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Chand, Prakash. "Environmental Protection and Regulations in India: Role of the Central Pollution Control Board." Indian Journal of Public Administration 64, no. 4 (July 29, 2018): 645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556118785427.
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Since independence, Indian policymakers have attempted to address environmental problems by passing a number of rules and regulations as per the vision of the constitution and in response to the requirement of time. However, due to the prevalent poverty and the developmental compulsions of the nation, environment and its protection was not a priority of the government till the end of the 1960s. But, the 1972 Stockholm Conference on Human Environment brought a marked shift in India’s approach to environmental issues. The conference proved to be a turning point in India’s perception on environment and facilitated the creation of the National Committee on Environmental Planning and Co-ordination (NCEPC) in 1972. The NCEPC triggered a rise in environmental legislation, beginning with the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, which provided for the creation of Pollution Control Boards for the control of water pollution at national and state levels and empowered them to enforce the law. The boards were later empowered to deal with air pollution by Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and acted as regulatory mechanisms to environmental protection. This article primarily deals with the role of the Central Pollution Control Board as a regulatory authority to environmental protection and regulations in India.
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Liu, Siyi, Daoguang Yang, Nian Liu, and Xin Liu. "The Effects of Air Pollution on Firms’ Internal Control Quality: Evidence from China." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185068.
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Research on the consequences of air pollution has tended to focus on the macro and environmental effects on human health, often ignoring micro effects. In this paper, we empirically investigate the micro-institutional costs of air pollution, and our results show that in China, firms’ internal control quality is significantly and negatively associated with the severity of air pollution in its home city and that the most significant effects of air pollutants are those of PM2.5 and SO2, confirming that air pollution incurs micro-institutional costs. We find that this effect varies depending on factors related to the environment, ownership structure, the demographic traits of the board of directors’ chairman, and employees. Further analysis indicates that air pollution can degrade the quality of accounting information, provoke agency problems, and lower firm value. This study reveals the micro-institutional costs of air pollution and identifies the mechanisms by which air pollution affects the quality of macroeconomic development. By so doing, this study enables China’s government and public to better its understanding of air pollution and recognize the value of the Blue-Sky Protection Campaign. This study also reinforces the importance of the transition toward a new economic mode based on “high-quality development,” which will play a vital role in China’s new era.
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Abramović, Luka, Dragan Martinović, and Davor Lenac. "Analysis of variable Inlet Valve Control in two-stage turbocharged marine four-stroke Diesel engines – Miller cycle." Pomorstvo 31, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.31.1.9.
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With the ever so imminent threat of climate change caused by man-made pollution, IMO introduces a new piece of legislature: IMO Annex 6 Tier III regarding air pollution. To meet new standards of exhaust air content, engineers are scrambling to find new and efficient ways to keep the shipping industry going. With the dawn of two-stage turbocharging developing high values of inlet air pressure in combination with early IVC using variable valve actuation depending on the engine load, the regulations are met. In this study the effectiveness of the previously mentioned concepts are put to the test against the conventional Diesel cycle used on board most vessels today. A detailed comparison of the two is conducted followed by a thorough analysis and argumentation.
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Selwyn, Joshua Anish S., Monali B. Kadam, and Snigdha Thakur. "Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality and solid waste generation: a case study in a metropolitan city, Mumbai, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 4467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204746.
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Background: There is limited information describing the change on quality of air and solid waste generation if there is limited and efficient use of vehicles and the shutdown of industries producing hazardous air pollutants that have been achieved by the lockdown. Study assessed changes in the quality of air and solid waste generation due to Lockdown.Methods: It was an analytical study where the data is received from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board data for Mumbai during the period from December 2019 to July 2020. Analysis of Air pollutants like PM10, SO2, NO2, Air quality index, and solid waste generated are taken into consideration.Results: Findings of air quality data has been analysed from December to July. Where the mean air quality index before the lockdown was 251 which is very unhealthy and during lockdown was 62 which is moderate which is a 75% reduction in the pollutants and the solid waste generation before the lockdown was 6338.63 Metric tons per day which have been reduced to 4121.23 Metric tons per day which is a reduction of 34.98 %.Conclusions: This study provides information about how the environment would heal itself if there is a restriction on the use of vehicles and shutting down factories producing hazardous pollutants. This would provide the evidence for the Pollution Control Board to implement policy to improve air quality and solid waste generation, which would have a positive impact on human health and ecosystem.
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Zheng, Hai Ming, and Tie Qiao Guo. "Technical Study on Flue Gas Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems for Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.692.
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Monitoring emissions of air pollution sources has become a complex and contentious issue. Regulations for continuous monitoring of these sources have expanded dramatically in scope over the past years. To demonstrate compliance with emission limits, and as required by Pollution Control Board, the power plant shall have a Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) System installed in each flue of the stack for each unit. This paper will mainly design a set of CEM system for flue gas from power plant. The measurement shall conform to EPA regulations.
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Chatterjee, P., and P. Das. "Association of Ambient Air Quality with Male’s Pulmonary Function in Kolkata City, India." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 13, no. 1 (October 20, 2015): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v13i1.13748.
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Background Kolkata is one of the polluted metropolitan cities in India where health effects of air pollution are raising serious concern.Objectives Purpose of the present study was to analyze association between levels of air pollutants and pulmonary function of adult males living in two different air pollutant zones of Kolkata.Methods Air pollution data of two ambient air quality monitoring stations located at Rabindrabharati and Victoria Memorial was collected from West Bengal Pollution Control Board, Kolkata for the period from January to March 2012. Study was conducted on 200 males (17-22 yrs), subdivided into two groups from living within 3 km radius of that two monitoring stations. They were investigated for their spirometric lung functions following method and technique recommended by American Thoracic Society. Results were expressed as mean ± SD and independent samples T test was conducted to compare between groups.Results PM10, SO2 concentrations were significantly higher in Rabindrabharati zone, whereas no significant differences were noted in NO2 and CO concentrations though values were higher at Rabindrabharati than Victoria Memorial. FVC, FEV1 , FEF25-75%, MVV were significantly lower in males of Rabindrabharati zone.Conclusion Exposure to high air pollutant concentration might be associated with reduced pulmonary function in adult males.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.13(1) 2015; 24-28
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Kumar Samanta, Binay, and Manish Kumar Jain. "Planned redesign of beehive coke ovens for pollution control and power generation." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/27328.
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Fossil fuel based thermal power or ovens not only exude greenhouse gases and pollutants but transfer enormous amount of waste heat up in air. Heat gets enveloped in the stratosphere and circulate around the earth; escalating global warming. France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Andorra, Luxembourg, Poland and Germany made it the hottest June on record in 2019. Around 50 coke ovens around Dhanbad are losing and facing closure, with fate of employees doomed. Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board, Dhanbad had been issuing letters to the small-scale refractory and beehive hard coke-ovens to bring down stack gas emissions to below 150mg/Nm3 of suspended particulate matter (SPM), equivalent to the standards of large thermal power plants, deploying electrostatic precipitators (ESP). Some locally made pollution control devices were deployed, but these reduced the chimney draft and coking time increased. Installation of wet scrubbing methods would not be economic and slow down production. With experience as the Manager of a by-product coke oven, the chimney detour method with mechanical exhauster suggested for beehive coke oven. Proposed design not only can generate power, but also trap pollutants by a kind of wet scrubbing and produce byproducts like coal tar. Various associations of small-scale hard coke ovens and refractory industries had approached The Institution of Engineers (India), Dhanbad Local Centre. In this paper, the authors briefly present how waste heat can be converted to power, while absorbing pollutants in hydraulic main in the unique chimney detour method and producing coal tar, exuding clean gas.
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Gupta, Biman Gati, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, and Krishna M. Agrawal. "Air Pollution From Bleaching and Dyeing Industries Creating Severe Health Hazards in Maheshtala Textile Cluster, West Bengal, India." Air, Soil and Water Research 10 (January 1, 2017): 117862211772078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622117720787.
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Hazardous bleaching and dyeing units are rapidly increasing in developing countries due to growing global demand of textile products. The aim of the study is to assess long-term respiratory effect of air pollution generated from textile bleaching and dyeing industries on the residents living in such industrial setting. Such types of long-term (2012-2016) studies have been conducted first time in this area. The control area of Chatta and Kalikapur under Maheshtala textile cluster (10.45°N latitude to 75.90°E longitude) has been identified for the study. Ambient air monitoring with particulate matters (PMs; PM2.5 and PM10), NO2, and SO2 of 72 air samples has been done with air sampler machine during different seasons. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 have been found higher than Central Pollution Control Board (India) and World Health Organization norms. Using data on 73 respondents on age, education, occupation, and income, impact on different causes of respiratory ailments has been examined. The survey shows that 67% of total population are having different respiratory complaints. The regression analysis ( R2 = 0.9998) and correlation matrix show that cold, cough, bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a strongly significant positive correlation with fever ( r = 0.98, P < 0.05); breathing trouble has a significant strong positive correlation with cold, cough, bronchitis, asthma, COPD, and fever ( r = 0.877, P < 0.05); high blood pressure has a negative correlation with cold and fever ( r = −0.655, P < 0.05); cardiovascular problem has a strong positive correlation with high blood pressure ( r = 0.989, P < 0.05) and strong negative correlation with cold, cough, asthma, bronchitis, and cold-related fever ( r = −0.54, P < 0.05) due to PM2.5 and PM10 concentration. About 56% of villagers who have opted for this occupation have school-level education (class I-IV) with annual income of Rs 60 000 ($870) only. Studies express present scenario of air pollution in the subject area which is still unnoticed and propose to take control of air pollution.
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Dubey, R., S. Bharadwaj, M. I. Zafar, and S. Biswas. "COLLABORATIVE AIR QUALITY MAPPING OF DIFFERENT METROPOLITAN CITIES OF INDIA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2021 (June 30, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2021-87-2021.
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Abstract. Environmental pollution has become extremely serious as a result of today's technological advancements all over the world. One of the most important environmental and public health risks is air pollution. The exponential growth of population, vehicular density on highways, urbanization, and other factors are rising air pollution in cities, necessitating techniques for monitoring and forecasting air quality or determining its health consequences. Various experiments are being conducted on city air quality and its distribution through the built climate. The amount of emissions in the air varies according to the time of day as depicted it is merely high in morning time between 9 to 10 am and between 5 to 6 pm in all cities. These collected data are also characterized as peak hour, average hour, and off-peak hour. It also varies geographically and during special occasions. Since computing and showcasing of air pollution levels require terrain data, air quality data from the open sources i.e. CPCB (central pollution control board, India), and air pollution prediction models. Acculumating the data of the air pollution parameter from the open sources of cities based on typically very crowded, averagely crowded, and thinly crowded areas across the city and then mapping it on ArcGIS. The data monitoring has been done for the whole year merely main emphasizes has been done on the three seasons autumn, winter, and summer (January, May, and August). Also, in winter the value of having pollutants is high due to winter inversion and in the morning also the value is higher, and in monsoon, due to precipitation, it decreases. The dispersion model help in considering the wind speed and direction, the computed data from each source location reaching out to the monitoring sensing station from the comparatively adding to the value of pollutant. With the help of questionnaires, computed out to the result that people residing or having the workplace near to the busy crossing are more promising to have the health-related issue like chocking, respiratory diseases. Men are merely more affected by this between the age of 37 to 63 years.
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Mahapatra, Bidhubhusan, Monika Walia, Wiliam Robert Avis, and Niranjan Saggurti. "Effect of exposure to PM10 on child health: evidence based on a large-scale survey from 184 cities in India." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 8 (August 2020): e002597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002597.
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IntroductionAir pollution is increasingly becoming a serious global public health concern. Prior studies examining the effect of air pollution on health have ignored the role of households’ hygienic practices and socioeconomic condition, which are key determinants of the health status of a country like India. This study examines the effects of air pollution, measured in levels of particulate matters of size below 10 µg/m3 (PM10), on child-health outcomes after adjusting for hygiene practices.MethodsHealth data from the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) and PM10 levels provided by the Central Pollution Control Board were matched for 184 Indian towns/cities. Child health outcomes included neonatal mortality, post-neonatal mortality, premature births, children with symptoms of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and low birth weight. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to estimate the risk associated with exposure to PM10.ResultAnalyses based on 23 954 births found that every 10-unit increase in PM10 level, increased the risk of neonatal mortality by 6% (adjusted RR (95% CI): 1.02 (1.02 to 1.09)), and the odds of symptoms of ARI among children by 7% (adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12)), and premature births by 8% (adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12)). There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of PM10 on child health regardless of household’s hygienic practices. Effects of PM10 on child health outcomes remained similar for cities whether or not they were part of the National Clean Air Program (NCAP).ConclusionExposure to PM10, regardless of hygienic practices, increases the risk of adverse child health outcomes. Study findings suggest that the focus of mitigating the effects of air pollution should be beyond the towns/cities identified under NCAP. Given the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation, a systemic, coherent approach is required to address the issue of air pollution in India.
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Gorai, Amit Kumar, Paul B. Tchounwou, SS Biswal, and Francis Tuluri. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Particulate Matter(PM2.5) Concentrations and Its Health Impacts in a Mega City, Delhi in India." Environmental Health Insights 12 (January 2018): 117863021879286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630218792861.
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Rising concentration of air pollution and its associated health effects is rapidly increasing in India, and Delhi, being the capital city, has drawn our attention in recent years. This study was designed to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in a mega city, Delhi. The daily PM2.5 concentrations monitored by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi during November 2016 to October 2017 in different locations distributed in the region of the study were used for the analysis. The descriptive statistics indicate that the spatial mean of monthly average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 45.92 μg m−3 to 278.77 μg m−3. The maximum and minimum spatial variance observed in the months of March and September, respectively. The study also analyzed the PM2.5 air quality index (PM2.5—Air Quality Index (AQI)) for assessing the health impacts in the study area. The AQI value was determined according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) system. The result suggests that most of the area had the moderate to very unhealthy category of PM2.5-AQI and that leads to severe breathing discomfort for people residing in the area. It was observed that the air quality level was worst during winter months (October to January).
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Irwin, Martin, Harry Bradley, Matthew Duckhouse, Matthew Hammond, and Mark S. Peckham. "High spatio-temporal resolution pollutant measurements of on-board vehicle emissions using ultra-fast response gas analyzers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 6 (June 20, 2018): 3559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-3559-2018.
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Abstract. Existing ultra-fast response engine exhaust emissions analyzers have been adapted for on-board vehicle use combined with GPS data. We present, for the first time, how high spatio-temporal resolution data products allow transient features associated with internal combustion engines to be examined in detail during on-road driving. Such data are both useful to examine the circumstances leading to high emissions, and reveals the accurate position of urban air quality “hot spots” as deposited by the candidate vehicle, useful for source attribution and dispersion modelling. The fast response time of the analyzers, which results in 100 Hz data, makes accurate time-alignment with the vehicle's engine control unit (ECU) signals possible. This enables correlation with transient air fuel ratio, engine speed, load, and other engine parameters, which helps to explain the causes of the emissions “spikes” that portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) and conventional slow response analyzers would miss or smooth out due to mixing within their sampling systems. The data presented is from NO and NOx analyzers, but other fast analyzers (e.g. total hydrocarbons (THC), CO and CO2) can be used similarly. The high levels of NOx pollution associated with accelerating on entry ramps to motorways, driving over speed bumps, accelerating away from traffic lights, are explored in detail. The time-aligned ultra-fast analyzers offer unique insight allowing more accurate quantification and better interpretation of engine and driver activity and the associated emissions impact on local air quality.
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Mishra, Niharranjan, and Nabanita Das. "Coal Mining and Local Environment: A Study in Talcher Coalfield of India." Air, Soil and Water Research 10 (January 1, 2017): 117862211772891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622117728913.
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Despite government’s repeated assertions for the sustainable mining extraction and development of rural and tribal communities living near the vicinity of mining areas, these have not been converted into implementable solutions. The natural resources from rural and tribal areas are being exploited to meet the ever-increasing requirements and aspirations of the affluent groups. With the above background, this article, taking both experimental and control villages into account, tried to explore the impact of coal mining on local environment. Although dealing with local environment, it has mostly focused on sociological impact of mining in air, water, and noise pollution. The data collected show that the suspended particulate matter concentration is alarmingly high in few sampling locations, whereas respirable suspended particulate matter concentration which once used to be within acceptable limits is now gradually approaching its standard acceptable value of 300 µg/m3. Along with uncovered coal transportation, lack of water spraying system and movement of heavy vehicles have brought an addition to air pollution to the locality. The extraction of mining has influenced the water table. The data collected from State Pollution Control Board, Bhubaneswar, show that suspended sediments and chemical oxygen demand in most of the mining areas and biological oxygen demand in few cases have crossed the specific standard. Along with this, household survey was conducted by covering 6 villages and 600 households. The study was undertaken by following experimental design where 450 households were taken from experimental, ie, mining villages, and 150 households have been selected from nonmining areas. Of the 450 households, around 96.44% villagers responded that Mahanadi Coalfields Limited is not taking any mitigation measures to apprehend the pollution caused by mining operations.
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Faraj, Mohammed Abdulmaged, and Najmadin Wahid Boskany. "Intelligent Traffic Congestion Control System using Machine Learning and Wireless Network." UHD Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v4n2y2020.pp123-131.
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Traffic congestion has become a big problem for most people because it increases noise, air pollution, and wasting time. Current normal traffic light system is not enough to manage the traffic problematic congestions because they operate on a fixed-time length plan. In recent years, internet of things led to introducing new models of intelligent traffic light systems; by utilizing different techniques such as predictive-based model, radiofrequency identification, and ultrasonic-based model. The most essential one of these techniques is depends of image processing and microcontroller communications. In this paper, we propose an intelligent, low cost, and efficient microcontroller circuit-based system for controlling cars in traffic light. This system can manage car traffics smarter than traditional approaches, it is capable to dynamically adjust timings of traffic signal. It can rapidly respond to traffic conditions to reduce traffic congestion. For implementing this system, a server, microcontroller board, cameras, as hardware and wireless network between traffic lights as infrastructure for communication are used. The system uses machine learning technique (i.e.,Yolov3 model and OpenCV) for decision depending on existence of emergency cars and number of cars. The experiment results show higher accuracy in managing traffic lights and recognizing the emergency cars.
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Gupta, Harshvardhan, Himanshu Jain, Varun Kaul, Gurmeet Kaur Sethi, Rajeev Sharma, and Arzoo Allahabadi. "Air pollution and its association with respiratory dysfunction among healthy adolescents: a cross sectional study from South Western Punjab, India." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20184702.
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Background: This study has been performed to compare the pulmonary functions of healthy adolescents studying in schools situated in highly polluted areas with those studying in schools of low polluted areas of south western Punjab.Methods: This study was conducted in various schools located at Faridkot and Bathinda city. These places had been identified by the Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) as having low and high air pollution levels respectively. Study Population divided into two groups that is Group A: 300 children from schools situated in Bathinda city. Group B: 301 children from schools situated in Faridkot city. Spiro Excel spirometer was used, and following parameters were obtained: FVC, FEV₁, FEV₁% (relation of FEV₁ to FVC), PEFR, FEF25-75%. Results: FVC was low in males and females in the high polluted group as compared in the low polluted group (p = 0.042; significant; males) (p = 0.039; significant; females). FEV₁ was low in males and females in high polluted group as compared in low polluted group (p = 0.003; significant; males) (p = 0.026; significant; females). In this study only, males showed a significant fall in mean percentage of FEF25-75%. PEFR was low in males in high polluted group as compared to that in low polluted group (p = 0.007; significant) while in females it was insignificant.Conclusions: It is concluded that in South Western Punjab, air pollution has detrimental effect on pulmonary functions (FVC, FEV₁, FEV₁%, FEF25-75% and PEFR) in healthy adolescents.
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Bevan, A. R., and K. M. Nolan. "Performance and Compatibility of California Reformulated Gasoline in On-Road, Off-Road, and Non-Vehicle Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818141.
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As part of its comprehensive program to reduce air pollution, California has mandated the use of a cleaner burning reformulated gasoline introduced in March 1996. In 1995 the Air Resources Board, with oversight from an industry, public interest, and governmental advisory committee, undertook an extensive study of the performance and compatibility characteristics of California reformulated gasoline in on-road, off-road, and non-vehicle engines. The evaluation included in-use comparison of California reformulated gasoline to conventional gasoline in normal fleet operations. Fleets totaling 829 test and 637 control vehicles were studied. Additionally, off-road and non-vehicle in-use testing was conducted covering engine technologies in the following uses: utility, lawn and garden applications; pleasure craft and small marine vessels; agricultural and industrial engines; and recreational snowmobiles and personal watercraft. California reformulated gasoline was found to perform as well as conventional gasoline in terms of driveability, starting, idling, acceleration, power, and safety.
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Stephens, Robert D. "Mumbai North: Contemporary Aerial Photographs of Mumbai’s Suburbs." Urbanisation 3, no. 2 (November 2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747118825423.
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‘Mumbai North’ features black-and-white aerial photographs of the city’s suburban ecologies—social and natural. Spanning from Sanjay Gandhi National Park to Gorai Creek, and from Bhiwandi’s Waral Lake to Powai, the series visually engages with the ecosystems of Mumbai. Juxtaposed against each photograph are excerpts from archival publications, such as the 1964 Report on the Development Plan for Greater Bombay and the 1965 Marg publication, Bombay, Planning and Dreaming. Together, these two art forms are interwoven into a photo-literary tapestry spanning decades, providing historical insight as to how policies and development plans of the past have shaped urban forms of the present. Air pollution levels, as monitored by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, record the contents of atmospheric contaminants such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and respirable suspended particulate matter. This photo-essay integrates multiple layers of information—visual, historical and anthropogenic—as a contemporary means of a new civic survey.
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., Lalit Saikia, and Rituparna Barman . "A Study on Occupational Hazards Among Traffic Personnel in Guwahati City, India." CSVTU International Journal of Biotechnology Bioinformatics and Biomedical 4, no. 2 (September 3, 2019): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30732/ijbbb.20190402002.
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The study focuses occupational health hazards among traffic police in Guwahati, the fastest growing city inNorth East India. 45 traffic police from 15 traffic points were met with a questionnaire at their convenient time. Noise level was measured with the help of a sound level meter during busy hours on working days in January and February’2017. 50 common men were also asked about problems from noise and air pollution. Secondary data related to level of air pollutants (PM10, SO2 and NO2) in 6 stations were collected from Pollution Control Board, Assam. Selected traffic people were found to be disturbed by respiratory problems, regular body pain, asthma and headache. Dust was found to be the common disturbing factor whereas noise was the most irritating factor in starting and end of school/office timings. Noise level in all traffic points were above desirable limit prescribed for commercial area, i.e., 65dB. Noise levels in a few traffic points recorded more than 80dB. Traffic jam and irritating horn of vehicles are big factors of noise pollution in Guwahati. Average level of PM10, SO2 and NO2 were 85 µg/m3, 7 µg/m3 and 15 µg/m3 respectively. Increasing number of private vehicles along with increasing population is the main cause of increasing vehicular pollution in Guwahati city. Government initiatives for better health and service in terms of monitoring of vehicles at regular intervals for noise and different pollutants, construction of toilets and suitable shelter places, provision of appropriate aid/ mask will be helpful for health and service of traffic people. Workshops/ programs and regular health check-ups for traffic personnel can bring positive change to occupational health.
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Tang, Wen Hua, and Lian Hong Yu. "Testing, Investigation and Improvement on Formaldehyde in Decoration Housing." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.313.
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Based on formaldehyde testing of 100 households of Wuhan city,as well as questionnaire survey,and compared with China's "indoor air quality standards"(GB/T18883-2002), the results show that26 households reach the standard,74 households are not up to the standard, including 24 suites of high or more pollution.Analyzed the cause of excessive formaldehyde, the conclusion is that among the quantity and quality of decorated board, wall treatment mode, the quantity and quality of buying or making furniture,and vacant housing ventilation time, any of these factors are likely to cause high levels of formaldehyde, only each factor is controlled within reasonable limits, formaldehyde may be standard.Finally several low-cost,easy operation improvement measures and recommendations are put forward to help residents control or prevent indoor formaldehyde pollution.
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Basu, Chiradeep, Subarna Bhattacharyya, Anirban Chaudhuri, Shaheen Akhtar, Akash Chatterjee, Biswajit Thakur, Himadri Guha, and Punarbasu Chaudhuri. "Assessment of Potential Damage Factor: A Case Study of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Kolkata." Journal of Heritage Management 6, no. 1 (June 2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24559296211008678.
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Damaging factors such as airborne microorganisms, relative humidity, ventilation, temperature and air pollutants are the major concerns of the tropical climate of Kolkata, India where our study site, 172-year-old St. Paul’s Cathedral is located. In this context, the aim was to develop an equation to assess the management priority and which factors would be more responsible for potentially damaging the heritage building. The temperature varied from 28°C to 31°C, relative humidity was recorded 72% over a period of 14 days in the prayer hall whereas almost constant temperature (27°C) and relative humidity (55%) were recorded in crypt. Air movement was recorded 0.5–3 m s−1 in both crypt and prayer hall. Sulphur dioxide and oxide of nitrogen concentration were lower than the standard mentioned by the Central Pollution Control Board, India. The fungal load was lower inside the crypt (237 CFU m−3) than in the prayer hall (793 CFU m−3). Calculated potential damage for prayer hall and crypt was found to be 48.75% and 37.08%, respectively. Results revealed that microbial load and relative humidity were the potent factors for damage to the building. Continuous air movement, that is, ventilation and building design here played significant roles. The Heritage Conservation Committee can use the data for better management.
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Chaturvedi, P., Kajal S. Rathore, Mayank Chaturvedi, and Shiv Om Singh. "A comparative study of air quality assessment before and during lockdown among Metro Cities of India." Environment Conservation Journal 21, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2020.21322.
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The aim of present study was to compare the air quality before and during lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic at selected metro cities of India (Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, and Mumbai). The data of the selected parameters (Particulate Matter having diameter equal to or less than 2.5micron (PM2.5), Particulate Matter having diameter equal to or less than 10micron (PM10), Nitrogen oxides (NO2), Ammonia (NH3), Sulphur oxides (SO2) Carbon monoxides (CO), and Ozone (O3) for the present study was collected from the official website of Central pollution Control Board (CPCB) and analyzed by calculating mean, standard deviation, total variance, and correlation coefficient. Dendrogram analysis was also performed site wise. The concentration of all the parameters except ozone was found highest at Delhi among all the sites. Ozone values were found highest at Bangalore. A strong correlation was observed between PM10 and PM2.5 at all the sites during the study period. A great change in the values of all the studied parameters was observed before and during the lockdown periods. In metro cities values of PM2.5 was found higher than PM10 except at Bangalore where values of PM2.5 was found lower than PM10. Among all the studied metro cities, Delhi was found highly polluted before and during the lockdown period while Bangalore was found least polluted.
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Goswami, P., and J. Baruah. "Simulation of Daily Variation of Suspended Particulate Matter over Delhi: Relative Roles of Vehicular Emission, Dust, and Domestic Appliances." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 3597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2386.1.
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Abstract The massive growth in the size and the population of cities over the past few decades has led to serious deterioration in the quality of air. One of the important constituents of airborne pollutants, which is a major health hazard, is suspended particulate matter (SPM). SPM is also an important source of cloud condensation nuclei; accurate simulations of SPM with sufficiently long lead thus have many applications, from issuing health advisories to forecasting fog. One of the biggest challenges in modeling air pollution in general and SPM in particular is to identify and mathematically represent the (location specific) sources and sinks. In this study the authors present a dynamical model for daily values of SPM over Delhi, India. The meteorological parameters are taken from the daily values from NCEP reanalysis. The validation is carried out against observations generated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in India for the period 2000–05. Error statistics show that the model can capture a significant part of the observed variability of SPM. An evaluation of the relative contributions of various sources show that while vehicular pollution accounts for a large fraction of the SPM throughout the year, steep increases in the winter and the premonsoon periods are accounted for by fossil fuel burning and wind blown dust, respectively. Simulation with a doubling scenario for traffic congestion shows the effect to have strong seasonality. Such a model can be also interfaced with a seasonal forecast model or a climate model for enhanced scope of seasonal forecasts or for an investigation of the impact of SPM on regional climate change.
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Dey, Sagnik, Bhavesh Purohit, Palak Balyan, Kuldeep Dixit, Kunal Bali, Alok Kumar, Fahad Imam, et al. "A Satellite-Based High-Resolution (1-km) Ambient PM2.5 Database for India over Two Decades (2000–2019): Applications for Air Quality Management." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 3872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233872.
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major criteria pollutant affecting the environment, health and climate. In India where ground-based measurements of PM2.5 is scarce, it is important to have a long-term database at a high spatial resolution for an efficient air quality management plan. Here we develop and present a high-resolution (1-km) ambient PM2.5 database spanning two decades (2000–2019) for India. We convert aerosol optical depth from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieved by Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm to surface PM2.5 using a dynamic scaling factor from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Version 2 (MERRA-2) data. The satellite-derived daily (24-h average) and annual PM2.5 show a R2 of 0.8 and 0.97 and root mean square error of 25.7 and 7.2 μg/m3, respectively against surface measurements from the Central Pollution Control Board India network. Population-weighted 20-year averaged PM2.5 over India is 57.3 μg/m3 (5–95 percentile ranges: 16.8–86.9) with a larger increase observed in the present decade (2010–2019) than in the previous decade (2000 to 2009). Poor air quality across the urban–rural transact suggests that this is a regional scale problem, a fact that is often neglected. The database is freely disseminated through a web portal ‘satellite-based application for air quality monitoring and management at a national scale’ (SAANS) for air quality management, epidemiological research and mass awareness.
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van den Bosch, Matilda, Michael Brauer, Rick Burnett, Hugh W. Davies, Zoe Davis, Martin Guhn, Ingrid Jarvis, et al. "Born to be Wise: a population registry data linkage protocol to assess the impact of modifiable early-life environmental exposures on the health and development of children." BMJ Open 8, no. 12 (December 2018): e026954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026954.
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IntroductionDeficiencies in childhood development is a major global issue and inequalities are large. The influence of environmental exposures on childhood development is currently insufficiently explored. This project will analyse the impact of various modifiable early life environmental exposures on different dimensions of childhood development.MethodsBorn to be Wise will study a Canadian cohort of approximately 34 000 children who have completed an early development test at the age of 5. Land use regression models of air pollution and spatially defined noise models will be linked to geocoded data on early development to analyse any harmful effects of these exposures. The potentially beneficial effect on early development of early life exposure to natural environments, as measured by fine-grained remote sensing data and various land use indexes, will also be explored. The project will use data linkages and analyse overall and age-specific impact, including variability depending on cumulative exposure by assigning time-weighted exposure estimates and by studying subsamples who have changed residence and exposure. Potentially moderating effects of natural environments on air pollution or noise exposures will be studied by mediation analyses. A matched case–control design will be applied to study moderating effects of natural environments on the association between low socioeconomic status and early development. The main statistical approach will be mixed effects models, applying a specific software to deal with multilevel random effects of nested data. Extensive confounding control will be achieved by including data on a range of detailed health and sociodemographic variables.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been ethically approved by the Behavioural Research Ethics Board at the University of British Columbia. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scholarly conferences. Through stakeholder engagement, the results will also reach policy and a broader audience.
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Shaheen, Susan A., John Wright, and Daniel Sperling. "California’s Zero-Emission Vehicle Mandate: Linking Clean-Fuel Cars, Carsharing, and Station Car Strategies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1791, no. 1 (January 2002): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1791-17.
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To reduce transportation emissions and energy consumption, policy makers typically employ one of two approaches—changing technology or changing behavior. These strategies include demand management tools, such as ridesharing and vehicle control technologies that involve cleaner fuels and fuel economy. Despite the benefits of a combined policy approach, these strategies are normally employed separately. Nevertheless, they have been linked occasionally, for instance in the electric station car programs of the 1990s. Station cars are vehicles used by transit riders at the start or end of a trip. In 1990, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) focused on reducing mobile air pollution by mandating that automakers introduce clean vehicles through its Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate. In 1998, significant flexibility was introduced through partial ZEV credits for very-low-emission vehicles. In 2000, CARB left the ZEV mandate intact, but began considering new approaches, including station cars and carsharing. Carsharing is the short-term use of a shared-use vehicle fleet. In January 2001, recognizing the potential for station cars and carsharing to further improve air quality by reducing vehicle miles traveled—particularly with transit linkages—CARB proposed additional ZEV credits for vehicles in such programs. Thus, the mandate would formally link demand management and clean vehicles. Explored are carsharing and station car developments, lessons learned, the ZEV mandate, and the proposed credit structure. Finally, policy and research recommendations are discussed for enhancing the success and effect of this combined approach.
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Ali, Shno Mustafa, Ako Rashed Hama, and Younis Mustafa Ali. "A study of Land Zoning in the base of Traffic Noise Pollution Levels using ArcGIS: Kirkuk City as a Case Study." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2017.06.002.
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This study is an approach to assign the land area of Kirkuk city [ a city located in the northern of Iraq, 236 kilometers north of Baghdad and 83 kilometers south of Erbil [ Climatic atlas of Iraq, 1941-1970 ] into different multi zones by using Satellite image and Arc Map10.3, zones of different traffic noise pollutions. Land zonings process like what achieved in this paper will help and of it’s of a high interest point for the future of Kirkuk city especially urban planning and economic issues of the city. Also, it may be considered as a reference in solving the traffic jam problems in the city. Transportations and sounds of horn of vehicles are the major sources of traffic noise pollutions .Vehicular traffic noise problems are contributed by various types of vehicles such as heavy and medium trucks or buses or automobiles. During this study, six major regions within the city were selected (Governorate region, Baghdad road, Al Wasti, Al Askary, Al Nasir and North garage). A survey for all those six regions were taken place and noise measurements were captured at points or near to the intersections for a duration of three different periods days per a week [ Sunday 3rd , Monday 4th , and Tuesday 5th] of January 2016. The results showed a high level of noise pollution and super passing on many occasions to the prescribed levels by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) , maximum level noise pollution value was 94.6 dB(A) in AlWasti region near to the road that leading to Kirkuk university , while minimum level noise pollution value was 48 dB(A) in AlNasir region. As a result, a noise map zoning was prepared for Kirkuk City for top peak working three days. The prepared noise distribution map will help and could be used as a considerable point for the future during designing projects related to transportations. Also in another hand, the map reflected indirectly the amount of regional air pollutions. High distributed noise pollution zones means a zone of a high air pollutions levels specially Cox and Nox gaseous pollutions.
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Yen, Meng-Hua, Shang-Lin Tian, Yan-Ting Lin, Cheng-Wei Yang, and Chi-Chun Chen. "Combining a Universal OBD-II Module with Deep Learning to Develop an Eco-Driving Analysis System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 4481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104481.
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Vehicle technology development drives economic development but also causes severe mobile pollution sources. Eco-driving is an effective driving strategy for solving air pollution and achieving driving safety. The on-board diagnostics II (OBD-II) module is a common monitoring tool used to acquire sensing data from in-vehicle electronic control units. However, different vehicle models use different controller area network (CAN) standards, resulting in communication difficulties; however, relevant literature has not discussed compatibility problems. The present study researched and developed the universal OBD-II module, adopted deep learning methods to evaluate fuel consumption, and proposed an intuitive driving graphic user interface design. In addition to using the universal module to obtain data on different CAN standards, this study used deep learning methods to analyze the fuel consumption of three vehicles of different brands on various road conditions. The accuracy was over 96%, thus validating the practicability of the developed system. This system will greatly benefit future applications that employ OBD-II to collect various types of driving data from different car models. For example, it can be implemented for achieving eco-driving in bus driver training. The developed system outperforms those proposed by previous research regarding its completeness and universality.
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Williams, Jonathan, and Paul J. Crutzen. "Perspectives on our planet in the Anthropocene." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 4 (2013): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13061.
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Environmental context The term Anthropocene has been proposed as a name for the present geological epoch in recognition of the recent rise of humans to being a geophysical force of planetary importance. This paper provides an overview of humanity’s global impact in terms of population, energy and food demands, climate, air and ocean pollution, biodiversity and erosion, before giving a perspective on our collective future in the Anthropocene. Abstract Within the last 70 years (an average person's lifetime), the human population has more than tripled. Our energy, food and space demands as well as the associated waste products have affected the Earth to such an extent that humanity may be considered a geophysical force in its own right. As a result it has been proposed to name the current epoch the ‘Anthropocene’. Here we draw on a broad range of references to provide an overview of these changes in terms of population, energy and food demands, climate, air and ocean pollution, biodiversity and erosion. The challenges for the future in the Anthropocene are highlighted. We hope that in the future, the ‘Anthropocene’ will not only be characterised by continued human plundering of the Earth’s resources and dumping of excessive amounts of waste products in the environment, but also by vastly improved technology and management, wise use of the Earth’s resources, control of the human and domestic animal population, and overall careful manipulation and restoration of the natural environment. This paper is the first in a series of annual invited papers commemorating Professor Sherwood (Sherry) Rowland, Nobel laureate and founding Board Member of Environmental Chemistry.
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Fahey, Margaret C., Marion E. Hare, Gerald W. Talcott, Mehmet Kocak, Ann Hryshko-Mullen, Robert C. Klesges, and Rebecca A. Krukowski. "Characteristics Associated With Participation in a Behavioral Weight Loss Randomized Control Trial in the U.S. Military." Military Medicine 184, no. 3-4 (August 14, 2018): e120-e126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy199.
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Abstract Introduction Effective recruitment and subsequent enrollment of diverse populations is often a challenge in randomized controlled trials, especially those focused on weight loss. In the civilian literature, individuals identified as racial and ethnic minorities, men, and younger and older adults are poorly represented in weight loss interventions. There are limited weight loss trials within military populations, and to our knowledge, none reported participant characteristics associated with enrollment. There may be unique motives and barriers for active duty personnel for enrollment in weight management trials. Given substantial costs and consequences of overweight and obesity in the U.S. military, identifying predictors and limitations to diverse enrollment can inform future interventions within this population. The study aims to describe the recruitment, screening, and enrollment process of a military weight loss intervention. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of military personnel lost between screening and randomization are compared to characteristics of personnel randomized in the study and characteristics of the Air Force in general. Materials and Methods The Fit Blue study, a randomized controlled behavioral weight loss trial for active duty personnel, was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center in San Antonio, TX, USA and acknowledged by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. Logistic regressions compared participant demographics, anthropometric data, and health behaviors between personnel that attended a screening visit but were not randomized and those randomized. Multivariable models were constructed for the likelihood of being randomized using a liberal entry and stay criteria of 0.10 for the p-values in a stepwise variable selection algorithm. Descriptive statistics compared the randomized Fit Blue cohort demographics to those of the U.S. Air Force Results In univariate analyses, older age (p < 0.02), having a college degree or higher (p < 0.007) and higher military rank (p < 0.02) were associated with completing the randomization process. The randomized cohort reported a lower percentage of total daily kilocalories for fat compared to the non-randomized cohort (p = 0.033). The non-randomized cohort reported more total minutes and intensity of physical activity (p = 0.073). In the multivariate model, only those with a college degree or higher were 3.2 times more likely to go onto randomization. (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 2.0, 5.6, p < 0.0001). The Fit Blue study included a higher representation of personnel who identified as African American (19.4% versus 15.0%) and Hispanic/Latino (22.7% versus 14.3%) compared with the U.S. Air Force in general; however, men were underrepresented (49.4% versus 80.0%). TABLE I.Comparisons of Demographic Characteristics of Randomized Fit Blue Cohort to Screened Non-Randomized CohortFit Blue Randomized Participants (N = 248)Non-Randomized Cohort (N = 111)All Screened Participants (N = 359)p-ValueSex N (%)0.73 Male122 (49.2)52 (46.8)174 (48.5) Female126 (50.8)59 (53.2)183 (51.5)Age Mean (±SD) years34 (±7.5)32 (±6.7)33 (±7.3)0.02Race N (%)0.89 African American49 (19.8)22 (19.8)71 (19.8) Caucasian163 (65.7)75 (67.6)238 (66.3) Other36 (14.5)14 (12.2)50 (13.9)Ethnicity N (%)0.59 Hispanic/Latino56 (22.6)28 (25.2)84 (23.4) Non-Hispanic/Latino192 (77.4)83 (74.8)275 (76.6)Education N (%)<0.0001 Less than college degree123 (49.6)82 (73.9)205 (57.1) College degree or greater125 (50.4)29 (26.1)154 (42.9)Marital status N (%)0.83 Single/never married40 (16.1)20 (18)60 (16.7) Married/living as married169 (68.1)72 (64.9)241 (67.1) Separated/divorced39 (15.7)19 (17.1)58 (16.2)Number of additional adults in household N (%)0.82 046 (18.5)22 (19.8)68 (18.9) 1162 (65.3)73 (65.8)235 (65.5) 231 (12.5)14 (12.6)45 (12.5) 3 or more9 (3.6)2 (1.8)11 (3.1)Number of children in household N (%)0.56 091 (36.7)37 (33.3)128 (35.7) 159 (23.8)23 (20.7)82 (22.8) 257 (23)26 (23.4)83 (23.1) 3 or more41 (16.5)25 (22.5)66 (18.4)Years in service mean (± SD)12 (±6.6)11 (±6.1)12 (±6.4)0.20Military gradeaN (%)0.02 E1–E434 (13.7)19 (17.1)53 (14.8) E5–E6105 (42.3)58 (52.3)163 (45.4) E7–E952 (21)21 (18.9)73 (20.3) O1–O317 (6.9)9 (8.1)26 (7.2) O4–O639 (15.7)4 (3.6)43 (12)Branch0.68 Army4 (1.6)1 (0.9)5 (1.4) Air Force234 (94.4)105 (94.6)339 (94.4) Navy8 (3.2)5 (4.5)13 (3.6) Marine Corp2 (0.8)0 (0.0)2 (0.6)BMI (m2/kg) N (%)30.6 (±2.7)30.4 (±2.9)30.6 (±2.8)BMI category N (%)0.76 Overweight115 (46.4)52 (48.1)167 (46.9) Obese133 (53.6)56 (51.9)189 (53.1)aMilitary ranking; Enlisted (E) categories: E1–E4 (enlisted), E5–E6 (non-commissioned officers), E7–E9 (senior non-commissioned officers) and two Officer categories (O): O1–O3 (Company Grade Officer) and O4–O6 (Field Grade Officer); standard deviation (SD).Table II.Comparisons of Anthropometric Characteristics of Randomized Fit Blue Cohort to Screened Non-Randomized CohortFit Blue Randomized Participants (N = 248)Non-Randomized Cohort (N = 111)All Screened Participants (N = 359)p-ValuePhysical activity Total physical activity2525 (±3218)2840 (±2541)2621 (±3028)0.027 (mean (±SD) minutes per week) Total sedentary physical activity5046 (±239)472 (±221)494 (±234)0.35 (mean (±SD) minutes per week) Vigorous physical activity34 (±145)54 (±152)40 (±147)0.036 (mean (±SD) minutes per week)Dietary intake Total sweetened beverages (kcal per day)165 (±206)152.9 (±166)160.8 (±194)0.80 Fruit and vegetable consumption (cups per day)3 (±1)3 (±1)3 (±1)0.52 Dietary fat (% total kcal)35 (±4)34 (±4)35 (±4)0.033 Conclusions Accounting for all influencing characteristics, higher educational status was the only independent predictor of randomization. Perhaps, highly educated personnel are more invested in a military career, and thus, more concerned with consequences of failing required fitness tests. Thus, it may be important for future weight loss interventions to focus recruitment on less-educated personnel. Results suggest that weight loss interventions within a military population offer a unique opportunity to recruit a higher prevalence of males and individuals who identify as racial or ethnic minorities which are populations commonly underrepresented in weight loss research.
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Pervez, S., A. Koshle, and Y. Pervez. "Study of spatiotemporal variation of atmospheric mercury and its human exposure around an integrated steel plant, India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2010): 885–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-885-2010.
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Abstract. Mercury release by coal combustion has been significantly increased in India. Mercury content in coal has been analyzed to 0.272 ppm by Central Pollution Control Board. Toxicological effects of elemental Hg (Hg0) exposure include respiratory and renal failures, cardiac arrest, and cerebral oedema, while subclinical exposure may induce kidney, behavioral, and cognitive dysfunctions. The present work is focused on dispersion pattern and inter-phase exchange phenomena of ambient mercury between air-particulate matter evaluations of alongwith dominance of various major routes of human exposure-dose response using regression analysis around an integrated steel plant in central India. Source-downwind type stratified random sampling plan using longitudinal study design has been adopted for ambient monitoring of total mercury, while representative sampling plant has been adopted for persona exposure-dose response study In space-time framework. Control sites and subjects have been chosen from uncontaminated area (100 km away from any industrial activities). 06 ambient air monitoring stations and 17 subjects from workers, non-workers but local residents' categories and from controlled sites have been chosen for the study. Samples of mercury biomarkers (blood, breast milk and urine) have also been collected from same subjects in each month during sampling period. The sampling period was March 2005 to February 2006 . Samples of 30% acidified KMnO4 for air-Hg absorption, PM10, RPM and biological samples were analyzed for total mercury by ICP-AES using standard methods. Local soils and ground water were also monitored for total mercury content during the sampling period. Results have shown that mercury concentration is very high compared to prescribed limits in all receptors. Results of exchange phenomenon have shown the higher transfer of mercury from air to particulate during combustion in steel plant environment due to presence of huge amount of iron particles, in contrast to results obtained in other industrial locations earlier. Plant workers have shown 1.5 to 2.5 times higher personal RPM-Hg levels compared to Category 2 and 20–30 times higher than Category 3. All biomarkers have shown higher Hg presence compared to prescribed standards. Regression analysis between exposure routes and bio-receptors has been investigated. Dominance status of selected routes of bio-accumulation has been varied from category to category.
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Pervez, S., A. Koshle, and Y. Pervez. "Study of spatiotemporal variation of atmospheric mercury and its human exposure around an integrated steel plant, India." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 12 (June 22, 2010): 5535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5535-2010.
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Abstract. Mercury release by coal combustion has been significantly increased in India. Mercury content in coal has been analyzed to 0.272 ppm by Central Pollution Control Board. Toxicological effects of elemental Hg (Hg0) exposure include respiratory and renal failures, cardiac arrest, and cerebral oedema, while subclinical exposure may induce kidney, behavioral, and cognitive dysfunctions. The present work is focused on dispersion pattern and inter-phase exchange phenomena of ambient mercury between air-particulate matter evaluations of alongwith dominance of various major routes of human exposure-dose response using regression analysis around an integrated steel plant in central India. Source-downwind type stratified random sampling plan using longitudinal study design has been adopted for ambient monitoring of total mercury, while representative sampling plant has been adopted for persona exposure-dose response study In space-time framework. Control sites and subjects have been chosen from uncontaminated area (100 km away from any industrial activities). 06 ambient air monitoring stations and 17 subjects from workers, non-workers but local residents' categories and from controlled sites have been chosen for the study. Samples of mercury biomarkers (blood, breast milk and urine) have also been collected from same subjects in each month during sampling period. The sampling period was March 2005 to February 2006 . Samples of 30% acidified KMnO4 for air-Hg absorption, PM10, RPM and biological samples were analyzed for total mercury by ICP-AES using standard methods. Local soils and ground water were also monitored for total mercury content during the sampling period. Results have shown that mercury concentration is very high compared to prescribed limits in all receptors. Results of exchange phenomenon have shown the higher transfer of mercury from air to particulate during combustion in steel plant environment due to presence of huge amount of iron particles, in contrast to results obtained in other industrial locations earlier. Plant workers have shown 1.5 to 2.5 times higher personal RPM-Hg levels compared to Category 2 and 20–30 times higher than Category 3. All biomarkers have shown higher Hg presence compared to prescribed standards. Regression analysis between exposure routes and bio-receptors has been investigated. Dominance status of selected routes of bio-accumulation has been varied from category to category.
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Kowalski, Adam. "The Impact of the Underwater Hull Anti-Fouling Silicone Coating on a Ferry’s Fuel Consumption." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8020122.
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There are well-known specifics of ro-pax ferry shipping, such as the time factor as a consequence of keeping a regular timetable and the priority given to minimizing heeling, pitching, and rolling caused by maximum focus on passenger comfort and ro-ro cargo safety. It is also extremely important to control the ferry’s fuel consumption, being one of the most important cost components. The aim of the article is to draw the attention of shipping company managers to the great potential that lies in the use of routine operational data, collected exclusively on board the ferries. It is worth noting that the research in this paper is based on standard office software packages rather than advanced statistical methods of data analysis, which are usually not accessible for shipping managers. Contrary to typical ocean-going vessels, there are a number of factors that need to be taken into consideration when analyzing ro-pax ferry fuel consumption. Moreover, these factors occur, in many cases, accidentally and, thus, they are difficult to observe on board the ferry without utilizing expensive and time-consuming methods. The possibility of fuel control is important not only for economic reasons but also due to air pollution caused by engine exhausts. The article presents an estimation of increased fuel consumption caused by the degradation of the hull silicone anti-fouling coating. The presented estimations of fuel consumption may be treated as the base for calculations of the economic effectiveness of ferries. The attempt to resolve the above-mentioned problem was made on the basis of research on a real ferry, which took place on the Świnoujście-Trelleborg line between 2007 and 2019.
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Shukla, S. P., C. D. Madhusoodana, and Rathindra Nath Das. "Honeycomb Supports, Filters and Catalysts for Cleaner Environment." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.759.
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The extruded honeycomb supports, porous filters and catalyst monoliths are innovative ceramic products used in environmental protection. The development and applications of these novel materials and products are mainly driven by the environmental legislation in the region, the availability of technology, the mass manufacturing facilities and the cost effectiveness. This paper highlights some of the recent innovations and challenges in ceramic materials and design, and our findings in systematic understanding and applications of the principle of fabrication of honeycomb ceramics for various air pollution control systems in India. The use of locally available platy kaolin and advanced extrusion process control using rheological parameters of the paste are advantageously adopted for production of thin walled and high thermal shock resistant cordierite honeycomb supports for catalytic converters. The low cost design of diesel particulate filter (DPF) with off board electric regeneration system is found to be very effective in reducing the particulate emission in urban transport buses and proven for more than 100,000 km on Indian roads. The Ti-WV based SCR catalyst extruded in the form of honeycomb using high surface area TiO2 has shown high NOX reduction in coal fired boiler exhaust. The preparation of high surface area honeycombs from activated carbon and zeolites with adequate mechanical strength opens up new application areas. Some of the case studies on the above products and applications are presented in this paper.
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Ogunkunle, Oyetola, and Noor A. Ahmed. "Overview of Biodiesel Combustion in Mitigating the Adverse Impacts of Engine Emissions on the Sustainable Human–Environment Scenario." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105465.
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Air pollution is a precursor to many health issues such as difficulty breathing, asthma, lung and heart diseases, and cancer. This study presents a concise view of biodiesel combustion in mitigating pollutant emissions which are generated by the combustion of fossil fuels, thereby eliminating the negative effects on human health and the environment. Gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and carbon dioxide are found to be major exhaust emissions from vehicles running on fossil fuels. Excessive exposure to these pollutants was found to be a precursor to reductions in life expectancy via health complications in humans. Greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector were found to be 24% of total annual emissions, 74.5% of which came from the combustion of fossil fuel in road vehicles. Biodiesel combustion in vehicular engines is established to be a control technology in reducing gaseous pollutants toward building a sustainable and healthy human–environment scenario. The emissions reduction index from the United States National Biodiesel Board showed that the combustion of biodiesel wholly as a transportation fuel decreased total hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon, and sulfur emissions by 67%, 80%, 48%, and 100%, respectively. Evaluation of emission results from topical literature strongly suggests that the use of biodiesel is effective in the reduction in pollutants, which is beneficial to human and environmental sustainability.
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Ma, Jingxi, Shuqing Wu, N. V. Ravi Shekhar, Supriya Biswas, and Anoop Kumar Sahu. "Determination of Physicochemical Parameters and Levels of Heavy Metals in Food Waste Water with Environmental Effects." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2020 (August 20, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886093.
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Bioinorganic chemistry is found as a sizzling field in today’s era. It deals with chemistry amongst the heavy metals with natural resources, i.e., air, soil, water, plant byproducts (foods), and environmental essences. The aim of this research is to determine the concentration of heavy metals present in the food waste water sample and to study the environmental effects of metal ion concentration. To conduct the research work, the physicochemical parameters and levels of five heavy metals of food waste water samples were collected from five sampling points of renowned hotels, restaurants, canteens, and confectionaries of a state of India and assessed using the standard analytical procedure. Sampling was carried out from January 2017 up to December 2017. The physicochemical parameters were determined such as pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total alkalinity, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total organic carbon, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate. The heavy metal concentration was determined by using the UV-spectrophotometer, and the results were compared with the standards prescribed by the WHO, BIS, ICMR, and municipal authorities. The results obtained in the physicochemical analysis revealed that a few parameters were found beyond limits, and the metal ion concentration (iron and zinc) results were found above the permissible limits set by the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board), ICMR, BIS, and World Health Organization (WHO), most especially, effluent from point P1. It was concluded that all the effluents required further treatment before releasing them into the water body or land to prevent pollution. The obtained results reveal that waste water used for irrigation and farming of nearby areas and water drained from restaurant kitchens were considerably polluted and not suitable for aquatic organisms, irrigation, and agricultural purposes.
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Dufour, G., M. Eremenko, J. Cuesta, C. Doche, G. Foret, M. Beekmann, A. Cheiney, et al. "Springtime variability of lower tropospheric ozone over Eastern Asia: contributions of cyclonic activity and pollution as observed from space with IASI." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 6 (March 27, 2015): 9203–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-9203-2015.
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Abstract. We use satellite observations from IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) on board the MetOp-A satellite to evaluate the springtime daily variability of lower tropospheric ozone at the scale of Eastern Asia. Lower tropospheric partial columns from surface to 6 km are retrieved from IASI with a maximum of sensitivity between 3 and 4 km. We focus our analysis on the month of May 2008 for which tropospheric ozone presents typically amongst the largest concentrations along the year. We combine IASI observations with meteorological reanalyses from ERA-Interim in order to investigate the processes that control the spatial and temporal distribution of lower tropospheric ozone, especially in case of ozone enhancement. The succession of low- and high-pressure systems drives the day-to-day variability of lower tropospheric ozone over North East Asia. The analysis of two episodes with ozone enhancement at the synoptic scale of East Asia shows that the reversible subsiding and ascending ozone transfers in the UTLS region occurring in the vicinity of low-pressure systems and related to tropopause height affect the upper and lower tropospheric ozone over large regions, especially north to 40° N and largely explain the ozone enhancement observed with IASI for these latitudes. Irreversible downward transport of ozone-rich air masses from the UTLS to the lower troposphere occurs more locally. Its contribution to the lower tropospheric ozone column is difficult to dissociate from the tropopause perturbations induced by the weather systems. For regions south to 40° N, a significant correlation between lower tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide (CO) observations from IASI has been found, especially over North China Plain (NCP). Considering carbon monoxide observations as pollutant tracer, the O3-CO correlation indicates that the photochemical production of ozone from primary pollutants emitted over such large polluted regions significantly contributes to the ozone enhancements observed with IASI in the lower troposphere. When low-pressure systems circulate over NCP, stratospheric and pollution sources play a concomitant role in the ozone enhancements. Moreover, in that case, evidence of pollutant export from NCP towards the east is shown. Finally, we show that semi-independent columns of ozone from the surface up to 12 km associated with CO columns from IASI constitute a powerful observational dataset to investigate the processes controlling tropospheric enhancement of ozone at synoptic scales.
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Kumar, Bhupander, Satish Kumar Singh, Ram Bharoshey Lal, Sanjay Kumar, and Chandra Shekhar Sharma. "Congener specific distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-p-furans in ambient air particulates (less than PM10) in Delhi, India." Journal of Xenobiotics 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2012.e7.
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Polychlorinated dibenzo-<em>p</em>-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-<em>p</em>-furans (PCDFs) are unintentionally formed during inefficient combustions and as a by-product. Due to their resistance to degradation and their toxic effect on health, PCDD/Fs are listed by the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Once released into the atmosphere, most of them are adsorbed to air particles and transported away from sources in atmosphere. India signed the Stockholm Convention India agreeing thereby to reduce and eliminate the use of POPs. The German agency for Technical Cooperation helped develop facilities for monitoring POPs at a national level in Delhi. This paper presents the data generated during a training assignment for Central Pollution Control Board officials at the German laboratory. Air borne particulate matter (<PM<sub>10</sub>) was collected from 6 different locations in Delhi, India and analyzed in a German laboratory for 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs. The concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs ranged between 1720-9010 fg m<sup>-3</sup> (mean 5559 fg m<sup>-3</sup>) and their toxic equivalency values ranged from 67 to 460 fg I-toxic equivalent quantities (TEQ) m<sup>-3</sup>, with an average of 239 fg I-TEQ m<sup>-3</sup> which was lower than the ambient air standards. The dominant congeners were octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), octachlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (OCDF), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo- p-furans, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin. The contributions of individual homologs for ΣPCDDs/Fs I-TEQ was in the order of OCDD (31%)>HCDF (21%)>hexachlorodibenzofurans (13%)=OCDF (13%)> HCDF (12%) and other individual congeners contribute less than 5%. High chlorinated congeners contributed with more than 80% for ΣPCDD/Fs I-TEQ. Rough estimates of tolerable daily intake (TDI) shows low health risk of exposure to ΣPCDD/Fs with inhalation of 0.098 pg I-TEQ kg<sup>1</sup>day<sup>1</sup> for adult and 0.152 pg TEQ kg<sup>-1</sup>day<sup>-1</sup> for children, which is much lower than World Health Organization recommended TDI for dioxins.
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Delibašić, G., B. Tanović, J. Hrustic, I. Stanković, A. Bulajić, A. Vučurović, and B. Krstić. "First Report of the Natural Infection of Robinia pseudoacacia with Alfalfa mosaic virus." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1136-pdn.
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Robinia pseudoacacia L. (family Fabaceae), commonly known as black locust, is native to the southeastern United States, but has been widely planted and naturalized in temperate regions worldwide. In Europe it is often planted alongside streets and in parks, not only because of the dense canopy and impressive flower clusters in spring, but also because it tolerates air pollution well. In June 2012, several black locust trees exhibiting yellow leaf spots accompanied by mottling and leaf deformation were observed in a park in Backa Topola, North Backa District, Serbia. Numerous aphid colonies were found colonizing symptomatic trees. Leaves collected from nine symptomatic and 10 asymptomatic trees were tested for the presence of three common aphid-transmitted viruses, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Cucumber mosaic virus, and Potato virus Y, using double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with commercial polyclonal antibody (Bioreba AG, Reinach, Switzerland). Commercial positive and negative controls and extracts from healthy black locust leaves were included in each assay. AMV was serologically detected in all symptomatic and also in four of the asymptomatic trees, while no other tested viruses were found. Sap from affected leaves of a ELISA-positive sample (373-12) was mechanically inoculated onto five plants each of Chenopodium quinoa and Nicotiana benthamiana using 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7). Symptoms including local chlorotic leaf lesions followed by mosaic on C. quinoa and a bright yellow mosaic on N. benthamiana were observed on all inoculated plants 5 and 10 days post-inoculation, respectively. The identity of the virus was confirmed using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis. Total RNAs from all naturally and mechanically infected plants were isolated using RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). RT-PCR was carried out using the One-Step RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen) with primer pair CP AMV1 and CP AMV2 specific to the partial CP gene and 3′-UTR of AMV RNA 3 (1). Total RNAs from Serbian AMV isolate from alfalfa (GenBank Accession No. FJ527748) and RNA extract from healthy leaves of R. pseudoacacia were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. All tested plants, as well as the positive control, yielded an amplicon of the correct predicted size (751 bp), while no amplicon was recorded in the healthy control. The amplified product of isolate 373-12 was purified with QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) and sequenced on ABI PRISM 3700 DNA analyzer (Macrogen, South Korea) in both directions (KC288155). Pairwise comparison of the 373-12 isolate CP sequence with those available in GenBank, conducted with MEGA5 software (4), revealed the maximum nucleotide identity of 99% (99% amino acid identity) with the soybean isolate (HQ185569) from Tennessee. AMV has a worldwide distribution and its natural host range includes over 150 plant species, including many herbaceous and several woody plants (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. pseudoacacia as a natural host of AMV worldwide. This finding has potentially significant implications for the successful production of susceptible crops, considering that black locust could act as an important link in the epidemiology of AMV as it may serve as a virus reservoir (3). References: (1) M. M. Finetti-Sialer et al. J. Plant Pathol. 79:115, 1997. (2) R. Hull. Comparative Plant Virology. 2nd ed. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2009. (3) E. E. Muller et al. Plant Dis. 96:506, 2012. (4) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011.
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Caputi, Dani J., Ian Faloona, Justin Trousdell, Jeanelle Smoot, Nicholas Falk, and Stephen Conley. "Residual layer ozone, mixing, and the nocturnal jet in California's San Joaquin Valley." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 4721–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4721-2019.
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Abstract. The San Joaquin Valley of California is known for excessive ozone air pollution owing to local production combined with terrain-induced flow patterns that channel air in from the highly populated San Francisco Bay area and stagnate it against the surrounding mountains. During the summer, ozone violations of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are notoriously common, with the San Joaquin Valley having an average of 115 violations of the current 70 ppb standard each year between 2012 and 2016. Because regional photochemical production peaks with actinic radiation, most studies focus on the daytime, and consequently the nocturnal chemistry and dynamics that contribute to these summertime high-ozone events are not as well elucidated. Here we investigate the hypothesis that on nights with a strong low-level jet (LLJ), ozone in the residual layer (RL) is more effectively mixed down into the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) where it is subject to dry deposition to the surface, the rate of which is itself enhanced by the strength of the LLJ, resulting in lower ozone levels the following day. Conversely, nights with a weaker LLJ will sustain RLs that are more decoupled from the surface, retaining more ozone overnight, and thus lead to more fumigation of ozone the following mornings, giving rise to higher ozone concentrations the following afternoon. The relative importance of this effect, however, is strongly dependent on the net chemical overnight loss of Ox (here [Ox] ≡ [O3] + [NO2]), which we show is highly uncertain, without knowing the ultimate chemical fate of the nitrate radical (NO3). We analyze aircraft data from a study sponsored by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) aimed at quantifying the role of RL ozone in the high-ozone events in this area. By formulating nocturnal scalar budgets based on pairs of consecutive flights (the first around midnight and the second just after sunrise the following day), we estimate the rate of vertical mixing between the RL and the NBL and thereby infer eddy diffusion coefficients in the top half of the NBL. The average depth of the NBL observed on the 12 pairs of flights for this study was 210(±50) m. Of the average −1.3 ppb h−1 loss of Ox in the NBL during the overnight hours from midnight to 06:00 PST, −0.2 ppb h−1 was found to be due to horizontal advection, −1.2 ppb h−1 due to dry deposition, −2.7 ppb h−1 to chemical loss via nitrate production, and +2.8 ppb h−1 from mixing into the NBL from the RL. Based on the observed gradients of Ox in the top half of the NBL, these mixing rates yield eddy diffusivity estimates ranging from 1.1 to 3.5 m2 s−1, which are found to inversely correlate with the following afternoon's ozone levels, providing support for our hypothesis. The diffusivity values are approximately an order of magnitude larger than the few others reported in the extant literature for the NBL, which further suggests that the vigorous nature of nocturnal mixing in this region, due to the LLJ, may have an important control on daytime ozone levels. Additionally, we propose that the LLJ is a branch of what is colloquially referred to as the Fresno eddy, which has been previously proposed to recirculate pollutants. However, vertical mixing from the LLJ may counteract this effect, which highlights the importance of studying the LLJ and Fresno eddy as a single interactive system. The synoptic conditions that are associated with strong LLJs are found to contain deeper troughs along the California coastline. The LLJs observed during this study had an average centerline height of 340 m, average speed of 9.9 m s−1 (σ=3.1 m s−1), and a typical peak timing around 23:00 PST. A total of 7 years of 915 MHz radioacoustic sounding system and surface air quality network data show an inverse correlation between the jet strength and ozone the following day, further suggesting that air quality models need to forecast the strength of the LLJ in order to more accurately predict ozone violations.
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Kumar, Porush, Kuldeep, and Nilima Gautam. "An assessment of ambient air quality using AQI and exceedance factor for Udaipur City, Rajasthan (India)." WEENTECH Proceedings in Energy, March 12, 2021, 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32438/wpe.102021.
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Air pollution is a severe issue of concern worldwide due to its most significant environmental risk to human health today. All substances that appear in excessive amounts in the environment, such as PM10, NO2, or SO2, may be associated with severe health problems. Anthropogenic sources of these pollutants are mainly responsible for the deterioration of urban air quality. These sources include stationary point sources, mobile sources, waste disposal landfills, open burning, and similar others. Due to these pollutants, people are at increased risk of various serious diseases like breathing problems and heart disease, and the death rate due to these diseases can also increase. Hence, air quality monitoring is essential in urban areas to control and regulate the emission of these pollutants to reduce the health impacts on human beings. Udaipur has been selected for the assessment of air quality with monitored air quality data. Air quality monitoring stations in Udaipur city are operated by the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) and RSPCB (Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board). The purpose of this study is to characterize the level of urban air pollution through the measurement of PM10, NO2, or SO2 in Udaipur city, Rajasthan (India). Four sampling locations were selected for Udaipur city to assess the effect of urban air pollution and ambient air quality, and it was monitored for a year from 1st January 2019 to 31st December 2019. The air quality index has been calculated with measured values of PM10, NO2, and SO2. The concentration of PM10 is at a critical level of pollution and primarily responsible for bad air quality and high air quality Index in Udaipur city.
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Fullerton, Don, and Sarah E. West. "Tax and Subsidy Combinations for the Control of Car Pollution." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 10, no. 1 (February 9, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2467.
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Abstract Despite technological advances, an individual car's emissions still cannot be measured reliably enough to impose a Pigovian tax. This paper explores alternative market incentives that could be used instead. We solve for second-best combinations of uniform taxes on gasoline, engine size, and vehicle age. For 1,261 individuals and cars in the 1994 Consumer Expenditure Survey, we record the car's model, year, and number of cylinders. We then seek a corresponding car in data from the California Air Resources Board that shows the car's engine size, fuel efficiency, and emissions per mile. We calculate the welfare improvement from a zero-tax scenario to the ideal Pigovian tax, and we find that 71 percent of that gain can be achieved by the second-best combination of taxes on gas, size, and vintage. A gas tax alone attains 62 percent of that gain. These results are robust to variation in the elasticity of substitution among goods.
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"Statistics as a Technology to Predict the Seasonal Variation of Air Pollution." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 3 (January 10, 2020): 1426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b7599.019320.
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The present study focuses on the analysis and prediction of the seasonal air quality over an industrial city of eastern India. It investigates the seasonal characteristics of three air pollutants nitrogen dioxide, PM10, and sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) between 2005 and 2015. The data has been obtained from the ground monitoring station of the Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board. The study concentrated on the seasons' based findings of RSPM, SO2 and NOX. SPSS 22 software was used to find meteorological influences on the conditions of particular matters. The study shows the strength of statistics as a technology to analyse and to make a prediction even when the available information includes only one variable.
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"Air Quality Index Prediction using Machine Learning Algorithms." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 7489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d5326.118419.
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— The global environment is presently facing a key issue of air pollution. The four air pollutants which are becoming a concerning intimidation to human health are respirble particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, particle matter, and sulfur dioxide. A vast amount of air quality data is collected in different monitoring stations throughout the world. The collected data can be analyzed to forecast the air quality index (AQI) of future. This paper proposes machine learning algorithms such as random forest, support vector machine, self adaptive resource allocation to predict the future AQI. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCN) deployed air pollution monitoring station in five regions. Air pollutant of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 are monitord and AQI is calculated.. The data collected from January 2019 to November 2019 by TNPCN and also AQI of previous five years were used This system attempts to predict the level of pollutant PM,SO2,NO2 in the air to detect the AQI.
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Kunikullaya, Kirthana U., Ambarish Vijayaraghava, P. Asha, Radhika Kunnavil, and B. V. MuraliMohan. "Meteorological parameters and pollutants on asthma exacerbation in Bangalore, India – an ecological retrospective time-series study." Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0074.
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AbstractBackground:Literature has shown a significant association between asthma exacerbations and pollutant levels during that time. There is very limited evidence in India, especially Bangalore, for impacts of meteorological changes and pollution on asthma hospital admissions in adults. The objective was to study the impact of air pollution and meteorological parameters on asthma exacerbation in Bangalore.Methods:This study quantitatively analyzed the relation between acute exacerbations of asthma and related admissions to the hospital with the air pollution and the meteorological conditions during that time. Data regarding the daily hospital admissions in about 13 tertiary care centers in Bangalore, Karnataka and air pollutant levels and the meteorological conditions prevailing during each day over a year were collected from the Karnataka State pollution control board and meteorology departments, respectively.Results:An average daily asthma admission of 4.84±2.91, with clear seasonal variation and autocorrelations between meteorological parameters and pollutants was observed. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that average temperature (p=0.005) and nitrogen dioxide (NOConclusions:In Bangalore city, levels of NO
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"Air quality and pollution mapping system, using remote measurements and GPS technology." Issue 3 8, no. 3 (April 29, 2013): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000403.
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According to the actual European context, including the development of risk free residential
and industrial areas, the main demand lies in instant, accurate and elaborated information
regarding environment quality and pollution risks.
This paper presents a conceptual architecture for a versatile, flexible, cost efficient, highspeed
instrument for monitoring the air quality.
In order to cover a large monitoring area, the system is placed in the luggage compartment of
a glider. The glider was peculiarly selected, because, in free flight, it covers a wide area –
hundreds of kilometers per hour - with a reasonable speed in an economical way, may allow
repetitive flight cycles at different altitudes, and, by comparing to a motorized aircraft, it caries
the mobile part of the system without affecting the measurement precision by fast
acceleration, vibrations, turbulences or polluting exhaust gases.
The device, composed by two main physic parts: the mobile and the field components, is
remotely controlled, and no kind of intervention from pilot part is requested during the flight,
meaning that the measurement operation may be completely accessed from the ground
anytime during flight schedules and doesn’t depend on pilot knowledge or action.
The mobile component is composed by an acquisition block, based on specialized gas
sensors inter-connected within a prototype acquisition board, a positioning system which is
represented by a GPS map 196, a laptop and a transmission module.
The software platform – in terms of virtual instruments - was developed under Labview
programming environment.
The communication between GPS and laptop is realized by a RS232 interface, using the
NMEA protocol. The information is dynamically processed, allowing both the survey and alert
regimes, in order to allow the immediate pertinent decisions, directly, or by use of an expert/esurvey
system.
The data related to air quality map for the monitored site should be further submitted to a
statistical – pollution (contamination) process - control, allowing the evaluation of: peak,
average, trend and prediction of pollution, related either to temporal (season, day/night, peak
hours etc.) or geographical parameters (altitude, vicinity etc.), or to atmospheric conditions
(humidity, wind etc.), or even to societal demands (fuel type, production planning, urban
development, or other relevant contextual circumstances).
The immediate potential application lies in mapping the air pollution factors dispersion and
cause identification, in order to answer to the needs of residential and industrial areas
sustainable expansion, a very important problem met mainly by candidate countries to EC.
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Ketu, Shwet, and Pramod Kumar Mishra. "Scalable kernel-based SVM classification algorithm on imbalance air quality data for proficient healthcare." Complex & Intelligent Systems, June 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00435-5.
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AbstractIn the last decade, we have seen drastic changes in the air pollution level, which has become a critical environmental issue. It should be handled carefully towards making the solutions for proficient healthcare. Reducing the impact of air pollution on human health is possible only if the data is correctly classified. In numerous classification problems, we are facing the class imbalance issue. Learning from imbalanced data is always a challenging task for researchers, and from time to time, possible solutions have been developed by researchers. In this paper, we are focused on dealing with the imbalanced class distribution in a way that the classification algorithm will not compromise its performance. The proposed algorithm is based on the concept of the adjusting kernel scaling (AKS) method to deal with the multi-class imbalanced dataset. The kernel function's selection has been evaluated with the help of weighting criteria and the chi-square test. All the experimental evaluation has been performed on sensor-based Indian Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) dataset. The proposed algorithm with the highest accuracy of 99.66% wins the race among all the classification algorithms i.e. Adaboost (59.72%), Multi-Layer Perceptron (95.71%), GaussianNB (80.87%), and SVM (96.92). The results of the proposed algorithm are also better than the existing literature methods. It is also clear from these results that our proposed algorithm is efficient for dealing with class imbalance problems along with enhanced performance. Thus, accurate classification of air quality through our proposed algorithm will be useful for improving the existing preventive policies and will also help in enhancing the capabilities of effective emergency response in the worst pollution situation.
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"Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Atmospheric Dispersion of BTX Compounds at Sanathnagar, Hyderabad." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.a1883.059120.
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Sanathnagar, located in the centre of Hyderabad city, is taken as a case study to assess the meteorological factors influencing the air quality parameters Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (BTX compounds) and to identify the significant sources of pollution using the interspecies ratios. A data of ten years (2007- 2017) from Central Pollution control board (CPCB), Hyderabad, Telangana state is studied. TX compounds coming under Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) were considered as the air quality parameters, seasons as cases and concerning meteorological factors such as Atmospheric Temperature AT (0C), Relative Humidity RH(%), Wind Speed WS (m/s), Wind Direction WD (deg), Sun Radiation SR (w/m2 ), Barometric Pressure BP (mm/Hg). Multivariate statistical techniques, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Cluster Analysis are used in this study with the help of IBM SPSS 26. The KMO test sampling adequacy found to be higher than 0.5, and the Bartlett test showed lesser value than 0.00, hence proving the results of the analysis are satisfactory. From BTX ratios it was observed that T/B was much higher than one and X/B been minimal value for all seasons indicating traffic pollution as a significant source of ambient air pollution in the study area. On the other hand, the correlation matrix states that a positive correlation between meteorological factors and ambient air quality parameters are as follows: SR- Benzene, Xylene; BPToluene; WS- Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene and the factors with a negative correlation on parameters are WD, RH, AT. PCA states that ambient air quality parameters are influenced by meteorological factors such as SR, RH, WS, WD (major influencers) and BP, AT (moderator influencers). Whereas in Cluster Analysis major influencers are WS, AT, RH and moderate are WP, SR, BP respectively. Therefore, PCA and CA results have shown similar trends in the categorization of meteorological influencers.
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Suliman, Alawia K., Maysoon M. Saleh, Kristin Sznajder, Tonya S. King, and W. Stuart Warren. "Prospective Cohort Study on the Effect of an Intervention to Reduce Household Air Pollution Among Sudanese Women and Children." Journal of Health and Pollution 11, no. 31 (August 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210905.
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Background. Exposure to household air pollution through the burning of biomass fuels is a global health concern and can lead to negative health outcomes such as asthma and lung disease. Objectives. The goal of this four-year study was to determine whether an intervention to reduce household air pollution (HAP) which included health education and a new well-ventilated cooking location would reduce exposure to HAP, lower carbon monoxide (CO) levels and improve the health of women and children in Port Sudan, Sudan. Methods. In 2016, 115 women of low socioeconomic status and their children were invited to participate in the study at two women's centers. One hundred and eleven women consented to participate and were divided into study and control groups on the basis of home ownership. Women who owned their homes learned about the adverse effects of HAP and a well-ventilated outside cooking location (rakoobah) was provided. Control women did not receive HAP education or a rakoobah. Questionnaires were used to assess the effect of education and a new well-ventilated cooking location for a group of Sudanese women who cook with biomass fuels. CO-oximetry was performed. Each year from 2017–2019, the questionnaires and CO-oximetry were repeated. Results. Sixty-five women and 33 children were assigned to the study group and 46 women and 19 children were assigned to the control group in 2016. Women were enrolled in 2016 with CO levels of 17.8% and 17.4%, respectively. One year later some of the study group women had lower CO levels and others higher, while the CO levels of the controls were stable. An intensive HAP education program was started for the study group women. By 2019, the last study year, the CO levels of both the study and control group women had dropped to normal levels of 2.9% and 3.1%, respectively. Control group women may have benefited from the HAP education and modeled behavior of those in the study group. Conclusions. The health impact of the change in cooking location was unclear, yet both groups reported fewer health care visits in 2019. Education and an outside cooking location resulted in lower CO levels of Sudanese women and children. Participant Consent. Obtained Ethics Approval. The study was approved by the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee of the Red Sea University Faculty of Medicine located in Port Sudan, Sudan. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Jacob, Anu Maria, Manjula Datta, Satyavani Kumpatla, Pradeep Selvaraj, and Vijay Viswanthan. "Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Exposure to Suspended Particulate Matter." Journal of Health and Pollution 9, no. 22 (June 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.22.190608.
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Background. Evidence from various epidemiological studies has shown an association between particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and diabetes mellitus. A prospective study from the United States reported that exposure to PM2.5 alters endothelial function, and leads to insulin resistance and reduction in peripheral glucose uptake. There is a paucity of data on the relation between air pollution and diabetes in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives. To estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among people living in areas with higher exposures of suspended PM2.5 compared to people living in areas with lower exposures in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in two areas of Chennai city. The PM2.5 affecting vulnerable areas were stratified from a list of air quality monitoring stations in Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board. The highest and lowest areas of exposure were selected from the list. Households were randomly selected for the study. A total of 201 (67 male, 134 female) individuals from a high exposure area (HEA) and 209 (76 male 133 female) individuals from a low exposure area (LEA) were recruited for the study. Adults over 18 years of age were screened for random capillary blood glucose (RCBG) by glucometer (OneTouch Ultra). Results. The prevalence of diabetes (34.8% vs 19.6% p =0.001) was 77.5% higher among people living in areas of high particulate matter exposure compared to people living in less exposed areas. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, residential area, and family history of diabetes were significantly associated with the prevalence of diabetes (p<0.05). Conclusions. The present study indicates a link between high levels of exposure to PM2.5 and diabetes mellitus. Further prospective studies on populations exposed to elevated pollution are needed to establish whether this association has a causative link. Participant Consent. Obtained Ethics Approval. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Prof. M Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre, Chennai, India Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Nigam, Ritwik, Kanvi Pandya, Alvarinho J. Luis, Raja Sengupta, and Mahender Kotha. "Positive effects of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality of industrial cities (Ankleshwar and Vapi) of Western India." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83393-9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOn January 30, 2020, India recorded its first COVID-19 positive case in Kerala, which was followed by a nationwide lockdown extended in four different phases from 25th March to 31st May, 2020, and an unlock period thereafter. The lockdown has led to colossal economic loss to India; however, it has come as a respite to the environment. Utilizing the air quality index (AQI) data recorded during this adverse time, the present study is undertaken to assess the impact of lockdown on the air quality of Ankleshwar and Vapi, Gujarat, India. The AQI data obtained from the Central Pollution Control Board was assessed for four lockdown phases. We compared air quality data for the unlock phase with a coinciding period in 2019 to determine the changes in pollutant concentrations during the lockdown, analyzing daily AQI data for six pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, O3, and SO2). A meta-analysis of continuous data was performed to determine the mean and standard deviation of each lockdown phase, and their differences were computed in percentage in comparison to 2019; along with the linear correlation analysis and linear regression analysis to determine the relationship among the air pollutants and their trend for the lockdown days. The results revealed different patterns of gradual to a rapid reduction in most of the pollutant concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2), and an increment in ozone concentration was observed due to a drastic reduction in NO2 by 80.18%. Later, increases in other pollutants were also observed as the restrictions were eased during phase-4 and unlock 1. The comparison between the two cities found that factors like distance from the Arabian coast and different industrial setups played a vital role in different emission trends.