Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ten-t'

Thesis is amimed at transport, its development within European union and finally EU transport policy. It focuses on specific issues and strategies that affect all european countries such as development of Trans-European Transport Network.

Flera saknade länkar i Europas transportnät definierades på mitten av 1980-talet som nödvändiga att bygga för att bidra till att uppnå de EU-politiska målen om fri rörlighet inom gemenskapen, större och jämnare transportflöden inom och mellan medlemsstaterna, ekonomisk tillväxt, en friktionsfri och välfungerande inre marknad, hållbar utveckling samt territoriell, social och ekonomisk sammanhållning. EU och medlemsstaterna initierade mot denna bakgrund transportinfrastrukturprogrammet "Trans-European Networks for Transport", eller det transeuropeiska transportnätverket (TEN-T) på svenska, som en följd av Maastrichtfördraget 1992. I Norden ska den s.k. Nordiska triangeln, som både har pekats ut som ett särskilt prioriterat transportinfrastrukturprojekt i de nu gällande och sannolikt inom kort i de nya EU-riktlinjerna för TEN-T, bidra till att uppnå de ovanstående politiska målen. Syftet med projektet är att sammanbinda Norge, Sverige, Danmark och Finland via uppgraderade och gränsöverskridande vägar, järnvägar och maritim infrastruktur. Förutom att projektet anses förbättra förbindelserna för gods och passagerare inom Norden, skapas bättre möjligheter för större och snabbare transportflöden till och från Centraleuropa, Ryssland och de baltiska länderna. Det västra benet i den Nordiska triangeln, dvs. korridoren Oslo-Göteborg-Köpenhamn, har varit föremål för diskussion sedan 1980-talet då en högklassig motorväg, järnväg samt en fast förbindelse över eller under Öresund och Fehmarn Bält föreslogs av "European Round Table of Industrialists". Syftet med infrastrukturpaketet var att förbättra transportinfrastrukturen inom korridoren samt få en fast förbindelse till kontinenten. Merparten av paketet har genomförts men en del kvarstår, däribland uppgraderingen av järnvägen, vars planläggning försvåras av det faktum att nationsgränserna medför utmaningar och hinder mot ett förverkligande av detta gränsöverskridande projekt. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att identifiera och analysera dessa utmaningar och hinder, liksom att ge underlag för förslag i effektiv hantering och motverkan. Med utgångspunkt i institutionell teori och i transaktionskostnadsteori har studien visat att bristen på samordning och internationalisering i transportinfrastrukturplaneringen, med stor sannolikhet, utgör centrala faktorer i förklaringen till varför de tre berörda skandinaviska länderna sedan 1980-talet inte har realiserat en sammanhängande och av alla parter upplevd högklassig järnväg. För att kunna motverka och hantera dessa utmaningar och hinder på ett effektivt sätt bör Norge, Sverige och Danmark överväga att ta större hänsyn till gränsöverskridande infrastrukturplanering i framtida organisations- och styrmodeller för transportinfrastruktursektorn. Anledningen är att den nuvarande institutionella ramen för tillhandahållandet av transportinfrastruktur, förefaller ge upphov till höga transaktionskostnader som försvårar och förhindrar effektiv planering på inter-/multinationell nivå. Ett faktum som kan leda till att eventuellt nödvändig och lönsam transportinfrastruktur inte byggs. En organisatorisk lösning som diskuteras i uppsatsen, och som kan reducera dessa transaktionskostnader, är bildandet av ett Skandinaviskt Trafikverk med internationaliserade och harmoniserade planeringsprocesser.
A number of missing links in the European transport network was, during the mid 1980ies, defined as crucial for the smooth functioning of the internal market, and for ensuring sustainable development, economic growth, improved accessibility as well as economic, social and territorial cohesion. This lead in 1992 to the inclusion of a specific legal basis for the "Trans-European Networks for Transport" (TEN-T) in the Maastricht Treaty. The Nordic Triangle has, since the initiation of TEN-T in 1992, been considered as a priority transport infrastructure project. This is stated in the current and in the proposal for new EU-guidelines for TEN-T. The aim of the project is to contribute to the achievement of the above-mentioned political goals by building and upgrading roads, railways and maritime infrastructure between the Nordic countries. This is thought to improve the passenger and freight transports within the Nordic region but also to central Europe, the Baltic countries and Russia. The western leg of the Nordic Triangle, i.e. the corridor Oslo-Gothenburg-Copenhagen, has been of interest since the 1980s when a continuous motorway, high-speed railways and fixed links over/under the Oresund and the Fehmarn Belt were proposed by the European Round Table of Industrialists. The aim of the infrastructure package was to improve the transport infrastructure in the corridor, and via the above-mentioned tunnel/bridge projects, receive fixed links to central Europe. The majority of these plans have been implemented but some remain unrealized, including the railways, whose planning is complicated by the fact that the national borders poses challenges and obstacles to the realization of this cross-border infrastructure project. The aim of this paper has been to identify and analyze these challenges and obstacles, and provide proposals on how to restrain and mitigate them. Based on institutional theory and transaction cost theory it was found that the lack of coordination and internationalization in transport infrastructure planning, are two key factors, that explains why the countries in question have not managed to plan and build a continuous and sufficient railway. In order to restrain and mitigate these challenges and obstacles in an efficient way, one must consider to take greater account of cross-border planning in organizational and governance models for the transport infrastructure sector. The fact that the current institutional framework for the provision of transport infrastructure seems to give rise to high transaction costs, that impede or prevent efficient cross-border planning, makes this reasoning even more relevant. An organizational solution that is discussed is the formation of a transnational Scandinavian Transport Administration.

When implementing major European transport corridors, such as the Core network corridors (CNC) which is a part of the European Trans-European Network for Transports (TEN-T), the number of stakeholders affected is huge. A governance framework for the CNC’s implementation was introduced in EU Regulation No. 1315/2013, and is now being enacted. Sustainable development and stakeholder involvement are crucial areas in the implementation. This interview study investigated the need for complementary governance, here meaning governance in addition to the governance framework set in the regulation. The interviews involved 23 individuals from the Baltic Sea Region, who are affiliated to the four categories public authority, infrastructure organisation/company, private company and other organisation. The results confirm the importance of an inclusive approach. Further, the results showed a need to ensure that all three social, economic and ecological dimensions of sustainability are considered. Summarising the interview results, four areas for attention in the further CNC implementation process were identified: more and directed information, extended involvement of private sector transport stakeholders, extended involvement of regional and local stakeholders, and involvement of stakeholders located geographically outside the immediate corridor. Complementary governance can be a tool to address these areas, as governance structures and processes can involve stakeholders and steer towards desired outcomes. The interviewees own ideas for complementary governance are presented in this paper. The CNC implementation is currently an on-going process and these results will be further utilised in the process, as a basis for stakeholder discussions of changes in practice.

Intermodal road, rail, air and sea transport networks across the European Union (EU) calledTrans-European Networks for Transport (TEN-T) are currently being implemented. Keyelements, which should be implemented by 2030, are the most strategic TEN-T Core networkcorridors. These nine corridors are expected to enhance smoothness and sustainability oftransport across the EU, thereby enhancing cohesion between EU nations, and relate to non-EU nations. In the EU Regulation 1315/2013 a governance framework for implementation ofthe Core network corridors is outlined, which mainly involves appointment of a Europeancoordinator for each corridor, establishment of Corridor forums for consultations, andformulation of work plans and follow-up measures.This framework is now being implemented in practice. A recognised challenge in the processis engaging the numerous, diverse stakeholders. A possible solution is to introduceappropriate elements of complementary governance. Thus, in this doctoral research, suitablecomplementary governance to support the sustainable development of a Core networkcorridor was investigated. Complementary governance, a concept that was developed andrefined during the project, refers here to additional governance in relation to the governanceframework described for the EU Core network corridors in the EU Regulation 1315/2013.To address an identified gap in knowledge on the nature and utility of complementarygovernance a series of studies was carried out. The studies included a study of relevantacademic literature, studies of EU transport policy and implementation documents regardinggovernance and sustainability, a survey of views of Scandinavian-Mediterranean Corridorforum participants, and interviews with stakeholders in the Baltic Sea region. These studiescollectively constitute a case study, focusing on the Scandinavian-Mediterranean Corenetwork corridor, of the need for, and if a need is present the optimal design of,complementary governance in the process of sustainable development of a Core networkcorridor.The main findings of the studies are that the implementation process of the Core networkcorridors could benefit from complementary governance measures, mainly to increaseinclusiveness, which is crucial for a sustainable development. Complementary governancecould both deepen and broaden stakeholder awareness and involvement. This may haveseveral advantages, such as increasing possibilities for stakeholders to influence the processand benefit from the corridor, align activities, and promote cooperation and learning betweenstakeholders. Moreover, including stakeholders who are based outside the corridors mayimprove distributive aspects of the investments and reduce risks of focusing attention tooclosely on the corridors per se. However, broadening stakeholder inclusion also hasdisadvantages, as it increases the complexity of the process, which may impair itseffectiveness, and may lead to unrepresentative involvement due to differences instakeholders’ interests, administrative capacities and power. It also increases requirements forcoordination.The nature of complementary governance is multifaceted and related to diverse dimensions ofgovernance, such as processes, stakeholder participation and implementation documents. For complementary governance measures a flexible and task-specific multi-level design isemphasised, which may involve various types of engagement mechanisms. Further, thefindings showed a need to extend previously recognised types of public engagementmechanisms based on communication, consultation and participation in the decision-makingstage, by recognising another category, named stakeholder exchange. This category ischaracterised by stakeholder cooperation and collaboration in an implementation stage wheremain goals and policies already are in place.Areas for complementary governance in the implementation process of the Core networkcorridors were indicated in the interview study. They consisted of extended involvement ofprivate stakeholders, extended involvement of regional and local stakeholders, extendedinvolvement of stakeholders geographically external to the immediate corridor, and extendedinformation both generally and specifically (i.e. directed information to specific stakeholders).Several complementary governance measures that could potentially improve implementationof the Core network corridors were raised in the interviews, ranging from minor adjustment inthe existing process to entirely new solutions. These ideas correspond well to the indicatedareas and provide robust foundations for further discussion.Thus, findings from the research suggest several governance measures to systematicallyinvolve and engage diverse stakeholders in the Core network corridor implementationprocess. However, before introducing such measures, they should be assessed together withexisting governance measures, to avoid overlapping or contradictory initiatives, possiblyusing policy packaging approaches, where policies are combined and analysed together toachieve a desired overall outcome. Proposals for future research and practices are presented.

Le « corridor méditerranéen » est à la rencontre d'un projet ferroviaire espagnol datant des années 1920 et d'un projet inscrit dans la planification des réseaux transeuropéens de transport depuis les années 1990. La thèse s'intéresse à l'axe littoral qu'il désigne, comprenant des villes, des activités et un ensemble d'infrastructures. Elle part du constat que le corridor méditerranéen doit être inscrit dans un contexte territorial multiple. Il est pérenne par son inscription dans le temps long de la construction et de l'aménagement du territoire espagnol, mais changeant dans la temporalité politique de la planification et de ses phases successives. Enfin, il est multiscalaire par son inscription dans le jeu institutionnel et ses impacts territoriaux. Nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'en Espagne, le corridor méditerranéen interagit avec les enjeux politiques et économiques, au point qu'il ne peut être considéré comme un simple projet de transport (pour l'heure non matérialisé par une infrastructure), mais doit être envisagé dans sa dimension politique. À la croisée de ces enjeux, la thèse prend le parti d'une approche territoriale – à la différence de la majorité des travaux – qui permet d'aborder le corridor méditerranéen sous l'angle de son inscription dans l'espace, en prenant en compte aussi bien les problèmes économiques et politiques qui façonnent le territoire du corridor en amont que les implications du projet sur ce territoire à toutes les échelles en aval. La thèse pose deux questions centrales. Il s'agit d'abord de comprendre comment un objet, au départ un projet d'infrastructures inscrit dans un processus de prise de décision en matière d'aménagement du territoire, devient un facteur puissant de recomposition des jeux d'acteurs et de réinterprétation des paradigmes de l'aménagement des territoires à toutes les échelles. Il s'agit ensuite d'interroger la dialectique entre les différents échelons institutionnels d'une part et entre les différentes échelles territoriales (européenne, nationale, régionale et locale) d'autre part. L'inscription du projet dans les territoires peut se faire à travers différentes formes de territorialisation, matérielles ou immatérielles, de la construction d'équipements ferroviaires à la modification du jeu des acteurs dans un territoire donné autour du projet de corridor. On assiste à un double processus de politisation des intérêts locaux par l'action des associations d'entreprises au niveau régional, et de dépolitisation du débat sur le corridor par le biais de l'européanisation du projet. En s'appuyant sur un ensemble de méthodes fondées principalement sur la pratique d'entretiens, ainsi que sur l'étude des documents de planification et des manifestations du corridor méditerranéen dans le débat public, cette thèse a permis de faire émerger trois résultats principaux. Premièrement, par sa plasticité, le corridor méditerranéen devient un objet politique : il désigne à la fois un projet d'infrastructures aux caractéristiques mouvantes et un catalyseur d'intérêts de nature différente autour d'un objectif commun. Deuxièmement, le corridor méditerranéen, parce qu'il correspond à des représentations territoriales et à des objectifs différents, ne peut s'incarner comme infrastructure car sa matérialité lui ôterait son statut de fédérateur d'intérêts et détruirait l'unité fragile créée autour de sa revendication. Cette impossibilité du corridor méditerranéen est ce qui en fait un excellent médiateur entre les différents acteurs. Troisièmement, le corridor méditerranéen est au centre d'un processus multiple de territorialisation, répondant aux trois sens de ce terme : il apparaît comme un avatar, parmi d'autres, des grandes structures spatiales européennes et espagnoles ; il est un facteur d'émergence de structures territoriales nouvelles par ses impacts sur les territoires locaux ; il permet la recomposition du jeu des acteurs autour d'un projet, dans une réalité spatiale qui lui est propre
The Mediterranean corridor stands at the meeting point of a Spanish railway project in the 1920s and a second project which has formed part of the Trans-European Networks of Transport since the 1990s. The subject is thus this coastal axis, including cities, activities and infrastructure. The bottom line is the idea that the Mediterranean corridor has to be placed in a territorial context that is plural. Indeed, it is both perennial, within the scope of the long-term timeline of the construction and planning of the Spanish territory, and evolving within the political temporality of the planning process and its successive stages. It also has an inherent multiscalar component due to the institutional process and to its impact on the territory. Our hypothesis is that in Spain the corridor involves an interaction with the political and economic questions, so that it cannot be simply considered as a transport project (yet not materialized by infrastructure), and should rather be tackled through its political dimension. Right at the meeting point of these stakes, we have chosen to use a territorial approach, contrary to the majority of works that have been dedicated to this subject. This territorial angle makes it possible to study the Mediterranean corridor through its spatial dimension, taking into account both the economic and political questions that shape the corridor in its territorial aspect and the various implications of the project on this territory at all scales. This thesis develops two main ideas. The first ambition of this work is to understand how this project, which began as a plan for infrastructure as part of a decision-making process regarding spatial planning, then became a powerful factor in the rearticulation of the roles of the different stakeholders and the reinterpretation of the paradigms of planning at all scales. We will then be able to investigate the dialectics between the various institutional levels on the one hand and between the various territorial scales (European, national, regional and local) on the other hand. The integration of the project within the territories can be performed through different forms of territorialisation, both material and immaterial, from the construction of railway equipment to the rearticulation of the roles of the stakeholders within a given territory. We therefore witness a double process of politisation of the local interests through the action of business associations at the regional level, and depolitisation of the debate about the corridor as the project reaches a European level. Three key outcomes emerged from this work based on a methodology relying mainly on interviews as well as the study of planning documentation and the manifestations of the Mediterranean corridor in the public debate. The first idea is that, given its plasticity, the corridor becomes indeed a political subject: it is both a project for infrastructure with evolving characteristics and a catalyst gathering different interests around a common objective. Secondly, as it corresponds to different territorial representations and objectives, the Mediterranean corridor cannot be materialized as infrastructure because this materiality would deprive it from its role as a federator of interests and would therefore destroy the fragile unity that was made possible by its claim. This inherent material impossibility of the Mediterranean corridor is at the same time a fundamental component of its position as a mediator between the different stakeholders. Finally, being at the centre of a territorialisation process that is indeed plural, the Mediterranean corridor echoes all three meanings of this concept: it is one of the avatars of the major European and Spanish spatial structures; it is also a factor of the emergence of new territorial structures at a local scale; and it allows a reorganisation of the interactions of the different stakeholders around a project, within its very own spatial manifestation

This thesis analyses the process of the creation of the Pan-European Transport Network connecting the European Union with the neighbouring regions and Caucasus and Central Asia in the long run. The thesis focuses on the incentives in establishing a continental transport network stemming from the nature of the capitalist relations between market and national and supranational forces in the margins of the global economy. In this context, the parallel processes of the acceleration of the European integration and the establishment of the Pan-European Transport Network are explored. Furthermore, in the thesis, the components of the Pan-European Transport Network, namely the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T), the Pan-European Transport Corridors and Areas (including Turkey), and the Eurasian transport routes are analysed. The thesis seeks to show that the Pan-European Transport Network has been planned to ensure the economic and political cohesion of the European Union and regulate the trade relations between Europe and Asia, including the transportation of the energy resources. The lack of specific analyses on the main problem of the thesis and the incrementalism in the processes of the European integration and development of the Pan-European Transport Network induce the interpretation of the raw and first hand information, such as technical reports, intergovernmental declarations, official documents, speeches and press releases.

Tato práce se zabývá rozvojem dopravní infrastruktury Ústeckého kraje a využitím fondů EU pro její spolufinancování. V první části práce je podána základní charakteristika kraje s podrobným popisem celé sítě jeho dopravní infrastruktury. Následuje vyhodnocení dopravní infrastruktury a analýza potřeb jejího rozvoje s výběrem několika klíčových projektů. Třetí kapitola poskytuje přehled finančních nástrojů rozvoje dopravní infrastruktury využívaných v ČR, největší část je věnována fondům EU a operačním programům v období 2004-2006. Ve čtvrté kapitole jsou pak popsány konkrétní projekty podporované fondy EU v Ústeckém kraji s celkovou analýzou využití prostředků EU v období 2004-2006. Nakonec pátá kapitola ozřejmí velký potenciál programovacího období 2007-2013 pro rozvoji dopravní infrastruktury. Možnosti využití operačních programů jsou nastíněny na potenciálních projektech v Ústeckém kraji.

This master thesis focuses on the Trans-European Transport Network and especially on the possibilities of financing the TEN-T with private-sector participation. The thesis is devided in three chapters. In the first part of the thesis, the author discusses the importance of transport in the economy of the European Union and summarises the development, principles and objectives of the Common Transport Policy. The concept of the Trans-European Network is also introduced in this chapter. The key documents related to the TEN-T are briefly summarized and the gains and lasting setbacks of the TEN-T are discussed in this part of the thesis. The second chapter provides an overview of the costs of the TEN-T and the existing possibilities of their financing. The last chapter introduces the Public Private Partnerhip as a possible efficient means of the TEN-T financing.

All’inizio del mese di luglio del 2015 prendono avvio a Valona i lavori previsti nell’ambito del progetto “Riabilitazione del porto di Valona”, finanziato dalla Cooperazione italiana con un contributo di oltre 15 milioni di euro a credito d’aiuto. Nella seguente Tesi di Laurea si analizza l’iniziativa che mira a modernizzare il complesso portuale della città in un’ottica di sviluppo integrato della regione, per supportare i crescenti flussi turistici e commerciali in entrata ed in transito. Il potenziamento del porto permetterà all’Albania di dotarsi di un porto moderno ed efficiente in linea con le normative UE, permettendo l’attracco di ben quattro navi contemporaneamente, con notevoli vantaggi sia a livello turistico che economico, principalmente nell’area Sud del Paese, ma in generale in tutta l’Albania. Si propone, progetta e dimensiona poi un ulteriore ampliamento futuro consistente nell’inserimento di un frangiflutti a massicciata con banchina interna atta ad accogliere navi Ro-Ro di dimensioni maggiori a quelle che attualmente possono attraccare nel porto. Se ne analizzano i vantaggi sia dal punto di vista materiale, ovvero in termini di protezione dal moto ondoso, che dal punto di vista economico, ossia come opera utile allo sviluppo commerciale e turistico del Sud dell’Albania. Il programma di riabilitazione e il progetto riguardante il frangiflutti mirano infatti a contribuire al piano nazionale dell’Albania di potenziamento delle infrastrutture e dei Trasporti marittimi e si inquadrano nelle previsioni di potenziamento di connessione degli Stati Balcanici alla rete TEN-T europea, rappresentandone, il porto di Valona, una delle possibili parti terminali sull’Adriatico. Si descrive inoltre come sviluppo del settore dei trasporti è considerato un catalizzatore per lo sviluppo economico, in quanto crea un potenziale di crescita stabilendo connessioni che non esistevano prima o migliorando la qualità delle connessioni esistenti.

Road transport is most commonly used out of other modes in terms of freight and passenger transportation on local and regional levels. For European citizens it is a primary mean of their access to services, social activities and employment. The scope of road infrastructure differs in some regions. The major disparity appears when the East of Europe is compared with the West. Actions to link periphery with the core of Europe are being continuously performed, what in this case represents itself in constructing Pan-European Transport Corridors, which will contribute to the connection of the whole territory of Europe. The Via Baltica, chosen as a case for this thesis, is a route to connect Helsinki, Tallinn, Riga, Kaunas, Budzisko and Warsaw. It is the common initiative of Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland. In addition, it is to be an express road and part of the I Pan-European Transport Corridor, which is going to connect Baltic countries with the West and South part of Europe. We focus on presenting how the Via Baltica is introduced in official documents and compare it with the process in practice. Our final goal is to assess the planning process of the Via Baltica route in Poland according to top down planning approaches and sustainability criteria. We are trying to find out what are the advantages and disadvantages of the ongoing process. After introducing results of the analysis made for the Via Baltica by Polish experts, we present how stakeholders and local authorities try to reinforce the process, regardless of environmental issues, to achieve economic and social profits. As the result we try find out how are the dimensions of sustainable development handled in the Via Baltica case in Poland. The conclusions are based on our findings concerning several conflicts which appeared during the planning process. They are also based on one-dimension as well as multi-criteria analyses.
angelikakowalczyk@o2.pl monika.m.kustra@gmail.com

The I-V characteristics of Tin films in the superconducting transition have been measured when ac current was applied. The experimental results suggest that the electrical response in ac is not satisfied with the I-V equation in dc. A new equation was suggested to describe the vortex motion and the vortex pair separation in the two dimensional superconducting transition with ac current, which is satisfied with our experimental results. The excess noises of Tin films in the superconducting transition have been found to depend strongly on the temperature and ac current. An empirical expression of voltage noise density in term of resistance has been used to fit the data. The peak of voltage noise density follows closely but always shifted down from dR/dT. Comparison with the dc noise measurement shows the voltage noise density with ac current is much larger than with dc current. The excess noises with ac appear earlier than the noises with dc. The difference of excess noises between ac and dc can be explained by the fluctuation of vortex pair separation process which dominates the noises generation in ac. I-V characteristics and voltage noises are measured simultaneously to reveal the nature of the excess noises. The coincidence of the excess noise and the third harmonic voltage suggests that the fluctuation of vortex pair separation process is one of the main contributions to excess noises in the two dimensional superconducting transition.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of an extract of black tea (BTT) consisting predominantly of theaflavins with that of a green tea extract (GTC), containing mainly catechins. BTT/GTC reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis and malondialdehyde DNA adduct levels (M1dG) in breast cancer cells in vitro. Pharmacological properties of BTT and GTC were explored in the C3 (1)/SV40 T/t-antigen transgenic (Tag) mouse model of mammary carcinogenesis. Female Tag mice develop mammary tumours characterised by inactivated tumour suppressor genes p53 and Rb, thus mimicking an insidious hormone-insensitive form of human breast cancer. Mice received drinking water (controls) or drinking water containing BTT or GTC (0.05%/0.01%). Intervention with either BTT or GTC (0.05%) increased Tag mouse survival accompanied with a decrease in tumour volume and tumour burden. Microscopic evaluation revealed that GTC or BTT consumption decreased the size4 of the largest lesion compared to controls.;Increased survival was accompanied by a reduction in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis, as reflected by a decrease in PCNA levels and an increase in cleaved caspase 3 levels. Both tea extracts reduced tumour M1dG adduct levels. The results intimate that both GTC and BTT delay mammary tumour development in the Tag mouse model and M1dG and apoptotic signalling molecules may perhaps constitute suitable biomarkers of efficacy.

Les proteines tyrosine kinases (ptk) sont indispensables pour la signalisation de la cellule t. Trois familles (src, syk/zap70 et tec) ont ete decrites comme etant impliquees dans des voies de transduction des cellules t. Cependant, le role de la famille tec reste peu connu. La famille tec comprend cinq membres : btk, itk, tec, rlk et bmx. Tec, itk et rlk sont exprimes dans la cellule t. Nous avons pu montrer que tec est impliquee dans les voies de signalisation passant par le recepteur t (tcr) et par la molecule cd28 puisque l'engagement du tcr ou de cd28 peut stimuler l'activite tyrosine kinase de tec. Dans ces cas, l'activation de tec peut etre regulee positivement par une autre famille de ptk : la famille src. Tec kinase est fonctionnelle, elle peut reguler l'expression de cytokines comme il-2, ifn ou il-4. Tec active des voies de signalisation conduisant a l'activation des promoteurs de ces genes codant pour il-2, ifn ou il-4 en particulier en agissant sur des facteurs de transcription nfat et nfb. Au niveau de la molecule cd28, nous avons mis en evidence une interaction entre tec et cd28 de maniere activation-dependante. Cette interaction provient d'une liaison entre le domaine sh3 de tec et la region riche en proline de cd28. La stimulation de cd28, contrairement a une stimulation du tcr, conduit a la phosphorylation sur residu tyrosine d'une proteine p62 d o k associee a rasgap. P62 d o k est un substrat de tec kinase. En parallele, un autre membre de la famille tec : itk a ete etudie. Par rapport a tec, itk n'est pas impliquee dans l'expression des cytokines, de plus p62 d o k n'est pas un substrat cellulaire de itk. Ces resultats montrent que ces deux membres de la famille tec : tec et itk ont des fonctions differentes dans les cellules t bien qu'elles soient toutes les deux stimulees lors de l'engagement de recepteurs (tcr, cd28) activant la cellule t.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The stability of synchronous generators connected to power grid has been the object of study and research for years. The interest in this matter is justified by the fact that much of the electricity produced worldwide is obtained with the use of synchronous generators. In this respect, studies have been proposed using conventional and unconventional control techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and adaptive controllers to increase the stabilitymargin of the systemduring sudden failures and transient disturbances. Thismaster thesis presents a robust unconventional control strategy for maintaining the stability of power systems and regulation of output voltage of synchronous generators connected to the grid. The proposed control strategy comprises the integration of a sliding surface with a linear controller. This control structure is designed to prevent the power system losing synchronism after a sudden failure and regulation of the terminal voltage of the generator after the fault. The feasibility of the proposed control strategy was experimentally tested in a salient pole synchronous generator of 5 kVA in a laboratory structure
A estabilidade de geradores s?ncronos conectados a rede el?trica tem sido objeto de estudo e investiga??es durante anos. O interesse por este assunto ? justificado pelo fato de grande parte da energia el?trica produzida no mundo ser obtida com a utiliza??o de geradores s?ncronos. Nesse aspecto, muitos trabalhos t?m sido propostos utilizando t?cnicas de controle convencional e n?o convencional como l?gica fuzzy, redes neurais e controladores adaptativos visando aumentar a margem de estabilidade do sistema quando ele est? sujeito a falhas s?bitas e dist?rbios transit?rios. Este trabalho apresenta uma estrat?gia de controle robusta n?o-convencional para a manuten??o da estabilidade dos sistemas de pot?ncia e regula??o da tens?o de sa?da de geradores s?ncronos conectados ? rede el?trica. A estrat?gia de controle utilizada ? composta pela integra??o de uma superf?cie deslizante com um controlador linear. Esta estrutura de controle contribui para a preven??o dos sistemas de pot?ncia de perder o sincronismo ap?s uma falha s?bita e regula??o da tens?o terminal do gerador ap?s a falta. A viabilidade da estrat?gia de controle proposta foi testada experimentalmente em um gerador s?ncrono de p?los salientes de 5 kVA em uma estrutura de laborat?rio

The Tec family tyrosine kinases Itk, Tec and Rlk are expressed in T cells. Previous studies have established that these kinases are critical for TCR signaling, leading to the activation of PLCγ1. To further understand the functions of Tec kinases in T cell activation, we took three different approaches. First, we performed a thorough analysis of CD28-mediated signaling events and functional responses with purified naïve T cells from Itk-/- mice and a highly controlled stimulation system. Data from this set of studies definitively demonstrate that CD28 costimulation functions efficiently in naïve CD4+ T cells in the absence of Itk. Second, in order to further study the functions of Tec kinases in vivo, we generated transgenic mouse lines expressing a kinase-dead (KD) mutant of Tec on the Itk-/-Rlk-/- background, hoping to study mice that are functionally deficient for all three Tec kinases. The results hint the importance of the Tec kinases in T cell development and/or survival. Finally, in order to identify potential transcriptional targets of Itk, we used microarray technology to compare global gene expression profiles of naïve and stimulated Itk-/- versus Itk+/- CD4+ T cells. This analysis provided a short list of differentially expressed genes in Itk-/- versus Itk+/- CD4 T cells, providing a starting point for further studies of Itk in T cell activation. Collectively, these studies clarified the role of Itk in CD28 signaling, revealed some unexpected aspects of Tec family kinases in T cells, and indicated potential targets of Itk-dependent signaling pathways in T cells.

The Tec family kinases Itk and Rlk have been previously shown to have an important role in signaling downstream of the T cell receptor [TCR]. Almost all of the work done in the past on these two kinases looked at their role in conventional αβ T cells, specifically CD4+ T cells. These studies demonstrated functions for Itk [primarily] and Rlk in T cell development, activation, and differentiation. However, despite the wealth of knowledge on conventional CD4+ T cells, prior to the work presented here little to no studies addressed the role of Tec family kinases on CD8+ or innate T cell development. My studies show a clear role for Itk [and in some cases Rlk] in innate T cell development; whether it be deprecating, in the case of innate CD8+ T cells or some subsets of γδ T cells, or beneficial, in the case of NKT cells. I show that Itk has a crucial role in conventional CD8+ T cell development, as absence of Itk [or Itk and Rlk] causes strongly reduced numbers of conventional CD8+ T cells and a vigorous enhancement of an innate-like CD8+ T cell population. In NKT cells, my work demonstrates that Itk [and to a lesser extent Rlk] is required for terminal maturation, survival, and cytokine secretion. Finally, on γδ T cells Itk is important in maintaining the Th1 cytokine secretion profile usually associated with these cells, and regulating the development of CD4+ or NK1.1+ γδ T cells. Taken together, this work clearly illustrates an important role for Tec family kinases in innate T cell development and function.

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Bloch s ontology suggests different levels in the category of possibility, and, among them, the subjective possibility, which presupposes the human beings capacity to accomplish their daydreams and build their utopias that is a fact that triggers an instrumental rationality, determining the domain that men has towards nature. Another level of the possibility identifies, in the natura naturans movement, nature that produces nature , the domain that matter has towards man and the consequent degeneration of the matter in this relationship. Thus, our main objective is to present a blochiana solution to the conflict. According to Bloch, the possible dialectic is carried out through the organic interaction between the human being s tendencies as well as latencies of matter. The current study reflects this possibility and verifies that the process of the instrumentation of the world reveals the possible dialectic , which can be the solution of the of the impacts, that are trigged by the matter dynamic and the man s activity, that generates a relevant tension in docta spes, that is, clarified hope. So, we tried to demonstrate that the consequences of this conflict are appropriate for two movements: the first is generated by the human being s instrumentation, announced by Frankfurt School and was not understood by man in the XXI century; and the second has, as a consequence, the natural evolution of the science, that develops technologies which can build a new face to the world. Therefore, this research suggests that is necessary to rethink about the solution of organicity, man-matter, announced by Bloch, who introduced the ethic aspect in this relationship.
A ontologia de Bloch prop?e v?rios n?veis na categoria da possibilidade, entre elas, uma possibilidade subjetiva, que pressup?e a capacidade de o ser humano em realizar sonhos diurnos e construir suas utopias, fato gerador de uma racionalidade instrumental, determinando o dom?nio do homem na natureza. Outro n?vel de possibilidade identifica, no movimento da natura naturans, natureza que produz natureza, certa imposi??o ao ser humano, determinando o dom?nio da mat?ria sobre o homem e consequente degenera??o da mat?ria nesta rela??o. Esta disserta??o, portanto, objetiva apresentar a solu??o blochiana para este confronto. De acordo com Bloch, a dial?tica do poss?vel se realiza atrav?s da conviv?ncia org?nica entre as tend?ncias do ser humano e as lat?ncias da mat?ria. O estudo reflete esta possibilidade e verifica que o processo de instrumentaliza??o do mundo revela a dial?tica do poss?vel que pode ser solu??o incompreendida diante dos impactos decorrentes da din?mica da mat?ria e da atividade humana, causando, por conseguinte, significativa tens?o na docta spes, esperan?a esclarecida. Procura-se, ent?o, demonstrar que os reflexos desse confronto s?o apropriados por dois movimentos: o primeiro decorre da instrumentaliza??o do homem, j? denunciado pela Escola de Frankfurt e n?o compreendido pelo homem no s?culo XXI; o segundo tem como causa a evolu??o natural da ci?ncia, colocando em curso tecnologias capazes de edificar uma nova singularidade no mundo. Neste sentido, o estudo sugere repensar a solu??o de organicidade, homem-mat?ria, anunciada por Bloch, introduzindo como pressuposto o elemento ?tico nesta rela??o.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma vis?o da publicidade de produtos para consumo de massa, a partir da observa??o de tr?s campanhas de an?ncios para Sand?lias Havaianas. Percorrem-se inicialmente as defini??es de comunica??o, publicidade, identidade das pessoas, dos grupos e das marcas, abordando tamb?m os principais procedimentos t?cnicos da publicidade. A t?cnica utilizada para a an?lise das campanhas ? a an?lise de discurso de Patrick Charaudeau, com base no pensamento de Michel Maffesoli. A pesquisa observa as ferramentas e processos utilizados para a elabora??o do discurso publicit?rio voltado para a constru??o da identidade da marca, na tentativa de compreender a cria??o dos significados e simbolismos que se justap?em ? sua imagem, a exemplo dos t?tens nas sociedades primitivas

Society has gripped the concept of road transport and has utilised it for social, personal and economic gain. Amidst the apparent benefits, a number of concerns exist around the dangers, congestion, and monetary loss associated with vehicular transport. To counteract this, the introduction of driverless vehicles is being discussed by manufacturers and the Government. Whilst there are a number of apparent benefits, there is an overwhelming need to consider public perception and acceptance of autonomous vehicles. This research study therefore investigates the aforementioned, analysing and presenting the major issues and concerns related to their uptake. An interview and focus group based approach was adopted for this research, using the Charmaz (2006) constructivist grounded theory methodology. Interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders and the results of the study detailed that the environment the vehicle and user operate in presents associated issues influencing perceptions, and that technology acceptance is strongly influenced by levels of Motivation in Intention, Acceptance/Usage and Control. Furthermore, acceptance is perceived differently by various stakeholder groups, each with their individual concerns and speculations. The discussion of the study considers the gathered perception to ascertain how best to introduce autonomous vehicles to the public market, highlighting and satisfying the current implications of doing so. This study highlights the need for further research in this discipline, based on the identification of many knowledge gaps. Further work is discussed and recommended in order to combat the limitations and opportunities identified within this thesis.

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O desenvolvimento de materiais comp?sitos abrange as mais diversas ?reas de aplica??o. Dentre os comp?sitos, t?m-se, especialmente, os materiais de origem org?nica, que possuem maior potencial de biodegrabilidade e por isso t?m apresentado relev?ncia e destaque no cen?rio contempor?neo de preserva??o ambiental e desenvolvimento sustent?vel. Seguindo essa perspectiva de apelo ecol?gico, foram desenvolvidos comp?sitos com insumos naturais brasileiros. Esses comp?sitos foram fabricados com l?tex (borracha natural) e fibra de carna?ba, em diferentes propor??es m?ssicas. As formula??es variaram em 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de fibra em rela??o ? matriz. Esses materiais foram concebidos visando aplica??o em sistemas de isolamentos t?rmicos que requeiram prote??o t?rmica de superf?cies e/ou redu??o de perda de energia t?rmica. Para tanto, os comp?sitos foram caracterizados atrav?s de ensaios t?rmicos de condutividade, calor espec?fico, difusividade e termogravimetria. Assim como, tamb?m foram caracterizados quanto aos seus aspectos f?sico-mec?nicos, atrav?s de ensaios de densidade, teor de umidade, resist?ncia ? tra??o e dureza. A caracteriza??o dos materiais revelou que a os comp?sitos apresentam potencial de isolamento t?rmico superior ao da borracha natural que foi utilizada como refer?ncia. Dessa forma, os materiais comp?sitos em quest?o apresentam-se como alternativa vi?vel e eficaz de concep??o de novo material isolante t?rmico.
The development of composite materials encompasses many different application areas. Among the composites, it is had, especially, the materials of organic origin, which have the greatest potential for biodegradability and so, have been bringing relevance and prominence in the contemporary setting of environmental preservation and sustainable development. Following this perspective of ecological appeal, it was developed a biocomposite material with natural inputs typically brazilian. This composite was made from latex (natural rubber) and carnauba fiber in different mass proportions. Formulations had varied by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fiber in relation the matrix. This material has been designed aiming at application in thermal insulation systems, which requirethermal protection surfaces and/or reduction of thermal energy loss. Therefore, the composite was characterized by thermal conductivity testing, specific heat, thermal diffusivity and thermogravimetry. As has also been characterized for their physical-mechanical, by testing density, moisture content, tensile strength, hardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The characterization of the material revealed that the composite presents a potential of thermal insulation higher than the natural rubber, that was used as reference. And the formulation at 15% fiber in relation the matrix showed the best performance. Thus, the composite material in question presents itself as a viable and effective alternative for new thermal insulation material design.

In November 1969, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew delivered two speeches attacking two mediums. In the first speech, Agnew initiated charges of erroneous reporting and irresponsible actions on the part of the television networks. In the second speech, Agnew assailed the concentration of power in the hands of a few newspaper companies. In both cases, complaints and support were immediate and substantial. This study employs the Neo-Aristotelian method of criticism to discover: 1) the extent to which Agnew was influenced by his past, and 2) how Agnew's rhetoric exhibited methods of rhetorical polarization. This study concludes that Agnew's past played a dominant role in his rhetoric. Further research in a variety of related areas is suggested.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Muito se pesquisa hoje sobre fontes renov?veis de energia e materiais sustent?veis, visando diminuir os impactos causados no ambiente. Rejeitos de materiais que antigamente tinham como destino o lixo, atualmente s?o vistos de outra forma. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo confeccionar um material geot?xtil utilizando folhas de bananeira, em particular, a fibra extra?da do caule da folha de bananeira que ? reconhecida atualmente como uma das mais fortes fibras celul?sicas. Como matriz desse geot?xtil natural, utilizou-se o l?tex e, posteriormente, foram analisadas as aplica??es para o geot?xtil mediante caracteriza??o do material pr?via baseada na literatura. Os corpos de prova foram tecidos e revestidos em l?tex e em seguida, foi realizada verifica??o e an?lise das principais propriedades f?sico-qu?micas, mec?nicas e t?rmicas. Tais propriedades foram obtidas atrav?s de testes como: Resist?ncia ? tra??o, Flamabilidade, Termogravimetria, Absor??o de ?gua e de umidade, Envelhecimento por ciclo e por umidade, Fric??o, Densidade Linear, Gramatura, Biodegrada??o e degrada??o ambiental e Condutividade T?rmica. Com base nos resultados das an?lises, foi poss?vel concluir que o geot?xtil pode ser utilizado como revestimento para superf?cies, pois al?m de resistente ? tra??o mesmo quando aquecido, o geot?xtil apresentou baixa condutividade t?rmica (0,241W/mK), fato que o torna isolante t?rmico. Foi ainda conclu?do que o comp?sito natural conseguiu aliar as propriedades de resist?ncia t?rmica e mec?nica da fibra da bananeira com o alongamento do elast?mero, l?tex. Tal resultado n?o comprometeu a higroscopicidade da fibra. P?de-se concluir finalmente que o material ? sustent?vel, n?o agride o meio ambiente e cumpre a fun??o esperada.
A lot is being researched nowadays about renewable sources of energy and sustainable materials that aim to decrease the impact caused on the environment. Materials rejected that once had the trash as destination, currently are seen in another way. This present paper had as purpose the confection of a geotextile using banana tree leaves, in particular, fibers extracted from the stem of the banana tree leaves, which presently, are recognized as one of the strongest cellulosic fibers. As a natural geotextile matrix, latex was used and, subsequently, possible applications for the geotextile were analysed through previous material characterization based on literature. Samples were weaved and coated in latex, and, soon after, a verification and analyses of physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties were made. Such properties were obtained throughout tests like: Tensile Strength, Flammability, Analysis Thermogravimetric (TG), Water and Humidity Absorption, Aging by Cycle and by Water, Abrasion, Linear Density, Grammage, Biodegradation, Environmental Degradation and Thermal Conductivity. According to the analysis results, it was possible to conclude that the geotextile can be used as surfaces coating, because beside being high tensile strength, even heated, the goetextile presented a low thermal conductivity (0,214W/mK). That fact means that the material is a thermal insulator. Also, it was conclude that the natural composite acquire the properties such as thermal and mechanical strength from the banana tree fibers combined with the elongation from thermoplastic elastomer latex. Such result did not compromise the hygroscopicity of the fiber. Finally, it could be concluded that the material is sustainable, does not damage the environment and fulfil the coating function, a characteristic expected.

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Tendo em vista que o barramento de alimenta??o (VCC e Gnd) afeta diretamente a integridade de sinal de sistemas em chip (Systems-on-Chip, SoC) atrav?s de oscila??es de tens?o que podem induzir a erros funcionais, este trabalho tem por objetivo validar uma t?cnica inovadora, denominada CDCDC (Clock Duty Cycle Dynamic Control). Esta t?cnica visa aumentar a robustez de circuitos integrados (CI) digitais s?ncronos a tais oscila??es de tens?o. A t?cnica em quest?o realiza o controle din?mico do ciclo de trabalho (duty-cycle) do sinal de rel?gio (clock) de acordo com a presen?a de perturba??es (ru?dos) nas linhas de alimenta??o. Este controle din?mico do sinal de rel?gio realiza o prolongamento ou a redu??o do ciclo de trabalho, permitindo assim que o circuito s?ncrono apresente uma maior robustez ?s flutua??es dos n?veis de tens?o nas linhas de alimenta??o, sem que haja redu??o da freq??ncia do sinal de rel?gio. Garante-se desta forma, a manuten??o do desempenho do sistema mesmo quando este estiver operando em ambientes expostos ao ru?do. Considerando que a interfer?ncia eletromagn?tica (EMI) ? uma das principais causas de oscila??es no barramento de alimenta??o de circuitos integrados (CI s), o que por sua vez compromete drasticamente a confiabilidade dos sistemas atrav?s da redu??o da margem de sinal/ru?do, este trabalho tem por objetivo validar a utiliza??o da t?cnica CDCDC para o aumento da robustez de CI s operando expostos ? EMI

In modern computing environments, hardware resources are commonly shared, and parallel computation is more widely used. Users run their services in parallel on the same hardware and process information with different confidentiality levels every day. Running parallel tasks can cause privacy and security problems if proper isolation is not enforced. Computers need to rely on a trusted root to protect the data from malicious entities. Intel proposed the Software Guard eXtension (SGX) to create a trusted execution environment (TEE) within the processor. SGX allows developers to benefit from the hardware level isolation. SGX relies only on the hardware, and claims runtime protection even if the OS and other software components are malicious. However, SGX disregards any kind of side-channel attacks. Researchers have demonstrated that microarchitectural sidechannels are very effective in thwarting the hardware provided isolation. In scenarios that involve SGX as part of their defense mechanism, system adversaries become important threats, and they are capable of initiating these attacks. This work introduces a new and more powerful cache side-channel attack that provides system adversaries a high resolution channel. The developed attack is able to virtually track all memory accesses of SGX execution with temporal precision. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate our attack to recover cryptographic AES keys from the commonly used implementations including those that were believed to be resistant in previous attack scenarios. Our results show that SGX cannot protect critical data sensitive computations, and efficient AES key recovery is possible in a practical environment. In contrast to previous attacks which require hundreds of measurements, this is the first cache side-channel attack on a real system that can recover AES keys with a minimal number of measurements. We can successfully recover the AES key from T-Table based implementations in a known plaintext and ciphertext scenario with an average of 15 and 7 samples respectively.

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Com o surgimento de novas tecnologias, tem crescido a necessidade de utiliza??o de novos materiais, e com isso tem se intensificado pesquisas sobre a obten??o e utiliza??o de materiais provenientes de fontes renov?veis, seja para reduzir os custos de produ??o e/ou impacto ambiental. Nesse contexto, verificou-se que a bainha da palha do coqueiro pode ser aproveitada como mat?ria-prima para a produ??o de um comp?sito que pode ser utilizado como isolante t?rmico e ac?stico. Depois de selecionadas as bainhas do coqueiro foram submetidas a tratamento com solu??o aquosa com 2% de hidr?xido de s?dio (NaOH). O comp?sito mencionado foi produzido com bainha do coqueiro e l?tex natural, com percentuais de bainha nas propor??es 15%, 25% e 35% do volume total do composto. As propriedades f?sico-mec?nicas avaliadas foram: Densidade, Absor??o de ?gua, Teor de Umidade, Microscopia Eletr?nica, Dureza Shore e Resist?ncia ? Tra??o. Al?m dos par?metros j? mencionados, foram determinadas a Condutividade T?rmica, Difusividade T?rmica, Resistividade T?rmica, Calor Espec?fico, Inflamabilidade, bem como a Isola??o Ac?stica, proporcionada pelo comp?sito em estudo. As an?lises foram fundamentadas em normas ABNT, ASTM e UL. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o comp?sito produzido a partir da bainha do coqueiro pode ser utilizado como isolamento t?rmico e ac?stico. Com isso, d?-se um fim mais nobre a este material, que na maioria das vezes ? queimado ou descartado inadequadamente no meio ambiente.
With the emergence of new technologies, has grown the need to use new materials, and this has intensified research on the collection and use of materials from renewable sources, is to reduce production costs and / or environmental impact. In this context, it was found that the sheath coconut straw, can be utilized as raw material for the production of a eco-composite that can be used as a thermal and acoustic insulator. After selected from the coconut sheaths were subjected to treatment with aqueous 2 % sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The composite study was produced with the sheath and coconut natural latex, with coconut sheath percentage in the proportions 15%, 25% and 35% of the total compound volume. Physical, thermal and acoustic properties of the composites were analyzed in order to obtain data on the use of viability as thermoacoustic insulation. The CP15 composites, CP25 and CP35 showed thermal conductivity 0.188 W/m.K, 0.155 W/m.K and 0.150 W/m.K, respectively. It can be applied as thermal insulation in hot systems to 200 ? C. The CP35 composite was more efficient as a thermal and acoustic insulation, providing 20% noise reduction, 31% and 34% for frequencies of 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz, respectively. The analyzes were based on ABNT, ASTM, UL. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the eco-composite produced the hem of coconut can be used as thermal and acoustic insulation. Thus, it gives a more noble end to this material, which most often is burned or disposed of improperly in the environment.

The main objective of this master thesis is to implement the numerical modelling of the confluence of streams in the Tee-junction using Fluent CFD software. Modelling is carried out for different ratios of flow rates in steady flow. Calculations are evaluated, using a new mathematical model, by curves of loss coefficients. Furthermore, the influence of the selected type of the mesh in geometry on results from numerical modelling of flow is examined. Geometry of the Tee-junction is created in Gambit software. Finally, the results obtained from numerical modelling are confronted with results from an experiment.

This thesis reports an investigation into the relationships between the tyre strain feature and tyre operating conditions based on finite element analysis and experiments for the development of a strain-based intelligent tyre system, which could estimate the tyre operating characteristics for optimising vehicle dynamics control and improving vehicle safety. A 175/505R13 tyre is adopted as the subject of this study. An efficient and effective material property determination procedure is developed for investigating the rubber and reinforcement material properties by experiment. Considering the possibility of the absence of tyre composite profile due to proprietary protection by tyre manufacturer, a novel imagebased method is developed to capture the tyre geometry feature from the tyre product cut cross-section. Both the 2D and 3D finite element tyre models are created in the commercial finite element code ABAQUS. The generated finite element tyre models are validated with experimental data and then adopted to construct the comprehensive relationship between tyre strain feature and tyre operating characteristics. Experimental validation of these estimation models are implemented based on a custom designed test system. Finally, some recommendations are presented for improving the capability of the finite element tyre model and the strain-based intelligent tyre test system.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The process of recycling has been stimulated by the markets for several reasons, mainly on economical and environmental. Several products have been developed from recycled materials that already exist as well as several residues have been studied in different forms of applications. The greater majority of the applications for thermal insulation in the domestic, commercial and industrial systems have been elaborated in the temperature ranges between low to medium reaching up to 180oC. Many materials such as glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene are being used which are aggressive to the environment. Such materials in spite of the effectiveness in the retention of heat flow, they cost more and when discarded take several years to be absorbed by the nature. This way, in order to adapt to a world politics concerning the preservation of the environment, the present study was intended to develop a material composed of natural/biodegradable materials and industrial residues. The development of such a product in the form of a composite material based on tyre scrapes and latex for thermal insulation is presented in this research work. Thermal and physical properties of the tire scrapes as well as latex were studied in order to use them as raw materials for the manufacture of the intended composite to be applied as a thermal insulator in hot and cold systems varying between 0?C and 200oC, respectively. Composite blankets were manufactured manually, in weight proportions of 1:1 (50:50%); 1:2 (33:67%) and 2:1 (67:33%) (tire scrapes: latex) respectively. Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were analyzed to obtain data about the viability of using the composite as a thermal insulator. The analyses carried out were based on standards ABNT, ASTM and UL. The maximum temperature obtained for the composite as a thermal insulator was 200?C, which meets the range of applications that could be used as a thermal insulator in domestic as well as industrial purposes. The experimental results prove that the composite can be used as a thermal insulator on heated or cooled surface
A reciclagem tem sido muito estimulada pelo mercado. J? existem v?rios produtos que s?o produzidos com materiais reciclados e v?rios res?duos t?m sido estudados nas mais diversas formas de aplica??es. A grande maioria das aplica??es de isolamento t?rmico em sistemas dom?sticos, comerciais e industriais na faixa de baixas e m?dias temperaturas (at? 180?C), utilizam materiais agressivos ? natureza tais como: l? de vidro, l? de rocha, poliuretano, poliestireno. Tais materiais, apesar da efic?cia na reten??o do fluxo de calor, t?m custo elevado e quando descartados demoram anos para serem absorvidos pela natureza. Dessa forma, tentando adequar-se a uma pol?tica mundial acerca da preserva??o do meio ambiente, foi realizado um estudo com o intuito de desenvolver um isolante t?rmico composto de materiais naturais/biodegrad?veis e rejeitos industriais. Com isso, esta pesquisa apresenta o desenvolvimento de um material comp?sito a base de raspas de pneu e l?tex para isolamento t?rmico. Para isso, analisou-se as propriedades t?rmicas e f?sicas da raspa de pneu e do l?tex visando a utiliza??o como mat?ria-prima para fabrica??o do comp?sito a ser aplicado como isolante t?rmico em sistemas quentes (at? 200?C) e frios (0?C). Atrav?s de processos manuais, foram fabricadas mantas do comp?sito nas propor??es em peso de 1:1 (50:50%); 1:2 (33:67%) e 2:1 (67:33%) (raspa de pneu : l?tex) respectivamente. Foram analisadas propriedades f?sicas e t?rmicas dos comp?sitos com intuito de obter dados sobre a viabilidade de uso como isolante t?rmico. As an?lises foram fundamentadas em normas ABNT, ASTM e UL. O limite de temperatura de trabalho obtido para o comp?sito foi de 200?C, que se encontra na faixa de aplica??es que abrangem desde o uso domestico at? o industrial. Os resultados obtidos experimentalmente comprovaram que o comp?sito, pode ser utilizado para fins de isolamento t?rmico tanto em superf?cies aquecidas como resfriadas

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Constantemente as concession?rias de energia el?trica v?m sendo auditadas pelo agente regulador para a melhoria dos indicadores de continuidade e qualidade dos servi?os prestados aos seus consumidores. Diante disso as distribuidoras de energia investem constantemente na melhoria das redes de distribui??o de energia como ? o caso de instala??o de dispositivos telecomandados visando ? reconfigura??o autom?tica dos circuitos em caso de defeito na rede alimentando os consumidores que ficam ilhados de forma r?pida observando as condi??es operacionais dos circuitos. Neste cen?rio, esse trabalho prop?e um projeto que visa ? melhoria de indicadores de continuidade de um conjunto el?trico da Companhia Energ?tica do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (COSERN), concession?ria com sede na cidade de Natal/RN, atrav?s de reconfigura??o autom?tica, ap?s indica??es de pontos espec?ficos na rede de dispositivos automatizados.
The concessionaries of electric power have been audited constantly by the regulating agent for improving the continuity indicators and quality of services provided to its customers. Based on that , the energy distribution constantly invest in improving the energy distribution networks such as installation of remote control devices aim automatic reconfiguration of the circuits in case of defect in the power in the electric grid that supplies the consumers when they are in a difficult situation so fast , observing the operating condition of the circuit . In this scenario, this work proposes a project so that aims to improve the continuity indicators of a electric set of the Companhia Energ?tica do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, energy provider located in Natal/RN , by automatic reconfiguration , after indication of specific points in the electric grid of the automated devices

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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
This study presents a description of the development model of a representation of simplified grid applied in hybrid load flow for calculation of the voltage variations in a steady-state caused by the wind farm on power system. Also, it proposes an optimal load-flow able to control power factor on connection bar and to minimize the loss. The analysis process on system, led by the wind producer, it has as base given technician supplied by the grid. So, the propose model to the simplification of the grid that allows the necessity of some knowledge only about the data referring the internal network, that is, the part of the network that interests in the analysis. In this way, it is intended to supply forms for the auxiliary in the systematization of the relations between the sector agents. The model for simplified network proposed identifies the internal network, external network and the buses of boulders from a study of vulnerability of the network, attributing them floating liquid powers attributing slack models. It was opted to apply the presented model in Newton-Raphson and a hybrid load flow, composed by The Gauss-Seidel method Zbarra and Summation Power. Finally, presents the results obtained to a developed computational environment of SCILAB and FORTRAN, with their respective analysis and conclusion, comparing them with the ANAREDE
Este trabalho apresenta uma descri??o do desenvolvimento de modelo para representa??o de rede simplificada aplicado em fluxo de carga h?brido para c?lculo das varia??es de tens?o em regime permanente provocadas pela conex?o de aerogeradores na rede el?trica. Al?m disso, se apresenta um fluxo de carga ?timo capaz de controlar remotamente o fator de pot?ncia na barra de conex?o e minimizar perdas. O princ?pio do processo de an?lise do sistema, conduzido pelo acessante, tem como base dados t?cnicos fornecidos pela rede acessada. Assim, se prop?e um modelo para simplifica??o de redes que permita a necessidade do conhecimento apenas dos dados referente a rede interna, ou seja, a parcela da rede de interesse para an?lise. Dessa forma, pretende-se fornecer meios para auxiliar na sistematiza??o das rela??es entre concession?ria e acessante. O modelo para simplifica??o de rede proposto identifica a rede interna, rede externa e as barras de fronteira a partir de dados provenientes de um estudo de vulnerabilidade da rede, atribuindo-as pot?ncias l?quidas flutuantes, ou seja, modelando-as como barras slack. Aplica-se o referido modelo no fluxo de carga Newton-Raphson e em um fluxo de carga h?brido, composto pelos m?todos de Gauss Seidel Zbarra e Soma de Pot?ncias. Ao final, apresentam-se os resultados obtidos por um ambiente computacional desenvolvido do SCILAB e FORTRAN, com suas respectivas an?lises e conclus?es, comparando-os com o ANAREDE

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Trading systems based on trend following strategies are applied by many investors when negotiating in the variable income markets, in operations conducted in several asset classes worldwide. These systems play an important role in investor decision-making process, but still require further study. In this dissertation, four trend following trading systems are presented, whose performances have been demonstrated in order to evaluate their effectiveness in the Brazilian variable income market. Two of the four proposed systems were evaluated in the stock market and the other two were considered for the future contract market. For this purpose, a historical series of asset prices available for trade between January 1995 and December 2014 at the S?o Paulo Mercantile and Futures Exchange. Through simulations, the systems showed that if they were traded on the stock market and futures markets in Brazil, they would generate profitability, indicating the existence of several trends in the assets studied, obtaining a performance superior to strategy of buying and hold in the market Ibovespa index. This study contributes to the discussion on the effectiveness of trading systems based on the trend following investment philosophy
Sistemas de negocia??o baseados em estrat?gias fundamentadas no trend following, s?o utilizados por in?meros investidores para negociarem nos mercados de renda vari?vel, em opera??es nas mais variadas classes de ativos no mundo. Esses sistemas desempenham papel importante na tomada de decis?o por parte de um investidor na realiza??o de uma negocia??o, no entanto, ainda precisam de maiores estudos. Nesta disserta??o, apresentamos quatro trading systems seguidores de tend?ncias, os quais tiveram suas performances demonstradas na perspectiva de avaliar a efic?cia desses trading systems no mercado de renda vari?vel brasileiro. Dois dos quatro sistemas propostos, foram avaliados no mercado de a??es e os outros dois foram considerados para opera??es no mercado de contratos futuros. Para tanto, foram consideradas s?ries hist?ricas de pre?os de ativos dispon?veis para negocia??o entre janeiro de 1995 ? dezembro de 2014, na Bolsa de Valores Mercadorias e Futuros de S?o Paulo. Atrav?s de simula??es, os sistemas demonstraram que caso fossem operados no mercado de a??es e/ou de futuros do Brasil, gerariam lucros, indicando-se a exist?ncia de diversas tend?ncias nos ativos estudados, obtendo-se performance superior ? estrat?gia de comprar e manter no ?ndice Ibovespa. O presente trabalho contribui na discuss?o a respeito da efic?cia de sistemas de negocia??o baseados na filosofia de investimento do trend following

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese von Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymeren, der Charakterisierung ihrer chemischen Struktur und ihres Mikrophasenseparationsverhaltens sowohl im Festkörper als auch in dünnen Filmen. Grundlegendes Ziel war die Einführung funktioneller Gruppen in ein Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymersystem. Eine erste Einschätzung der Effektivität von funktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren als Template für die Darstellung geordneter Silica-Strukturen über Sol-Gel-Reaktionen von Alkoxysilanen wurde angestrebt. Es wurde das Diblockcopolymersystem Poly(pentylmetacrylat-b-methylmethacrylat) PPMA-b-PMMA untersucht. Dieses wurde nach dem Mechanismus der anionischen Polymerisation dargestellt, um eine größtmögliche Kontrolle über Molmassen, Zusammensetzungen und Polydispersitäten ausüben zu können. Als vielseitig modifizierbare und stabile funktionelle Gruppe wurde die Allylfunktion ausgewählt. Diese konnte durch Endcapping mit Allylbromid an das Kettenende der Diblockcopolymere angebunden werden. An den Kettenanfang konnte die Allylfunktion durch Initiierung mittels Allyllithium gebunden werden. Durch Kombination von funktionellem Initiator und funktionellem Endcapping wurden bifunktionelle Diblockcopolymere erzeugt. Multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymerproben wurden ebenfalls durch anionische Polymerisation erhalten. Durch sequenzielle Polymerisation von PMA, Allylmethacrylat und schließlich MMA wurden Triblockcopolymere dargestellt. Zwei weitere Typen von multifunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren, in denen die funktionellen Gruppen nahezu statistisch verteilt über einen der beiden Blöcke vorliegen, wurden durch statistische Copolymerisation erhalten. Alle Klassen von mono-, di- und multiallylfunktionalisierten Blockcopolymeren konnten durch Hydroborierung mit 9-BBN und anschließende Oxidation in mono-, di- und multihydroxylfunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere überführt werden. Die polymeranaloge Umsetzung der Hydroxylfunktion in eine Triethoxysilylfunktionon konnte modellhaft an einem hydroxylfunktionalisierten PMMA durchgeführt werden. Das Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten der Blockcopolymere wurde durch eine Kombination von analytischen Methoden wie SAXS, T-SAXS, GISAXS, TEM und AFM untersucht. Der Einfluss von Anzahl und Position der funktionellen Gruppen auf die Phasenseparation wurde geprüft. Die dargestellten Blockcopolymere zeigen ein Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten, das weitgehend mit den bereits vorliegenden Ergebnissen übereinstimmt. Trotz des geringen Wechselwirkungsparamters von χPMA,MMA = 0,065 tritt Phasenseparation auf, der Übergang von nichtgeordneter zu geordneter Phase (ODT) kann an ausgewählten Proben verfolgt werden. Die Bulkmorphologien werden nicht durch die Anwesenheit von ein oder zwei funktionellen Gruppen der Allyl- oder Hydroxylfunktion beeinflusst. Sind deutlich mehr als zwei funktionelle Gruppen entlang der Blockcopolymerkette vorhanden, kann das Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten nicht mehr direkt mit dem der nichtfunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymere verglichen werden. Blockcopolymere mit funktionellen Gruppen, die statistisch verteilt über einen der Alkylmethacrylatblöcke vorliegen, verhalten sich prinzipiell wie Diblockcopolymere. Die Phasenseparation ist schlechter ausgeprägt als in reinen Diblockcopolymeren, teilweise kann keine Phasenseparation festgestellt werden. Zum Teil kann dies auf vergrößerte Polydispersitäten und nachträgliche partielle Vernetzungsreaktionen zurückgeführt werden. Durch den Einbau von deutlich mehr als zwei funktionellen Gruppen entlang der Kette wird eine Verstärkung der Tendenz zur Phasenseparation erreicht, wenn der effektive Wechselwirkungsparameter zwischen den Blöcken größer wird als im nichtfunktionalisierten Diblockcopolymeren. Sehr polare Gruppen wie Hydroxylfunktionen beeinflussen Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten und Morphologieausbildung der Alkylmethacrylat-Diblockcopolymere stärker als wenig polare Allylfunktionen. In Triblockcopolymeren mit einem multiallyl- bzw. multihydroxylfunktionalisierten Mittelblock strebt das System einem dreiphasigen Zustand entgegen. Die experimentellen Befunde zum Phasenseparationsverhalten wurden mit theoretischen Phasendiagrammen verglichen, die für nichtfunktionalisierte Diblockcopolymere und Triblockcopolymere mit einem multiallyl- oder multihydroxylfunktionalisierten Mittelblock durch Mean-Field-Kalkulation auf Basis der RPA simuliert wurden. Das experimentell ermittelte Phasenseparationsverhalten der dargestellten Proben erfolgt im Einklang mit der berechneten Spinodalbedingung. Zum besseren Verständnis des Phasenseparationsverhaltens wurde das dynamische Relaxationsverhalten des Systems betrachtet. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Untersuchungen mittels dielektrischer Breitbandspektroskopie durchgeführt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass lokale Beweglichkeiten in den untersuchten Blockcopolymeren gehemmt und kooperative Bewegungen der α-Relaxationsprozesse im PPMA-Block langsamer bzw. bei höheren Temperaturen und im glasartigen PMMA-Block schneller bzw. bei niedrigeren Temperaturen als in den jeweiligen Homopolymeren erfolgen. Nach Untersuchung der Festkörpermorphologie wurden nicht-, mono-, di- und multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere hinsichtlich ihrer Morphologieausbildung in dünnen Filmen untersucht. Prinzipiell finden sich in dünnen Filmen dieselben Morphologien wie in Bulk. Durch die eingeschränkte Geometrie der Filme kommt es in dicken Filmen zur Ausbildung von Strukturen, die parallel zur Siliciumwaferoberfläche ausgerichtet vorliegen, während in sehr dünnen Filmen mit Schichtdicken kleiner als die entsprechenden Bulkdomänenabstände stehende Strukturen erzwungen werden. Für zylindrische Morphologien ist der Einfluss der Filmdicke auf die Orientierung der Strukturen deutlicher als für symmetrische lamellare Morphologien. Im Hinblick auf eine spätere Anwendung von nanostrukturierten Diblockcopolymeren wurden im Rahmen des Projektes verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt, für die nicht-, mono- und difunktionalisierte Diblockcopolymerproben der vorliegenden Arbeit von Projektpartnern eingesetzt wurden. Besonders wichtig war in diesem Zusammenhang die Anwendung von Blockcopolymeren als Template zur Erzeugung geordneter Silica-Strukturen. An der Universität von Modena und Reggio Emilia wurde eine Dissertation zum Thema organisch-anorganischer Hybridmaterialien durch den Sol-Gel-Prozess angefertigt. Die in der genannten Arbeit entwickelten Methoden wurden für die vorliegende Arbeit übernommen und für multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymersysteme weiterführend selbst untersucht. Erste Untersuchungen zur Einschätzung der Templateigenschaften von Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymeren in Silica-Sol-Gel-Reaktionen wurden an einigen multihydroxylfunktionalisierten Di- und Triblockcopolymeren durchgeführt. Die ersten vorliegenden Ergebnisse geben Grund zur Annahme, dass multihydroxylfunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere in der Lage sind, die Ausbildung von Silica-Partikeln bei in-situ durchgeführten Sol-Gel-Reaktionen mit SiO2-Precursoren in eine Richtung zu lenken, eine chemische Anbindung von organischer und anorganischer Phase zu erzwingen und die Form der ausgebildeten Silica-Nanostrukturen durch die vorgegebene Diblockcopolymermorphologie zu beeinflussen. Tatsächlich ist es gelungen, Silica in geordneter Weise in die Zylindermorphologie von PPMA-b-PMMA-Diblockcopolymeren einzubinden. Versuche, die organische Matrix durch Lösungsmittel oder Pyrolyse zu entfernen und die verbleibenden Silica-Strukturen hinsichtlich Ihrer Form und Porosität zu charakterisieren, werden zukünftig zum Verständnis des Bildungsprozesses in einer bevorzugten Phase oder an deren Grenzfläche beitragen. Die Steuerung der Silica-Partikelform kann nur dann tatsächlich gezielt erfolgen, wenn Phasenverhalten und Morphologiebildung für das Composit-System mit Silica-Precursor und verschiedenen Zwischenstufen mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Wechselwirkungen zu den Blockcopolymerphasen sowohl aus theoretischer Sicht verstanden als auch experimentell über eine größere Bandbreite nachgewiesen wurden. Das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Blockcopolymersystem ließe sich in Bezug auf seine chemische Struktur sehr leicht auf vielfältige Weise erweitern. Für multifunktionalisierte Blockcopolymere bietet sich eine große Bandbreite von Variationen hinsichtlich Zusammensetzung, Molmasse und Verteilung von funktionellen Gruppen über beliebige Positionen entlang der Polymerkette sowohl innerhalb der drei für die vorliegende Arbeit gewählten Klassen von Di- und Triblockstrukturen als auch außerhalb dieser an. Es wurde gezeigt, dass eingebaute Allylfunktionen in der Lage sind, Vernetzungsreaktionen einzugehen, die u. U. steuerbar sind und zu definierten Nanogelstrukturen umgesetzt werden könnten. Kohlenstoffdoppelbindungen bieten Angriffspunkte für eine Vielzahl von polymeranalogen Umsetzungen, so dass aus allylfunktionalisierten Blockcopolymeren ein Pool von unterschiedlich funktionalisierten Blockcopolymeren darstellbar ist. Die Resultate der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass eine Anbindung funktioneller Gruppen an das Alkylmethacrylat-Blockcopolymer unter den gewählten Bedingungen mit guter Kontrolle über Anzahl und Position der Gruppen entlang der Kette grundsätzlich möglich ist. Der Einfluss der erzeugten funktionellen Gruppen auf das Mikrophasenseparationsverhalten des Blockcopolymersystems wurde eingeschätzt und wird in künftigen Arbeiten zum Verständnis der Strukturbildung in organisch/anorganischen Hybridmaterialien beitragen
The present study deals with the synthesis of alkyl methacrylate block copolymers, the characterization of their chemical structure and the microphase separation behavior in bulk and thin films. The main objective of this work was the attachment of functional groups to an alkyl methacrylate diblock copolymer system. A first evaluation of the ability of functionalized block copolymer structures to act as a templating material regarding silica formation in sol-gel synthesis of alkoxysilanes was aspired. The diblock copolymer system of poly(pentyl metacrylate-b-methyl methacrylate) (PPMA-b-PMMA) was chosen. It was synthesized following the mechanism of anionic polymerization to achieve effective control over molar mass, composition and polydispersity. The allyl functionality was chosen for a versatilely modifiable and stable functional group and attached to the terminal chain end by endcapping the living polymer chain ends with allyl bromide. The head of the chain was functionalized by initiation with allyl lithium. By combining functional initiation and endcapping, bifunctional diblock copolymers were synthesized. Furthermore multifunctionalized block copolymers were produced by anionic polymerization. By sequential anionic polymerization of PMA, allyl methacrylate and finally MMA, triblock copolymers were obtained. Two more classes of multifunctionalized block copolymers with functional groups randomly distributed in one of the two blocks were synthesized by random copolymerization. All types of mono-, di- and multiallylfunctionalized block copolymers were transformed into mono-, di- and multihydroxylfunctionalized block copolymers by hydroboration and subsequent oxidation. The polymer-analogue reaction of hydroxyl groups to triethoxysilane functions was carried out exemplarily for hydroxy terminated PMMA. The microphase separation behavior of the block copolymers was investigated by a combination of methods such as SAXS, T-SAXS, GISAXS, TEM and AFM. The influence of number and position of functional groups along the chain was examined. The block copolymers synthesized show a microphase separation behavior in accordance to previous results. Despite the low value of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χPMA,MMA = 0,065 phase separation occurred and the transition from the ordered to the disordered state (ODT) was followed for selected samples. Bulk morphologies are not influenced by the presence of one or two allyl or hydroxyl groups. In case of considerably more than two functional groups attached to the block copolymer chain the microphase separation behavior of nonfunctionalized and functionalized block copolymers cannot be compared directly. Block copolymers having functional groups randomly distributed along the chain of one of the two methacrylic blocks generally show the typical behavior of diblock copolymers. Their phase separation becomes less pronounced than in pure diblock copolymers, sometimes cannot be detected. To some extent this observation may be referred to increased polydispersities and partial crosslinking. If considerably more than two groups were attached to the block copolymer chain, the tendency towards phase separation increased in case of an increasing value of the effective interaction parameter compared to nonfunctionalized diblock copolymers. Microphase separation behavior and morphology formation are more affected by highly polar groups such as the hydroxyl function than by less polar groups like the allyl function. In triblock copolymers with a middle block of successive allyl or hydroxyl functions the systems tends to form a three phase system which offers much more possibilities regarding the formation of ordered structures. Experimental results of phase separation were compared to theoretical phase diagrams, which were calculated by a Mean Field approach for nonfunctionalized diblock and triblock copolymers with multiallyl- or multihydroxylfunctionalized middle block based on RPA. The experimental results are in good accordance with the simulated spinodal condition. To increase the understanding of microphase separation processes, the dynamic relaxation behavior of the system was investigated. Therefore samples were examined by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. It was shown that local movements of the block copolymer system were decelerated in general, cooperative dynamics of the α processes were slowed down for the fluent PPMA block while they were accelerated for the glassy PMMA block. After bulk morphology investigation thin films of non-, mono-, di- and multifunctionalized block copolymers were prepared. Generally thin films develope the same morphologies as in the bulk state. Due to the confined geometry of a thin film thick films tend to form structures oriented parallel to the wafer surface, while in thin films with thicknesses lower than the respective bulk domain spacing standing structures are constraint. For cylindrical morphologies the impact of film thickness is more obvious than in symmetric lamellar structures. With respect to a possible application of nanostructured diblock copolymers different approaches were taken by project partners using non-, mono- and difunctionalized block copolymers of the present study. Remarkable in this context was the application of block copolymers as template for the creation of ordered silica structures. A doctoral dissertation on organic/inorganic hybrid materials by sol-gel process was prepared in Modena. Methods developed in this thesis were adopted to the present study and further investigated on multifunctionalized block copolymer systems. First investigations aiming at the evaluation of the templating abilities of alkyl methacrylate block copolymers in silica sol-gel reactions were carried out with multihydroxyfunctionalized di- and triblock copolymers. Preliminary results give reason to the expectation of multihydroxyfunctionalized di- and triblock copolymers being able to direct the formation of silica nanoparticles in sol-gel reactions carried out in situ with silica precursors, enforcing the chemical bonding between organic and inorganic phases and influencing the shape of silica nanostructures by the default block copolymer nanostructure. Indeed silica was incorporated successfully into the cylindrical structure of PPMA-b-PMMA diblock copolymers. Future experiments on removing the organic matrix by solvent or pyrolysis to investigate shape and porosity of the remaining silica structures will increase the understanding of the silica formation process inside a preferential phase or at the interface of the block copolymers. Nevertheless, the silica particle shape can be taylored deliberately only if phase separation behavior and morphology evolution in the composite system containing silica precursor and several derivatives thereof with nonuniform interactions towards block copolymer phases are well understood from the theoretical point of view as well as experimental proof needs to be given over a broader range. The block copolymer system developed in the present study easily can be extended manifoldly regarding the chemical structure of the polymer. In the case of multifunctionalized block copolymers a tremendous variety of different products can be obtained by modulation of composition, molar mass and especially distribution of functional groups to any position along the polymer chain far beyond the limits of the three classes of multifunctionalized di- and triblockstructures chosen for this thesis. It was shown that allyl functions incorporated inherently are able to undergo crosslinking reactions, which may be controlled similarly to network formations by inorganic crosslinkers and may result in defined nanogel structures. Furthermore carbon doublebonds are open to attacks for various polymer-analogue reactions hence offering the possibility of creating a pool of differently functionalized block copolymers from a single sample of allylfunctionalized block copolymer. The results of the present study basically prove a feasibility of the binding of functional groups to alkyl methacrylate block copolymer chains with high control over number and position of functional groups along the polymeric chain. The impact of functional groups on the microphase separation behavior of the block copolymer system was evaluated and will increase the understanding of structure formation in organic/inorganic hybrid materials of future work

Dans le cadre du développement de radiotraceurs pour la Tomographie par Emission de Positons (TEP), nous avons effectué le marquage au carbone-11 de la mécamylamine et du SIB 1553A pour l'étude des récepteurs nicotiniques (nAChRs). La synthèse du [11C]-t-PAstop et le marquage par le tritium d'un analogue ont été effectués pour l'étude de l'ischémie cérébrale par TEP. La [11C]-mécamylamine, un antagoniste non compétitif et non sélectif des nAChRs, a été synthétisée en 45 min par une réaction de N-[11C]-méthylation. Ex vivo, chez le rat, l'absence de radiométabolites de la [11C]-mécamylamine dans le cerveau 45 minutes après son injection a été constatée. Les cinétiques de captage obtenues dans les différentes régions cérébrales chez le rat, le babouin anesthésié et le macaque vigile, présentent un plateau atteint vers 45-50 min après l'injection. Cependant, les expériences réalisées n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence une différence significative de marquage entre les différentes régions du cerveau. Les conditions de déplacement ou de saturation utilisées n'ont pas permis de déterminer un captage spécifique du traceur. La [11C]-mécamylamine ne présente donc pas toutes les caractéristiques pour l'étude des nAChRs par TEP. Le marquage du [11C]-SIB 1553A, un agoniste sélectif des sous-unités b4 des nAChRs, a nécessité la synthèse préalable du précurseur obtenu en 5 étapes avec un rendement global de 56%. La radiosynthèse a été réalisée en 36 min par une réaction de N-[11C]-méthylation (rendement : 75%). Le [11C]-t-PAstop a été obtenu à partir du [11C]-KCN avec des rendements de 80-90%. Pour la première fois en chimie du carbone-11, la formation d'une fonction amidine a été réalisée. La réaction d'échange isotopique de l'hydrogène par le tritium sur le t-PAstop n'a pas permis d'obtenir le [3H]-t-PAstop mais un analogue tritié de celui-ci qui permettra l'étude in vitro et in vivo de sa vectorisation par microencapsulation.

O aborto espontâneo recorrente (AER) é definido pela ocorrência de três ou mais abortos espontâneos consecutivos com idade gestacional de até 20 semanas. O AER é um evento multifatorial, tem um índice de elucidação da causa na ordem de 50% e, mesmo com os avanços da medicina diagnóstica ainda assim 40% dos casos permanecem com sua causa desconhecida. O crescimento fetal é totalmente dependente do aporte de nutrientes oirundos da mãe, dentre esses nutrientes a cobalamina e o ácido fólico desempenham um papel fundamental para a viabilidade fetal. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar se existe associação entre polimorfismos em genes relacionados ao metabolismo da cobalamina (MTHFR c.677C>T, TCN2 c. 776C>G e TCN2 c. 67A>G), e o aborto espontâneo recorrente. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo foram: 1 determinar se os polimorfismos MTHFR c. 677C>T, TCN2 c. 776C>G e TCN2 c. 67A>G estão associados ao aborto primário e secundário. 2 - Avaliar se os genótipos dos polimorfismos estudados estão relacionados com as concentrações séricas de cobalamina, folato e homocisteína total em mulheres com aborto espontâneo recorrente. Foram incluídas 256 mulheres com história de abortos espontâneos recorrentes, provenientes do Ambulatório de Obstetrícia da Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP e 264 mulheres saudáveis, sem história de aborto espontâneo e que tenham tido pelo menos duas gestações normais (grupo controle), pareadas segundo as idades. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para a realização das dosagens bioquímicas, hormonais e das vitaminas e também para a realização das genotipagens dos polimorfismos por meio de PCR-RPFL (MTHFR c.677C>T , TCN c.776C>G e c. 67A>G). As dosagens bioquímicas e hormonais apresentaram resultados dentro dos limites de variação do normal. Quanto as concentrações de folato e cobalamina, houve diferença estatística significante entre os grupos p<0,05. As frequências dos genótipos e alelos para os polimorfismos estudados comparadas entre os grupos abortos primário, aborto secundário e grupo controle não apresentaram diferença estatística significante. Optamos a seguir por dividir o grupo de estudo entre abortos primários, onde não existe história de feto viável, e secundário neste caso onde há história de feto viável. Desta forma foram refeitas as análises estatísticas entre os grupos e encontramos diferença estatísticamente significante p<0,05 quando confrontamos os genótipos do polimorfismo TCN c.776C>G entre o grupo primário e o grupo controle. Em conclusão, quando comparamos as frequência dos genótipos e alelos em conjunto não apresentaram associação com o AER. Quando comparado separadamente o grupo de aborto primário e grupo controle houve diferença estatística significante associando o polimorfismo TCN2 c.776C>G ao AER primário.
The recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined by the occurrence of three or more consecutive miscarriages with gestational age up to 20 weeks. The AER is a multifactorial event, has an index of elucidating the cause of around 50% and, even with advances in diagnostic medicine still remain 40% of cases with a known cause. Fetal growth is totally dependent on the supply of nutrients from the mother oirundos among these nutrients cobalamin and folic acid play a key role in fetal viability. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between polymorphisms in genes related to metabolism of cobalamin (MTHFR c.677C> T, c TCN2. 776c> G and c TCN2. 67A> G), and recurrent miscarriage. The specific objectives of this study were: 1 determine whether MTHFR c. 677C> T, TCN2 c. 776c> G and c TCN2. 67A> G are associated with abortion primary and secondary. 2 - Assess whether the genotypes studied polymorphisms are associated with serum concentrations of cobalamin, folate and total homocysteine in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion. We included 256 women with a history of recurrent miscarriages, from the Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medicine, USP and 264 healthy women with no history of miscarriage and have had at least two normal pregnancies (group control), matched according to age. Blood samples were collected to perform the biochemical, hormonal and vitamins and also to perform the genotyping of polymorphisms by PCR-RPFL (MTHFR c.677C> T, TCN c.776C> G and c. 67A> G). The biochemical and hormonal results presented within the limits of normal variation. As the concentrations of folate and cobalamin, statistically significant difference between groups p <0.05. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles for the polymorphisms studied compared between groups abortions primary, secondary and abortion control group showed no statistically significant difference. We chose then to divide the study group between primary abortions where there is a history of viable fetus, and secondary in this case where there is a history of viable fetus. Thus were repeated statistical analyzes between groups and found statistically significant difference p <0.05 when confronted TCN genotypes of polymorphism c.776C> G between the primary group and the control group. In conclusion, when comparing the frequency of genotypes and alleles together apresntaram no association with AER. When compared separately the group of abortion primary and control group was statistically significant associated polymorphism TCN2 c.776C> G the primary AER.

Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellte Verfahren der nicht-radioaktiven Southern Blot Hybridisierung unter Verwendung einer Digoxigenin Markierung hat sich für die Darstellung von Rekombinationen im TEL-Genlokus genomischer DNA als sensitive Vergleichsmethode bewiesen. Es wurden insgesamt 122 Kinder mit dieser Methode auf das Vorliegen der Translokation t(12;21) untersucht. Bei einer nur relevante Faktoren berücksichtigenden Beschränkung des PatientInnenkollektivs auf protokollgerecht nach ALL-REZ BFM behandelte B-Vorläufer-Zell-ALL und Erstrezidive konnte eine Rekombination von TEL in 5 von 65 PatientInnen (7,7%) nachgewiesen werden. Lässt man die Einschlusskriterien der ALL-REZ BFM Studie unberücksichtigt, handelt es sich sogar um 7 von 71 (9,9%) PatientInnen. Damit bestätigen die hier vorliegenden Ergebnisse den Trend der aktuellen Diskussion über die Häufigkeit des Vorliegens des Fusionsgenes TEL-AML1 bei Erstrezidiven, die eine kumulative Inzidenz bei einem 10-jährigen Untersuchungszeitraum von 9 ± 5% angeben. Weiterhin konnte mit ereignisfreien Beobachtungszeiträumen nach dem 1. Rezidiv im Median von 8,6 Jahren ein Trend zu späten Rezidiven und somit eine mittelfristig günstige Prognose für die TEL-Rearrangement positiven Rezidivfälle konstatiert werden. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass TEL-AML1 positive PatientInnen eine Subgruppe darstellen, die lange erkrankungsfreie Intervalle mit zur Zeit üblichen Therapieprotokollen erreichen, nach Therapie der Ersterkrankung aber auch nach dem ersten Rezidiv. Auf Grund der sich aus dem retrospektiven PatientInnekollektiv ergebenen Selektion war es nicht möglich, statistisch signifikante Aussagen zur unabhängigen prognostischen Bedeutung für die langfristige Prognose von ALL im Kindesalter mit TEL-Rekombinationen zu treffen.
The presence of TEL/AML1 fusion gene in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) defines a subgroup of patients with better than average outcome. Around 20% of the patient at point of initial ALL diagnosis are characterised by this fusion transcript from translocation t(12;21)(p12;q22). However, the prognostic significance of this aberration has recently been disputed by the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) study group due to its relatively high incidence found in relapsed patients (19.6% and 21.9%, in two cohorts). Here we wanted to get more data in a long term follow up retrospect investigation by analysing DNA from frozen conserved bone marrow samples of 65 children. In the study presented here only five out of 65 (7.7%) patients selected as childhood B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia only treated according to Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) ALL relapse trial protocols (ALL-REZ BFM 82-96) (excluding T-lineage and Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive leukaemia) carry this fusion. The detection was done due to a new developed non-radioactive Southern blotting with a Digoxigenin marked template. We could confirm the still good middle term prognosis in the relapsed TEL-AML1 positive subgroup. The TEL-AML1-positive and negative patients differed with respect to duration of last remission and age at initial diagnosis. At a median follow-up time of 8.6 years, children positive for TEL-AML1 had a higher probability of disease-free survival. Because of the small number of patients in this study it was not possible to get statistical significant facts about the independent prognostic impact for the long term prognosis of ALL in childhood with TEL rearrangement.

Les ligands pour le diagnostic précoce de la maladie d'Alzheimer par des techniques d'imageries nucléaires (TEP, TEM. . . . ) actuellement en cours d'études peuvent être répartis en trois catégories : les dérivés de la Thioflavine T (ThT), les styrylbenzenes (SB) et les aminonaphtyles. Jusqu'à présent peu d'études fondamentales portant sur l'interaction des petites molécules avec les agrégats amyloïdes ß ont été effectuées. Les variations de structures ne semblent pas être issues d'un design moléculaire rationnel, mais plutôt obtenues de manière presque aléatoire. Durant ce travail de thèse, nous avons synthétisé les composés dérivant de la ThT et effectué une étude rationnelle de leur relation structure-affinité pour les agrégats amyloïdes. Tout d'abord, les dérivés de la ThT ont été obtenus avec de bons rendements par activation au micro-onde ou de manière catalytique en présence de lanthanide. Diverses fonctions ont par la suite pu être introduites soit par alkylation réductrice en présence de dérivés carbonylés ou par des réactions de couplage de Suzuki. Le transfert de ces méthodes sur un automate de synthèse pour une synthèse parallèle a été exploré. Nous avons ensuite préparé et caractérisé les agrégats amyloïdes in vitro. Enfin, nous avons déterminé les constantes d'affinités de ces dérivés pour les agrégats amyloïdes in vitro. Une étude rationnelle nous a permis de proposer certaines hypothèses permettant une amélioration de l'affinité. Ce travail de thèse nous a permis de proposer des méthodes alternatives permettant d'obtenir les ligands de la famille de la ThT, il nous a permis d'obtenir des dérivés pouvant être fonctionnalisés ultérieurement, de proposer des hypothèses sur le design des composés de la famille de la ThT permettant d'avoir une forte affinité pour les agrégats amyloïdes. Cette étude sera poursuivie dans le but de synthétiser des composés ayant une meilleure affinité et une spécificité pour l'utilisation par imagerie TEP
Three main categories of PET ligands (ThioflavinT (ThT), styrylbenzene (SB) and aminonaphtyl derivatives) of Alzheimer's disease associated aggregates are currently under investigation for the early diagnostic by this molecular imaging technique. Yet not much is known about the structure/function relationships explaining the nature of the interaction marker/ aggregate and most improvement of binding affinity seemed to arise from random studies. In the course of this PhD work, we have synthesized ThT derivatives and started a rational structure/affinity study. First of all, syntheses of derivatives have been carried out either under microwave irradiation or using lanthanide catalysis. Further functionnalization has been obtained either by the way of reductive alkylation with an array of carbonyl derivatives, or using Suzuki cross coupling. Benzothiazole derivatives were obtained in all cases with good to excellent yields. The transfer of these syntheses to an automatised synthesiser allowing parallel synthesis has been explored. We then prepared and characterized amyloïd fibrils in vitro. Finally, in vitro binding affinities of theses derivatives to different amyloïd aggregates have been determined by Chemical Physics techniques. This enabled us to propose some important feature regarding the marker/Amyloid beta fibrils interaction. This work now allows us to propose efficient alternative methods to obtain such PET radioligands, this gives an efficient access to a broad array of derivatives of this family and to their later functionnalization. One can also propose some hypotheses regarding the molecular design of binding affinity of this family of ligand to amyloïd fibrils. This study will be pursued in order to synthesize radioligands with better binding affinity and specificity for PET imaging