Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Teneur en nitrates'
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Priyo, Bintoro Valentinus. "Dosage des nitrates dans le lait (comparaison de différentes méthodes)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE18003.
Full textCoutière, Bénédicte. "Nouveau procédé de dénitrification des eaux par le fer métallique." Limoges, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LIMO0036.
Full textWeiss, Nathalie. "La pollution des eaux par les nitrates : cas particulier de la région charentaise." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P017.
Full textFletgen, Marie Christine. "Le devenir des nitrates et des nitrites dans l'organisme humain et leur danger potentiel : problème des nitrosamines." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P241.
Full textPham, Hoai Nam. "Estimation de nitrate, nitrite et autres composés à partir de spectres ultraviolets, pour l'agroalimentaire et les eaux résiduaires." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1762.
Full textContents of nitrate, nitrite and some others ions can be estimated by UV spectrophotometry in wastewater also in vegetables for processing control as well as for in-situ monitoring. The method is based on the spectral identification: UV spectrum of a sample is considered as a linear combination of absorption spectra, named reference spectra. Mathematical identification of UV spectra can discriminate nitrite from nitrate, in the range of 0. 5 to 5 mg-N/L, even in presence of up to 100 mg/L chloride and up to 200 mg/L bicarbonate. The tests in different real conditions show that this method can be used for on-line monitoring in the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Paris. Several fresh vegetables as well as frozen spinaches have been tested. The nitrate content varied from 377 to 3240 mg/kg of fresh vegetables, and 545 to 1190 mg/kg of frozen spinach. The recovery of added nitrate ranged from 91 to 99%. The validation tests carried out in one industry showed the potentiality of the method of spectral identification. This method does not require almost any consumable, is quantitative and very fast reading with easy and low maintenance. The UV-Pro software identification used during this thesis has always shown similar results to those obtained by PLS or PCR, it is based on considerations and methods similar resolution. The prospects of this work will be the use of non-linear methods of identification and the use of complementary methods to expand the potential of UV spectrophotometry
Larauche, Muriel. "Régulations des processus inflammatoires gastriques : rôle des nitrates alimentaire et de l'innervation afférente." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30100.
Full textThomas, Catherine Reine. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle des champs de nitrates et d'oxygène et de la production nouvelle dans l'océan Atlantique tropical en 1982-1984." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30080.
Full textHelmer, de Almeida Christine. "Importance de la dénitrification et des relations eau-sédiments dans le fonctionnement des lacs de gravière." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30225.
Full textAnglade, Juliette. "Agriculture biologique et qualité des ressources en eau dans le bassin de la Seine : caractérisation des pratiques et applications territorialisées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066102.
Full textThe intensive agriculture characterizing the Seine watershed since half a century is based on the generalization of the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and by the rupture of the connection between crop and livestock systems. This system is nowadays compromising ground- and surface water quality, namely through nitrate contamination which mostly originates from agricultural losses. The implementation of technically proven and socially acceptable alternatives, allowing reconciling agricultural production and water quality preservation, encounters lots of obstructions of technical and social nature. From a technical point of view, sound reference data and rigorous indicators are lacking to assess the agronomical and environmental performance of alternative agro-systems. The first objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a sound conceptual framework to evaluate the productive capacity and the risk of nitrate lixiviation of agro-systems, through an improved version of the nitrogen soil surface balance. We first developed, based on a meta-analysis of the literature, robust relations to determine symbiotic nitrogen fixation by grain and forage legumes crops, which plays a central role in organic farming systems. We then could establish the relationship between total N fertilization, harvested yield and surplus of agro-systems, in order (i) to draw the trajectories of 124 countries over 50 years based on FAO data, and (ii) to compare the performance of the main organic crop rotations of the Seine basin and those of the conventional ‘reasoned’ agriculture. Finally, we established an empirical relationship linking N surplus, lixiviation and nitrate concentration in drainage water for arable land and permanent grassland. We show in a second part of this thesis how this conceptual framework of analysis can be useful in particular territories to highlight and guide stakeholder action, as well as to make more credible some alternatives which can feed the necessary transition toward more sustainable agro-systems. We analyze the situation of the drinking water abstraction areas of La Plaine du Saulce, supplying the city of Auxerre (Burgundy) as well as that of Flins-Aubergenville, supplying the western part of Paris agglomeration. We elaborate alternative scenarios for these regions, going much farther than the mere improvement of agricultural practices, and taking into account the peculiar geographical and hydro-geological context of each study case
Turin, Annie. "La pollution des eaux souterraines en Lorraine : le cas des nitrates." Nancy 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN21010.
Full textThe pollution of waters by the nitrates can have three origins: agricultural, industrial, domestic. It results from a main process, the mineralization of organic nitrogen, that is to say its transformation in soluble nitrogen. Because of different agents (climate, vegetation, etc) the nitrates are more or less drawled away to the phreatic sheets. In Lorraine, the analyses of underground waters show the irregular but general progression of the nitrates between 1976 and 1989. The examination of polluted areas will allow us to estimate the part of physical factor ( prheatic sheets vulnerability) and human factor ( nitrogenous throw ) in pollution phenomena
Garron, Anthony. "Etude de l'activité et de la sélectivité de catalyseurs plurimétalliques pour une application en réduction catalytique des nitrates et des nitrites en milieu aqueux." Poitiers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004POIT2300.
Full textThe aim of this study is to prepare, characterize and test in catalytic reduction of nitrate and nitrite in aqueous media metallic supported metallic catalysts based on a promoted noble metal selective to molecular nitrogen. In nitrite reduction, palladium as noble metal presents the best catalytic performances. The promoter induces electronic and geometric effects leading to an increase of the selectivity. In nitrate reduction, the promoter proceeds with a redox mechanism. Tin was selected as promoter. The optimal loadings in palladium and tin are respectively 5 and 1. 7 wt %. Important modifications of the catalyst are observed during the reaction. Catalysts supported on alumina present large amount of oxidized tin deposited on the support, the phenomena is not observe on silica which presents only tin in interaction with palladium. The activity of the catalyst can be related to the amount of reducible tin on the catalyst. Trimetallic catalysts containing gold allow an increase of the selectivity from 93 to 97%. In situ pre-reduction and pH control at low value are key parameters. The ionic composition of water has no influence on the selectivity. Selective reduction of nitrate is possible over a trimetallic silica-supported catalyst with formic acid; this system allows to expect an industrial application nitrate catalytic reduction
Geng, Qing Zhi. "Modélisation conjointe du cycle de l'eau et du transfert des nitrates dans un système hydrologique." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0125.
Full textLasserre, Frédérique. "Conception et intégration dans un SIG d'un modèle de transport des nitrates dans les aquifères libres : application sur deux bassins hydrogéologiques de la région Poitou-Charentes." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2267.
Full textFazzolari, Correa Elisa. "La réduction dissimilative du nitrate en ammonium dans les sols." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO10056.
Full textGoujon, Michaël. "Quantification du devenir des nitrates dans les hydrogéosystèmes hétérogènes fissurés : périmètre expérimental de Kerveldreac'h (Finistère - 29)." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2279.
Full textRemediation measures of excessive nitrate concentrations in streamwaters yield contrasted effects regarding response times and degradation rates, generally lower than expected. This can be explain by the role that groundwaters play in the nitrate behaviour at catchment scale. Mechanisms which take place there are controlled by the hydrodynamic properties of fissured and weathered aquifers, and by the hydrochemical processes in groundwaters. Generalization of processes at groundwater scale depends on the understanding of processes at the well scale. Some misinterpretations can then arise due to the proper functioning of the wells. This work has been carried out on the Experimental Perimeter of Kerveldreac'h (EPK) within the Kerharo watershed. It made it possible to confirm the vertical hydrochemical zonation of the fissured aquifer. Two hydrodynamic and hydrochemical studies have been performed. The first study used a well without any equipment (Somlette, 1998). The second study used a well equipped with a packer, which let the aquifer recover its continuity. Despite the multiple inversions of piezometric levels observed in the well, the results show that, during a hydrological cycle, the groundwater hydrochemical stratification is steady. Knowledges, gathered on the EPK, have led to the elaboration of a conceptual model, as accurate and realistic as possible, prerequisite to the numerical modeling. The modeling task performed with MODFLOW allowed to estimate the effect of the hydrochemical zonation, and of the aquifer functioning on the nitrates amounts which are released into the stream, and on the response times of the whole system. This approach allowed also to establish water budgets and nitrate mass balances through the hydrogeosystem. Results show that natural denitrification in groundwater is a significant phenomenon. Actually, the mass balances resulting from the numerical modeling (2D vertical cross section model ) show that, when an oxydo-reduction barrier is present, 80 to 90 % of nitrates entering the aquifer, are decayed during their transport and so don't reach the stream
Tournebize, Julien. "Impact de l'enherbement du vignoble alsacien sur le transfert des nitrates." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13210.
Full textGuérin, Dachkevitch Nathalie. "Emissions de N2 O par les sols cultivés : effets de la teneur en nitrate et de la température." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS081.
Full textGuerbois, Delphine. "Mécanismes de dénitrification ferreuse par des biominéraux de type rouille verte : application au traitement des eaux usées." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066825.
Full textLeviel, Bruno. "Évaluation des risques et maîtrise des flux d'azote au niveau d'une parcelle agricole dans la plaine roumaine et bulgare : application aux cultures de mai͏̈s, blé, colza et betterave." Toulouse, INPT, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000INPT021A.
Full textFéray, Christine. "Nitrification en sédiment d'eau douce : incidence de rejets de station d'épuration sur la dynamique de communautés nitrifiantes." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10058.
Full textSalem, Kheira. "Elimination des nitrates des eaux polluées par les procédés à membranes échangeuses d'ions." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20059.
Full textFerrant, Sylvain. "Modélisation agro-hydrologique des transferts de nitrates à l'échelle des bassins versants agricoles gascons." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/779/.
Full textThe present work aimed to assess nitrogen trasfer and transformation in stream of agricultural catchment of Gascogne region, in order to evaluate agricultural practices change to decrease nitrate river contamination. A continuous in situ sampling protocol was used at the outlet of the small agricultural catchment in Auradé (3. 3 km2 in Gers district, South-West of France) to measure the fine temporal variation of nitrate concentration. Infra-daily high variations of concentrations have been observed during flood events, the high concentrations explain a significative part of annual nitrogen loads during these hydrological events. The spatially, physically based modelling approach of the Auradé catchment has then been used to evaluate water and nitrogen balance at the small catchment scale. Two catchment models have been chosen : TNT2, whitch is fully distributed and developped for small catchment with shallow groundwater, and SWAT, semi-distributed and developped for larger catchment. The use of both models permits to : - show that both of them failed to simulate accurately the daily nitrogen losses intensity in river observed during flood events, even if modelling approach of SWAT is more adapted to simulate processes involved - simulate a same global water and nitrogen balance with opposing simulated processes - show the main influence of mineralisation and denitrification dynamic simulated to conclued on ability of models to represent reality. TNT2 has been evaluated to be more adapted to simulate agricultural changes designed or already implemented in Auradé catchment. Results of this virtual experimentation show that agricultural changes already implemented would have decresed for 16% the annual nitrogen losses, and that if catch crop had been implemented, nitrogen losses would have decrease of 18% more. SWAT has after been calibrated at the larger scale of the Save catchment of 1110km2 whitch include Auradé catchment. The global parametrisation has been modified for the agro-pedological context of Auradé catchment, context area whitch represent 25% of the total Save catchment area. Major hydrological parameters calibrated on Auradé catchment has been used for calibrating this area. The increase of discharge prediction quality is significative and show the contribution of these areas to daily discharge at the Save catchment outletduring some rainy events. Predictions of water and nitrogen concentration may be improved in taking land cover spatialisation into account
Anglade, Juliette. "Agriculture biologique et qualité des ressources en eau dans le bassin de la Seine : caractérisation des pratiques et applications territorialisées." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066102/document.
Full textThe intensive agriculture characterizing the Seine watershed since half a century is based on the generalization of the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and by the rupture of the connection between crop and livestock systems. This system is nowadays compromising ground- and surface water quality, namely through nitrate contamination which mostly originates from agricultural losses. The implementation of technically proven and socially acceptable alternatives, allowing reconciling agricultural production and water quality preservation, encounters lots of obstructions of technical and social nature. From a technical point of view, sound reference data and rigorous indicators are lacking to assess the agronomical and environmental performance of alternative agro-systems. The first objective of this thesis is therefore to develop a sound conceptual framework to evaluate the productive capacity and the risk of nitrate lixiviation of agro-systems, through an improved version of the nitrogen soil surface balance. We first developed, based on a meta-analysis of the literature, robust relations to determine symbiotic nitrogen fixation by grain and forage legumes crops, which plays a central role in organic farming systems. We then could establish the relationship between total N fertilization, harvested yield and surplus of agro-systems, in order (i) to draw the trajectories of 124 countries over 50 years based on FAO data, and (ii) to compare the performance of the main organic crop rotations of the Seine basin and those of the conventional ‘reasoned’ agriculture. Finally, we established an empirical relationship linking N surplus, lixiviation and nitrate concentration in drainage water for arable land and permanent grassland. We show in a second part of this thesis how this conceptual framework of analysis can be useful in particular territories to highlight and guide stakeholder action, as well as to make more credible some alternatives which can feed the necessary transition toward more sustainable agro-systems. We analyze the situation of the drinking water abstraction areas of La Plaine du Saulce, supplying the city of Auxerre (Burgundy) as well as that of Flins-Aubergenville, supplying the western part of Paris agglomeration. We elaborate alternative scenarios for these regions, going much farther than the mere improvement of agricultural practices, and taking into account the peculiar geographical and hydro-geological context of each study case
Bourrel, Sylvie. "Estimation et commande d'un procédé à paramètres répartis utilisé pour le traitement biologique de l'eau à potabiliser." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30191.
Full textMaurice, Laurence. "Modélisation du cycle de dégradation bactérienne de la matière organique. Application à la zone de turbidité maximale de l'estuaire de la Loire." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT041G.
Full textLegout, Cédric. "Étude des mécanismes hydrologiques et biogéochimiques de la recharge des nappes à surface libre." Rennes 1, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130462.
Full textBuluku, Ekwakwa Nsie-Ley Emvan. "Influence de l'agriculture sur la qualité des eaux souterraines : cas des nappes phréatiques du Parc naturel régional du Lubéron (Vaucluse, France)." Aix-Marseille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX11017.
Full textLandru, Bruno. "Méthodologie d'étude de la mise en solution des nitrates d'origine agricole au sein des eaux souterraines (exemple des aquifères du Haut-Rhône)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE1A001.
Full textContamination study of agricultural nitrate in haut-rhone aquifer requires an evident multidisciplinarity approach in view of the important number of factors involved in this mechanism. Nitrate in groundwater usually results ofrom the combination of many climatic, agronomic, hydrological, hydrogeological and geological factors. The different situations come across, usually result from the importance of each factor. Such a study allows to determine the vulnerability of agricultural nitate contamination of each aquifer
Mathieu, Olivier. "Application du traçage isotopique 15N à l'étude du protoxyde d'azote (N2O) , gaz à effet de serre produit par l'activité microbienne des sols : quantification des flux et approche spatiale au terrain." Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS050.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a trace gas involved in the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone (O3) depletion. During this work, we have developed isotopic techniques to study N2O emissions from soils. Using the addition of a 15N–labelled substrate, allowing the simultaneous measurement of N2O and N2, observed spatial variability of N2O and N2 emissions was significant at the field scale. Results support the hypothesis that soil carbon availability influences N2O/N2 regulation. The relative contributions to N2O production of nitrification and denitrification were investigated using a pair–labelled experiment (15NH4+ or 15NH3–). Transition to saturated conditions increases the proportion of nitrified nitrogen emitted as N2O. Finally, a study of isotopic fractionation during denitrification shows a decrease in the fractionation effect with the 15N enrichment of the added substrate
Jego, Guillaume. "Influence des activités agricoles sur la pollution nitrique des eaux souterraines : analyse par modélisation des impacts des systèmes de grande culture sur les fuites de nitrate dans les plaines alluviales." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/469/.
Full textIt is now, well recognized that agricultural activities are responsible for an important part of the groundwater nitrate pollution. The case of the alluvial plains is particularly interesting because they associate the presence of a rich and deep soil, very favourable to the agriculture, and shallow alluvial groundwater. In this work we are interested in two types of alluvial plain. The alluvial plain of the Alegria River (Pays-Basque, Spain) represent the case of an alluvial plain with a small river. The recharge of the aquifer is mainly made by the infiltration and the percolation of the water through the not saturated zone of the soil. In such situation the nitrate leaching under the agricultural plots influences significantly the groundwater nitrate concentrations. The modelling of two crops (a potato crop in 1993 and a sugar beet crop in 2002) with the model the STICS soil-crop allowed on one hand to confirm that the agricultural practices had a significant impact on the evolution of the groundwater nitrate concentrations, and on the other hand to explain partially the decrease of the concentrations which was observed between the studies (between 1993 and 2002). The alluvial plain of the Garonne corresponds to a situation where the groundwater solutes concentrations are influenced by the exchanges between not saturated zone and the groundwater but also by the exchanges between groundwater and river. The coupling of the STICS model outputs (drainage and concentration in nitrate) with the hydro-biogeochemical model 2SWEM allowed to simulate these two types of interactions, and so, on one hand to explain the spatial distribution of the groundwater nitrate concentrations, and on the other hand to estimate the impact of modifications of the agricultural practices on these concentrations (notably the effect of the catch crop)
Chevron, Florence. "Dénitrification biologique d'une nappe phréatique polluée par des composés azotés d'origine industrielle : expérimentations en laboratoire sur les cinétiques, le métabolisme et les apports de nutriments." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-234.pdf.
Full textDupuy, Alain. "Simulation de la contamination diffuse des eaux souterraines par les nitrates à l'échelle du bassin versant." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2306.
Full textLandru, Bruno. "Étude du transfert des nitrates d'origine agricole dans les aquifères de la plaine alluviale du Haut-Rhône." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10219.
Full textContamination study of agricultural nitrate in haut-rhone aquifer requires an evident multidisciplinarity approach in view of the important number of factors involved in this mechanism. Nitrate in groundwater usually results ofrom the combination of many climatic, agronomic, hydrological, hydrogeological and geological factors. The different situations come across, usually result from the importance of each factor. Such a study allows to determine the vulnerability of agricultural nitate contamination of each aquifer
Polus-Lefebvre, Edwige. "Apports croisés de la modélisation géostatistique et déterministe : exemple des nitrates et de l'oxygène dissous dans un réseau hydrographique." Centre de géosciences (Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne), 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00563806.
Full textThe river water quality is characterized either from measurement networks with a few sites by edge or thanks to physics-based models that simulate physical processes approximately. This thesis explore the solutions that geostatistics offer to improve the estimation of concentrations along a river network based on measurements, and then to combine these measurements with the physics-based simulation. A variographic model valid on a tree was developed by C. Bernard-Michel (2006), but its inference was made impossible by the too small account of measurement sites. To remedy this lack of data, the idea consists in considering the physics-based model ProSe (Even et al, 1998, 2004, Flipo et al, 2004) as a replica of reality. For nitrates and dissolved oxygen, the ProSe model outputs are first compared to different measurement sets, revealing discordances. Upstream boundary conditions combining these different kinds of measurement are reconstituted by co-kriging, what improve the agreement between ProSe outputs and measurements. Besides, the joint modelling of variograms of Prose outputs and measurements turns out to be an efficient tool for diagnosing the physics-based model imperfections. Admitted as a replica of reality, the ProSe simulation is then used to test the hypotheses of the geostatistical modelling and to perform its inference. Different geostatistical models for the estimation of concentrations based on measurements are then compared. Finally a geostatistical estimation combining the ProSe simulation with measurements is carried out, with promising results
Mendoza-Vega, Oscar. "Contribution à l'étude de la dénitrification biologique des extraits de tabac." Compiègne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988COMPD130.
Full textVoisin, Anne-Sophie. "Etude du fonctionnement des racines nodulées du pois (Pisum sativum L. ) en relation avec la disponibilité en nitrates du sol, les flux de carbone au sein de la plante et la phénologie : croissance des racines nodulées et activité fixatrice des nodosités." Dijon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002DIJOS005.
Full textGerbier, Christophe. "Etude comparative de la faisabilité industrielle de procédés biologiques de dénitrification." Limoges, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIMO0057.
Full textLacherez-Bastin, Sabine. "Contribution à l'étude de la migration des nitrates dans le sol et la zone non saturée de la nappe de la craie dans le Nord de la France : modélisation intégrée des nitrates dans le bassin versant de l'Escrebieux." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Lacherez-Bastin.pdf.
Full textEn période sèche, l'écoulement se fait à 85 % par effet piston au sein de la matrice poreuse crayeuse, avec une vitesse de l'ordre de 0. 6 rn/an sous un recouvrement argileux supérieur à 5 m, 1. 0 rn/an sous un recouvrement limoneux et enfm 1. 25 m sous un recouvrement sableux. Dans des conditions de saturation importante, l'écoulement par les fissures peut venir égaler voire supplanter le mode d'écoulement par effet piston. Les vitesses de migration des nitrates sont " brusquement" accélérées, pendant une courte période, au droit de la zone fissurée. On observe en général un décalage de l'ordre de 5 m d'une fraction du front de pollution azotée par l'intermédiaire des fissures. La modélisation intégrée des cycles de l'eau et de l'azote au droit du bassin versant de l'Escrebieux montre que le module nitrates, que nous avons développé, restitue correctement les observations de terrain effectuées aux droit des différents piézomètres de suivi de la qualité de la nappe de la craie de ce bassin
Mattei, Coraline. "Réactivité hétérogène de pesticides adsorbés sur des particules atmosphériques : influence des paramètres environnementaux sur les cinétiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0181.
Full textEnvironmental contamination by pesticides is ubiquitous and induces health and environmental impacts. Once applied, some of the pesticides reach the atmosphere, where they distribute between the aqueous, gaseous and particle phases. Most of the currently used pesticides are semi-volatiles and are therefore partially adsorbed on the atmospheric particle surfaces and undergo heterogeneous degradation reactions. If their reactivity in the gaseous phase is often known, their reactivity in the particle phase remains poorly described. This experimental work allowed studying the influence of environmental parameters (relative humidity, type of particles, pesticides surface concentration) on the reactivity of eight pesticides (cyprodinil, deltamethrin, difenoconazole, fipronil, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, permethrin, tetraconazole). They were adsorbed on mineral surfaces mimicking mineral aerosol particles (hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica, Arizona sand) to simulate atmospheric degradation by the mains atmospheric oxidants (ozone, hydroxyl radicals (OH) and nitrate radicals (NO3)). Results showed that relative humidity, particle type, and pesticide concentration can influence the heterogeneous degradation of pesticides with ozone and OH radicals. They also showed the efficiency of NO3 radicals for the atmospheric heterogeneous degradation of pesticides (half-lives in the particle phase from 2 to 16 d with NO3 compared to 0.4 to > 800 d with ozone and to 3 to > 100 d with OH). Results obtained allow a better understanding of the atmospheric fate of pesticides and will contribute to predict of atmospheric contamination
Clément, Chedzer-Clarc. "Lessivage des nitrates en fonction de la fertilisation azotée dans la pomme de terre irriguée et non irriguée au Québec." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69907.
Full textNitrogen (N) management and irrigation are important factors affecting yield and N losses through nitrate-N (NO3-N) leaching in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on sandy soils. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of N fertilization (rate and source) on total (TY) and marketable (MY) yields, in-season NO3-N leaching, and residual soil NO3-N (RSN) for potatoes grown on sandy soils under two irrigation regimes (irrigated and non-irrigated). Two field experiments were conducted to compare split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) products at several N rates during five (2008-2012) and three (2013-2015) years, respectively. The results showed that there was no benefit from additional water by irrigation when water deficits were low. Irrigation increased in-season NO3-N leaching by 52% but had no effect on TY and MY. Results from the 3-year field experiment showed that TY and MY response to N fertilization were not significant when soil N supplied by soil N mineralization was high. However, increasing the fertilizer N rate increased in-season NO3-N leaching and RSN. A single application of PCU resulted in similar TY and MY as split-applied conventional soluble N fertilizers at equivalent N rates. Results from both field experiments suggest that the potential of PCU to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching may vary according to rainfall distribution and irrigation timing due to the N-release characteristics of the PCU. Application of PCU at planting was an effective strategy to reduce in-season NO3-N leaching when there was significant rainfall during the period between planting and hilling. The results also indicated that PCU+urea applied at planting may reduce TY and MY compared to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers due to excessive vegetative growth and delayed tuber initiation. Furthermore, PCU+urea increased in-season NO3-N leaching relative to PCU and conventional soluble N fertilizers applied at equivalent N rates. Residual soil NO3-N was an effective index of the potential soil NO3-N losses in the non-growing season, as overwinter NO3-N losses were generally higher with greater RSN. The results indicated that a single application of PCU, alone or mixed with a conventional soluble N fertilizer at planting increases the risk of NO3-N leaching in the non- growing season in comparison to conventional soluble N fertilizers. The overall results suggest that reducing the fertilizer N rate is more important than the choice of N sources to minimize NO3-N leaching from potato production.
Boucher, Valérie. "Etude de la déshydratation par respiration aérobie de boues de station d'épuration : Limitation des pertes en azotes." Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT001A.
Full textJacob, Jérome. "Modélisation et simulation dynamique de procédés de traitement des eaux de type biofiltre : traitement de systèmes d'équations différentielles partielles et algébriques (EDPA)." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT038G.
Full textVilain, Guillaume. "Emissions de N2O dans un versant agricole de grandes cultures (Brie, Bassin de la Seine) : observations, expérimentations et modélisation dans un continuum "plateau/zone enherbée/rivière"." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066545.
Full textSerhal, Hani. "Influence des pressions anthropiques sur l'évolution des concentrations en nitrates dans la nappe de la craie du Nord de la France : applications au Cambrésis et au nord Audomarois." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Serhal.pdf.
Full textLa modélisation est basée sur des données réelles fournies par les enquêtes de terrain et les données du Recensement Général Agricole (RGA). Les communes de la zone d'étude sont classées en quatre types selon leurs pratiques culturales. A chaque type j'ai attribué une rotation culturale. La modélisation, qui a débuté en 1965, s'étend jusqu'en 2003 dans le but de mieux comprendre l'influence de la variation des pratiques culturales (rotation et fertilisation) sur la variation de la qualité de l'eau alimentant la nappe. La modélisation permet de démontrer que la mise en place du programme Ferti-Mieux a déjà, dans la plupart des cas, conduit à un abaissement significatif des concentrations en nitrates dans l'eau lessivée. Dans l'arrondissement de Cambrai, j'ai réalisé un modèle intégré permettant de modéliser la transformation et le transfert des nitrates en partant de la surface du sol jusqu'à la zone saturée. J'ai pris en compte l'impact des nitrates d'origine agricole ainsi que ceux provenant des agglomérations. Le suivi des fertilisations, l'augmentation du nombre de stations d'épurations urbaines et l'amélioration de leurs performances diminuent les apports nitratés de surface. Mais l'effet de ces améliorations sur la qualité, des eaux de la craie n'est pas partout synchrone. Les comparaisons entre les piézométries mesurées et celles calculées, ainsi que les comparaisons entre les concentrations en nitrates mesurées et celles calculées m'ont permis de caler correctement les modèles hydrodynamiques et hydrodispersifs dans la zone non-saturée et dans la zone saturée. J'ai ensuite pris des hypothèses les plus vraisemblables des intrants azotés jusqu'en 2020. Cette évolution prospective de la qualité de l'eau de la craie permet à la fin de répondre à l'un des objectifs de la DCE et aussi de permettre l'optimisation de la gestion de l'aquifère de l'arrondissement de Cambrai
El, Mostafa Benmoussa. "Ecologie des communautés périphytiques : étude en laboratoire et en milieu naturel des conditions de développement et des caractéristiques de fonctionnement de trois types de biodermes." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30279.
Full textMusset, Joanne. "Déterminisme de la distribution spatiale du nitrate dans un système d'aquifères : application à une petite région agricole méditerranéenne (Comtat Venaissin, Vaucluse, France)." Avignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AVIG0024.
Full textRecous, Sylvie. "Dynamique de l'azote en sol cultivé : organisation microbienne des formes ammoniacale et nitrique, conséquences sur l'utilisation de l'azote des engrais par une culture de blé." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10049.
Full textGhiglione, Jean-François. "Compétitivité des microorganismes dans la rhizosphère : valeur sélective des fonctions de réduction dissimulative du nitrate et du nitrite." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO19003.
Full textLorette, Guillaume. "Fonctionnement et vulnérabilité d'un système karstique multicouche à partir d'une approche multi-traceurs et d'un suivi haute-résolution : application aux Sources du Toulon à Périgueux (Dordogne, France)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0116/document.
Full textThis work is included in an approach for a better knowledge of karst aquifers. For this, the Toulon Springs pilot site was chosen, and provides the opportunity to study relationships between multilayered karst aquifers of the northern edge of the Aquitaine sedimentary basin. Toulon Springs are major regional springs and are located in Périgueux (Dordogne County, France). They have been supplying water to the metropolitan area of Périgueux since 1832.This work aim to test an innovative multitracer approach coupled with a physicochemical high-resolution auto-monitoring to characterize functioning and vulnerability of a multilayered karst aquifer.The use of a coupled hydrodynamic and hydrochemical approach has highlighted Toulon Springs supply by a deep and captive aquifer, in addition to a more subsuperficial aquifer. This information has been incorporated into the global hydrogeological situation of the study area to propose a new delineation of Toulon Springs hydrogeological cathment.The use of a high-resolution monitoring enables to specify the hydrogeological functioning of the studied karst system. The analysis performed on several flood events, identify that mass transfer can range from a few days to a few weeks.The use of nitrate isotope (δ15N-NO3- ; δ18O-NO3-) enables to identify two main nitrate sources in both surface water and groundwater: (i) inorganic fertilizer; (ii) sewage from individual house.The last part of this work was to analyse Toulon Springs temporal vulnerability during floods to marker of contamination such as particles, dissolved organic carbon, nitrate, and bacteria. Hence, several water type from surface runoff, unsaturated zone and saturated zone were identify as responsible of contaminant transfer: (i) water from saturated zone is responsible of vulnerability to mineral particles ; (ii) water from unsaturated zone is responsible of vulnerability to nitrare ; (iii) water from surface runoff is responsible of vulnerability to bacteria contamination
Philippe, Élodie. "Contribution à la modélisation du transfert des nitrates au travers de la zone non saturée à l'échelle régionale : application au bassin de la Seine." Phd thesis, Centre de géosciences (Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne), 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00622536.
Full textNitrate contaminations observed since the 1950s in hydrosystems are an important environmental issue. To meet the quality standards (Water Framework Directive), an understanding of their dynamics is thus necessary and requires modelling work. We focus on transfer modelling through the unsaturated zone between the soil and groundwater. This medium can indeed generate significant delays between surface contamination and impact on the quality of groundwater resources. We therefore firstly studied precisely these transfers through sensitivity analyses with a physically-based model. We have also assessed the impact of water table fluctuations on these transfers within this model. In the integrated model of hydrosystems Eau-dyssée, the approach used to simulate these transfers is deliberately simplified to reduce computation time and the number of required parameters. We propose an evaluation and an improvement of this approach that permitted us to obtain a better solute transfer dynamics compared to field observations. An application of the model at the regional scale of the Seine basin, has also highlight the problems with the initialization of groundwater nitrate concentrations before the beginnings of intensive agriculture. We therefore developed a method to obtain the evolution of the median groundwater nitrate concentrations in the three main aquifers of this basin (Oligocene, Eocene, Chalk)