Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Teneur en éléments traces métalliques'
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Gavalda, David. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques dans les boulbènes (luvi-redoxisol) après épandage de boues granulées." Toulouse, INPT, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPT007A.
Full textVinit-Dunand, Florence. "Phytotoxicité et transfert sol-plante des éléments traces métalliques : influence de l'alimentation minérale." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2047.
Full textThe first aim of this work was to improve the knowledge of copper excess effects on photosynthesis and growth of plants. Growth inhibition of cucumber plants by low copper excess induce photosynthesis inhibition. By strong copper contamination the photosynthesis and the growth are directly altered. The storage of metals in the roots seems to be a shoots protection strategy for plants. An other aim of this work was to bring about the influence of sulphur supply on phytotoxicity and soil to plant copper transfers. A sufficient sulphur nutrition gives a slight protection for leaf expansion of cucumber contaminated by low copper excess. This positive influence is not linked with modification of soil to plant copper transfers. The hypothesis would be that the mechanisms of protection and detoxification such as ascorbate-glutathion cycle or phytochelatins could be involved
Tanguy, Virginie. "Spéciation colloïdale des éléments traces métalliques en milieu estuarien." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708258.
Full textBlain, Stéphane. "Application de polyamines immobilisées à la préconcentration de traces métalliques en milieu marin." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2020.
Full textParat, Corinne. "Effets à long terme de l'apport répété de déchets organiques sur l'évolution de la matière organique et des éléments traces métalliques dans un sol sableux acide (Couhins, 33)." Dijon, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01556412.
Full textPonthieu, Marie. "Spéciation des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols et les solutions des sols : du modèle au terrain." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30059.
Full textNowadays, environmental problems related to soil pollution with heavy metals are numerous, therefore, it is important to understand metals behavior in soils and to appreciate their transfer. The fate of the metals in the environment is closely related to their interactions with the major reactive soil compartments (organic matter, iron and manganese oxides, clays). The objective of this work is to develop an approach based on the combination of several model to study metal ion speciation in the soil and the soil solution. Models used to describe the interactions of metals with the main reactive phases in the soil are CD-MUSIC (amorphous and crystallized iron oxides), NICA-Donnarf (organic matter and manganese oxides), cationic ion exchange model (clays). First, this work implies the definition of generic parameters to describe the interactions of the studied metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) with iron and manganese oxides, a part of this information is missing in the literature. Then, after the validation of the approach by comparison with analytical results, this multi-surface model is applied to two contaminated soils located in the North of France (atmospheric deposits) and in Brittany (intensive pig manure applications)
Gounou, Catherine. "Mobilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments : couplage et comparaison des approches chimique et microbiologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0074/document.
Full textAntropic activities lead to the metallic contamination of river sediments. Most of trace metals are sorbed on sediments but a part of them can be released into aquatic environment when environmental conditions are modified. This is often due by the autochthonous microbial activity. Microbial activites and their consequences on the mobility of metals have been widely studied in soils. Metals are released through direct or indirect microbial mechanisms. Such studies in the case of sediments are very seldom. However, it can be usefull to understand the microbial mechanisms of metal release in sediments, and particularly for a good management of dredged sediments. In this environmental framework, the aim of this research work was to understand and to evaluate the role of the microbial and chemical mechanisms in the release of metals from river sediments in anaerobic conditions. Firstly, sediments from the Marne and Seine rivers were incubated in anaerobic conditions. A high solubilisation of iron and manganese occurred associated to the solubilisation of trace metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Pb). Meanwhile, organic acids were produced and the medium was acidified. Thus fermentation was supposed to be the main process of microbial metabolism. Furthermore these observations led us to suppose the presence of iron-reducing bacteria. In a second step, the extent of the iron-reducing activity was studied. The main iron-reducing bacteria identified in the Marne sediments belonged to the species Clostridium butyricum and Paenibacillus polymyxa. The use of a geochemical model revealed that fermentation and reduction of iron(III) were the main metabolic pathways. Finally direct (enzymatic reduction) and indirect (complexation with organic acids, acidification) impacts of iron-reducing bacteria on the release of metals were compared. Acidification and organic acids had a weak impact on metal solubility in the range of studied pH (between 6,5 and 5). Enzymatic reduction is the main mechanisms of metal release in anaerobic conditions. Indeed the metallic concentrations can be 40 times higher in the presence of iron-reducing bacteria
Gineys, Nathalie. "Influence de la teneur en éléments métalliques sur les propriétés techniques et environnementales du ciment Portland." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10111/document.
Full textThe use of Portland cement to immobilise waste through the process of stabilization / solidification is particularly effective. However, the treatment of numerous wastes containing a high content in metallic elements is still problematic. Indeed, some elements may modify the reactivity of Portland cement. For example, waste from nuclear activities which contain large amounts of zinc chloride, are known to completely inhibit the reactivity of Portland cement. One solution to solve this problem would be to use an alternative method to valorise these wastes without affecting the technical and environmental properties of cement. The work investigates the potential of immobilisation in cement kilns during the process of clinker sintering wastes highly contaminated in metallic elements. Three main aspects were considered. The first one dealt with the maximum amounts (threshold limits) of trace elements that could be incorporated into the clinker. The second step consisted to compare the potential of waste immobilisation through the stabilization / solidification process and during the sintering process. Finally, a more complex system simulating wastes containing several main metallic elements was investigated. The objective was to assess whether this type of waste can be immobilise into clinker. It appeared that large amounts of metallic elements can be incorporated during the sintering process without affecting the reactivity and technical properties of the Portland cement. In addition, preliminary results suggest that the durability of the cement matrix could be improved because the metallic elements are largely incorporated into C-S-H
Qasim, Bashar Hussein. "Détermination, spéciation et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols contaminés et technosols." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2069/document.
Full textThis thesis dealt with the determination and study of the ecodynamics of trace metals in technosols highly contaminated in metals and metalloids in the context of natural revegetalisation or phytoremediation. Two sequential extraction schemes were used jointly with selective extractions in parallel with the determination of the total metals concentration in soils, the total dissolved metals concentration in the soil pore water, the metals labile pool (DGT) and germination tests with dwarf beans to investigate the speciation, mobility and phytoavailability of (Zn, Pb, Cd, As and Sb) for technosols of two post-mining (La Petite Faye) and industrial (Mortagne du Nord) sites. Additionally, young plants of P. euramericana Dorskamp were cultivated in rhizobox on Mortagne du Nord technosols to investigate the rhizospheric effect on the mobility of metals. Moreover, the effect of nitrogen addition under nitrate and ammonium on the behavior of these metals has been investigated for P. euramericana Dorskamp for the same soils. Despite the high total metals and metalloids concentration in the La Petite Faye soils, the mobility of these potentially toxic elements is limited because of their association with the residual fraction. The phytoavailability is also limited and correlated with the labile pool of technosols. The culture of P. euramericana Dorskamp generated a rhizospheric effect characterized by an increase of the pH and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the soil pore water and a decrease in the total dissolved concentration of metals (Zn, Pb et Cd) in the soil pore water. The addition of nitrogen under nitrate or ammonium respectively increased and decreased the soil pore water pH and in the case of ammonium the DOC also increased and stabilized metals in the rhizosphere in comparison to control soils
Lesven, Ludovic. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques au sein du sédiment : un compartiment clé de l'environnement aquatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10112.
Full textThe pollution of aquatic ecosystems by trace metals (TM) is one of the major problems to which is faced our present society. These metals pass in transit through the water column and are finally trapped in sediments. From then on, they are involved in several biogeochemical reactions that likely modify more or less significantly their speciation and therefore their (bio)availability for the whole trophic chain. My researches are involved in this environmental topic and take part in the European Program INTERREG-III, Stardust. Three cross-border sites between France and Belgium have mainly been considered for this thesis: Scheldt, Lys and Spierre rivers. Trace metal analysis in the three sites sediments have pointed out high contamination by cadmium. However the metals (mainly Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) are mostly trapped in the reduced sulphur pool in these sediments. Conversely, Co and Ni are less trapped in these sediments due to their higher availability. Several sediment and porewater quality indexes have been used and shown that Spierre sediments seem to have a low toxicity according to the high AVS concentrations whereas interstitial waters are more polluted because of the low water hardness. Furthermore, the DGT -AgI technique used for the determination of dissolved sulphides has been deployed successfully in the North Sea sediment core to emphasize the sëasonal effect on the sulphides production. ln the same way, our work on gold microelectrodes results finally in the monitoring on line of Zn and Pb concentration in Deùle river, and sorne preliminary measurements directly in the Deûle sediments
Lesven, Ludovic. "Devenir des éléments traces métalliques au sein du sédiment : un compartiment clé de l'environnement aquatique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10112/document.
Full textThe pollution of aquatic ecosystems by trace metals (TM) is one of the major problems to which is faced our present society. These metals pass in transit through the water column and are finally trapped in sediments. From then on, they are involved in several biogeochemical reactions that likely modify more or less significantly their speciation and therefore their (bio)availability for the whole trophic chain. My researches are involved in this environmental topic and take part in the European Program INTERREG-III, Stardust. Three cross-border sites between France and Belgium have mainly been considered for this thesis: Scheldt, Lys and Spierre rivers. Trace metal analysis in the three sites sediments have pointed out high contamination by cadmium. However the metals (mainly Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) are mostly trapped in the reduced sulphur pool in these sediments. Conversely, Co and Ni are less trapped in these sediments due to their higher availability. Several sediment and porewater quality indexes have been used and shown that Spierre sediments seem to have a low toxicity according to the high AVS concentrations whereas interstitial waters are more polluted because of the low water hardness. Furthermore, the DGT -AgI technique used for the determination of dissolved sulphides has been deployed successfully in the North Sea sediment core to emphasize the sëasonal effect on the sulphides production. ln the same way, our work on gold microelectrodes results finally in the monitoring on line of Zn and Pb concentration in Deùle river, and sorne preliminary measurements directly in the Deûle sediments
Denayer, Franck-Olivier. "Écotoxicité des éléments traces métalliques chez les bryophytes : mise au point d'un bryocapteur des retombées atmosphériques à l'aide de Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid." Metz, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2000/Denayer.Franck_Olivier.SMZ0051.pdf.
Full textLarrose, Aurélie. "Quantification et spatialisation de la contamination en éléments traces métalliques du système fluvio-estuarien girondin." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14285/document.
Full textThe Gironde estuarine system is impacted by historic polymetallic pollution due to mining and smelting activities in the upper watershed. Based on a high spatial resolution sampling strategy, wepropose the first maps of trace element (TE) contamination in the surface sediment at the estuarine scale. The highest TE concentrations occurred in the North Channel in the downstream estuary and inthe island zone in the upper estuary. Estimation of potentially releasable TE fraction, of enrichment factors and a comparison between measured TE concentrations and sediment quality guidelines allow us to class a major part of the estuary as a low to medium priority zone in terms of potential toxicityfor aquatic organisms.The TE contamination in the intra-estuarine watersheds included in a project of water quality management of the Gironde estuary (SAGE), was assessed for 57 watersheds by coupling into GIS,typological characteristics of the watersheds and geochemical analyses of stream sediments. Highest anomalies were found for urban watersheds for which urban tracers were identified as Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg,Sb and Zn, and for vineyard watersheds with Cu. A study of temporal and spatial variations of TEconcentrations in two small agricultural watersheds lead us to identify inputs from point and diffusive sources, especially for Ag, As, Cu and U related to anthropogenic activities. Marsh areas also play an important role in TE reactivity mainly due to organic matter transformations. In laboratory experiments simulating the transportation of TE from agricultural soils to aquatic systems and the maturing process of soil particles in the stream help us to identify processes responsible for TE release in the environment. Long term release of copper was mainly attributed to organic colloid transformation which implies an increase in the mobility, and consequently, the potential bioavailability/toxicity of Cu for aquatic organisms
Durrieu, Gael. "Apports fluviaux et atmosphériques d'éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes en zone côtière méditerranéenne : cas de la rade de Toulon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL0015.
Full textCoastal areas represent a major issue in terms of economic activities and preservation of a good chemical and ecological status of the natural environment. If on a global scale (sea or ocean) the flow of contaminants, especially trace metals and metalloids (TMM) are relatively well studied and described, this is not the case for more enclosed areas on a more local scale. The Toulon Bay, which has a semi-closed morphology, is surrounded by a large urban area (450 000 inhabitants) with a strong anthropic activity (first military port in France, civil ports, passenger transport, aquaculture, ...). These present and past activities, such as the Second World War, have led to a strong sedimentary contamination as well as a strong gradient of concentrations in TMM between the South of the large bay, connected to the Mediterranean Sea, and the most enclosed parts of the small bay. In this context of contaminated coastal zone, the objective of this work is to evaluate the contribution of the fluvial and atmospheric contributions in TMM to the Toulon Bay. The proposed sampling method associating field sensors, particle traps and punctual sampling differentiated between base flow and flood allowed to obtain a chronicle of TMM inputs considering the meteorological variability. The results show that the inputs of TMM by the rivers (Las and Eygoutier) are preponderant during floods and in the particulate fraction and are more particularly worrying for copper and zinc which exceed the regulatory thresholds. In the Las, the preponderant contribution remains however the dissolved copper during the flood. In the Eygoutier, the values obtained are lower than the measurements previously carried out in 2004. Base flow inputs are largely in the minority and high levels of cadmium and mercury in the particles were measured without being able to identify their source. Atmospheric inputs of TMM are dominated by the particulate fraction with levels exceeding the regulatory thresholds by a factor of 2 to 4 for copper, lead and zinc. At the bay scale, river inputs remain higher than atmospheric inputs for all the TMM. By making a balance on the whole of the bay and by considering the other existing sources (ports, runoff, wastewater treatment plant, sedimentary diffusion), the contribution of river and atmospheric inputs is estimated at 4% for mercury, around 30% for copper and cadmium and nearly 70% for lead and chromium. The balance of TMM inputs in the bay leads to describe the bay as a source of contamination for the Mediterranean Sea. This is confirmed by the net export calculated for lead, mercury, and cadmium, while for copper and nickel missing sources remain to be determined to confirm the hypothesis. For zinc and arsenic, too much variability prevents conclusions being drawn, and these estimates need to be refined
Louriño, Cabana Beatriz. "Comportement des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans deux systèmes aquatiques soumis à des activités minières et métallurgiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10033/document.
Full textTrace-metals behaviour had been studied in two different aquatic systems contaminated by mining and metallurgical activities. The first study site is situated in two Norwegian rivers (Raubekken and Vorma). Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations in both rivers were measured by voltammetry by means of an automatic monitoring system developed by the NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology). The most significant result of this study was the daily variability of these three metals in Vorma, with noticeable shifts of metal-content maxima detected. The second study site is situated in Deûle river, close to the ancient smelter Metaleurop. Although suspended particles and sediments were strongly contaminated by Pb, Zn and Cd, the global quality of the filtered water was found to be good. As for the water-sediment interface, the oxidation of biodegradable organic matter and the reduction of iron and manganese oxides result in an important release of trace metals in interstitial waters from surface sediments. Nevertheless, measured and calculated diffusive and benthic fluxes of trace metals from the sediment to the water column were weak with respect to daily metal-concentrations variations in the water column. During monitoring campaigns in winter, it was shown that an increase of dissolved zinc occurred in the water column a few hours after sediment resuspension events, whereas in spring this phenomenon is more dependent upon temperature variations between day and night and phytoplankton activity as key parameters of daily cycles
Rigaud, Sylvain. "Dynamique et biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les sédiments de l'étang de Berre." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30054.
Full textThe industrialization of the Berre lagoon in the 20th century was accompanied by large releases trace metals, which were partially accumulated in sediments and are now likely to be remobilized to the water column or be integrated into the food chain and cause an ecotoxicological risk.The reconstruction of the temporal and spatial trends of sediment contamination shows that current levels of contamination of surface sediments have been the lowest for decades in agreement with the effectiveness of regulations on industrial releases set up in the years 1970. These levels are low to moderate in surface but very high contamination exist a few centimeters below the sediment surface.The role of Fe and Mn oxy-hydroxides and sulfides in controlling the mobility of ETM in the sediment and fluxes at the water/sediment interface has been demonstrated through the modeling of transport and reactions of chemical compounds and trace metals in the pore waters, their concentration profiles in the reactive fraction of the particulate phase and experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. The oxygenation of the water column is the main parameter influencing the mobility and fluxes and the influence of reoxygenation of bottom water column in the Grand Etang is discussed.Finally, the bioavailability of trace metals and adverse effects they may constitute for a target benthic organism, the polychaete Nereis succinea, were evaluated by estimating the potentially bioavailable fraction in sediments (chemical extractions and Diffusive Gradient in Thin-films), by measuring bioaccumulated concentrations and by the use of biomarkers (metallothioneins and genotoxicity assays). Some highly bioaccumulated trace metals pose a potential risk and might be involved in the degradation of the benthic macrofauna
Faucher, Stéphane. "Développement de méthodes d’évaluation de la teneur en éléments trace pour la qualité sanitaire des récoltes." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3042/document.
Full textThis study concerns the establishment of tools, which allow evaluating the transfer of trace elements from agricultural soils to plants. It focused on four metal trace elements regulated in soil and/or in plants, which are cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, as well as a trace element in the process of regulation, arsenic. First, a sampling protocol was developed in order to dispose of a tool of pre-harvest diagnostic. The specifications were defined such that this protocol is operational, representative of the parcel, applicable to various parcels and crops and authorizes a spatial distribution of the trace element concentration. It is based on random stratified type in order to be able to cover the whole of the considered area. Then, the study focused on the development of a soil analysis method by electrochemistry in order to dispose of a tool for assessing the potential bioavailability of trace elements and therefore the risk of the soil - plant transfer. For that, the electrolabile form concentrations of these elements were determined by anodic stripping voltammetry using screen printed electrodes produced at the laboratory. The method was developed and validated from a solution of a mineralized certified reference soil. It was subsequently applied to solutions of different agricultural soils obtained by leaching according to a normalized protocol (NF ISO 18772)
Hamzeh, Mariam. "Dynamique, comportement et toxicité des éléments traces métalliques à l’interface eau-sédiment dans l’estuaire de la Seine." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10056/document.
Full textThe present work is a part of TOXSEINE project included in “Seine-aval IV Program”. The main focal points of the research are: study of the behavior and the toxicity of trace metals at water-sediment interface of the Seine estuary. Our work is conducted on different sites along the estuary reaching the mudflat of the river. The following study has revealed high levels of metal contamination in Seine sediment especially with Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn particularly in the upstream river. Other part of the work is devoted for the study of the disponibility and toxicity of metals by calculation of toxicity index and the use of bioessay (Microtox test). The accumulated trace metals in sediment represent a source of pollution and a potential threat to aquatic ecosystem especially during their release due to sediment resuspension caused by tide effect, traffic boat and dredging activities. For these reasons, the mobility of ETM is studied taking into consideration: adsorption phenomena, desorption, kinetics of metal release. The results have indicated an important lability of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu) and positive correlation between the chemical contamination and the biological response
El, Houssainy Amonda. "Apports de géochimie sédimentaire des éléments traces métalliques dans deux zones côtières méditerranéennes urbanisées : Beyrouth (Liban) et Toulon (France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0011.
Full textMediterranean Sea (MS) is a semi-enclosed sea divided into two basins: the Occidental and the Oriental basins. The two studied Mediterranean sites in this thesis are located respectively at N-W of MS and S-E of France for Toulon Bay and at E of MS, Lebanon for St-Georges Bay. They both host high population density especially along the coast and therefore exposed to numerous anthropogenic activities (e.g. tourism, marine transport, aquaculture, wastewater discharge, and industrial activities) contaminating the surrounding environment (water column, sediment, biota …) with different contaminants such as trace metals (TM). In addition, each site is characterized by the presence of an urbanized river: le Las (France) and Beirut River (Lebanon). Sediments are considered as a secondary source of contamination due to biogeochemical processes influencing TM mobility in the sediments. In this context, the objectives of this thesis are (1) to investigate TM contamination along the rivers and in bays; (2) to elucidate the influence of early diagenesis on TM mobility; and (3) to characterize organic matter at both sites. For all the above, superficial sediments, sediment cores, superficial waters and pore waters were collected along the two rivers and at both sites during the period 2016-2018. Sediments and waters samples were analyzed for main physical parameters, nutrients, organic carbon (dissolved and particulate) and major/ trace elements. Results showed that early diagenesis processes strongly control TM mobility in the sediments. In addition, the results confirmed that Toulon bay is strongly contaminated due to the 2nd World War and the present bay activities. The Las River inputs do not contribute and affect significantly the sediments of Toulon Bay. As for St-Georges Bay, we found that it has been impacted by several activities (industrial effluents discharged without treatment, runoff from agricultural zone) transported by Beirut River and/or by direct inputs (coastal landfill)
Hernandez, Laura. "Dynamique des éléments traces métalliques dans les sols de différents écosystèmes forestiers français : origine, distribution physique et chimique et facteurs de contrôle." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30067.
Full textSuperville, Pierre-Jean. "Suivi en ligne par voltampérométrie de la spéciation des éléments traces métalliques et des espèces soufrées réduites en cours d’eau : de la conception de la station de mesure aux applications environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10014.
Full textIn order to better understand the dynamic fate and speciation of trace metals in the aquatic systems, an Automatic Trace metal Monitoring Station (ATMS) based on voltammetric techniques has been developed during this PhD. This ATMS includes a potentiostat-galvanostat, a stand with a measurement cell, pumps and burettes and is handled with optimized procedures to measure hourly the concentrations of électrolabile and acid-leachable trace metals. Another set of procedures was also developed for the measurement of reduced sulphur species which can greatly influence the metal speciation. These methods have been applied to the Deûle River, daily navigated, downstream of a metallurgical complex, where sediments are heavily contaminated, especially with Zn and Pb. The results demonstrate for the first time in this kind of aquatic system that the chronic resuspension of sediment leads to the desorption of trace metals from sedimentary particles and their dilution in the overlying water. Furthermore, the set of data recorded during the year 2011 reveals an evolution of these sorption mechanisms. A strong bacterial activity in the sediment in summer seems indeed to result in the formation of less-efficient-metal-bounding particulate phases. Thus, trace metals exhibit a more dynamic behaviour in summer and lower and less variable concentrations in winter. These advances open clearly the way for new researches on trace metal behaviour in riverine water where transitory or exceptional events occur (floods, eutrophication, dredging…)
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I032/document.
Full textThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Adusei-Gyamfi, Junias. "Caractérisation de la matière organique naturelle (MON) et de ses complexes formés avec des éléments traces métalliques dans des filières de potabilisation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR010.
Full textNatural organic matter (NOM), present in waters poses severe challenges to all stages of drinking water treatment. A disturbing phenomenon is the rapid changes in the quantity and quality of NOM observed recently, which necessitates the adaptation of drinking water treatment processes. This worrying trend gave birth to the Interreg DOC2C's Project which sought to investigate the possibility of improved NOM removal from surface waters through innovative, knowledge and research based methods. The goal of this study was to provide an innovative technique for the characterization of NOM and its complexes with trace metals. This study was performed with the help of a size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled with spectral detectors (UV and Fluorescence) and an elementary detector (ICP-MS). The developed methodology was applied to both pilot and full-scale drinking water treatment plants to monitor the evolution of NOM during treatment and the potential formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). The humic substance fraction of NOM which is known to be more hydrophobic contributed most to DBP formation while the LMW and hydrophilic fractions contributed least. After humic substance removal, the decrease in DBP formation was related to the removal of building blocks. In quantifying NOM removal efficiency of pilot water treatment plant, coagulation process removes almost all biopolymers, 38% of humic substances and 17% of low molecular weight (LMW) substances, with little impact on building blocks. Suspended ion exchange resin eliminates 75% of humic substances, 70% of building blocks, 78% of LMW acids and 81% of LMW neutrals, while ultrafiltration on ceramic membranes seems to have had only a small impact on biopolymers. The results obtained from the spectral detectors were compared with that of a carbon detector (LC-OCD). The composition of the biopolymer fraction was shown to be made up for protein-like components responsible for its tryptophan-like fluorescence. The complexing properties of the different fractions of NOM was also studied after separation by size. The elemental detector helped in demonstrating the preferred fraction(s) for metal complexation. For instance, whereas Cu complexed with all NOM fractions, Zn and Pb preferred to be complexed with the building blocks. Complexation and competition of the trace metals at different NOM fractions were also observed. An innovative quantitative method was also developed by calibrating the LC-ICP-MS with EDTA and the method confirmed using organic matter standards (SRHA, SRFA) for the ligands and Cu, Mn and Zn standard solutions
Merrot, Pauline. "Géochimie, spéciation et mobilité des éléments traces métalliques (Fe, Ni, Cr et Mn) au sein des sédiments du lagon de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS551.pdf.
Full textNew Caledonia is covered on 33% of ultramafic rocks enriched in trace metals elements (Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn and Co). The erosion of these massifs represents an important source of these trace metals towards the lagoon, partially registered on the World List Heritage by UNESCO for its biodiversity. Understanding the geochemical cycle of these toxic trace metals is essential to evaluate the potential impacts on the biodiversity of this ecosystem. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has shown that the contribution of iron sulfides is low, Ni and Fe are bearing by goethite and clays. These latter minerals representing the major phase for the Fe and Ni speciation were identified as chrysotile and green clays: a smectite (nontronite), a mica (glauconite) and a serpentine like a greenalite/berthierine. The clay minerals cycle and the green clay plays a major role in the Fe and Ni cycle, but also in Mn and to a lesser extent in the Cr cycles. The Mn speciation is shared by the clay minerals and the carbonates species whereas Cr is bearing by goethite and chromite inherited of laterite and in lesser extent by clay minerals. Cr is totally present under the reduced form which is the less toxic form. This absence of Cr(VI) is linked to the absence of Mn oxides in sediments avoiding the oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) and thus limits the impact on the environment. Finally, the chemical extractions of these metals show a relatively low bioavailability of trace metals except for Mn implying an effective long-term trapping for trace metals and thus limiting the environmental impacts even if the concentrations extracted are not negligible and can be threaten the biodiversity of the lagoon
Diallo, Bocar Allaye. "Fractions chimiques du plomb dans le sol et phyto-extraction du plomb par le saule (Salix miyabeana) cultivé dans un sol calcaire riche en éléments traces métalliques traité avec des amendements acides." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68021.
Full textThe presence of large amounts or mobile fraction of lead (Pb) in soils is undesirable because Pb is highly toxic even in minor quantity in the environment. The remediation of Pb in calcareous soils with high amount of metallic trace metals (MTE) can be achieved by phytostabilization or induced phytoextraction processes. For this purpose, a greenhouse study was carried out to determine the effects of elemental sulfur (S0) and mineral fertilizers (N-P-K) followed by the addition of high amounts of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to cultivated soils on the soil chemical fractions of Pb, growth parameters and uptake and accumulation of Pb in willow (Salix miyabeana) grown in a calcareous soil (mean pH 7.55) rich in MTE. The results indicate that in near neutral and weak alkaline conditions, willow accumulates very small amount of Pb (<1 mg / kg d.w, below the detection limit) in the leaves. Nevertheless, some proportion of soil Pb can be mobilized by plant roots, particularly under acidic conditions. Willow accumulates more Pb in the roots than in other plant parts, regardless of the nature of soil treatments. Soil pH plays an important role in the uptake and accumulation of Pb in willow parts. However, a pH value less than 5.5 tends to produce an excess of Pb removal and causes inhibition of leaf growth or a considerable reduction in leaf yield. This is to be considered when attempting to reduce the pH value of a calcareous soil rich in MTE to less than 6.5, in order to enhance the soil-plant transfer of Pb.
Adusei-Gyamfi, Junias. "Caractérisation de la matière organique naturelle (MON) et de ses complexes formés avec des éléments traces métalliques dans des filières de potabilisation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R010.
Full textNatural organic matter (NOM), present in waters poses severe challenges to all stages of drinking water treatment. A disturbing phenomenon is the rapid changes in the quantity and quality of NOM observed recently, which necessitates the adaptation of drinking water treatment processes. This worrying trend gave birth to the Interreg DOC2C's Project which sought to investigate the possibility of improved NOM removal from surface waters through innovative, knowledge and research based methods. The goal of this study was to provide an innovative technique for the characterization of NOM and its complexes with trace metals. This study was performed with the help of a size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) coupled with spectral detectors (UV and Fluorescence) and an elementary detector (ICP-MS). The developed methodology was applied to both pilot and full-scale drinking water treatment plants to monitor the evolution of NOM during treatment and the potential formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). The humic substance fraction of NOM which is known to be more hydrophobic contributed most to DBP formation while the LMW and hydrophilic fractions contributed least. After humic substance removal, the decrease in DBP formation was related to the removal of building blocks. In quantifying NOM removal efficiency of pilot water treatment plant, coagulation process removes almost all biopolymers, 38% of humic substances and 17% of low molecular weight (LMW) substances, with little impact on building blocks. Suspended ion exchange resin eliminates 75% of humic substances, 70% of building blocks, 78% of LMW acids and 81% of LMW neutrals, while ultrafiltration on ceramic membranes seems to have had only a small impact on biopolymers. The results obtained from the spectral detectors were compared with that of a carbon detector (LC-OCD). The composition of the biopolymer fraction was shown to be made up for protein-like components responsible for its tryptophan-like fluorescence. The complexing properties of the different fractions of NOM was also studied after separation by size. The elemental detector helped in demonstrating the preferred fraction(s) for metal complexation. For instance, whereas Cu complexed with all NOM fractions, Zn and Pb preferred to be complexed with the building blocks. Complexation and competition of the trace metals at different NOM fractions were also observed. An innovative quantitative method was also developed by calibrating the LC-ICP-MS with EDTA and the method confirmed using organic matter standards (SRHA, SRFA) for the ligands and Cu, Mn and Zn standard solutions
Superville, Pierre-Jean. "Suivi en ligne par voltampérométrie de la spéciation des éléments traces métalliques et des espèces soufrées réduites en cours d’eau : de la conception de la station de mesure aux applications environnementales." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10014/document.
Full textIn order to better understand the dynamic fate and speciation of trace metals in the aquatic systems, an Automatic Trace metal Monitoring Station (ATMS) based on voltammetric techniques has been developed during this PhD. This ATMS includes a potentiostat-galvanostat, a stand with a measurement cell, pumps and burettes and is handled with optimized procedures to measure hourly the concentrations of électrolabile and acid-leachable trace metals. Another set of procedures was also developed for the measurement of reduced sulphur species which can greatly influence the metal speciation. These methods have been applied to the Deûle River, daily navigated, downstream of a metallurgical complex, where sediments are heavily contaminated, especially with Zn and Pb. The results demonstrate for the first time in this kind of aquatic system that the chronic resuspension of sediment leads to the desorption of trace metals from sedimentary particles and their dilution in the overlying water. Furthermore, the set of data recorded during the year 2011 reveals an evolution of these sorption mechanisms. A strong bacterial activity in the sediment in summer seems indeed to result in the formation of less-efficient-metal-bounding particulate phases. Thus, trace metals exhibit a more dynamic behaviour in summer and lower and less variable concentrations in winter. These advances open clearly the way for new researches on trace metal behaviour in riverine water where transitory or exceptional events occur (floods, eutrophication, dredging…)
Zrelli, Radhouan El. "Modalités des transferts des éléments traces métalliques dans la partie centrale du Golfe de Gabès, Tunisie : une approche géochimique, minéralogique, sédimentologique et biologique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30232.
Full textThe Gulf of Gabes, located in the oriental Mediterranean basin, has many particular properties making it very sensitive to anthropogenic contaminations. One of the distinguishing features of Gabes Gulf is low water flush-activity related mainly to its orientation and morphology marked by its largely-extended shallow plateau as well as to the limited influence of Atlantic water currents. For more than 50 years, than 200 million tons of phosphogypsum (by-product of phosphoric acid production) have been continuously dumped in this vulnerable environment leading to an accentuated degradation of the local benthic habitat represented mainly by the seagrass meadows of Posidonia oceanica. Within this context, knowing the characterization of phosphogypsum will certainly help to identify the different transfer modalities of the metals (composing the initial phosphate ore) within the marine environment. The pollutants load of phosphogypsum is mainly associated to the organic matter which aggregates during the transfer process via the evacuation channel leading to the formation of floating foam. These latter foams are passively transported by winds and local currents to distant areas and are found to be rich in organic matter with an amphipathic character that makes them act as a surfactant in contact with seawater. The skeleton of phosphogypsum foam was also found to be composed of synthetic gypsum as well as halite, sphalerite and francolite. The degradation of the phosphogypsum foam is accentuated by the degree of agitation/hydrodynamics of the marine environment through the dissolution of gypsum, leading to the release of its polluting components following the swell amplitude. It is worth noting that a limited metal fraction passes directly into solution. These latter metals are hence transported by the coastal currents. As for the phosphate grains, they are trained towards the south either by rolling-saltation or in suspension, and end by accumulating mainly in Chat Essalam beach due to the hydrodynamics effects exerted by the ports structures leading to modify the coastline. In addition, the toxic metals affect also the surface sediments as well as the benthic organisms and hence these latter can inform about the health status and the contamination history of the local marine environment. Within this context, the mats of Posidonia oceanica meadows can be used as an archiving tool of the contamination history in the Gulf of Gabes and allow hence retracing the evolution of metallic contamination of sea waters since the set-up of the coastal industrial complex in Gabes city (i.e. 1972). Finally, a first assessment of the financial losses linked to the ecosystemic services provided by Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds to coastal fisheries activity was conducted allowing to evaluate the cost of a part of the negative consequences linked to the industrial chronic pollution at the central part of Gabes Gulf
Albert, Quentin. "Sélection de souches fongiques performantes dans la biosorption de 3 éléments traces métalliques (Cd, Cu et Pb) et étude de leur spéciation minéralogique en microcosme de sol." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC202/document.
Full textSoil contaminations by trace metals are the second most frequent contamination in the world, counting more than 5 million polluted sites. This contamination represents a risk for the environment, the economy, the agriculture and the public health. Cd, Cu, and Pb are among the most frequent and/or toxic elements of this contamination. The hardly predictable behavior of trace metals in the soil matrix turn the remediation methods into a complex issue. Biological methods could be an economic, eco-friendly, and efficient alternative. The potential of the Fungi is more and more studied in this field.Our work aim is to evaluate the tolerance and the biosorption abilities of 28 fungi isolated from polluted soils, and to select the most efficient ones to perform microcosm's experiments of polluted soils. Thus, 3 fungal isolates have been selected. Absidia cylindrospora tolerates 1000 mg.L-1 in agar medium and biosorbs more than 50% of Cd and Pb after 3 days in liquid medium. Coprinellus micaceus biosorbs 100% of Pb in liquid medium. Finally, Chaetomium atrobrunneum biosorbs more than 50% of each metals after 3 days of exposure in liquid medium.The microcosm's experiments reveal that the colonization abilities of the isolates is crucial to enhance the influence of the fungal development on the potentially mobile metal fraction. Thus, A. cylindrospora shows the best potential among the tested isolates in bioaugmented microcosms in order to decrease the potentially mobile fraction of the metals. After 20 days, this isolate decrease the potentially mobile fraction of Cd and Cu respectively by 5 and 7%. Complementary experiments are needed to improve the process (longer experiment, higher fungal biomass) and to better understand the transfers of the metals in presence of fungal organisms
Menana, Zahra. "Étude de faisabilité de la valorisation en bioraffinerie de biomasses issues de phytotechnologies : cas d’une plante hyperaccumulatrice (noccaea caerulescens) et d’un ligneux (salix viminalis)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0225.
Full textPhytoremediation is a concept for the depollution and rehabilitation of soils and/or industrial wastelands contaminated by metal trace elements (MTEs), using plants to absorb or immobilize contaminants in the presence of microbial organisms in the rhizosphere. This technique results in a more or less contaminated biomass production that must be treated and also recovered. However, the presence of MTEs can be an issue in a biorefinery conversion approach. To address this question, two species were studied: an hyperaccumulator herbaceous plant (Noccaea caerulescens) and a woody plant (Salix viminalis). Two pre-treatments were selected for this study: steam explosion and organosolv pre-treatments, applying different operating conditions, in order to (1) monitor the distribution of MTEs during the process, (2) purify lignocellulosic material and (3) evaluate the effect of MTEs on subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps. For organosolv pretreatment, most of the MTEs are recovered in the solid cellulosic residue while by steam explosion, MTEs are mostly extracted in the aqueous effluents of the treatment. The presence of MTEs in cellulosic pastes and hydrolysates does not show a significant effect on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Concerning specifically Noccaea caerulescens, the plant contains relatively high levels of pectins, which opens up interesting prospects for the valorization of this plant through the production of a biopolymer of industrial interest. Finally, the results obtained show that it would be possible to combine soil rehabilitation and biorefinery valorization of biomasses from phytotechnologies for either bioethanol production or the production of platform molecules
Ellili, Ahlem. "Approche des mécanismes de tolérance d'Atriplex halimus subsp. halimus L. au sel et aux éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes : perspectives pour sa gestion sur le territoire du Parc National des Calanques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0340.
Full textOn the PNCal, a multidisciplinary team has taken into account the pollution left by past industrial activities and works to reconcile the objectives of diffuse pollution management and biodiversity conservation. Atriplex halimus is a known invasive species in protected areas. It is necessary to provide criteria for deciding whether to maintain it for phytostabilisation or for its eradication on the maritime domain subject to seaspray and lead and arsenic pollution. The bibliographic analysis and examination of the aerial photographs of the site since 1925 does not indicate a recent implantation and invasion by A.halimus. The in situ study shows Atriplex halimus resistance to heavy metals and arsenic along a contamination gradient and in the saltspray area. This synchronic study was prolonged by the demonstration of a fluctuation of the health indicators of the aerial parts and the root symbionts associated with the seasonal physiological variations. We tested germination and growth of A. halimus ex situ and the soil-plant transfers on a wider range of soil pollution from the PNCal. The results: an inhibition of A.halimus growth in soil of PNCal related to soil pollution, salinity and oligotrophy. To the physiological tolerance to TMM mentioned in the bibliography, we added the determinant contribution of root symbiosis and the adsorption of TMM on the mineral phase. This study shows that the potential invasion of pollutant-tolerant plants can be easily tested by analyzing both the in situ study of spontaneous populations as well as the biotic and abiotic factors favoring their germination and growth in ex situ analyzes. This method provides decisive tools for managers of protected areas
Sivry, Yann. "Utilisation des isotopes stables de Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni et Pb pour quantifier le compartiment échangeable des éléments trace métalliques et de delta66Zn pour tracer les pollutions polymétalliques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/471/.
Full textA multi-elementary spiking method has been is developpeddeveloped in order to simultaneously quantify and caracterizecharacterize simultaneously the labile pools fraction of Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu and Pb in contaminated soils. This method is has been validated by comparison with 1) radioactive Cd spiking data,g Cd and of2) chemical extractions results. In additionFurthermore, an integrated study of Zn isotopic signatures (d66Zn) in various compartments pools of two contaminated ecosystems (zinc smelting sites of Viviez-Decazeville, S. -W. Of France and of Kempen, N. -E of Belgium) has been performed allowing the identification of various allows to assume a coherent scheme of Zn isotopic fractionations during associated to the metallurgical processes. The differents d66Zn ratio observed in between "enriched" and "residual" zinc would be a powerfull tool to identify the metallurgical contaminations origins. These results demonstrate the efficiency of stable isotopes as tracers for contamination processes and sourcescontaminations tracers
Prygiel, Émilie. "Impact des remises en suspension du sédiment liées au trafic fluvial en rivières canalisées sur l’état des masses d’eau : application au bassin Artois-Picardie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10110/document.
Full textRivers channelization and creation of linking channels to facilitate industrial development and trade have led to a strong historical pollution and artificialization of aquatic environments that are now subjected to good potential status objectives. Sediment resuspension by navigation, its impact on water quality and the achievement of status are the main concern of this thesis. Sediment and water chemical quality of three channels of Northern France have been studied: the Deûle River, the Sensée River (both navigated) and the Scarpe River (not navigated). The rivers have varying concentrations of P and ETM (overall Deûle ~ Scarpe > Sensée), which are generally well trapped with sulfides in sediments. Although the concentrations of dissolved ETM remain relatively low compared to the levels recorded in the sediment, they can sometimes exceed the environmental quality standards of the WFD. Lability of these ETM estimated by DGT is weak, even for Pb which is however significantly accumulated by caged gammarids deployed on the three sites. The navigation seems to play a limited role in the enrichment of the water column in dissolved metals and phosphorus, as well as the oxygenation of surface waters. Phytoplankton appears to have a greater influence on the evolution of these environments. Finally, the impact of navigation on the chemical quality of the water remains limited due to the peculiar geochemistry of the Artois-Picardie basin
Menana, Zahra. "Étude de faisabilité de la valorisation en bioraffinerie de biomasses issues de phytotechnologies : cas d’une plante hyperaccumulatrice (noccaea caerulescens) et d’un ligneux (salix viminalis)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0225/document.
Full textPhytoremediation is a concept for the depollution and rehabilitation of soils and/or industrial wastelands contaminated by metal trace elements (MTEs), using plants to absorb or immobilize contaminants in the presence of microbial organisms in the rhizosphere. This technique results in a more or less contaminated biomass production that must be treated and also recovered. However, the presence of MTEs can be an issue in a biorefinery conversion approach. To address this question, two species were studied: an hyperaccumulator herbaceous plant (Noccaea caerulescens) and a woody plant (Salix viminalis). Two pre-treatments were selected for this study: steam explosion and organosolv pre-treatments, applying different operating conditions, in order to (1) monitor the distribution of MTEs during the process, (2) purify lignocellulosic material and (3) evaluate the effect of MTEs on subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation steps. For organosolv pretreatment, most of the MTEs are recovered in the solid cellulosic residue while by steam explosion, MTEs are mostly extracted in the aqueous effluents of the treatment. The presence of MTEs in cellulosic pastes and hydrolysates does not show a significant effect on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. Concerning specifically Noccaea caerulescens, the plant contains relatively high levels of pectins, which opens up interesting prospects for the valorization of this plant through the production of a biopolymer of industrial interest. Finally, the results obtained show that it would be possible to combine soil rehabilitation and biorefinery valorization of biomasses from phytotechnologies for either bioethanol production or the production of platform molecules
Godet, Jean-Philippe. "Intérêt des isopodes terrestres dans l’évaluation de la qualité des sols : recherche de paramètres indicateurs de la pollution par des éléments traces métalliques et contribution à la mise au point d’un outil écotoxicologique de terrain." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10160/document.
Full textSoil pollution by metals traces elements (MTE) is a worldwide concern in industrialized countries. For biomonitoring, it is necessary to develop indicator tools to evaluate the quality of terrestrial medias. The aim of this thesis was to research in Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda), indicator parameters of soil contamination by MTE, and especially of litter, to contribute to the development of ecotoxicological field tool to assess soil quality and terrestrial ecosystems. First, studies performed in situ, have concerned characterisation of woodlouse populations from ligneous habitats (abundance, age structure, reproduction, biometrical parameters, bioaccumulation) with the regard to physicochemical parameters of soil (pH, CaCO3 and MO contents, ratio C/N, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu concentrations). Secondly, studies ex situ were also performed in controlled conditions in laboratory. Parameters have concerned growth rate, bioaccumulation, behavioural avoidance or population dynamics in P. scaber exposed to field litter contaminated by Cd, Pb and Zn. Field studies didn’t show any difference between woodlouse populations from contaminated sites or not. Actually, although MTE body burdens in woodlice from massively contaminated sites were high, it seemed that field populations were physiologically adapted to contaminants. In other hand, laboratory investigations were shown the interest of the use of P. scaber in ecotoxicity tests to assess litter quality. These studies have notably shown the sensitivity of growth rate and behavioural avoidance of P. scaber as endpoints in ecotoxicity tests
Diop, Cheikh. "Étude de la contamination, de la spéciation et de la biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les eaux et sédiments côtiers et estuariens au Sénégal : évaluation de la toxicité potentielle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10034.
Full textThe objective of this study was to assess the trace metals contamination level, chemical speciation, bioavailability and toxicity in sediments and water column from Dakar coast and Saint Louis estuary in Senegal. For water column, the results show that the pollution of the estuary was more serious than in Dakar coast for Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn; while, Cd and Cu were higher in Dakar coast. A strong affinity between metals and suspended particles has been revealed and the mobility of trace metals in estuary is controlled by dissolved organic carbon, while in coast it depends on chlorides. This study has assessed the metals trace contamination level in sediments and to examine their bioavailability and toxicity. Toxicity indexes are exceeded one in several sites suggesting the potential effects on sediment-dwelling organisms. However, seasonal variability of metal bioavailability was noted, revealing the best period to monitor metal contamination. From an ecotoxicological point of view, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were above the effects range low (ERL) threshold limit of the sediment quality guidelines for adverse biological effects. The accumulated trace metals in sediment can be released into the water column due to sediments resuspension caused by tide, flood effects or dredging activities which increases the risk to aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this work is interested in the behavior of metals during these phenomena. The results showed an important mobility of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd and their mobility is strongly correlated to their speciation and bioavailability
Diop, Cheikh. "Étude de la contamination, de la spéciation et de la biodisponibilité des éléments traces métalliques dans les eaux et sédiments côtiers et estuariens au Sénégal : évaluation de la toxicité potentielle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10034/document.
Full textThe objective of this study was to assess the trace metals contamination level, chemical speciation, bioavailability and toxicity in sediments and water column from Dakar coast and Saint Louis estuary in Senegal. For water column, the results show that the pollution of the estuary was more serious than in Dakar coast for Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn; while, Cd and Cu were higher in Dakar coast. A strong affinity between metals and suspended particles has been revealed and the mobility of trace metals in estuary is controlled by dissolved organic carbon, while in coast it depends on chlorides. This study has assessed the metals trace contamination level in sediments and to examine their bioavailability and toxicity. Toxicity indexes are exceeded one in several sites suggesting the potential effects on sediment-dwelling organisms. However, seasonal variability of metal bioavailability was noted, revealing the best period to monitor metal contamination. From an ecotoxicological point of view, concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were above the effects range low (ERL) threshold limit of the sediment quality guidelines for adverse biological effects. The accumulated trace metals in sediment can be released into the water column due to sediments resuspension caused by tide, flood effects or dredging activities which increases the risk to aquatic ecosystem. Thus, this work is interested in the behavior of metals during these phenomena. The results showed an important mobility of Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd and their mobility is strongly correlated to their speciation and bioavailability
Nia, Yacine. "Utilisation d'un échantillonneur passif (DGT) pour l'évaluation de la remobilisation des métaux dans les sédiments : expérimentation et modélisation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30048.
Full textEvaluation of the mobility and bioavailability of metals associated to sediments have an important economic issue for the management of contaminated sites. Therefore, environmental, economic and regulation issues require to have access to a robust methodologies for environmental risk assessment of contaminated sediments. In this work, we developed a new approach for assessing the transport and mobility of metals in sediments. Diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) is a dynamic in-situ measuring technique that assesses the kinetics of metal resupply from the solid phase to the pore water. In this study, an original model for the interpretation of DGT experimental kinetics in sediments called DGT-PROFS model was developed. It allow to quantify metal partitioning between two particulate pools, describing weak and strong interactions with metals. The relevance of the DGT / DGT-PROFS approach was evaluated in a variety of formulated sediments that differed in the presence or not of humic acids (HA) and/or iron hydroxides (i.e., goethite and ferrihydrite). The impact of the time after contamination of the solid phase (aging effect) was also evaluated. Also, this approach allows to evaluate the effect of these parameters on the remobilization of metals in sediments. The results showed that sediments capacity to release metals depends strongly on the pH, HA and the age of the contamination. Results interpretation by DGT-PROFS model show that in the presence of HA and absence of iron hydroxides, Cd is mainly associated with weak sites, while Cu is bound to strong sites. Similarly, in the presence of both iron hydroxides and HA, Cu appeared to be more heavily associated with the strong sites than did Cd. When the incubation time increased from 8 to 190 days, a proportion of Cd initially adsorbed onto weak sites transferred to the strong sites, suggesting that the adsorption of Cd on sediments is partially controlled by slow kinetic processes. The complementarity of these tools (DGT device and DGT-PROFS model) was then evaluated on natural sediments from different regions of France, and having contamination levels of Cd, Ni, Pb and Mn very contrasting
Leufroy, Axelle. "Spéciation de l’arsenic dans les produits de la pêche par couplage HPLC/ICP-MS. Estimation de sa bioaccessibilité en ligne et applications à d'autres éléments traces métalliques d'intérêt." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0030/document.
Full textArsenic is an element present in all compartments of the environment, and seafood constitutes a major source of exposure to arsenic through human consumption. Although there is currently no legislation on arsenic in food in France, government agencies generally assess the safety of food items based solely on the total concentration of the element, without taking into account its different species or their bioaccessibility. Therefore, the development of speciation analysis methods is particularly relevant in the context of risk assessment. The first part of this thesis focuses on the properties of arsenic, its occurrence in the different compartments of the environment and its toxicity, and a literature review of existing analytical methods to study the speciation of arsenic in food matrices, especially seafood products (extraction and separation / detection). Different approaches for evaluating its bioaccessibility and that of other trace metals of interest are also presented.The second part of this work concerns the validation of a speciation analysis method for major arsenic species in seafood (As (III), MA, DMA, As (V), AsB, TMAO, AsC) by coupling ion exchange chromatography (IEC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Evaluation of the analytical performance of the method, internal and external quality controls in place and applications of the method, particularly occurrence data of arsenic species in seafood most consumed by the French population are presented and discussed. In the third part, the maximum bioaccessibility of arsenic and other elements of interest is assessed using a continuous leaching method (involving the real-time measurement by ICP-MS of the fraction released by the different artificial digestive fluids). By coupling this leaching method with the above validated speciation analysis method, the bioaccessibility of different arsenic species is also assessed
Azoury, Sabine. "Étude de la contamination de la côte libanaise par les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs) et les éléments traces métalliques (ETMs) : archives sédimentaires et biomonitoring suite à une marée noire." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14755/document.
Full textThis research project aims at the study of the contamination of the Lebanese coast by PAHs, DDE, Hg and Pb. The research work is divided into two distinct parts concerning two environmental compartments (sedimentary and biological) and it addresses different questions and approaches. In the first part, the study of a dated sediment core raised from the continental shelf in southern Lebanese coast allowed reconstructing the contamination history in the Levantine basin. The contaminants’ analysis as well as 210Pb and 137Cs datation allowed obtaining a reliable record of mercury, lead and PAHs sedimentary deposition in the Lebanese continental margin in the Levantine basin. Although concentrations and fluxes are relatively low, a two-phase increase of concentration is found using C1 core sedimentary profiles. Coal was identified as the main source of Pb, Hg and PAHs in the Levantine basin between the mid 19th and the mid 20th century. Ratios of Pb stable isotopes and PAH diagnostic ratios support this assumption. The studied sedimentary archives provide also information on the deposition of contaminants on a global scale possibly related to atmospheric emissions mainly from Central and Eastern Europe. In the second part of the thesis, the study of contamination by PAHs of the Lebanese coast was undertaken following an oil spill in the south of Lebanon, which occurred after the bombardment by the Israeli military of the electric power plant in Jiyeh in 2006. We have set-up a biomonitoring program with an invasive mussel specie Brachidontes variabilis over a three-year study. Results indicate a progressive decrease of PAH concentrations in the intertidal ecosystem of the Lebanese coast. Contamination of the subtidal zone in 2007 by Jiyeh fuel oil was significantly lower. However, Jiyeh fuel oil signature was still detectable in mussel tissues even three years after the oil spill. Contamination was found to be particularly persistent in some of the highly oiled sites. It appears that pre-spill state was still not reached even three years following the oil spill. Detailed investigation of spatio-temporal changes of intertidal mussels contamination by PAH is also presented in this part of the thesis
Jimenez, Joselyn. "Comportement des ETMs dans les sédiments de surface du Golfe du Morbihan et la Baie de Quiberon : distribution spatiale, spéciation, biodisponibilité et relation avec les sédiments des ports et rivières." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS400/document.
Full textSurface sediments in the Gulf of Morbihan and the Bay of Quiberon were analyzed in order to characterize the trace metals elements, their behavior, the processes that control their spatial distribution, their speciation, reactivity and bioavailability. Potential sources of metals were looked for, based on the analysis of nearby harbors and river basin’s sediments. The analyses were done on the fraction below 63 µm of the sediments collected in April 2013. MTEs total concentration and speciation were obtained from total and selective attacks, respectively.The enrichment of Zn, Cu, Cd et Pb was identified in the surface sediments of the Gulf of Morbihan. Pb lability and bioavailability were shown in the sediments of the Bay of Quiberon. The MTEs behavior of the Morbihan’s coast is mostly controlled by the land-sea gradient. However, harbors and rivers form sources of ETMs, principally of Cu and Zn
Coutaud, Aude Margot. "Contribution des biofilms phototrophes d'écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux aux flux et fractionnements isotopiques des éléments en trace métallique (cuivre, zinc)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30391.
Full textUnderstanding mechanisms that control the metal trace elements (MTE) transfer in aquatic systems is fundamental because MTE are potential toxic contaminants to the environment and human populations. In this work, the contribution of benthic microbial aggregates (phototrophic biofilms), main actors of the ecological functioning and biogeochemistry of freshwater, was evaluated by the transfer and isotopic fractionation of selected two toxic and potentially essential metals, Cu and Zn. The aim is to better understand, via the coupling between different approaches (geochemical, isotopic, structural, microbiological, ecotoxicological), the relation between MTE concentration and isotope signature in solution and within the biofilm, depending on environmental conditions and the microbial community response. Sorption by a mature phototrophic biofilm of MTE during 96 h exposure in batch and open systems reactors exhibits opposite isotopic fractionation between physico-chemical and biological processes. The adsorption induces an enrichment in heavy isotopes of the biofilm relative to the solution during metal complexation with the surface functional groups with an enrichment factor of +1.1±0.3‰ for Cu and +1.2±0.4‰ for Zn. Conversely, the isotopic fractionation during Cu and Zn incorporation inside the biofilm is variable with an enrichment factor between the biofilm and the solution ranging from -0.6 to +0.8 ‰ for Cu and +0.1 to +0.5‰ for Zn. In situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy analysis of Cu chemical and structural status in the biofilm show that the enrichment in light isotopes during Cu incorporation is controlled by the reduction of Cu(II) in Cu(I). The variability of isotopic fractionation during incorporation are explained by different processes involved in the biofilm matrix (diffusion, adsorption by the functional groups of the exopolymeric matrix and at the surface of the cells, intracellular incorporation). During ETM excretion from the biofilm into the solution, contrasting fractionation of Cu and Zn is observed. The metal fraction desorbed by the biofilm at the beginning of excretion is enriched in lighter isotopes of Zn and in heavy isotope of Cu compared to the biofilm with an enrichment ranging from 0 to -1.4‰ and from +0.8 to +0.5‰ for Zn and Cu, respectively. Active efflux and diffusion processes decrease the isotopic enrichment magnitude inducing an enrichment of the excreted fraction compared to the biofilm ranging from -0.7 and -0.3‰ for Zn and from -0.36 and +0.35‰ for Cu. The isotopic results found for a dynamic study of Cu and Zn isotopic fractionation on two consecutive circadian cycles in open system are in general agreement with our 96 h sorption and excretion experiments. The isotopic fractionation experiments during the biofilm growth in relation to the evolution of communities (ecological succession) over 59 days exhibit a relationship between metallic isotopic fractionation and the community diversity and its temporal evolution. However, a general trend is observed for Cu with an enrichment in heavy isotopes of +0.5±0.1‰ after 24th day of growth that decreases with the decrease of the biofilm's surface/volume ratio to reach a value of +0.0±0.3 ‰ at the 59th day of growth. For Zn, in relation to algal diversity, the growth of the biofilm produces whether a negative isotopic fractionation equal to -0.16±0.04‰, or does not produce any isotopic fractionation between the 24th and 59th days of growth (-0.1<-66Zn(biofilm-solution)<+0.1 ‰).This study reflects the complexity of biological processes associated with phototrophic biofilms. The use of stable isotopes to trace the processes controlled biologically during transport of Cu and Zn in surface waters requests i) knowledge of metal residence time in the biofilm, ii) the degree of assimilation of the metal in biomass compared to its surface adsorption, and iii) the various elementary reactions involved in the biofilm
Andriamalala, Aurore. "Antibiotiques apportés seuls ou en mélange (antibiotique+antibiotique et antibiotique+métaux) dans des sols agricoles – Devenir et impacts sur les microorganismes du sol et leurs activités." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA022/document.
Full textThe antibiotics (ATB) used in human and veterinary medicine are largely excreted and can enter agricultural soils through the spreading of organic waste products (OWP), with unassessed risks on human health and the environment. In addition, these ATBs are most often combined with other organic and / or mineral contaminants. However, very few studies have addressed the fate and effects of ATBs interacting with other contaminants in soils.The objective of the thesis was to better understand the fate of ATB applied to soils alone or in combination with other contaminants, and their impacts on soil microorganisms and their activities.The antibiotics selected were sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), for their contrasting mode of action and behavior, and N-ac-SMX, the main metabolite of SMX. The chosen metals were copper and zinc, which are known to increase in soils with regular applications of certain OWPs. They were brought together, at an environmental dose, and at a dose 5 times higher. The soils are a control soil that has never received OWP and two soils amended since 1998, by manure or compost green waste and sewage sludge, to test the impact of repeated applications of OWP and of the nature of OWP.Microcosms were incubated under controlled conditions for 156 days. For the study of ATB fate, the soils were treated with 14C-labeled ATBs and the 14C distribution was followed in the mineralized, easily and hardly extractable and non-extractable fractions. The impact of ATBs alone or in combinations on microorganisms and their activities was studied using unlabelled ATBs.The fate of ATBs is controlled by :i) The nature and properties of ATBs: CIP is rapidly and strongly adsorbed in soils and is not mineralized. Sulfonamides are rapidly degraded and mineralized up to 10% after 156 days.The fates of the SMX and N-ac-SMX are almost similar when they are brought alone, the N-ac-SMX being transformed into SMX. Whatever the molecules, the non-extractable residues are major at the end of incubation (> 50%).ii) Previous repeated applications of OWP that enhance adsorption of ATBs and reduce their mineralization.iii) The nature of the OWP : the more stable compost promotes the production of hardly extractable residues, the manure, more degradable, stimulates the mineralization of the sulfonamides and the production of non-extractable residues.iv) The presence of other contaminants, their nature and concentration : although the CIP at environmental doses did not affect the fate of SMX and N-ac-SMX in soils, the influence of metals was measurable and increased with their dose. At low doses, metals decrease the mineralization of SMX and N-ac-SMX by a factor of 2, by promoting the adsorption of ATBs through complexation, in particular with copper. At high doses, metals inhibit the mineralization of sulfonamides, through physicochemical reactions (increased adsorption of ATBs via copper) and certainly biological effects (toxic effects especially of zinc).The sulfonamides had no effect on soil microorganisms and mineralization of carbon and nitrogen when applied alone or as a mixture with ciprofloxacin or metals at environmental doses. But mixtures with the high dose of metals induce toxic effects on microbial biomass and mineralization of carbon. These toxic effects seem mainly due to metals and not to pH or ionic strength indirect effects.Therefore under these experimental conditions, the environmental risks associated with ATBs seem limited in the short term. But it would be necessary to study the effects in the longer term and of cumulative applications
Casetta, Marine. "Impact et devenir des retombées de poussières industrielles sur les sols de Gravelines (Nord, France)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Littoral, 2023. https://documents.univ-littoral.fr/access/content/group/50b76a52-4e4b-4ade-a198-f84bc4e1bc3c/BULCO/Th%C3%A8ses/LOG/CASETTA%20Marine/124787_CASETTA_2023_archivage_Partie1.pdf.
Full textIn urban or industrialized areas, soil quality is particularly affected by chronic emissions of contaminants. Yet these fragile and fundamental ecosystems are non-renewable on a human timescale, and their preservation is essential to respond the current health and environmental challenges. This work provides new knowledge on metallic contamination of urban soils submitted to industrial dust deposition. It focuses, in particular, on the town of Gravelines, located in the Dunkerque agglomeration (Northern France) close to several metallurgical and steel industries. The chemical and morphological signature of dust fallout (collected in the city center) shows more than 80% of particles coming from industrial sources (carbon-rich particles, alumina dust, slag, iron oxides, etc.) in certain weather conditions (northeast winds). Significant metal enrichment detected in the dust fallout allows to identify the elements Cr, Ni and Mo as the main tracers of metallurgical activities. Concentrations of tracer metals in soils enables an assessment of the spatial vulnerability of Gravelines soils to dust fallout. While the hypothesis of generalized metallic pollution has been ruled out, significant levels of contamination in tracer elements were identified in the vicinity of emitting industries (in the northeast areas of the town). Concentration profiles in these areas suggest an atmospheric input of contaminants, with higher metal enrichment in the soil subsurface. The integration of dust into soil matrices is partially confirmed by electronic microscopic observations of a thin section of contaminated soil. When mobile in soils, trace metals from industrial activites can be toxic to living organisms. A study of their general mobility in Gravelines soils reveals the relative stability of Cr, Ni and Mo, indicating their low bioavailability when derived from industrial sources. Globally, the studied soils show intermediate levels of ecotoxicity. However, the latter one is punctually higher in areas most affected by industrial deposits. Although this toxicity was not directly related to the industrial dust-borne metals, this work is particularly highlights the question of the use of soils exposed to such deposits
Lecomte, Tristan. "Évaluation environnementale des sédiments de dragage et de curage dans la perspective de leur valorisation dans le domaine du génie civil." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LILUI032.
Full textThe management and beneficial reuse of non-immersible dredged sediments are major scientific and industrial issues. The industrial research chair " Circular Economy of Sediments: EcoSed ", launched in 2014 by IMT Lille Douai, aims at answering these issues through a multidisciplinary approach. As part of this Doctoral Thesis, investigations were carried out under a partnership research context by combining sediment managers and industrial partners. More specifically, this work aims at (i) to set up a methodological approach to measuring the intrinsic eco-toxicity of sediments prior to their beneficial reuse; (ii) to implement the multi-scale national approach “SEDIMATERIAUX” to check the environmental safety of marine dredged sediment used as aggregates in road concretes; (iii) to compare the national approach on the reuse of alternative materials in road engineering with the European framework developed for environmental assessment of construction products. The results of this work allowed to propose a preparation protocol for the sediment matrix and a sensitive battery of bioassays. Environmental assessment of marine sediments reuse in the field of civil engineering (road concrete, roadbed, roller compacted concrete) allowed validating the environmental safety of these materials and to highlight the achievement of the good trace elements stabilization through their microstructure
Camizuli, Estelle. "Impact des anciens sites miniers et métallurgiques sur les écosystèmes terrestre et aquatique actuels : étude comparative des deux moyennes montagnes : le Morvan et les Cévennes." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOL035/document.
Full textThe Morvan and the Cevennes Massifs are nowadays protected for their outstanding landscape and biodiversity. However since Prehistory, these regions experienced mining and smelting activities. Because of remnant properties, locating these ancient sites is capital and then impact on fauna and flora must be estimated. This present work is based in on a pluridisciplinary approach combining archeology, geochemistry, ecology and ecotoxicology. Statistical methods, from modern prospection technique, have been applied in order to delineate geochemical anomalies, potentially due to mining exploitation and thus facilitate the archeological prospection. Spatial distribution maps of trace metals were built on six sites (three in each park). Biodisponibility was assessed thanks to the analyses of wood mice, trout and bryophytes. Even if it seems that most of these elements belong to the non-extractible fraction of soil, the remaining bioavailable trace metals can be detected in the bioindicators. A negative relationship between Pb concentrations in animals and their body condition indices was found, and in some cases developmental instability was higher, suggesting deleterious effect on current wildlife. As a consequence, the impact of past mining and smelting works is still traceable in ecosystems. For this reason, these sites should be monitored, particularly in protected areas thought to be relatively free of anthropogenic contamination
Biscéré, Tom. "Effets des métaux et des changements climatiques sur les coraux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS382.
Full textCoral reefs have largely degraded in recent decades under the influence of human activities. Among those disturbances, the increase in metal concentrations affects many reefs worldwide (e.g. Australian Great Barrier Reef, Costa Rica, Red Sea, New Caledonia). Furthermore, reefs have now to face climate change, and more particularly temperature increase and ocean acidification. In this context, the aims of my thesis were to (1) determine the effects of the main metals present in lateritic sediments (iron, manganese, nickel and cobalt) on coral physiology using concentrations representative of those measured along the New Caledonian coastline, and to (2) define their potential roles in this context of climate change. My results showed that metals affect coral metabolism in different ways. While at ambient temperature, a nickel or manganese enrichment stimulates host metabolism and symbiont photosynthesis, conversely a cobalt enrichment inhibits calcification and becomes even toxic for the host and symbionts, from 1 μg L-1. Despite its importance in photosynthetic processes, an iron enrichment induces a decrease in Symbiodinium densities and an inhibition of calcification rates. Under thermal stress, manganese enhances coral tolerance to temperature increase, likely by stimulating their antioxidant defenses, while nickel worsens its effects by decreasing even more their growth. These works represent an important step towards a better understanding of coral responses to metal enrichment and would explain, to some extent, species susceptibility to climate change
Charriau, Adeline. "Étude de la contamination organique et métallique associée aux sédiments du district hydrographique international de l'Escaut." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10042/document.
Full textOrganic and metallic contaminants released by past and present human activities are widespread in the environment and in particular in river sediments, where these compounds tend to accumulate. Contaminated sediments, that represent a potential threat toward aquatic organisms, can also go against the efforts made with the implementation of the water framework directive of the European Union in order to preserve water quality. This research has been mainly carried out in the framework of the INTERREG III - STARDUST research program and focused on the area of the International Hydrographic District of the Scheldt, that encloses parts of Belgium, Netherlands and north of France. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and n-alkanes contamination levels and sources have been determined in sediments from the following rivers and canals: Espierre, Scheldt, Lys, Canche and Yser. The pyrolytic origin of the PAH contamination is predominant while n-alkanes originate from various biogenic and petrogenic sources. Sediment quality guidelines have demonstrated that sediments from the Espierre canal are associated to a higher threat for aquatic organisms. Trace metal speciation, that greatly influences the biodisponibility of these contaminants, has been estimated using thermodynamic equilibrium calculations. Results notably indicate a strong association of copper and zinc with organic matter
Omrane, Fatma. "Human health risk assessment of occupational exposure to trace metallic elements mixtures in metalworking industries in the Sfax metropolis (Tunisia)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0097/document.
Full textTrace metallic elements (TMEs) are pollutants of great concern even in trace amounts because of their toxicity and cumulative property. Some of them can be carcinogenic. The Sfax metropolis, located in the southern region of Tunisia, has been affected by releases of TMEs for decades. Several studies confirmed that this pollution is predominantly originated from anthropogenic sources, mainly from industrial activities. It represents a threat to the health of residents, particularly for those also exposed during occupational activities in industrial processes. The present study aims to assess health risks associated with occupational exposure in industries handling TMEs in their production processes, following the human health risk assessment approach. To this end, five companies using raw material containing TMEs to produce a variety of metallic products accepted to participate to the study. The metals that were investigated are Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb. Mathematical models for estimating occupational exposure to chemicals were used to predict indoor air TME exposure levels in 15 different job tasks. Air monitoring was conducted in order to compare the predicted workplace air concentrations versus the direct measured ones, using both workplace-fixed monitors and personal samplers. And finally, urine samples were collected from 61 workers to assess whether TMEs excretion correlate with job exposure levels. Globally, the predicted air estimates relate well with measured concentrations over the whole set of job tasks. Better predictions were found for certain activities, in particular for steel cutting and welding processes. The values that correspond to the 90th percentile of the exposure distribution were then used in the interaction-based hazard index HIint to assess health risks associated with the mixtures of TMEs. Total cancer risk was also investigated. Results showed high exposures for metals that may elicit respiratory conditions, with a HIint reaching 93.6, the highest levels being for the shielded metal arc welding and metal shearing and slitting tasks. The risk is enhanced by a synergetic effect between Cr, Ni and Cu. High risks of lung and kidney cancers were demonstrated (the predicted life-long total cancer risk for exposed workers is 3.7×10-4). This work shows that mathematical models can be accurate in predicting TME airborne exposure levels for several processes in the metallurgic industry, a result that is of interest to help the different stakeholders to monitor efficiently exposure surveillance and abatement. Progress in industrial hygiene is needed in this industrial sector to reduce the high level of health risks currently experienced by the metalworking workers
Point, David. "Spéciation et biogéochimie des éléments traces métalliques dans l'estuaire de l'Adour." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3029.
Full textThe first part of this work involves the development of an analytical method for the speciation analysis of metals at ultratrace levels in complex matrices such as seawater and estuarine water. This analytical speciation system is composed of a first UV on-line photolysis module and a second preconcentration/matrix elimination platform employing chelating resin that allow to discriminate labile from complexed metal forms. This analytical speciation system can be directly employed for field speciation studies, or directly coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for flow injection analysis. The simultaneous application of isotope dilution technique for Cd determination is also presented. The second part of this work has allowed for the first time to study the biogeochemical cycle of trace elements in the Adour Estuary. This urban macrotidal estuary is characterized by a very low turbidity and a low time of residence for both water and particles. The study of trace metals sources demonstrate first that the anthropogenic pressure is limited under dry weather conditions compared to the upstream inputs that represent the majority metals fluxes entering the estuary. Exception can be distinguished for anthropogenic Ag and MMHg representing 28% and 9% respectively of the total inputs under low discharge conditions. Second, the detailed attention of biogeochemical processes occurring within estuarine mixing indicates important dynamic exchanges and transformations between metals forms and phases. Most of the processes are assumed to be linked to organic matter complexation properties and transformations occurring during estuarine transfer