Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Teneur en tritium'
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Boyer, Cécile. "Étude des transferts du tritium atmosphérique chez la laitue: étude cinétique, état d'équilibre et intégration du tritium sous forme organique lors d'une exposition atmosphérique continue." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00464333.
Full textBacchetta, Audrey. "Analyse et spéciation du tritium dans des matrices environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066026.
Full textThis study deals with environmental monitoring. The main aims are (i) the optimisation of the analytical procedure for the tritium in organic form determination, and (ii) the identification of the tritium bearing molecules which are responsible for its transfer from the environment to man. The study was divided into three stages. First an analytical method was developed to determine hydrogen content of several samples, which is a key element to calculate accurate organically bound tritium activities. Secondly, the impact of the organically bound tritium fractions separation (labile exchange) for the determination of the representative fraction of the level of environmental tritium activity was then evaluated. For that, the amount of solubilised sample was estimated. Finally, the speciation of tritium in environmental samples was investigated. Several molecules classes and organic compounds dissolved in the labile exchanges solvent were identified. The results show that the distribution of tritium in organisms depends on both properties of the chemical bond in which it is involved and chemical properties of tritium bearing molecules. The identified compounds belong to the molecules classes such as carbohydrates or amino acids, constitutive of living organisms. It would now be of interest to study the tritium distribution in an environmental sample to target molecules of interest and study the impact of tritium from the environment to man
Paul, Alexia. "Dynamique couplée de l’hydrogène et du carbone organiques des sols : approches par isotopes stables pour la prévision du devenir du 3H, 2H, 13C et 14C." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0068/document.
Full textRadiocarbon (14C) and tritium (3H) are naturally released into the environment but also through nuclear activities. The releases are expected to persist for the next decades, it is important to predict their fate and their residence time in soils. The objective of this thesis is to propose a quantitative prediction and a simple modeling of the fate of 14C and 3H in soil organic matter (SOM). The originality of this work is twofold: first, we hypothesize that the incorporation and fate of NEH atoms in the soil are coupled to the carbon dynamics. Second, we chose to trace carbon and hydrogen by natural or artificial 13C and 2H tracing.Through natural in situ 13C tracing, we quantified the carbon recently incorporated by vegetation in few decades. Deep horizons contain a large part of this carbon (typically 20 to 30%). We adapted the RothC model to the deep soil C dynamics. This allowed us to predict that 10% of C will persist for several centuries in the deeper layers. The labelling experiments showed that the microbial activity is driving the incorporation of hydrogen from water into SOM, and allowed us to establish the CH stoichiometry of biotransformations. These experiments were a mean to propose a model of the coupled C and H dynamics of the SOM in the short and medium term (decades). The results of this thesis contribute as well to the improvement of the interpretation of natural abundances in 13C and 2H stable isotopes. A meta-analysis of the correlations between the 13C and 14C concentrations of global soils has demonstrated that the 13C enrichment of deep organic matter can be fully explained by the 13C/12C ratio of the vegetation from which they are derived
Lanier, Sandy. "Mise au point d’un mortier de piégeage à réseau poreux contrôlé." Thesis, Centrale Lille Institut, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLIL0027.
Full textThis PhD is part of the MACH3project funded by the French Investment Plan (PIA) -2nd phase. It contributes to the management of tritiated radioactive waste produced by the ITER fusion facility. The acceptance of this waste on a storage site requires a low rate of degassing of Tritium (radioactive isotope of H2). This research has developed cement mortars for conditioning tritiated nuclear waste,making it possible to limit the degassing of tritium by irreversible trapping of its gaseous forms. Composite mortars were formulated, based on conventional Portland cement, and integrating a hydrogen getter (Ag2O/MnO2), meeting the safety criteria of a radioactive waste storage facility and complying with the industrial specifications. After three months of maturation, their trapping performance, without preliminary drying, is between 75 and 95% (measured following a gamma irradiation test, generating H2in situ)
Demange, David. "Mesure non intrusive de l'activité de fûts de déchets tritiés par modélisation d'une fuite 3He et sa quantification par spectrométrie de masse." Besançon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BESA2016.
Full textMuchembled, Jérôme. "Le couple Triticum aestivum/Erysiphe (= Blumeria) graminis f. Sp. Tritici : induction de la résistance acquise, incidences sur la composition lipidique." Littoral, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DUNK0027.
Full textArcanjo, Caroline. "Etudes des effets de l'eau tritiée sur les stades de développement précoces chez le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) : caractérisation des modes d'action." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0379/document.
Full textIn France, tritium is mainly released as tritiated water (HTO) by nuclear power plants and nuclear reprocessing plants. The developmental and reprotoxic effects of tritium have already been studied. However, few studies focus on molecular effects. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of HTO on the embryo-larvae stages of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Two dose rates, 0.4 and 4 mGy/h, were tested. A protocol for the measurement of activity in organisms was developed. It has (i) confirmed that the internalization of HTO is rapid, (ii) allowed the discrimination of the tissue-free-water-tritum and organically bound tritium forms, and (iii) allowed the calculation of the dose permitting to link the observed effects to a received dose. The effects of HTO were evaluated at different biological levels. At the molecular level, a transcriptomic analysis (mRNAseq) showed the modulation of genes involved in muscle contraction and eye development at 24hpf, as well as in the circadian rythm and the response to oxidative stress at 96hpf. Modulation of genes involved in the DNA damage repair was shown. At higher levels of organization, some alterations of muscle fibers were observed for both dose rates. A decrease in swimming velocity was shown at 96 hpf after exposure to 0.4 mGy/h. This work allowed a better understanding of the tritium internalization, to characterize the absorbed dose in organisms and to better understand the effects of tritium
Kichey, Thomas. "Etude agronomique, physiologique et cytologique de la remobilisation de l'azote au cours de la phase de remplissage du grain chez le blé tendre d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L. )." Amiens, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AMIE0514.
Full textQiu, Huiling. "Déterminants de la variabilité des teneurs en magnésium (Mg) du blé : approches agro-physiologique et moléculaire." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF22336.
Full textIn order to increase the Mg content in the grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum) through plant breeding to improve the dietary Mg intake, the objectives of the present study is (i) to identify the plant traits which are associated with the grain Mg concentration, (ii) to study genotypic variation in Mg dynamic in plant and its effect on Mg accumulation in grain, (iii) identify the minerals interacted with Mg in absorption and distribution, and (iv) study the Mg-related metabolisms influencing the amount of Mg in grain by proteomic approach. The study of 22 genotypes in a multiple-sites and -years field trial showed that there was negative effect of yield, thousand grain weight and number of grains per spike on the grain Mg concentration. The genetic difference was observed in the Mg dynamic during grain development. Mg in the grain depended on both Mg translocation from roots and remobilization from aboveground vegetative tissues, and could be affected by the Mg reserve in vegetative tissues. The study of correlation among different minerals showed that the Mg concentration in grain was positively associated with those of Zn and P, and the Mg content in aboveground was positively associated with those of Mn, P and Zn. Proteomic study of grain peripheral layers showed that Mg is involved in cell division, protein folding and energy metabolism, and hence influenced the grain dry matter accumulation by determining the potential size and grain filling. In conclusion, the accumulation of Mg in the plant influences the grain dry matter which has a negative effect on the Mg content
Bogard, Matthieu. "Analyse génétique et écophysiologique de l'écart à la relation teneur en protéines - rendement en grains chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.)." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679581.
Full textLacaze, Xavier. "Interprétation des interactions génotype x environnement et étude des Déterminants génétiques de l'adaptation : exemple de la teneur en protéines du grain de blé dur (Triticum turgidum)." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0019.
Full textGuérin, Dachkevitch Nathalie. "Emissions de N2 O par les sols cultivés : effets de la teneur en nitrate et de la température." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS081.
Full textDaniel, Catherine. "Effets des facteurs du milieu sur la teneur et la composition des proteines de reserve du ble (triticum aestivum l. ) en relation avec la valeur d'utilisation." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF22170.
Full textCasagrande, Marion. "Evaluation précoce des performances du blé biologique (rendement et teneur en protéines) : une approche combinée de diagnostic agronomique, de modélisation à l'aide d'indicateurs de nuisibilité et d'études des pratiques dans les exploitations agricoles." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004736.
Full textAnne, Sara. "Influence de la nutrition cuprique sur les composantes du rendement du blé dur (Triticum durum) : et étude de la distribution du cuivre radioactif absorbé par voie racinaire." Toulouse, INPT, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985INPT007A.
Full textVilmus, Ingrid. "Analyse des déterminants génétiques contrôlant la résorption d'azote, relations avec les paramètres quantitatifs et qualitatifs de la récolte." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0018/document.
Full textPerforming cultivar development of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum durum) have to take in consideration the negative correlation existing between yield and grain protein content (GPC). A best comprehension of this phenomenon needs the knowledge of these variables elaboration. During this thesis, we focused on the study of foliar parameters determinism during the grain filling (morphology, nitrogen resorption/senescence) and their relations with post-harvest parameters (yield, GPC). The population was formed of 282 recombinant lines coming from a half-diallel cross between 4 elite lines. Data are from experimentations on controlled environment (3 experimentations) and on field (2 experimentations).In controlled environment, various variables (nitrogen content, mass area) were predicted using near-infrared spectroscopy and performing regular measures during the period of interest. Nitrogen resorptions of the last leaf were modeled for each genotype and parameters were analyzed. A strong negative correlation was established between the resorption initiation date (t0) in thermal time post-flowering and its duration and a positive correlation was established between t0 and the grain individual weight. At the plot scale, the dynamic monitoring of senescence through measures of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) evolution showed a strong relation between the senescence evolution rate and its intercept, suggesting the senescence end was a very constraint phenomenon in field.Without nitrogen stress, the analysis of the 4 genitors indicated that linear combinations of foliar parameters could explain around 2/3 of one-spike grain production and GPC variations. Considering the entire population, the antagonist effects of a late resorption on grain production and on the GPC were established. A post-flowering nitrogen stress causes an early and long resorption which seems to affect more GPC than yield. A pre-flowering nitrogen stress reduces nitrogen quantity available in flag leaves (and consequently their photosynthetic potential) and the grain number whereas late nitrogen inputs of this environment delay resorption and raise grain individual weight and GPC.The genetic analysis in mixed model allowed taking into account relatedness among lines, calculated with pedigrees or markers. Those 2 relatedness estimators are strongly correlated; the regression intercept (0.3) can be interpreted as an identity-by-state measure of the base population from which genitors are derived. Consequently, additive variances from a marker-relatedness model are always superior to additive variances form a pedigree-relatedness model. Heritability values of the study variables (flag leaf morphology and nitrogen resorption parameters) have the same order of magnitude than those of one-spike yield and GPC.Field experimentations allowed highlighting the flag leaf weight as a contributor organ to yield and GPC. Nitrogen balance showed a link between post-flowering nitrogen fluxes and nitrogen available at flowering. Genotype-phenotype association's research was realized through a simple-marker analysis for all the experimentations and a Composite Interval Mapping analysis only for data obtained in greenhouses. A stable QTL was detected on the 3 controlled environments for t0. QTL comparison on controlled environment QTL and field QTL highlighted various area containing QTL on certain chromosomes: an area of foliar nitrogen content at flowering QTL on the 1A, an area of GPC QTL, Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW) QTL and grain number QTL on the 2A, an area of foliar morphology QTL on the 2B, an area of TKW QTL on the 3B and an area of senescence variables QTL on the 7B.In conclusion, we discuss about breeding strategies around the negative correlation yield/GPC in relations with nitrogen resorption and senescence and about the interest to use the “animal” model for genetic analysis and QTL research
Lavoignat, Mélanie. "Identification des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux impactant la qualité santé des protéines du grain de blé tendre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2023UCFA0084_LAVOIGNAT.pdf.
Full textPlant proteins quality is a major issue in the context of global changes and considering the need for a healthy, safe and sustainable diet. The wheat grain proteins provide almost 20 % of adult nitrogen intake. Their health quality notably relies on a high content of essential amino acids, the absence of precursors of harmful molecules such as acrylamide, and a more digestible gluten. Abiotic stresses due to climate change and changes in agronomic practices are environmental factors that impacts the protein and amino acid content and composition of grain, and therefore the health quality of proteins. Little is known about the influence of genetic and environmental factors and their interaction on the health quality of grain proteins. Therefore, the aim of this PhD is to quantify and characterize the genetic diversity of bread wheats grown under environmental constraints that are suitable to obtaining processed products with high protein digestibility and low acrylamide content. Based on a ‘field to fork' approach, the partial in vitro digestion of breads from 34 genotype-environment combinations were used to assess the influence of wheat grain phenotypic variations on the digestibility of bread proteins. This work revealed genotypic variability in the degree of protein hydrolysis, which would depend on the protein content and composition of the flour used for bread-making. However, there were no significant difference for bread protein partial digestibility between old and modern varieties. Peptidomic analysis of the gastric and jejunal compartments of the in vitro digestion model indicates that the abundance of the released peptides differs according to the genotypes and their growing environment. The concentration of free asparagine in the grain, a precursor to acrylamide formation, varies according to genotype and environment factors. It is controlled by several QTLs, but none of which is common to several environments. Ultimately, these results provide new insights into the genetic and environmental factors influencing the health quality of wheat grain proteins, towards selecting varieties with higher protein digestibility and lower acrylamide content
Taulemesse, François. "Analyse écophysiologique et génétique de l’absorption d’azote post-floraison chez le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L.) en relation avec la concentration en protéines des grains." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22581/document.
Full textGrain protein concentration is one of the major qualitative criteria of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) economic and technological value. However, the negative relationship existing between protein concentration and grain yield implies that grain protein concentration improvement is complex to achieve without detrimental effect on grain yield. Breeding programs based on the deviation to this negative relationship (Grain protein deviation of GPD) have been proposed to be a suitable strategy to improve grain nitrogen concentration without detrimental effects on yield. At a physiological level, GPD is strongly correlated with genotypes aptitude to uptake nitrogen after flowering independently of the nitrogen amount already taken up before this stage, suggesting that satiety for nitrogen could be involved in its establishment. Breeding for GPD implies however a more detailed knowledge of the processes implied in nitrogen uptake regulation by nitrogen plant satiety. This would allow targeting traits both simple to measure and robustly associated with this increased capacity to accumulate proteins in grains.The present study is based on two experiments carried on under controlled conditions and a third led under field conditions. In all experiments, various levels of pre-flowering fertilization were applied in order to obtain contrasted plant nitrogen status at flowering. Nitrogen status effect on post-flowering nitrogen uptake was observed under various post-flowering N availability conditions. Physiological and molecular measurements were carried out in parallel with uptake measurements.We highlighted that post-flowering nitrogen uptake has an elaborate dynamic, suggesting the involvement of complex regulations. Among these, plant nitrogen status at flowering determines to a great extent the amount of nitrogen taken up during the days following flowering (early PANU, from flowering to flowering +250 °C.days-1). Early PANU appears to be a strong determinant of grain protein concentration, as strong positive correlations were observed between these two traits both under controlled conditions and field conditions, independently of grain yield level. The study of two genotypes strongly contrasted for GPD highlighted that, despite comparable N status, early PANU is subjected to strong genetic variations which tend to identify N satiety as a determinant of GPD.The present study identified robust markers of GPD of potential use in plant breeding. At a physiological level, post flowering stem elongation appears to be a promising marker of GPD since this trait is strongly correlated with early PANU. At a molecular level, root nitrate concentration, a trait submitted to genetic variations, is also proposed as a marker of GPD because of its role in the expression regulation of the genes governing nitrogen uptake and assimilation
Daškevič, Tat'âna Nikolaevna. "Étude des complexes protéiques de blé tendre par chromatographie liquide à haute performance de tamisage moléculaire (SE-HPLC) : relation avec la qualité technologique." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20064.
Full textLimaux, François. "Modélisation des besoins du blé en azote, de la fourniture du sol et de l'utilisation de l'engrais : application au raisonnement de la fertilisation en Lorraine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_LIMAUX_F.pdf.
Full textRezgui, Cyrine. "Etude du potentiel d'introduction de la culture du pois d'hiver dans les successions culturales en Normandie : conséquences sur les communautés microbiennes du sol et les flux d'azote Impacts of the winter pea crop (instead of rapeseed) on soil microbial communities, nitrogen balance and wheat yield Quantification et analyse des exsudats racinaires de pois, de blé et de colza : mise au point d’une méthodologie de collecte des exsudats racinaires N rhizodeposition quantification and root exudates characterization of pea (Pisum Sativum L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under controlled conditions Linking soil microbial community to C and N dynamics during crop residues decomposition." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR047.
Full textThe agroecological transition targets triple agronomic, ecological, and societal performance of farms. Some new agricultural practices had emerged to develop a new cropping system to respond to these constraints. Legumes constitute an interesting alternative. Indeed, legumes are advantageous for soils due to their symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The presence of compatible rhizobia combined to nitrogen-limited conditions promotes symbiosis which is the most efficient way for legumes to acquire more nitrogen. Compared with non-nodulated plants, symbiosis provides a competitive advantage by increasing soil nitrogen pool. However, some grain legumes, notably winter pea, are rarely studied, especially in the Normandy region where no reference has been published for this crop. The objective of this study is to compare two crop successions for a period of two years (winter pea-wheat and rapeseed-wheat), in order to assess the effect of replacing rapeseed by winter pea at the head of the rotation .We evaluated the effect of these two crops (winter pea vs rapeseed) on the biological state of the soil and nitrogen fluxes at different spatio-temporal scales. The results showed a significant spatio-temporal effect on the response of soil microbial communities and highlighted the importance of the pedoclimatic context in determining the abundance and activity of soil microbial communities. A positive effect of winter pea has been demonstrated on the availability of mineral nitrogen during the crop cycle and for following crops (wheat and barley). The supply of nitrogen to the soil is linked to the rhizodeposition of nitrogen via plants roots and the degradation of crop residues after harvest. Our results showed that winter pea exhibited the greatest amount of nitrogen rhizodeposition. However, rhizodeposition did not have a significant impact on rhizospheric microbial communities. Contrary to these observations, the degradation of crop residues significantly modified the composition of bacterial communities linked to their initial biochemical composition. Crop succession including winter pea enriched the soil with mineral nitrogen but simulation with STICS software revealed a nitrogen leaching around of 23 kg N. ha-1 during the cropping cycle. These findings underline the importance of adapting an adequate crop management system, including winter pea, to limit nitrogen losses. The results showed also that wheat yields after winter pea without the use of nitrogen fertilizers were equivalent to those obtained after rapeseed. However, rapeseed required significant nitrogen fertilization. Including winter pea in crop rotation in Normandy region may be a key to enhance productivity, to respond to the challenges of agroecological transition, regional protein autonomy, and to reduce environmental and economic costs, by reducing notably, the costs of fertilizers production and uses