Academic literature on the topic 'Tennessee. Solid Waste Disposal Control Board'

Landfills are the most common method for the disposal of municipal solid waste the world over, as well as in India due to their low technical and economic requirements. The selection of an appropriate site for the establishment of a landfill is a complex process because it must combine social, environmental and technical parameters. The scientific selection of landfill site is based on several diverse criteria (Land Use and Land Cover, ground water table depth, soil permeability, surface water, roads distance, slop etc) and regulations. The study presents the selection of a site for the establishment of a landfill based on several criteria using geographic information system (GIS) based site suitability modeling and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Site suitability modeling was implemented using Boolean and Index overlay models. Each criterion and sub criteria was evaluated with the aid of AHP to assign a relative weightage in the index overlay model. Rules and criteria’s set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) were implemented through Boolean model. The combination of the results of the two models generated a map with several suitable sites. Further selection was done on basis of the size requirement of the site, to handle Municipal solid waste (MSW) for next ten years. Two sites having the maximum suitability and also fulfilling the size requirement were shortlisted. Final selection from the two sites was done by a field survey of the sites. Finally the site B was selected on the basis of field survey which revealed it being better on account of certain factors discussed and social acceptability.

Hospitals including all types of health care centers generate a lot of wastes per day which needs to be segregated, collected and transported to the treatment and disposal site according to the norms prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India. After reading about mismanagement of bio-medical waste in local newspapers of Kota city, it was planned to perform an analytical study to find out the factual status. During study, the hospitals of Kota both government and private were visited and the status of bio-medical waste management was studied right from its generation to the final transportation from the hospitals by concerned agency nominated for this purpose. It was noticed that treatment and disposal facilities are not available at Kota and as per official records; the waste is transported to another city Alwar. During the study period, this fact could not be verified as there were no vehicles seen transporting bio-medical waste daily from Kota to Alwar and no monitoring system was seen in place for this purpose whether the operator has actually transported the waste to the treatment site or dumped it somewhere else with municipal solid waste. Other than this, many shortcomings in the system were also noticed during the study period. The segregation is not performed at the point of generation, the employees deployed for segregation, collection and transportation are neither sufficient in number nor well trained and do not have any safety equipment, transportation is not carried out properly and most critical point to note is that the city does not have any treatment plant of its own. There is a lack of awareness among all stakeholders regarding new Bio-Medical Waste Management (BMWM) Rules, 2016. The concerned authorities need to take an immediate action for proper management of bio-medical waste in Kota; otherwise it may create severe health hazards to human health, especially the young students studying in coaching institutes of Kota

Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, even in consideration of the current economic climate, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean renewable energy. As the NCRRF has reached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. Separately, the Authority also recognized that the refurbishment alone will not provide any additional disposal capacity for the County. The County’s anticipated growth necessitated that the Authority evaluate several options for long-term processing and disposal capacity, resulting in a decision to expand its WTE capacity with a new mass burn facility, the first facility of its kind to be constructed in Florida in more than a decade, reaffirming its commitment to waste-to-energy. The planned 3,000 TPD expansion will provide a total disposal capacity of 5,000 TPD generating approximately 150MW of renewable energy. The decision to proceed with the expansion was approved by the Authority’s Board in October 2008. The Authority, with its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., has since made significant progress in the facility’s implementation including the completion of the preliminary design, submittal of environmental permit applications, ongoing procurement of a full service vendor, issuance of revenue bonds for project financing, and commencing extensive public outreach. This paper will focus on the development of the new mass burn facility and an update of the status of activities conducted to date including, permitting, financing, vendor procurement, design, and public outreach, as well as will highlight several innovative design, procurement, permitting, and financing features of this landmark project for the Authority, such as: • Utilization of SCR technology for control of NOx emission; • Incorporation of rainwater harvesting and water reuse; • Utilization of iterative procurement process designed to obtain vendor input in a competitive environment; and • Financing approach designed to preserve alternative minimum tax benefits.

Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Six Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Processing Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Two Household Hazardous Waste Facilities. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented an integrated program to provide for the long term, reliable, economically sound and environmentally sustainable management of solid waste in Palm Beach County. The County’s anticipated growth necessitated that the Authority evaluate several options for long-term processing and disposal capacity. This resulted in a decision to expand its WTE capacity with a new mass burn facility, the first facility of its kind to be constructed in the US in almost two decades, reaffirming its commitment to waste-to-energy. The planned 3,000 TPD facility will provide the Authority with a total disposal capacity of 5,000 TPD generating approximately 150MW of renewable energy. The decision to proceed with the expansion was approved by the Authority’s Board in October 2008. The Authority, with its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie/ARCADIS, has since made significant progress in the implementation of this landmark project including the completion of the preliminary design, securing environmental permits, procuring a full service vendor, issuance of nearly $600 million revenue bonds for signing an electrical sales contract, and ongoing extensive public outreach efforts. This presentation will focus on the ongoing development of the new mass burn facility and an update of the status of activities conducted to date such as: • Environmental Permitting – Issuance of the PPSA Conditions of Certification and submittal of the Post Certification/Pre Construction requirements; • Vendor Procurement – Iterative procurement process designed to obtain vendor input through final selection and contract award of a full service vendor (Design, Build and Operate); • Preliminary Design – Innovative design features such as the utilization of SCR technology for control of NOx emission and incorporation of rainwater harvesting and water reuse; • Public Outreach – the Authority’s efforts to keep the public informed through mass mailings, community meetings, television commercials and educational materials for all audiences; and • Financing – Approach designed to preserve alternative minimum tax benefits.

Abstract At the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant A1 (NPP-A1) at Jaslovske Bohunice, the radioactive (RA) waste of different physical and chemical characteristics has to be treated. A part of this waste cannot be stabilized directly by standard – running technologies for RA waste treatment installed in Jaslovske Bohunice. Among the most specific was, an extremely reactive, concentrated chromate-sulphuric acid (CSA) that had been used as a strong oxidizing agent for cleaning technological heavy-water tanks more than 15 years ago. Prior to solve the problem of radioactive elements stabilization for long-term disposal, it was necessary to solve the problem of CSA chemical stabilization. With respect to radiation safety regulations, the direct neutralization of CSA with strong bases was excluded from the very beginning because of the extremely strong exothermic character of the reaction and the possibility of thermal explosion. After laboratory experiments, with both the inactive simulants and real CSA, the neutralization of undiluted CSA with a hydrate of secondary salt of ortho-phosphoric acid was found to be the best solution. The reaction of 96 w% sulphuric acid/CSA with a powder form of the phosphate salt is calm, fast enough, slightly exothermic, and yields the reaction product in the powder form. More over, the main part of the radioactive elements that are contaminants of the CSA undergo during this process chemical transformation into very slightly soluble phosphate structures. The powder form of the reaction product is, in the next step, immobilized into the solid matrix by cementation technology. Besides the Portland cement (PC), the powder of calcium hydroxide is also introduced. This reacts in the cement slurry with primary phosphates and converts them into less soluble secondary phosphates, and also enables to form apatite structures at the process of cement slurry hardening. As a result, the contaminating radioactive ions, are immobilized not only physically within the solid matrix, but they are also chemically bound into stable and very slightly soluble chemical structures. Based on the described method, the technology was build-up in the area of the nuclear power plant. The core of the technology is the chemical reactor with the coat-cooler, stirring device, and input jets for liquid media, input device for solid/powder media and output device for emptying the reactor vessel. The technological process is managed from the central control board. Processed CSA is injected/spaterred into the reactor vessel with stirred phosphate salt. After finishing neutralization reaction, indicated by the time-dependent temperature profile, the powders of PC and calcium hydroxide are introduced and homogenized with the reaction product. The last step is an injection of water, formation of cement slurry that is permanently stirred, and finally emptied-out into 200 l barrel where slurry is left to harden. By this, cyclic batch-based technological regime, the total amount of stored-contaminated CSA was processed, and 20 barrels, each of 200 l, of immobilized/stabilized – hardened radioactive waste have been prepared for long-term disposal. The amount of embedded salts into the cement matrix was chosen as to fulfill the acceptance criteria for the Slovak radioactive waste repository at Mochovce.