthy subjects, but the protein signature has no correlation with the clinical features of TMD myalgia. Additional studies are needed to validate our observations in additional sample sets and to continue assessing the utility of saliva as a suitable sample for studying processes related to TMD myalgia.
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Fernandes, M., U. Ervilha, L. Maifrino, A. Bartkevicius, and M. Santos. "Temporomandibular disorders in cerebral palsy: literature review." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 02 (April 2015): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.087815.
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Abstract Introduction: In cerebral palsy the greater neurologically compromised patients have the highest functional involvement of the masticatory system and the highest structural involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These conditions contribute to the likelihood of the onset of articular and muscular disorders. These disorders affect the orofacial region and can cause pain, audible noise upon articulation, irregular mandibular functions with deviations, known as Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunctions (TMD). Traditionally, clinical studies have been limited to articular restrictions in detriment to the various neurological and motor clinical aspects. The objective of this research is to examine studies which investigated the prevalence of TMD signs in cerebral palsy, as well as studies about several aspects of the pathology surrounding TMD, including functional, structural, neurological, and clinical aspects. Materials and Methods: We carried out literature review of several studies published between 1976 and 2014. Scielo, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, DARE, Psych Info, ERIC, AMI, Cochrane, and PEDro databases were used to research literature on TMD using the following keywords without restrictions: cerebral palsy, temporomandibular disorders, and rehabilitation. Results: The literature showed that signs of TMD in cerebral palsy may be prevalent in severe clinical forms which can make cervical control more difficult and lead to postural deviations. Conclusion: Craniometric changes in head circunference may limit TMJ and occlusion movements, worsened by hypertonia and asymmetry in the pterygoid and masseter muscles. Children with swallowing and oropharyngeal dificulties are more likely to show signs of TMD.
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Gurbuz, Ozlem, Kursat Altinbas, Ceyhan Oflezer, Erhan Kurt, and Mehtap Delice Arslan. "Signs of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders among Patients with Bipolar Disorder." Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine 21, no. 3 (November 27, 2017): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjdm-2017-0026.
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Summary Background/Aim: There is an abundance of data regarding temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and bruxism specific to patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TMD signs in subjects with and without BD. Material and Methods: The case group included 242 adult patients (103 men and 139 women) with BD and and the control group included 187 subjects without BD (89 men and 98 women). The case and control groups were compared for the presence of bruxism and the signs of TMD including muscle and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tenderness to palpation, limitation of maximum mouth opening, and TMJ sounds. Results: The frequency of at least one sign of TMD was significantly higher in patients with BD (191 ⁄242, 78.9%) than the control group (95 ⁄187, 50.8%) (p<0.001). Statistically significant differences were found between the case and control groups in terms of joint pain on palpation (p<0.05), masseter muscle pain on palpation (p<0.01), joint clicks (p<0.001) and limited mouth opening (p<0.001). Bruxism was significantly higher in patients with BD (49.6%) than the control group (19.8%) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Patients with BD appear to be more prone to having TMD signs and bruxism compared to the control group, but this comorbidity should be better understood by further studies.
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Junjie, Yan, Liu Weidong, Lin Ren, and Ye Min. "Incidence and risk factors of the temporomandibular joint disorders in the patients without condylar fractures." médecine/sciences 34 (October 2018): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/201834f107.
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Objective: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of the temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) in the patients suffering from maxillo-facial injury without condylar fractures. Methods: sixty patients without condylar fractures were recruited from Feb 2014 to Nov 2015 in the department of stomatology, Lishui people’s hospital. The incidence of TMD was recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after injury through MRI examination. The risk factors for TMD were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results: the TMD incidence rates were 25.0%, 30.0%, 35.0%, 41.7% and 48.3% at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after injury with no statistical difference between male and female (P>0.05). Logistic regression indicated that disorder of occlusal relationship (OR=1.84,95%CI:1.36-2.78) and hemi-mastication (OR=1.56, 95% CI:1.23- 2.24) were independent risk factors for the development of TMD. Conclusion: there was a high incidence of temporomandibular joint disorders in the patients suffering from maxillo-facial injury without condylar fractures. The disorder of occlusal relationship and hemi-mastication were independent risk factors for the development of post-injury TMD.
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Susan Thomas, Annie, Ariel Hannah Philip, and Philip Oommen. "PREVALENCE OF OTOLARYNGOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS- A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 780–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11901.
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Aim:To investigate the prevalence of otolaryngological symptoms with Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in TMD patients. Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, the sample consisted of 172 TMD patients, both males and females of 18-59 years. Diagnosis of TMD was based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC-TMD) Axis 1. The prevalence of otolaryngological symptoms was determined using questionnaire. Results: Of the 172 TMD patients evaluated, 81 patients were having Muscular disorder alone or combined with Intracapsular disorder. Out of the 81 patients having muscular disorder, 74 had ear symptoms (91.4%). Conclusion: A high prevalence (91.4%) of Otolaryngological symptoms with TMD was found in the present study. Ruling out causes of ear symptoms other than TMD by an ENT specialist is essential before proceeding with the treatment of these category of patients for a better prognosis.
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Ballegaard, V., P. Thede-Schmidt-Hansen, P. Svensson, and R. Jensen. "Are Headache and Temporomandibular Disorders Related? A Blinded Study." Cephalalgia 28, no. 8 (August 2008): 832–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01597.x.
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To investigate overlaps between headache and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in a clinical headache population and to describe the prevalence of TMD in headache patients, 99 patients referred to a specialized headache centre were diagnosed according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) and classified in headache groups according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition for headache diagnoses in a blinded design. The prevalence of TMD in the headache population was 56.1%. Psychosocial dysfunction caused by TMD pain was observed in 40.4%. No significant differences in TMD prevalence were revealed between headache groups, although TMD prevalence tended to be higher in patients with combined migraine and tension-type headache. Moderate to severe depression was experienced by 54.5% of patients. Patients with coexistent TMD had a significantly higher prevalence of depression—most markedly in patients with combined migraine and tension-type headache. Our studies indicate that a high proportion of headache patients have significant disability because of ongoing chronic TMD pain. The trend to a higher prevalence of TMD in patients with combined migraine and tension-type headache suggests that this could be a risk factor for TMD development. A need for screening procedures and treatment strategies concerning depression in headache patients with coexistent TMD is underlined by the overrepresentation of depression in this group. Our findings emphasize the importance of examination of the masticatory system in headache sufferers and underline the necessity of a multidimensional approach in chronic headache patients.
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Watanabe, Makoto, Ryoichi Furuya, Atsushi Yamashita, Shuichi Nomura, Kiyoshi Koyano, and Keiichi Sasaki. "Diagnosis and Treatment of TMD (Temporomandibular Disorders) TMD and Occlusion." Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 41, no. 1 (1997): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2186/jjps.41.1.
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Harper, Daniel E., Kelly Sayre, Andrew Schrepf, Daniel J. Clauw, and Sharon Aronovich. "Impact of Fibromyalgia Phenotype in Temporomandibular Disorders." Pain Medicine 22, no. 9 (March 1, 2021): 2050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab077.
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Abstract Background Mounting evidence suggests that central nervous system amplification, similar to that seen in fibromyalgia (FM), contributes to the pain experience in a subset of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Methods In this prospective observational study, patients with TMD completed the 2011 FM survey questionnaire, a surrogate measure of “centralized” pain. The influence of centralized pain on TMD pain, dysfunction, and disability was assessed dichotomously by determining the incidence of FM-positive cases in the sample and by using FM survey scores as a continuous measure of “fibromyalgia-ness” (“FM-ness”). Results The patients meeting criteria for FM diagnosis (17 of 89) had significantly more disease burden on numerous measures. FM-ness was positively associated with pain at rest, negative mood, tenderness to palpation, perceived jaw functional limitation, and pain-related disability, and it was negatively associated with comfortable pain-free jaw opening. The impact of FM-ness on perceived jaw functional limitation and disability was mediated by levels of spontaneous, ongoing pain in the orofacial region. Importantly, this pattern of findings was still present even in those not meeting the criteria for FM diagnosis. Conclusion Together, these results imply that higher FM-ness increases TMD patient burden by amplifying spontaneous pain and further hampering painless jaw function, even in patients who do not meet criteria for FM diagnosis. These results are highly relevant for the clinical management of TMD, as they imply that targeting the central nervous system in the treatment of patients with TMD with evidence of pain centralization may help ameliorate both pain and jaw dysfunction.
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BARBOSA, Gustavo Augusto Seabra, Cibele Oliveira Melo ROCHA, Camila Maria Bastos Machado de RESENDE, and Kelly Verônica de Melo SALES. "Effect of Watsu therapy on psychological aspects and quality of life of patients with temporomandibular disorder: case report." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 62, no. 3 (September 2014): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-86372014000300000122409.
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Watsu therapy is a water relaxation intervention technique performed individually in a warm pool with music and peaceful settings involving harmonious rotational movements, stretching, tractions on the joints and pressures at the points of muscle tension. This study evaluated the effect of Watsu therapy on psychological aspects (anxiety and minor psychiatric disorders) and on the quality of life of a patient with temporomandibular disorders. The patient answered three questionnaires: STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and GHQ (Goldberg Health Questionnaire) to assess anxiety and psychiatric disorders respectively, and WHOQOL- Brief (World Health Organization Quality of Life) to assess quality of life. Watsu therapy has been used in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) such as myofascial pain diagnosed by RDC/TMD (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders). Psychological aspects and quality of life were assessed before and after Watsu therapy. The results after treatment showed relevant and significant improvement on all indices evaluated. Therefore, it was shown that Watsu therapy was effective in reducing anxiety and minor psychiatric disorders, as well as improved quality of life of patients with temporomandibular disorder.
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Barbosa, JS, AMAM Amorim, MJALLA Arruda, GBS Medeiros, APLF Freitas, LEM Vieira, DP Melo, and PM Bento. "Infrared thermography assessment of patients with temporomandibular disorders." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 49, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 20190392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190392.
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Objectives: To assess patients with and without temporomandibular disorders (TMD) infrared thermography according to the differences in thermal radiance using quantitative sensitivity and specificity tests; and to evaluate the thermal asymmetry and the correlation of the thermal intensity with the intensity of pain upon palpation. Methods: This cross-sectional study performed a quantitative evaluation of clinical and thermographic examinations. The volunteers were evaluated for the presence of TMD using RDC/TMD (Diagnostic Research Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders), and were divided into two groups: TMD group (n = 45); control group (n = 41), composed of volunteers without TMD, according to the Fonseca Anamnestic Index. The images were assessed for selected regions of interest for the masseter, anterior temporal and TMJ muscles. The mean values of the areas of both groups were compared under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Spearman correlation analysis (non-parametric data) between pain level and mean temperature, by region, and the Pearson's χ2 test was used to verify the association between the presence of temperature and pain asymmetry. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Both Groups, with and without TMD, presented with absolute and non-dimensional mean temperature without statistical differences (p>0.05). When correlating temperature with intensity of pain upon palpation, a negative correlation was observed for the masseter muscle. Conclusion: Infrared Thermography resulted in low area under the curve, making it difficult to differentiate TMD via thermographic analysis. The intensity of pain upon palpation in patients with TMD may be accompanied by a decrease in local temperature.
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Carvalho, Lucas S. C., André P. C. Matta, Osvaldo J. M. Nascimento, Antônio S. Guimarães, and Luciane R. Rodrigues. "Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 6 (June 2014): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140059.
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The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients with the relapsing-remitting form of multiple sclerosis (MS), the relationship between TMD and the severity of MS, and the presence of TMD symptoms in the evaluated groups. Sixty individuals were evaluated: 30 patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS and 30 control individuals matched for gender and age range with no neurologic pathology. In order to investigate the TMD symptoms, the questionnaires of the EACD (European Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders) and the RDC/TMD (Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders), both validated for TMD research, were administered. To assess the extent of disability produced by MS, the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was used. The prevalence of TMD symptoms in patients with MS was 56.7% versus 16.7% for the control group, with a statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.0016). No correlation was found between the severity of MS and the prevalence of TMD symptoms (Fisher's test, p=1.0).
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Monaco, Annalisa, Ruggero Cattaneo, Maria Chiara Marci, Davide Pietropaoli, and Eleonora Ortu. "Central Sensitization-Based Classification for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pathogenetic Hypothesis." Pain Research and Management 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5957076.
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Dysregulation of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and central pain pathways in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a growing evidence. Authors include some forms of TMD among central sensitization syndromes (CSS), a group of pathologies characterized by central morphofunctional alterations. Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is useful for clinical diagnosis. Clinical examination and CSI cannot identify the central site(s) affected in these diseases. Ultralow frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULFTENS) is extensively used in TMD and in dental clinical practice, because of its effects on descending pain modulation pathways. The Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) are the most accurate tool for diagnosis and classification of TMD. However, it includes CSI to investigate central aspects of TMD. Preliminary data on sensory ULFTENS show it is a reliable tool for the study of central and autonomic pathways in TMD. An alternative classification based on the presence of Central Sensitization and on individual response to sensory ULFTENS is proposed. TMD may be classified into 4 groups: (a) TMD with Central Sensitization ULFTENS Responders; (b) TMD with Central Sensitization ULFTENS Nonresponders; (c) TMD without Central Sensitization ULFTENS Responders; (d) TMD without Central Sensitization ULFTENS Nonresponders. This pathogenic classification of TMD may help to differentiate therapy and aetiology.
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do Nascimento Rechia, Bruna Cristina, Bruna Michels, Aluhe Lopes Faturri, Fernanda Mara de Paiva Bertoli, Rafaela Scariot, Juliana Feltrin de Souza, Erika Calvano Küchler, and João Armando Brancher. "Polymorphisms in COL2A1 gene in Adolescents with Temporomandibular Disorders." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 44, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4625-44.5.12.
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Objectives: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is considered a functional disorder with multifactorial aspects. The goal of this study was to investigate if genetic polymorphisms in the COL2A1 gene could be associated with TMD in adolescents. Study design: The case group (TMD-affected) included individuals diagnosed with any of the following TMD subgroups according to the RDC/TMD criteria: myofascial pain, disc displacements and arthralgia. Genomic DNA for molecular analysis was extracted from buccal cells and genetic polymorphisms in COL2A1 were genotyped by real time polymerase chain reactions using the TaqMan assay. Data were analyzed using the Epi Info 3.5.7 and Stata software. Results: 249 subjects were included in this study (148 subjects “affected” by TMD). There were no significant differences between the affected and unaffected individual (p>0.05), for TMD, arthralgia and myofascial pain however, rs2276454 was borderline in the genotype distribution (p=0.07) and was associated with disc displacement (p=0.03) in the allelic distribution. Recessive model showed significant differences between groups for with disc displacement (p=0.02). Conclusions: Genetic polymorphisms in COL2A1 are not associated with myofascial pain, arthralgia or TMD in adolescents but this study provides evidence that rs2276454 is involved in the disc displacement of the temporomandibular joint.
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Osiewicz, Magdalena, Frank Lobbezoo, Bartosz Ciapała, Jolanta Pytko-Polończyk, and Daniele Manfredini. "Pain Predictors in a Population of Temporomandibular Disorders Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020452.
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The aim of the present study was to assess the potential role of some biological, psychological, and social factors to predict the presence of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in a TMD-patient population. The study sample consisted of 109 consecutive adult patients (81.7% females; mean age 33.2 ± 14.7 years) who were split into two groups based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) diagnoses: painful TMD and non-painful TMD. The presence of pain was adopted as the depended variable to be identified by the following independent variables (i.e., predictors): age, gender, bruxism, tooth wear, chewing gum, nail biting, perceived stress level, chronic pain-related impairment (GCPS), depression (DEP), and somatization (SOM). Single-variable logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between TMD pain and DEP with an odds ratio of 2.9. Building up a multiple variable model did not contribute to increase the predictive value of a TMD pain model related to the presence of depression. Findings from the present study supported the existence of a relationship between pain and depression in painful TMD patients. In the future, study designs should be improved by the adoption of the best available assessment approaches for each factor.
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Lemejda, Justyna Agnieszka, and Jolanta E. Loster. "Is There Evidence to Support a Relationship between Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and Headache? – A Systematic Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 24 (June 14, 2021): 1840–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/380.
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BACKGROUND Headache and migraine can lead to depression by worsening the mood and producing an unpredictable disorganisation of life. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are associated with headache. Tenderness of the masticatory muscles, especially in young patients, and pain in the temporomandibular joint area are also associated with migraine, which can cause headaches of varying degrees of intensity. This article presents a literature review on the relationship between the occurrence of headache and the symptoms of TMD. METHODS The inclusion criteria were English-language articles published since 2007 that classify TMD using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC / TMD) questionnaire, and which described headache using the International Classification for Headache Disorders (second and third editions) or the headache screening questionnaire (HSQ). RESULTS Fifteen qualifying articles were found. Ten of these were included in the analysis. The authors noticed that the diagnoses were unclear, though it seems that these disorders have a similar background. CONCLUSION The current literature review confirms the relationship between TMD and headache. The authors of the articles generally agree that problems are more common in women, and that further research should be conducted on the correlation between these disorders. It is necessary to conduct further research using standardised assessment scales of both TMD and headache to compare the results. Such studies will allow a meta-analysis of the data, which will help to broaden our understanding of these problems and find conducive factors. KEY WORDS Temporomandibular Disorders, Headache, Tension-Type Headache, Headache Disorders, Headache Classification
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Bicaj, Teuta, Kujtim Shala, Teuta Pustina Krasniqi, Enis Ahmedi, Linda Dula, and Zana Lila-Krasniqi. "Frequency of Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders among Prishtina Dental Students." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (October 10, 2017): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.165.
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BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is important for prevention of greater damages of the parts of the oro-facial system. There are early symptoms that can be used as predictors of TMD.AIM: The study aimed to assess the frequency of the symptoms of TMD among dental students.METHODS: Total number of 166 respondents, all undergraduate dental students, (84 female, 82 male), mean age 22, participated in this study. For the study, the questionnaire of Fonseca was used. There were ten questions to answer with: no, sometimes and yes. Fonseca-Clinical index classification is: 0-15 points, no TMD; 20-40 points, mild TMD; 45-65 points, moderate TMD and 70-100 points, severe TMD.RESULTS: Forty-six point four percentages of the students, had no symptoms of TMD, 44.6 % had mild TMD, 7.8% moderate TMD and only 1.2 % had severe TMD. By conventional criteria, there is not any statistical difference of the TMD between male and female (c2 = 1.133, p = 0.769).CONCLUSION: Fonseca questionnaire has its importance in the early diagnosis of TMD that can occur in the young population.
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Slade, G. D., L. Diatchenko, K. Bhalang, A. Sigurdsson, R. B. Fillingim, I. Belfer, M. B. Max, D. Goldman, and W. Maixner. "Influence of Psychological Factors on Risk of Temporomandibular Disorders." Journal of Dental Research 86, no. 11 (November 2007): 1120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910708601119.
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Psychological characteristics potentially may be a cause or consequence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). We hypothesized that psychological characteristics associated with pain sensitivity would influence risk of first-onset TMD, but the effect could be attributed to variation in the gene encoding catechol- O-methyltransferase (COMT). We undertook a prospective cohort study of healthy female volunteers aged 18–34 yrs. At baseline, participants were genotyped, they completed psychological questionnaires, and underwent quantitative sensory testing to determine pain sensitivity. We followed 171 participants for up to three years, and 8.8% of them were diagnosed with first-onset TMD. Depression, perceived stress, and mood were associated with pain sensitivity and were predictive of 2- to 3-fold increases in risk of TMD (P < 0.05). However, the magnitude of increased TMD risk due to psychological factors remained unchanged after adjustment for the COMT haplotype. Psychological factors linked to pain sensitivity influenced TMD risk independently of the effects of the COMT haplotype on TMD risk.
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Moraes, Alberto da Rocha, Monique Lalue Sanches, Eduardo Cotecchia Ribeiro, and Antonio Sérgio Guimarães. "Therapeutic exercises for the control of temporomandibular disorders." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 5 (October 2013): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000500022.
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INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multifactorial disease. For this reason, it is difficult to obtain an accurate and correct diagnosis. In this context, conservative treatments, including therapeutic exercises classified as stretching, relaxation, coordination, strengthening and endurance, are oftentimes prescribed. OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of the present article was to conduct a literature review concerning the types of exercises available and the efficacy for the treatment of muscular TMD. METHODS: The review included researches carried out between 2000 and 2010, indexed on Web of Science, PubMed, LILACS and BBO. Moreover, the following keywords were used: Exercise, physical therapy, facial pain, myofascial pain syndrome, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Studies that did not consider the subject "TMD and exercises", used post-surgery exercises and did not use validated criteria for the diagnosis of TMD (RDC/TMD) were not included. RESULTS: The results comprised seven articles which proved therapeutic exercises to be effective for the treatment of muscular TMD. However, these studies are seen as limited, since therapeutic exercises were not applied alone, but in association with other conservative procedures. In addition, they present some drawbacks such as: Small samples, lack of control group and no detailed exercise description which should have included intensity, repetition, frequency and duration. CONCLUSION: Although therapeutic exercises are considered effective in the management of muscular TMD, the development of randomized clinical trials is necessary, since many existing studies are still based on the clinical experience of professionals.
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Vovk, V. V., and V. P. Nespriadko. "IDENTIFICATION OF CORRELATION OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DYSFUNCTION AND CERVICAL SPINE DISORDERS." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 15, no. 1-2 (December 6, 2019): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.1-2.2019.08.
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Relevance. Temporomandibular dysfunction is associated with imbalance of the whole body in static and dynamic. Myofascial Pain in Temporomandibular joint often coexist with chronic neck pain, impacting on posture straightly by changing head position or indirectly by instability of muscles chains.
Objective. This study aimed to evaluate frequency of cervical spine disorders (CSD) in case of Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), possible correlations between TMD and CSD in frontal and lateral planes depends on ethiological factors.
Materials and methods. The study included 208 patients. Study group consisted of 170 patients with TMD (female – 62,9 %, male – 37,1 %). Contol group consisted of 38 patients. Subjects were examined according to international clinical protocol RDC/TMD, NDI, masticatory,neck motor system were analysed by (BioPak EMG), position of condyles and bone structure – via computed tomography, position and disc reduction – via magnetic resonance imaging, occlusion – via TScan III, cephalometric analysis (frontal, lateral view), statistical analyses with program IBM SPSS Statistic Base v.22.
Results. Female more often has temporomandibular dysfunction (62,9 %) than male (37,1 %) among the population. 47,05% were under 30 years. About 98,2 % of patients, presented complaining of Temporomandibular disorder symptoms had neck pain concomitantly and cervical spine disorders in different planes, 44,7% of patients without TMD, but with CSD, value at risk 2,2(95% VaR 1,54-3,13). Moreover 100% of those who did not report pain in the Temporomandibular joints, but presented only with clicking, had reported pain in the neck during physical examination. After examination patients were divided into 4 different clinical groups of TMD depends on ethiology-TMD-neck spinal disability. The largest is combined group – 67,67 % of total patients and is clinical manifested with TMD, spinal neck disorders in several planes. Different dysfunctional conditions between facial skull boned and cervical spine are closely interconnected with each other.
Conclusions. There is positive, mild power of correlations between muscles groups trapezius-masseter, trapezius-temporalis (r=0,477, p<0,05), sternocleidomastoideus-temporalis (0,527, p<0,05), sternocleidomastoideus-masseter (0,575, p<0,05), which indicates cooperation between facial muscles and cervical spine muscles. There is changes in cervical spine depends on clinical group: lateral group – C type scoliosis, sagittal – from straightening of cervical lordosis to kyphosis, vertical – «wave» type of cervical spine, combined – combine of pathology in different planes. Initial form of lateral group TMD is characterized as myofascial pain syndrome with specific clinical symptoms, but without condyle and disc displacement, thus it can be as an early prophylactic stage and risk of disc subluxation.
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Chaves, Paulo de Jesus, Franceane Esther Moreira de Oliveira, and Laila Cristina Moreira Damázio. "INCIDENCE OF POSTURAL CHANGES AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS IN STUDENTS." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 25, no. 4 (August 2017): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220172504171249.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of postural changes and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children and adolescents . Methods: We selected 117 individuals aged 10-18 years from a state school in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais. The students were evaluated in four stages: assessment of body weight and height and calculation of body mass index; posture evaluation using a questionnaire developed by the researchers; application of a questionnaire recommended by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain to assess TMD; and, finally, application of the Fonseca anamnesis questionnaire . Results: Of our sample, 26.36% had no TMD, 50.9% had mild TMD, 21.8% moderate TMD, and 0.9% severe TMD. Of the participants with moderate or severe TMD (30.8%), about 56% had some kind of change in head positioning. We found that 88% of the children with moderate or severe TMD had changes in the shoulders . Conclusion: The postural changes found in the head and shoulders are related to the biomechanical adaptation of the muscles of mastication and consequent changes in the TMJ. Level Of Evidence Iii, Non-Consecutive Patient Study Without Gold Reference Standard Applied Uniformly.
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Pereira-Cenci, Tatiana, Luciano José Pereira, Maximiliano Sérgio Cenci, Wellington Cardoso Bonachela, and Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury. "Maximal bite force and its association with temporomandibular disorders." Brazilian Dental Journal 18, no. 1 (2007): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402007000100014.
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Individuals with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are expected to have decreased maximum bite forces (MBF). This way, this study compared the MBF in subjects with TMD to a control group and also evaluated its association with age, gender, height and weight. Forty healthy adults with complete natural dentition divided into four groups according to gender and presence or absence of TMD signs/symptoms (based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria RDC) underwent a MBF test with a gnathodynamometer in molar and incisal areas. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test (p=0.05), and the relationship between age, gender, weight, height and MBF was verified by Pearson's correlation test. There were no differences in MBF results between TMD and control groups (p>0.05). Female subjects exhibited lower MBF than male and MBF for the anterior area was lower than that for posterior area (p<0.05). Significant correlation was found between MBF and weight in TMD subjects (p<0.05), except for the anterior area in female subjects. There was a positive correlation between MBF and height in TMD male subjects (p<0.05). Within the limitations of this study, it is possible to conclude that bite force was not affected by TMD. Correlation between MBF and weight in TMD subjects and between MBF and height in TMD male subjects was observed.
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Mercuri, Louis. "A heuristic approach to the management of Muscle-related temporomandibular disorders." Faculty Dental Journal 4, no. 3 (July 2013): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/204268513x13703528618924.
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Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have been defined as a collective term used to embrace a number of clinical problems that involve the masticatory musculature and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) itself.1 This paper will discuss the management of extra-articular muscle-related TMD since this has been the topic of much anecdotal commentary and debate.
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Aroucha, João M. C. N. L., Rosana C. C. Ximenes, Flávia M. N. Vasconcelos, Marcele W. Nery, and Everton B. Sougey. "Temporomandibular disorders and eating disorders: a literature review." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, no. 1 (March 2014): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0006.
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INTRODUCTION: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and eating disorders (ED) affect function and parafunction of the oral cavity and have high rates of medical and psychological comorbidity. However, little is known about the possible associations between them, and few studies have investigated the existence of such associations. METHODS: A search was conducted on the SciELO, LILACS, and PubMed/MEDLINE databases to find relevant articles written in English and Portuguese. Only studies involving human beings were included, and there was no limit for year of publication. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of the correlation between TMD and ED, but their comorbidity must be better understood. The presence of depressive symptoms is an aggravating factor that must also be taken into account during the diagnosis and treatment of those patients.
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Sağlam, Ali Alp, and Gülperi Şanli. "Condylar Asymmetry Measurements in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 5, no. 3 (2004): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-5-3-59.
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Abstract Objectives The relationship between condylar asymmetry and handedness of the patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and patients with no signs or symptoms of TMD was investigated. The experimental group consisted of 25 patients aged 15 to 52 years who were referred for treatment of TMD. The mean age of this group was 26.24 years. The control group consisted of 25 patients aged 14 to 52 years (mean age: 26.16 years). Methods The formula by Habets et al.14 was used to express the symmetry between the condyles and the rami on the orthopantomogram (OPG) image. Differences between bothgroups and subgroups (condyle, ramus, condyle plus ramus) regarding symmetry were calculated with the Student's t-test. Results The mean of condylar asymmetry was found to be 11.11 ± 11.03% in the TMD group. However, in the control group, the mean of condylar asymmetry was found to be 8.36 ± 6.27%. No statistically significant differences were found between condylar asymmetry in both groups (p>0.05). Conclusions No statistically significant differences were found between condylar asymmetry index in patients with TMD according to myogenous problems and in patients with no signs or symptoms of TMD. Citation Sağlam AA, Şanli G. Condylar Asymmetry Measurements in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:059-065.