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1
Garrison, Eric, and Joshua New. "Quality Control Methods for Advanced Metering Infrastructure Data." Smart Cities 4, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010012.
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While urban-scale building energy modeling is becoming increasingly common, it currently lacks standards, guidelines, or empirical validation against measured data. Empirical validation necessary to enable best practices is becoming increasingly tractable. The growing prevalence of advanced metering infrastructure has led to significant data regarding the energy consumption within individual buildings, but is something utilities and countries are still struggling to analyze and use wisely. In partnership with the Electric Power Board of Chattanooga, Tennessee, a crude OpenStudio/EnergyPlus model of over 178,000 buildings has been created and used to compare simulated energy against actual, 15-min, whole-building electrical consumption of each building. In this study, classifying building type is treated as a use case for quantifying performance associated with smart meter data. This article attempts to provide guidance for working with advanced metering infrastructure for buildings related to: quality control, pathological data classifications, statistical metrics on performance, a methodology for classifying building types, and assess accuracy. Advanced metering infrastructure was used to collect whole-building electricity consumption for 178,333 buildings, define equations for common data issues (missing values, zeros, and spiking), propose a new method for assigning building type, and empirically validate gaps between real buildings and existing prototypes using industry-standard accuracy metrics.
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Sharp, I. H., and M. A. Schell. "Study of Recreational Use of Sydney Water Board and Fish River Water Supply Storages (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0037.
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Existing and potential recreational uses in a number of very different water supply catchments managed by two major N.S.W. authorities were investigated. Community attitudes to recreational use of both land based and water based activities were analysed together with reactions to increased charges to cover costs of ensuring safe water quality. Threats to water quality were studied and additional management and water quality control measures formulated.
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Duarte, E. A., I. Neto, M. Alegrias, and R. Barroso. "“Appropriate technology” for pollution control in corrugated board industry - the Portuguese case." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0235.
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An increasing number of countries can be considered as water-stressed. Portugal is facing this problem, associated with the guarantee of an adequate water supply. Increasing costs of municipal and industrial disposal for water quality protection and pollution reduction also catalyse interest in water reuse. This paper presents a case study in the corrugated board industry, where advanced strategies were followed, in order to implement a totally integrated waste management system, through the selection of the appropriate technology, avoiding environmental damage. The results obtained were the establishment of an optimal balance between the main strategy elements, evaluated on the basis of environmental load, preservation of resources and economy.
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Katsura, Hiroki, Katsuhiko Hidaka, and Hiroyuki Suzuki. "Improvement of Water Quality and Wet End in a Board Machine with a New Microbial Control Concept." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 65, no. 5 (2011): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.65.452.
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Singh, Surjeet, N. C. Ghosh, Gopal Krishan, Ravi Galkate, T. Thomas, and R. K. Jaiswal. "Development of an Overall Water Quality Index (OWQI) for Surface Water in Indian Context." Current World Environment 10, no. 3 (December 25, 2015): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.3.12.
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A number of water quality indices based on classification criteria, sub-indices and aggregation function have been developed by the researchers for categorizing the water quality for different uses. In the present study, a general Overall Water Quality Index (OWQI) is developed to classify the surface water into five categories, viz. excellent, good, fair, poor and polluted. For this purpose, the concentration ranges have been defined on the basis of the Indian Standards (IS) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards also taking into account other International standards of World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (EC). Sixteen parameters are selected based on social and environmental impact and weights are assigned on their relative importance to impact the quality of water. The proposed index improves understanding of water quality issues by integrating complex data and generates a score which describes the status of water quality. The proposed index will be very useful for the water management authorities to maintain good health of surface water resources.
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Lingaswamy, Manchala, and Praveen Saxena. "Assessment of the Water Quality of Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar and Kattamysamma Lakes of Hyderabad, Telangana State, India: Using Water Quality Index (WQI)." Current World Environment 11, no. 2 (August 25, 2016): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.2.23.
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The present study was carried out to assess the water quality of three lakes of Hyderabad, Telangana State, India viz., Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar and Kattamysamma Lake by using water quality index (WQI). For this study systematic sampling has been carried out by collecting sixteen samples from each lake. The collected samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Nitrates (NO32-), Sulphates (SO42-), Fluoride (F-) and Chloride (Cl-) according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA 2005) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guide manual: Water and Waste water analysis. The results were compared with water quality guidelines for drinking purpose (BIS 2012). The mean values of most water quality parameters were significantly higher than the accept limits in all three lakes.Ten important water variables were chosen to calculate Water Quality Index (WQI). All the three lakes fall under unsuitable for drinking purpose (>100) according to WQI scale.
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Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A., Jennifer J. Mosher, Anthony V. Palumbo, Zamin K. Yang, Mircea Podar, Steven D. Brown, Scott C. Brooks, et al. "Mercury and Other Heavy Metals Influence Bacterial Community Structure in Contaminated Tennessee Streams." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 1 (November 5, 2010): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01715-10.
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ABSTRACTHigh concentrations of uranium, inorganic mercury [Hg(II)], and methylmercury (MeHg) have been detected in streams located in the Department of Energy reservation in Oak Ridge, TN. To determine the potential effects of the surface water contamination on the microbial community composition, surface stream sediments were collected 7 times during the year, from 5 contaminated locations and 1 control stream. Fifty-nine samples were analyzed for bacterial community composition and geochemistry. Community characterization was based on GS 454 FLX pyrosequencing with 235 Mb of 16S rRNA gene sequence targeting the V4 region. Sorting and filtering of the raw reads resulted in 588,699 high-quality sequences with lengths of >200 bp. The bacterial community consisted of 23 phyla, includingProteobacteria(ranging from 22.9 to 58.5% per sample),Cyanobacteria(0.2 to 32.0%),Acidobacteria(1.6 to 30.6%),Verrucomicrobia(3.4 to 31.0%), and unclassified bacteria. Redundancy analysis indicated no significant differences in the bacterial community structure between midchannel and near-bank samples. Significant correlations were found between the bacterial community and seasonal as well as geochemical factors. Furthermore, several community members within theProteobacteriagroup that includes sulfate-reducing bacteria and within theVerrucomicrobiagroup appeared to be associated positively with Hg and MeHg. This study is the first to indicate an influence of MeHg on thein situmicrobial community and suggests possible roles of these bacteria in the Hg/MeHg cycle.
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Fiorucci, A. "Diagrams for evaluating groundwater quality." Water Supply 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2007): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.073.
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Some special diagrams for evaluating the chemical properties of groundwater intended for human consumption are introduced, in accordance with the Italian legislation assimilating EEC Directive 91/271 concerning the treatment of urban waste water and EEC Directive 91/676 related to the protection of waters against contamination by nitrates from agricultural sources. Although the limits imposed by the legislation reflect the Italian situation, they do however conform to directives concerning the whole European Community and offer a response to international guidelines promulgated by, for example, the World Health Organization so they are also suitable for use in national contexts other than Italy. Moreover, a diagram is introduced for monitoring the quality of water destined for agriculture, in particular for irrigation and the special issue of soil protection. In this case, in the absence of specific national and/or European laws and/or Directives, reference was made to the standards of the California Water Quality Control Board. The parameters and the relative limits have been taken from such standards, to identify three quality classes of water for agricultural use with evaluation of use. Plotting such diagrams is very simple: they can be used for improving presentation and interpretation of chemical data and, most of all, to provide comparisons between different water resources or to evaluate possible changes over time. Some examples, reported in the text, will aid understanding their use and interpretation.
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Angel, Jose, and Sheila Ault. "Cooperative Partnership Between California Regional Water Quality Control Board and Imperial County Farm Bureau Creates Positive Results in TMDL Implementation." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783967142.
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Vijay, Ritesh, Swapnil R. Kamble, S. S. Dhage, R. A. Sohony, and S. R. Wate. "Statistical assessment of seafront and beach water quality of Mumbai, India." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 1186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.667.
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The water quality of seafronts and beaches of Mumbai is under pressure and deteriorating due to discharge of partially treated sewage and wastewater through point and nonpoint sources. The objective of the study was to assess the water quality and to correlate physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for establishing relationship, association and dependence on each other. The water quality parameters were selected as per SW II standards specified by Central Pollution Control Board, India and nutrient parameters as strong indicators of sewage pollution. Box and whisker plots were generated for evaluating spatio temporal variation of water quality which suggest influence of organic pollution mostly at Mahim and Dadar in the form of outliers and extremes. Pearson's correlations were estimated between parameters and found significant correlation with each other indicating influence of sewage on water quality. The water quality of beaches and seafronts were found unsafe for recreational purposes. The study suggested that designated water quality can be achieved by restricting nonpoint source through improvement in wastewater collection systems, appropriate level of treatment and proper disposal.
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Petrie, L. G., and J. D. Wrigley. "Recreational Use of the Catchments and Storages of Sydney Water Board (Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0039.
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The Water Board has a number of catchment areas under its control. These catchment areas are used to supply water of acceptable quality and quantity to over 3.4 million people. A range of catchment protection measures is applied to these catchment areas depending on distance from and length of time from the offtake points. Several recreation pursuits have been permitted within the terms of the protection measures. To gain a view of public perception and acceptance the Board in 1986 completed a public review and survey of the present and potential future use of its water supply catchment areas and storages for recreational purposes. The study considered whether community recreational demands were being met and whether some or all of these demands can be satisfied without harming water quality or the environment. From the study, the Board has concluded that there is both broad community support for its strong protection of the water supply and significant interest in use of additional recreational facilities. Accordingly, the Board has identified a number of additional requested recreational opportunities that can be introduced while maintaining present levels of water quality protection and conservation values. These additional items include additional nature walks near some of the existing dam picnic areas, escorted tours of the catchment areas, walking trails on catchment perimeters and increased river bank fishing in the Warragamba Catchment Area. Additional facilities are being introduced at Prospect Reservoir in the populated western suburbs of Sydney including a bicycle/jogging/walking track, BMX track, skateboard area and historic lookout and picnic area. These new initiatives will be introduced as part of an ongoing programme of review. Additional future activities will be introduced where possible. The Board however is concerned that no recreational activity should be introduced that is likely to cause future problems with water quality protection. Future introduction of increased water treatment levels will enable a further review of catchment protection policies but the high costs of such treatment will cause the Board to delay those introductions as long as practicable. In brief, the Board has fully reviewed its present policy on recreational use and has concluded that the general pol icy is appropriate and has strong community support. The implementation of that policy is being modified, however, to provide for acceptable additional facilities for which there is a demonstrated community need.
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Elliott, Katherine J., and James M. Vose. "Initial Effects of Prescribed Fire on Quality of Soil Solution and Streamwater in the Southern Appalachian Mountains." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 29, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/29.1.5.
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Abstract Prescribed burning is being used in the Conasauga River Watershed in southeastern Tennessee and northern Georgia by National Forest managers to restore degraded pine/oak communities. The purpose of these burns is to restore shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Miller)/mixed-oak forestswith more diverse understories, which include native bluestem grasses (Andropogon gyrans Ashe and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash). Although burning might be an effective tool for restoring these stands to a shortleaf pine/mixed-oak/bluestem grass community type, it isnot known whether these restoration burns will have a negative impact on water quality. Six subwatersheds (similar in vegetation, soil type, stream size and location, and disturbance history) were located within the Conasauga River Watershed. Four of the sites were burned in Mar. 2001, andtwo sites were designated as controls. To evaluate initial effects of prescribed burning on water quality, we measured soil solution and streamwater nutrient concentrations and streamwater sediment concentration (TSS; total suspended solids) weekly over a 10-month period. Consistent with goalsof the land managers, all the prescribed fires resulted in low- to moderate-intensity and low-severity fires. Soil solution and streamwater NO−3-N and NH+4-N did not increase after burning on any of the sites. We found no differences inTSS between burn and control streams in any of the sample periods. In addition, we found no detectable differences between control and burned sites for concentrations of PO3−4, SO2−4, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+,or pH in soil solution or streamwater. Thus, these prescribed restoration fires did not have a significant effect on soil solution and stream chemistry or stream sediment (TSS) concentrations. Our results suggest that low-intensity, low-severity fires, such as those in this study, could beused as a tool to restore vegetation structure and composition in these mixed pine-hardwood ecosystems without negatively impacting water quality. South. J. Appl. For. 29(1):5–15.
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Dong, Xiao Mei, Yi He, and Jing Chao Sun. "Study on Concrete's Temperature Control Measures for Inverted-Siphons during Construction Period." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 792–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.792.
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In view of the problem of concrete cracks during construction, the good effect of cracks prevention can be achieved if the timely and reasonable scheme of temperature control is selected. Under the 3-D FEM including water-pipe cooling is adopted to simulate the stresses field of Inverted siphon during construction. Through analyzing the time-space variation law, it is fund that cracks easily appear. In the part of the middle line of the South-North Water Transfer Project£¬the quality of concrete surface of III section in Jiaozuo has been improved obviously through the method of external insulation board.
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Ravichandran, K., Dr R. Sundararajan, Dr N. Balasundaram, and Dr T. Senthil Vadivel. "The Impact of Noyyal River Basin on the Quality of Ground Water in Tiruppur District - A Study." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.35 (September 2, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.35.29151.
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The textile dyeing units operating in Tiruppur have provided Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) plants and the system has been in operation for the past ten years. Data on the quality of ground and surface water available with various government agencies such as Public Works Department, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Central Ground Water Board for the past ten years were collected for the study. Visual MODFLOW, a mathematical Model was used as a tool in the study for analysing the migration of contaminants in the ground water. The parameter, Total Dissolved solids (TDS) was used to represent the contamination level in the ground water. The study area, covering the cluster of industries upstream and downstream of Tiruppur Corporation was selected, and using the data for the period from 2008 to 2017, the Model was validated. The validated Model was used to make prediction of ground water quality for the next ten years under different scenario.
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Hu, Xiang Qian, Xue Tun Zhao, Hong Gang Huang, and Jun Ting Long. "Parameters Analysis on Construction Control of Precast Piles in Soft Soil Ground." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.326.
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Based on the precast pile foundation field test of the power plant, the distribution and dissipation of the excess pore water pressure induced by the construction of the precast pile are first analyzed after the plastic drain board driven in the soft ground. Then the influence factors of the distribution and dissipation of the excess pore water pressure are presented. Subsequently the quality problem of the pre-date driven pile caused by the construction of the precast pile is studied. The main control parameters of the precast pile construction under the complicated condition are provided, which will provide a reference for such similar projects.
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Khatri, Punit, Karunesh Kumar Gupta, and Raj Kumar Gupta. "Raspberry Pi-based smart sensing platform for drinking-water quality monitoring system: a Python framework approach." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 12, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-12-31-2019.
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Abstract. This paper proposes the development of a Raspberry Pi-based hardware platform for drinking-water quality monitoring. The selection of water quality parameters was made based on guidelines of the Central Pollution and Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi, India. A graphical user interface (GUI) was developed for providing an interactive human machine interface to the end user for ease of operation. The Python programming language was used for GUI development, data acquisition, and data analysis. Fuzzy computing techniques were employed for decision-making to categorize the water quality in different classes like “bad”, “poor”, “satisfactory”, “good”, and “excellent”. The system has been tested for various water samples from eight different locations, and the water quality was observed as being good, satisfactory, and poor for the measured water samples. Finally, the obtained results were compared with the benchmark for authentication.
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Sharda, Avinash Kumar, Harish Chander Sharma, and Brij Bhushan. "Temporal Variation of Surface Water Quality in the Swan River Catchment in Himachal Pradesh India." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 20 (January 27, 2017): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v20i0.16490.
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As industrial growth in the lower Shiwalik hills has risen in past two decades, the last 10 years in the Una district has seen a rapid development in industrial and urban growth due to grant of industrial package by the central government of India. As a result, several production plants have sprung up within the Swan River catchment, threatening the water quality of this area. However, the actual effects on water quality are heretofore unknown. In this paper, we assess the water quality of the Swan River catchment by calculating the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Indicators (NSFWQI) and Overall Index of Population (OIP) between 2003-2012. Data on monitored cross sections were collected from State Pollution Control Board of Himachal Pradesh, India. The results indicate that there has been recent (within five years) considerable improvement in the water quality due to enforcement of proper pollution control technologies. The relationship between economic growth (GDP) and water quality was also studied.We carried out regression analysis of the water quality data to determine significant parameters as independent variables and WQI and OIP as dependent variables. The regression analysis further identified that the contribution of each variable with significant values r = 0.733, R2 = 0.695. The study further suggests that sustainable development is possible through adoption of proper treatment technologies, enforcement of formal legislation, and preparation of remedial action plans to reduce the environmental stresses.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 20Page: 55-61
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Kundan, Poonam, and Deepika Slathia. "Investigation of water quality changes in drinking water supplied from Sitlee water treatment plant on River Tawi to Old Jammu City, Jammu, J&K, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1742.
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In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the water quality changes in River Tawi water treated at Sitlee water treatment plant, and supplied for drinking to Old Jammu City, Jammu, J&K, India. Water samples from the treated water unit of Sitlee water treatment plant and around ten houses from the distribution point (Old Jammu City) were analyzed monthly for various physicochemical parameters for a period of one year (February 2014 to January 2015). The study indicated deterioration of drinking water quality during its passage through the distribution network which has been attributed to the leakages and defects in the old pipe system supplying water to the Jammu city. Comparison of analyzed water quality parameters with the drinking water standards prescribed by World Health Organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) indicated that parameters like DO (7.49-8.24mg/l), calcium(49.93-67.08mg/l), magnesium(16.14-25.21mg/l) and potassium(6.99-7.93mg/l) were almost nearing the desirable limits but were within the permissible limits and parameters like turbidity(3.5-8.17 NTU) and total hardness(78.87-120.50mg/l) were above the desirable limits in the water samples collected from the distribution point. The collected primary data for the thirteen water quality parameters has been used to calculate the Arithmetic Water Quality Index(WQI) which has shown monsoon increase with higher values at distribution point(65.65). One time microbial analysis (MPN/100ml) for total and faecal coliform has indicated presence of faecal coliform (<1/100ml) in water samples from eight households at distribution point which indicates contamination of water with human faecal matter during its passage through the distribution network. According to microbial standards laid down by Central Pollution Control Board (2008), water contaminated with faecal coliform is unfit for drinking without conventional treatment.
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Bhattacharya, Sayan, Arpita Bera, Abhishek Dutta, and Uday Chand Ghosh. "Effects of Idol Immersion on the Water Quality Parameters of Indian Water Bodies: Environmental Health Perspectives." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 39 (October 2014): 234–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.39.234.
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India is a rich cultural country in which diverse cultural and religious festivals are organized. Idol is an image of a god which is used as an object of worship. After worshipped, these idols are immersed into water bodies. Idols are constructed by plaster of paris, clay, cloths, small iron rods, bamboo and decorated with different paints such as varnish, water colors etc. which can lead to significant alteration in the water quality after immersion. Paints which are used to colour these idols contains various heavy metals such as Mercury, Cadmium, Arsenic, Zinc, Chromium and Lead. Particularly, red, blue, orange and green colours contain mercury, zinc oxide, chromium and lead, which are potent carcinogens. Two heavy metals such as Lead and Chromium also add in the water bodies through Sindoor (a traditional red colored cosmetic powder, usually worn by married women and often used in the festivals). The floating materials released through idol in the river and lake after decomposition result in eutrophication, increase in acidity and heavy metal concentration. Heavy metal pollution caused by idol immersion can damage the ecosystem as it kills fishes, damages plants, blocks the natural flow of the water, causing stagnation. The effects of idol immersion on various water bodies of India like Bhoj wetland, Budhabalanga river, Ganges river, Hussainsagar lake, Kolar river, Sarayu river, Tapi river, Chhatri lake, north and west lakes of Bangalore and Yamuna river have been observed so far. Investigations were carried out to find out the effects of immersion of idols on water quality by collecting and analyzing the water samples from the immersion sites of the rivers. The samplings were done before the immersion, on the day of immersion and after the event and several parameters like Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, BOD, Dissolved CO2, Conductivity, Salinity, Alkalinity, TDS, Total Hardness, Chlorides etc. are estimated. Most of the studies found significant changes in the water quality parameters during and after immersions. Central Pollution Control Board has formulated guidelines on the practice of idol immersion in water bodies, which should be followed for controlling pollution
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Mchiouer, Fatiha, Hossain El Ouarghi, Said Benyoussef, and Mustapha Abourrich. "Assessment of health risks related to groundwater consumption in Al-Hoceima region." E3S Web of Conferences 240 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124001001.
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Water is a precious natural resource for life, and more vulnerable to different contaminations; it has become less and less drinkable because it is polluted and can carry pathogenic germs that cause water diseases. The population of the Al-Hoceima region is supplied with drinking water from the network of the National Drinking Water Board, which is not widespread in rural areas where there is the frequent use of communal water points (spring or well). Health concerns remain related to the consumption of untreated well water, in the absence of a department responsible for the management of well water (development, equipment, treatment, protection, and quality control). To preserve the health of the population from any source of contamination carried by water, the Ministry of Health, carries out, through the provincial hygiene services, the control and monitoring of the physical-chemical and bacteriological quality of water in the framework of the fight against water diseases. The objective of this work was to determine the state of groundwater quality in the Al-Hoceima region, based on the study of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. A control of 41 collective water points was carried out, including 30 wells and 11 springs. The collected samples were analyzed to measure some physical parameters: electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen, possibly looking for indicator germs of fecal contamination, namely coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and intestinal enterococci. The results revealed fecal contamination of all collective water points by coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli. Appropriate measures must be taken for the disinfection of these waters before their use.
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Ribotti, Alberto, Roberto Sorgente, and Mireno Borghini. "Quality assurance and control on hydrological data off western Sardinia (2000–2004), western Mediterranean." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1287-2020.
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Abstract. Seven oceanographic cruises in 5 years were organized in the Sea of Sardinia with the repeated collection of physical, chemical and biological data. An accurate and sustained quality assurance on physical sensors was enacted through pre- and postcruise calibration and verified during in situ acquisitions with the use of redundant sensors and other instruments. Moreover, for dissolved oxygen and conductivity, seawater samples at standard depths were frequently analyzed on board. Then an accurate quality control was used to verify all hydrological data profiles, which passed a further quality check following standard procedures. Finally all hydrological data have been included in two online public open-access datasets in the SEANOE (SEA scieNtific Open data Edition) repository (https://doi.org/10.17882/59867 and https://doi.org/10.17882/70340; Ribotti et al., 2019a, b). During and after all cruises Chlorophyll a and nutrient analyses were also carried out, but these data are not yet open access; the same applies for water current profiles, both at casts and during vessel moves, and geophysical data. These ocean data are the first covering the Sea of Sardinia for its whole extension. Here data and assurance and control procedures used are described as they have become standards in deep-sea acquisitions over the years.
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Matli, Chandra Sekhar, and Nivedita. "Water Quality Modelling of River Mahanadi using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR)." International Journal of Environment 10, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v10i1.38417.
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Surface water quality is one of the critical environmental concerns of the globe and water quality management is top priority worldwide. In India, River water quality has considerably deteriorated over the years and there is an urgent need for improving the surface water quality. The present study aims at use of multivariate statistical approaches for interpretation of water quality data of Mahanadi River in India. Monthly water quality data pertaining to 16 parameters collected from 12 sampling locations on the river by Central Water Commission (CWC) and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is used for the study. Cluster analysis (CA), is used to group the sampling locations on the river into homogeneous clusters with similar behaviour. Principal component analysis (PCA) is quite effective in identifying the critical parameters for describing the water quality of the river in dry and monsoon seasons. PCA and Factor Analysis (FA) was effective in explaining 69 and 66% of the total cumulative variance in the water quality if dry and wet seasons respectively. Industrial and domestic wastewaters, soil erosion and weathering, soil leaching organic pollution and natural pollution were identified as critical sources contribution to pollution of river water. However, the quantitative contributions were variable based on the season. Results of multiple linear regression (MLR) are effective in explaining the factor loadings and source contributions for most water quality parameters. The study results indicate suitability of multivariate statistical approaches to design and plan sampling and sampling programs for controlling water quality management programs in river basins.
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Wang, Xiang, Yifang Ren, and Gang Li. "A quality control procedure for Fengyun-3A microwave temperature sounder with emphasis on a new cloud detection algorithm." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 66, no. 1 (2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es16004.
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A cloud detection algorithm for satellite radiance from the microwave temperature sounder (MWTS) on board the first satellite of the Chinese polar-orbiting Fengyun-three series (FY-3A) is proposed based on the measurements at the frequencies of 50.3 and 53.6 GHz. The cloud liquid water path index (LWP index) is calculated using the brightness temperature at these two channels. Analysis of one case carried out in January2010shows the great consistency be-tween this new algorithm result and the available liquid water path product from the Meteorological Operational satellite A (MetOp-A).In general, about 60% of the global MWTS data are considered to be contaminated by cloud by virtue of the new cloud detection algorithm. A quality control (QC) procedure is applied to MWTS measurements with emphasis on the cloud detection. The QC steps are composed of (i) channel 2 over sea ice, land and coastal field of views (FOVs); (ii) channels 2 and 3 over cloudy FOVs; and (iii) outliers with large differences between observations and model simulations. After QC, MWTS measurements of channels 2–4 agree very well with the model simulations using the National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) forecast data as radiative transfer model input; the scan biases are reduced significantly, especially at the edges of the swath; and the frequency distributions of the differences between observations and model simulations become more Gaussian-like.
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He, Yi, Xiao Mei Dong, and Chen Hui Zheng. "Study on Concrete's Temperature Control Measures for Inverted-Siphons in Wenxian-Boai I Section." Advanced Materials Research 443-444 (January 2012): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.443-444.788.
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In view of the problem of mass concrete cracks during construction, the corresponding measures and methods are put forward. Generally speaking, the difference between the internal and external temperature and the basic difference of temperature are considered as the main factors influencing the phenomena. Under the FEM is adopted to simulate the stresses field of Inverted siphon during construction. Through analyzing the time-space variation law, it is fund that cracks easily appear. In the part of the middle line of the South-North Water Transfer Project£¬the quality of concrete surface of ¢ñsection in Jiaozuo has been improved obviously through the method of external insulation board, so it deserves to bepopularized.
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Li, Juan, and Xiaolei Zou. "A Quality Control Procedure for FY-3A MWTS Measurements with Emphasis on Cloud Detection Using VIRR Cloud Fraction." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1704–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00164.1.
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Abstract A quality control (QC) procedure for satellite radiance assimilation is proposed and applied to radiance observations from the Microwave Temperature Sounder (MWTS) on board the first satellite of the Chinese polar-orbiting Fengyun-3 series (FY-3A). A cloud detection algorithm is incorporated based on the cloud fraction product provided by the Visible and Infrared Radiometer (VIRR) on board FY-3A. Analysis of the test results conducted in July 2011 indicates that most clouds are identifiable by applying an FY-3A VIRR cloud fraction threshold of 37%. This result is verified with the cloud liquid water path data from the Meteorological Operational Satellite A (MetOp-A). On average, 56.1% of the global MWTS data are identified as cloudy by the VIRR-based cloud detection method. Other QC steps include the following: (i) two outmost field of views (FOVs), (ii) use of channel 3 if the terrain altitude is greater than 500 m, (iii) channel 2 over sea ice and land, (iv) coastal FOVs, and (v) outliers with large differences between model simulations and observations. About 82%, 74%, and 29% of the MWTS observations are removed by the proposed QC for channels 2–4, respectively. An approximate 0.5-K scan bias improvement is achieved with QC, with a large impact at edges of the field of regard for channels 2–4. After QC, FY-3A MWTS global data more closely resemble the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) forecast data, the global biases and standard deviations are reduced significantly, and the frequency distribution of the differences between observations and model simulations become more Gaussian.
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Shanker Mishra, Ganesh, Abhishek James, H. B. Paliwal, and Hemant Kumar. "Physico-Chemical, Biological Properties and Biodiversity of Aquatic Plant Species In Macferson Lake Allahabad, U.P. India." Current World Environment 12, no. 3 (December 25, 2017): 628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.3.14.
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Present study is directed towards the analysis of the water quality of the Macferson Lake, Allahabad which is heavily polluted by human activity. The required water samples collected rendomly from different locations of the study area and analyzed in the department of Environmental Sciences and NRM, SHUATS, Allahabad. The Temperature, EC, pH, TDS, Turbidity, Total hardness, Mg Hardness, Ca Hardness, BOD, DO, Alkalinity, Chloride, and Total coliform of the water samples have been analyzed. To assess the quality of the water each parameter was compared with the standard prescribed by Central pollution control board (CPCB, 2012). It is found that the Water hyacinth and Typha latifolia aquatic plant species were showing higher dominancy over the Macferson Lake. Both are covering the maximum surface water area of the lake. It is also found that receives species like Lemna minor, Sagitaria latifolia and Hydro-cotyle ranunculoids are found in a very less quantity and restricted to limited areas of the Lake. The findings of the present study help in multi-dimensional aspects and uses water of aforesaid lake including domestic purpose.
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Hearne, Robert R., and Craig C. Kritsky. "Characteristics of active local water management districts in the Red River Basin." Water Policy 12, no. 6 (April 8, 2010): 898–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.145.
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As new demands for water management emerge, water managers need to evolve and accept new roles and new ways of working. Local water management districts with traditional water quantity roles need to adopt new activities and new ways of working in order to support basin-wide water quality and flood control initiatives. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the adoption of twenty-two activities and strategies by local water management districts in the Red River of the North basin in Minnesota and North Dakota. A variety of explanatory characteristics of districts and district boards are assessed. Empirical analysis does not demonstrate a dramatic difference between Minnesota districts and those in North Dakota, nor a remarkable difference between upstream and downstream districts. Board member characteristics have significant influence on local water management district activities and institutional arrangements.
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Belayneh, Bruk E., John D. Lea-Cox, and Erik Lichtenberg. "Costs and Benefits of Implementing Sensor-controlled Irrigation in a Commercial Pot-in-Pot Container Nursery." HortTechnology 23, no. 6 (December 2013): 760–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.6.760.
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Irrigation scheduling in ornamental plant production is complex due to the large number of species grown by individual growers and the need to consider plant, environment, and substrate conditions to make correct irrigation decisions on a daily or more frequent basis. The engineering team in our project has developed a smart wireless sensor node that is capable of integrating outputs from a range of soil moisture and environmental sensors to schedule irrigation events. In addition, an advanced monitoring and control software enables growers to manage irrigation based on set-point or model-based protocols, which are then independently executed by the nodes, enhancing or replacing human decision making. During 2012, we implemented a sensor-controlled vs. grower-controlled irrigation study at a pot-in-pot nursery in Tennessee. Sensor networks were installed in two separate production blocks of 3-year-old dogwood (Cornus florida ‘Cherokee Brave’) and 2-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum ‘Autumn Blaze’) trees grown in 15- and 30-gal containers, respectively. One row of trees in each block was irrigated based on the average reading of soil moisture sensors inserted in individual trees using micropulse irrigation, i.e., sensor controlled. Trees in the adjacent row and the rest of the block were independently irrigated by the grower using standard practices, i.e., grower controlled. Sensor volumetric water content (VWC) readings and irrigation volumes were logged by nodes on a 15-min basis and were relayed to a base station on the farm. For the study period between Mar. 2012 and Nov. 2012, average daily water applied by the grower-controlled irrigation to the dogwood block was 0.92 gal/tree, compared with 0.34 gal/tree applied using sensor-controlled irrigation; for red maple, these values were 1.72 gal/tree and 1.13 gal/tree, respectively. No significant differences in tree caliper or quality were noted between the two irrigation treatments in either species over the year. The cost of water for this particular operation was negligible consisting only of pumping costs, as water is drawn from a perennial stream with excellent water quality. Consequently, a conservative return on investment for a wireless sensor network capable of covering the entire operation was 37.5%, corresponding to a payback period of 2.7 years, associated almost entirely from a reduction in irrigation management time. Pricing in a nominal cost for water of $326 per acre-foot ($1 per 1000 gal) increased annualized net savings 9-fold, reducing the payback period to less than 4 months. This analysis did not factor in additional economic benefits such as reductions in production time, losses due to disease, or increased plant quality, which have been associated with the use of sensor-based irrigation control in other studies.
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Bondyrev, V. E., S. I. Knyazev, V. I. Korolev, and S. F. Jatsun. "Small-size Unmanned Control Algorithm of an Underwater Complex." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 24, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2020-24-4-166-179.
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Purpose of research: The creation of water bodies monitoring systems makes it possible to evaluate environmental situation in various points of monitoring area quickly. One of the main stages of water quality research is sampling, which is currently carried out at stationary posts, which makes it impossible to ensure operational control in various areas of an observation site. The problem can be solved by using mobile robotic platforms. The purpose of this study is to create mathematical model and algorithm for controlling autonomous movement of an underwater robotic device for collecting water samples in a reservoir. Methods. The following problems were solved for this purpose: the structure of the device was developed, which consists of a power frame unit, units of screw electric drives, units of depth and direction rudders. On-board power supply unit, sensor unit providing interaction of underwater vehicle with environment were also developed. Control tasks are formulated. A scheme of device movement in a reservoir has been developed for this purpose. Results. Modular method of trajectory planning is proposed. It is based on a single motion cycle concept, which consists of 2 turns and 2 straight-line stages of 2R2P. A model of control algorithm is also proposed and reactions of apparatus to external disturbances are studied. General dynamics theorems, method of algorithm synthesizing according to inverse dynamics problem were applied when solving problems. Conclusion: As a result of conducted studies, the system response to disturbances acting in longitudinal direction is described, disturbance diagrams are also described, random type with normal distribution law and mass center deviation s from the given position are given.
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ADAMS, JOHN A., and DAVID MCCARTY. "REAL-TIME, ON-LINE MONITORING OF DRINKING WATER FOR WATERBORNE PATHOGEN CONTAMINATION WARNING." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 04 (December 2007): 643–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407004850.
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The increasing value of safe, purified water in today's global environment presents many challenges for improving water purification processes while accelerating water quality monitoring technologies. These challenges include: escalating worldwide security threats, increasing demands by consumers and regulatory agencies for higher water quality standards, and proliferation of contamination events. A major concern in protecting water purity is the detection and control of harmful microorganisms in water sources, treatment, and distribution. Due to the length of time for standard laboratory methods to yield results, typically 24-72 hours, current analytical techniques have not been able to reliably detect microorganisms in real time and provide an immediate warning of biological contamination. Through years of research and development, an emerging technology called MALS (multi-angle light scattering) can now achieve on line, real time detection and classification of microorganisms in water. The method utilizes a laser beam focused into a slip-stream of water and the light scattered by microorganisms generates unique patterns. These “bio-optical signatures” are instantaneously captured by photodetectors, matched against catalogue profiles in an on-board data base, and subsequently classified within minutes of detection. The system can then immediately alert personnel to the contamination event while extracting a water sample for further confirmation.
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Kumar Bisht, Anil, Ravendra Singh, Rakesh Bhutiani, and Ashutosh Bhatt. "Analyzing the Impact of Learning Rate in development of the Prediction Model using Artificial Neural Network." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 07 (June 30, 2021): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/06494.
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Water Quality (WQ) modeling and forecasting are very challenging for water management bodies due to the complex and nonlinear relationship between the parameters responsible for determining water quality. The main focus of this paper is the water quality prediction of the Ganges River by analyzing the impact of one of the critical configuration parameters of a neural network known as the learning rate. The proposed prediction model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) consists of different sets of experiments performed by comparing twelve different training functions against the variation in learning rates. A total of 360 experiments have been conducted on the dataset collected over the period 2001 to 2015 with five stations along the Ganges River in the state of Uttarakhand, India. All experiments have been conducted in MATLAB software. The ANN-based program is written in Matlab’s NN-Toolbox. As input parameters, we have used temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total coliform. The water quality standard set by the Central Pollution Control Board of India has been used. The performance of the developed model has been calculated based on Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Trail training function-based artificial neural network models indicate higher predictive accuracy when compared to other models developed using the remaining eleven training functions when the learning rate is set to 0.04. In conclusion, ANN has the ability to efficiently predict the water quality of rivers and the learning rate has a greater impact on the development of such predictive models. So, it is required to be tuned very carefully.
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Robinson-Hipple, Laurie, Faye Propsam, James B. Calkins, and Bert T. Swanson. "Fertilizers and irrigation Techniques for Container Nursery Stock Production." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 911D—911. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.911d.
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Media fertility, plant nutrient availability, and subsequent plant nutrition are critical factors in the production of quality landscape plant materials. The method of mixing slow-release fertilizers into the media prior to planting is becoming more widespread. This study evaluates different controlled-release fertilizers, their rates of release, and three methods of irrigation regarding water-use efficiency and effects on plant growth performance. The combined effects of fertility and irrigation practices on nutrient loss to the environment are also being monitored. Although the ranking of fertility treatments, based on plant quality, varied among species, Woodace 21–4–10, Sierra 17–6–10, Sierra High N (24–4–6, Scotts 20–7–10, (270–26.67 lb/yd3), Woodace 20–5–10, Polyon 25–4–12, Nutricote 18–6–8 (270–30 lb/yd3), and Nutricote 18–6–8 (270–20 lb/yd3) produced high-quality plants for most of the species evaluated. The control and Nutri-Pak 18–6–12 treatments resulted in relatively poor-quality plants across the board. The effects of irrigation techniques on leachate analysis are being completed.
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Pitt, R. E., S. E. Clark, and B. Steets. "Development of treatment media for advanced stormwater treatment at an industrial site." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 1 (December 8, 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.111.
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Abstract The Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL) occupies about 2,850 acres and is located in Ventura County, California. The site is jointly owned by the Boeing Company and the federal government (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration administers the federal portion of the property). Much of the site was historically used as a rocket engine testing and energy research facility from 1949 to 1998. The site stormwater discharges are permitted by the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board through an individual industrial NPDES permit that includes numeric effluent limits for a wide range of constituents, including dioxins and metals. A large portion of the site uses distributed source stormwater controls with natural treatment systems utilizing chemically active media. As part of this approach, extensive research was conducted to develop a robust media for use in these controls to meet the discharge objectives. This paper describes the development of the media and its characteristics.
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Merhaut, Donald J., Lea Corkidi, Maren Mochizuki, Toan Khuong, Julie Newman, Ben Faber, Oleg Daugovish, and Sonya Webb. "Implementation of Best Management Practices to Reduce Agricultural Total Maximum Daily Loads in the Calleguas Creek and Santa Clara River Watersheds: A Case Study of Water Contaminant Mitigation in California." HortScience 48, no. 9 (September 2013): 1109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.9.1109.
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Agriculture is a major industry in California, with cool-season crops grown along the state’s coasts, warm-season crops grown in the hot deserts, and many temperate crops grown in the state’s valleys. In coastal communities such as Ventura County, the Calleguas Creek and the Santa Clara River watersheds have 50,000 and 60,000 irrigated acres of farm crops, respectively. These watersheds are considered impaired by nutrients, salts, pesticides, and other agricultural contaminants. Mitigation of chemical and sediment runoff through grower-implemented best management practices (BMPs) is therefore one of the highest priorities in the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board Basin Plan. A 3-year project was designed to assist Ventura County growers in meeting regional water quality objectives. The University of California Cooperative Extension Ventura County and the University of California, Riverside, collaborated with the Ventura County Resource Conservation District and the Ventura County Agricultural Irrigated Lands Group (VCAILG) to address three project goals: increase grower and landowner understanding of local agricultural water quality issues; identify gaps or deficiencies in current management practices in agricultural operations; and reduce the contribution of nutrients, pesticides, and other pollutants to impaired water bodies. To achieve these goals, 469 surveys of agricultural water quality management practices were collected to assess the extent of current adoption of BMPs. Over 160 growers who farm more than 14,000 acres that drain into Calleguas Creek and 7,000 acres that drain into the Santa Clara River watersheds were assisted. Using the survey, growers developed site-specific farm water quality plans and received on-farm recommendations for BMPs. Additionally, 12 water quality educational programs, “including demonstrations of successful BMPs,” were developed and more than 2500 copies of educational materials published by the University of California, the Resource Conservation District, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture were distributed at on-farm visits, workshops, and other grower events. The project resulted in improved understanding, by growers and landowners, of water quality issues and significantly increased the implementation of appropriate on-farm BMPs to protect water quality. Nearly 100 new BMPs primarily aimed at managing erosion, sediment movement, and irrigation runoff were identified and documented through annual reassessments for more than 8000 acres draining into Calleguas Creek. A total of 518 people attended the educational programs, and over 90% of participants who completed evaluations rated the programs highly. In the final year of the project, 75% of attendees indicated they plan to implement new BMPs within the next 5 years, especially in the areas of irrigation, erosion, and pest management.
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Ogoshi, M., and Y. Suzuki. "Application of MBR to an easily installed municipal wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 10-11 (May 1, 2000): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0663.
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An easily installed wastewater treatment plant was developed using an MBR process. The plant consists of inlet pumps, automatic fine screen, a main reactor in which aerator-mixer and MF membrane separators are installed and a control board. The main reactor is a sheeted pond which is easily constructed on-site by an excavation. As a result, the installation of this plant is easy and inexpensive, operation is easy, yet the effluent quality is high. The 50 m3/d pilot plant was constructed in our experimental facility in Ibaraki Pref., and operated from January 1997 to April 1998 to evaluate performance, stability and the ease of separation and installation of each unit. The results were satisfactory in all areas, except the durability of membrane permeability in the latter half of the experiment. For both hollow fibre type and plate type, membrane permeability immediately decreased due to the deposit of concentrated sludge cake on the surface, even though continuous bubble washing had been made. Hence,drastic improvement is needed in the way of sludge deposit control on the membrane surface. This is the key for the developed system to become a practical one.
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Dong, Jun, Titus J. Boggon, Naomi E. Chayen, James Raftery, Ru-Chang Bi, and John R. Helliwell. "Bound-solvent structures for microgravity-, ground control-, gel- and microbatch-grown hen egg-white lysozyme crystals at 1.8 Å resolution." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 55, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444998016047.
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A number of methods can be used to improve the stability of the protein crystal-growth environment, including growth in microgravity without an air–liquid phase boundary, growth in gels and growth under oil (`microbatch'). In this study, X-ray data has been collected from and structures refined for crystals of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) grown using four different methods, liquid–liquid dialysis on Earth and in microgravity using the European Space Agency's (ESA) Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF) on board the NASA Space Shuttle Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS) mission (STS-78), crystallization in agarose gel using a tube liquid–gel diffusion method and crystallization in microbatch under oil. A comparison of the overall quality of the X-ray data, the protein structures and especially the bound-water structures has been carried out at 1.8 Å. The lysozyme protein structures corresponding to these four different crystallization methods remain similar. A small improvement in the bound-solvent structure is seen in lysozyme crystals grown in microgravity by liquid–liquid dialysis, which has a more stable fluid physics state in microgravity, and is consistent with a better formed protein crystal in microgravity.
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Catania, Pietro, Raimondo Gaglio, Santo Orlando, Luca Settanni, and Mariangela Vallone. "Design and Implementation of a Smart System to Control Aromatic Herb Dehydration Process." Agriculture 10, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080332.
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Drying is a process aimed at reducing the water content in plant materials below a limit where the activity of microbes and decomposing enzymes deteriorate the quality of medicinal and aromatic plants. Today, the interest of consumers towards medicinal and aromatic herbs has registered a growing trend. This study aims at designing a low-cost real-time monitoring and control system for the drying process of aromatic herbs and evaluating drying efficacy on the microbial community associated with the studied herbs. Hot-air drying tests of sage and laurel leaves were carried out in a dryer desiccator cabinet at 40 °C and 25% relative humidity using three biomass densities (3, 4 and 5 kg/m2). The prototype of the smart system is based on an Arduino Mega 2560 board, to which nine Siemens 7MH5102-1PD00 load cells and a DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor were added. The data acquired by the sensors were transmitted through Wi-Fi to a ThingSpeak account in order to monitor the drying process in real time. The variation in the moisture content of the product and the drying rate were obtained. The system provided a valid support decision during the drying process, allowing for the precise monitoring of the evolution of the biomass moisture loss and drying rate for laurel and sage. The three different biomass densities employed did not provide significant differences in the drying process for sage. Statistically significant differences among the three tests were found for laurel in the final part of the process. The microbial loads of the aromatic herbs after drying were influenced by the different leaf structures of the species; in particular, with laurel leaves, microbial survival increased with increasing biomass density. Finally, with the drying method adopted, the two species under consideration showed a different microbial stability and, consequently, had a different shelf life, longer for sage than laurel, as also confirmed by water activity (aw) values.
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Wu, Zhilu, Yanxiong Liu, Yang Liu, Jungang Wang, Xiufeng He, Wenxue Xu, Maorong Ge, and Harald Schuh. "Validating HY-2A CMR precipitable water vapor using ground-based and shipborne GNSS observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 4963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-4963-2020.
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Abstract. The calibration microwave radiometer (CMR) on board the Haiyang-2A (HY-2A) satellite provides wet tropospheric delay correction for altimetry data, which can also contribute to the understanding of climate system and weather processes. The ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) provides precise precipitable water vapor (PWV) with high temporal resolution and could be used for calibration and monitoring of the CMR data, and shipborne GNSS provides accurate PWV over open oceans, which can be directly compared with uncontaminated CMR data. In this study, the HY-2A CMR water vapor product is validated using ground-based GNSS observations of 100 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations along the global coastline and 56 d shipborne GNSS observations over the Indian Ocean. The processing strategy for GNSS data and CMR data is discussed in detail. Special efforts were made in the quality control and reconstruction of contaminated CMR data. The validation result shows that HY-2A CMR PWV agrees well with ground-based GNSS PWV with 2.67 mm as the root mean square (rms) within 100 km. Geographically, the rms is 1.12 mm in the polar region and 2.78 mm elsewhere. The PWV agreement between HY-2A and shipborne GNSS shows a significant correlation with the distance between the ship and the satellite footprint, with an rms of 1.57 mm for the distance threshold of 100 km. Ground-based GNSS and shipborne GNSS agree with HY-2A CMR well.
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Aulicino, Giuseppe, Yuri Cotroneo, Isabelle Ansorge, Marcel van den Berg, Cinzia Cesarano, Maria Belmonte Rivas, and Estrella Olmedo Casal. "Sea surface salinity and temperature in the southern Atlantic Ocean from South African icebreakers, 2010–2017." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 3 (July 5, 2018): 1227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1227-2018.
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Abstract. We present here sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST) data collected on board the S.A. Agulhas-I and S.A. Agulhas-II research vessels, in the framework of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP). Onboard Sea-Bird thermosalinographs were regularly calibrated and continuously monitored in-between cruises, and no appreciable sensor drift emerged. Water samples were taken on a daily basis and later analyzed with a Portasal salinometer; some CTD measurements collected along the cruises were used to validate the data. No systematic differences appeared after a rigorous quality control on continuous data. Results show that salinity measurement error was a few hundredths of a unit on the practical salinity scale. Quality control included several steps, among which an automatic detection of unreliable values through selected threshold criteria and an attribution of quality flags based on multiple criteria, i.e., analysis of information included in the cruise reports, detection of insufficient flow and/or presence of air bubbles and ice crystals in the seawater pipe, visual inspection of individual campaigns, and ex post check of sea ice maps for confirming ice field locations. This data processing led us to discard about 36 % of acquired observations, while reliable data showed an excellent agreement with several independent SSS products. Nevertheless, a sea ice flag has been included for identifying valid data which could have been affected by scattered sea ice contamination. In our opinion, this dataset, available through an unrestricted repository at https://doi.org/10.7289/V56M3545, contributes to improving the knowledge of surface water features in one of the most important regions for global climate. The dataset will be highly valuable for studies focusing on climate variability in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, especially across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its fronts. Furthermore, we expect that the collected SSS data will represent a valuable tool for the calibration and validation of recent satellite observations provided by SMOS and Aquarius missions.
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Berg, Wesley, Rachael Kroodsma, Christian Kummerow, and Darren McKague. "Fundamental Climate Data Records of Microwave Brightness Temperatures." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (August 19, 2018): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081306.
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An intercalibrated Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) of brightness temperatures (Tb) has been developed using data from a total of 14 research and operational conical-scanning microwave imagers. This dataset provides a consistent 30+ year data record of global observations that is well suited for retrieving estimates of precipitation, total precipitable water, cloud liquid water, ocean surface wind speed, sea ice extent and concentration, snow cover, soil moisture, and land surface emissivity. An initial FCDR was developed for a series of ten Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) instruments on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft. An updated version of this dataset, including additional NASA and Japanese sensors, has been developed as part of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The FCDR development efforts involved quality control of the original data, geolocation corrections, calibration corrections to account for cross-track and time-dependent calibration errors, and intercalibration to ensure consistency with the calibration reference. Both the initial SSMI(S) and subsequent GPM Level 1C FCDR datasets are documented, updated in near real-time, and publicly distributed.
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Ogwo, V., K. N. Ogbu, C. C. Anyadike, O. A. Nwoke, and C. C. Mbajiorgu. "Development and testing of a capacitive digital soil moisture sensor with printed circuit board as a probe." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i3.33.
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The quantity and quality of water present in the soil determine to a greater extent the performance of agricultural crops. Real-time determination of moisture content has a greater advantage over the traditional gravimetric method of determining soil moisture content. Thus, this work was based on the design and construction of a cost effective digital capacitive soil moisture sensor for real-time measurement. The moisture sensors comprised four integrated units namely: power supply unit with a 9V DC battery as a power source, sensor unit with a locally sourced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) as the single sensing probe, control unit made up of PIC16f877 microcontroller programmed with a C language and the C source code compiled in Corporate Computer Services Compiler (CSS C) compiler development environment, and a 16x2 display unit which displays the readings in percentage moisture content (%MC) and capacitance (μF) of the soil obtained from the sensor on its screen. Standard gravimetric moisture content was carried out to get the calibration factor which was used to calibrate the sensor for reliability. The validation was done by taking the reprogrammed (calibrated) sensor to the field for further measurement, after which soil samples were collected for further gravimetric analysis. A regression equation was obtained by plotting the moisture content obtained from gravimetric method (%MCG) against that from sensor reading (%MCS) with a high degree correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.998. The developed capacitive soil moisture sensor is cheap, portable, reliable and easy to use even by local farmers.
Keywords: Calibration, Capacitive sensor, Printed circuit board, Soil moisture content, Validation.
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Garber, William F. "Ocean Disposal Systems for Sewage Sludge and Effluent." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0157.
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In 1983 the Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council-Academy of Sciences organized a Committee on Ocean Waste Transportation to consider the question of “Ocean Disposal Systems for Sewage Sludge and Effluent”. A report of the work of the Committee was published by the National Academy Press in 1984. A comprehensive contract study of outfall and barge or ship disposal procedures for sludge solids was made for Committee use. This helped show that a systems approach is required to find the optimum combination of source control, treatment and ocean disposal facilities for least net environmental effect. The Committee also noted that engineering designs can be based upon required water quality objectives for the water column and benthos; and ocean disposal is an option that should be considered with other alternatives. The Committee found it possible to predict the environmental effects of such marine disposal and criteria were proposed for sludge disposal. A strategy of wide dispersion was recommended since containment was not considered technically feasible. The Committee recommended that monitoring systems be designed and operated so that public confidence in the reliability and environmental safety of ocean disposal of treated sewage effluent and sludge was enhanced. Major research needs were identified.
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Oulé, Mathias K., Richard Azinwi, Anne-Marie Bernier, Tano Kablan, Anne-Marie Maupertuis, Stephanie Mauler, Rose K. Nevry, Korami Dembélé, Lorraine Forbes, and Lamine Diop. "Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride-based disinfectant: a novel tool to fight meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infections." Journal of Medical Microbiology 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/003350-0.
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Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH), an antimicrobial biocide of the guanidine family, was tested for efficacy against quality-control strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis, meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli. Bactericidal activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Salmonella choleraesuis was determined using the official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, with modifications as recommended by the Canadian General Standards Board. For MRSA and E. coli, the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration were determined using the broth dilution technique. The experiments were carried out at 20 °C under a range of conditions including varying PHMGH concentration (0.001–0.1 %), contact time (0.5–10 min) and water type (distilled, tap and hard water). The phenol coefficient values determined with S. aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis and P. aeruginosa were 7.5, 6.1 and 5, respectively. No matter what type of water was used to make the dilutions, PHMGH killed MRSA and E. coli at concentrations as low as 0.04 and 0.005 % (w/v), respectively, within 1.5 min. The mode of action of PHMGH was elucidated by transmission electron microscopy: the cell envelope was broken, resulting in cell content leakage into the medium. The ultimate aim of this study was to show that PHMGH can be used as an odourless, colourless, non-corrosive and harmless disinfectant for hospital and household facilities.
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He, Jieying, and Haonan Chen. "Atmospheric Retrievals and Assessment for Microwave Observations from Chinese FY-3C Satellite during Hurricane Matthew." Remote Sensing 11, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11080896.
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The evolution process of hurricane Matthew (NO. 8, 2016) was simulated using the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at temporal resolution of 5 min and spatial resolution of 15 km. The atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles were retrieved accordingly for diagnostic analysis of the short-term heavy rainstorm. The satellite-based microwave observations from Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder (MWHTS) instrument on board the FY-3C polar-orbiting satellite were matched with the WRF grid points. In particular, the in-orbit calibration and data quality control are detailed, and an innovative method combining artificial neural network (ANN) and 1-D variational approach is presented to derive the high-performance retrieval profiles. Results show that the root-mean-square errors of the retrieved temperature and water vapor density profiles are 0.75 K and 0.41 g/m3, respectively. In addition, this study used both the retrievals and radiance from MWHTS as input to the WRF Data Assimilation (WRFDA) model to forecast the track and intensity of hurricane Matthew. The forecast results were cross-compared with the best track to verify the radiance quality and performance of the retrievals, especially for the 118 GHz channel, which was firstly used in meteorological satellite.
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Gutema, Fanta D., Getahun E. Agga, Reta D. Abdi, Alemnesh Jufare, Luc Duchateau, Lieven De Zutter, and Sarah Gabriël. "Assessment of Hygienic Practices in Beef Cattle Slaughterhouses and Retail Shops in Bishoftu, Ethiopia: Implications for Public Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052729.
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Understanding the potential drivers of microbial meat contamination along the entire meat supply chain is needed to identify targets for interventions to reduce the number of meatborne bacterial outbreaks. We assessed the hygienic practices in cattle slaughterhouses (28 employees) and retail shops (127 employees) through face-to-face interviews and direct personal observations. At the slaughterhouses, stunning, de-hiding and evisceration in vertical position, carcass washing and separate storage of offal were the identified good practices. Lack of hot water baths, absence of a chilling room, infrequent hand washing, insufficiently trained staff and irregular medical check-up were practices that lead to unhygienic handling of carcasses. At the retail shops, cleaning equipment using soap and hot water (81%), storing unsold meat in refrigerators (92%), concrete floors and white painted walls and ceilings were good practices. Adjacently displaying offal and meat (39%), lack of a cold chain, wrapping meat with plastic bags and newspapers, using a plastic or wooden cutting board (57%), infrequent washing of equipment and floors, and inadequately trained employees were practices that could result in unhygienic handling of beef. Our study identified unhygienic practices both at the slaughterhouses and retail shops that can predispose the public to meatborne infections, which could be improved through training and implementation of quality control systems.
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Ehrler, C. P., J. R. Steinbeck, E. A. Laman, J. B. Hedgepeth, J. R. Skalski, and D. L. Mayer. "A Process for Evaluating Adverse Environmental Impacts by Cooling-Water System Entrainment at a California Power Plant." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 81–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.182.
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A study to determine the effects of entrainment by the Diablo Canyon Power Plant (DCPP) was conducted between 1996 and 1999 as required under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act. The goal of this study was to present the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board (CCRWQCB) with results that could be used to determine if any adverse environmental impacts (AEIs) were caused by the operation of the plant’s cooling-water intake structure (CWIS). To this end we chose, under guidance of the CCRWQCB and their entrainment technical working group, a unique approach combining three different models for estimating power plant effects: fecundity hindcasting (FH), adult equivalent loss (AEL), and the empirical transport model (ETM). Comparisons of the results from these three approaches provided us a relative measure of confidence in our estimates of effects. A total of 14 target larval fish taxa were assessed as part of the DCPP 316(b). Example results are presented here for the kelp, gopher, and black-and-yellow (KGB) rockfish complex and clinid kelpfish. Estimates of larval entrainment losses for KGB rockfish were in close agreement (FH is approximately equals to 550 adult females per year, AEL is approximately equals to 1,000 adults [male and female] per year, and ETM = larval mortality as high as 5% which could be interpreted as ca. 2,600 1 kg adult fish). The similar results from the three models provided confidence in the estimated effects for this group. Due to lack of life history information needed to parameterize the FH and AEL models, effects on clinid kelpfish could only be assessed using the ETM model. Results from this model plus ancillary information about local populations of adult kelpfish suggest that the CWIS might be causing an AEI in the vicinity of DCPP.
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Jones, Erin E., Kevin Garrett, and Sid-Ahmed Boukabara. "Assimilation of Megha-Tropiques SAPHIR Observations in the NOAA Global Model." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 9 (September 2017): 3725–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0148.1.
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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Data Assimilation System/Global Forecast System (GDAS/GFS) was extended to assimilate brightness temperatures from the Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d’Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) passive microwave water vapor sounder on board the Megha-Tropiques satellite. Quality control procedures were developed to assess the SAPHIR data quality for assimilating clear-sky observations over ocean surfaces, and to characterize observation biases and errors. A 6-week impact experiment was performed using the GDAS/GFS data assimilation system. The addition of SAPHIR observations on top of the current global observing system improved analysis and forecast humidity root-mean-square error (RMSE) results at the upper levels of the troposphere by about 6%, mostly at 100 hPa, when verified against European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis, though some degradation to the forecast humidity was seen at 150–200 hPa. The forecast impacts were predominant at earlier lead times between 24 and 96 h. Verification using global radiosonde observations also showed a reduction of the humidity RMSE from 4% to 6% between 500 hPa and the surface when assimilating SAPHIR, while temperature and wind speed RMSEs were reduced by up to 9% and 7% near the tropical tropopause, respectively. Other conventional forecast skill parameters including the 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly correlation showed neutral impact when assimilating SAPHIR.
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Adamczak-Bugno, Anna, and Aleksandra Krampikowska. "The Acoustic Emission Method Implementation Proposition to Confirm the Presence and Assessment of Reinforcement Quality and Strength of Fiber–Cement Composites." Materials 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2020): 2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132966.
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This article proposes to use the acoustic emission (AE) method to evaluate the degree of change in the mechanical parameters of fiber–cement boards. The research was undertaken after a literature review, due to the lack of a methodology that would allow nondestructive assessment of the strength of cement–fiber elements. The tests covered the components cut out from a popular type of board available on the construction market. The samples were subjected to environmental (soaking in water, cyclic freezing–thawing) and exceptional (burning with fire and exposure to high temperature) factors, and then to three-point bending strength tests. The adopted conditions correspond to the actual working environment of the boards. When applying the external load, AE signals were generated, which were then grouped into classes, and initially assigned to specific processes occurring in the material. The frequencies occurring over time for the tested samples were also analysed, and microscopic observations were made to confirm the suppositions based on the first part of the tests. Comparing the results obtained from a group of samples subjected to environmental and exceptional actions, significant differences were noted between them, which included the types of recorded signal class, the frequency of events, and the construction of the microstructure. The degradation of the structure, associated with damage to the fibers or their complete destruction, results in the generation under load of AE signals that indicate the uncontrolled development of scratches, and a decrease in the frequency of these events. According to the authors, the methodology used allows the control of cement–fiber boards in use. The registration and analysis of active processes under the effect of payloads makes it possible to distinguish mechanisms occurring inside the structure of the elements, and to formulate a quick response to the situation when the signals indicate a decrease in the strength of the boards.
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Rinollo, A., G. Vulpiani, S. Puca, P. Pagliara, J. Kaňák, E. Lábó, L' Okon, et al. "Definition and impact of a quality index for radar-based reference measurements in the H-SAF precipitation product validation." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 28, 2013): 2695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2695-2013.
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Abstract. The EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Support to Operational Hydrology and Water Management (H-SAF) provides rainfall estimations based on infrared and microwave satellite sensors on board polar and geostationary satellites. The validation of these satellite estimations is performed by the H-SAF Precipitation Product Validation Group (PPVG). A common validation methodology has been defined inside the PPVG in order to make validation results from several institutes comparable and understandable. The validation of the PR-OBS-3 (blended infrared–microwave (IR–MW) instantaneous rainfall estimation) product using radar-based rainfall estimations as ground reference is described herein. A network of C-band and Ka-band radars throughout Europe ensures a wide area coverage with different orographic configurations and climatological regimes, but the definition of a quality control protocol for obtaining consistent ground precipitation fields across several countries is required. Among the hydro-meteorological community, the evaluation of the data quality is a quite consolidated practice, even though a unique definition of a common evaluation methodology between different countries and institutions has not been set up yet. Inside H-SAF, the first definition of the quality index of the radar rainfall observations has been introduced at the Italian Civil Protection Department (DPC). In the evaluation of the DPC quality index, several parameters are considered, some measured by the radar itself (static clutter map, range distance, radial velocity, texture of differential reflectivity, texture of co-polar correlation coefficient and texture of differential phase shift) and some obtained by external sources (digital elevation model, freezing layer height). In some cases, corrections were applied for clutter and beam blocking. The DPC quality index was calculated and applied to some relevant meteorological events reported by a radar test site in Italy. The precipitation field derived by radar data was compared with the PR-OBS-3 precipitation product, with varying thresholds of quality index: the impact of the introduction of the quality index defined on the statistical results of the satellite product validation as well as their sensitivity to the threshold choice were thus evaluated. Results show that PR-RMSE (a relative RMSE here introduced) is reduced from values between 2.5 and 3 to values around 1 when the quality threshold is increased from 0 (no threshold) to 0.8. Fractional standard error also decreases, from values around 2 to values around 1.5 in the same span of the quality threshold.
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Scherrenberg, S. M., A. F. van Nieuwenhuijzen, H. W. H. Menkveld, J. J. M. den Elzen, and J. H. J. M. van der Graaf. "Innovative phosphorus distribution method to achieve advanced chemical phosphorus removal." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 9 (November 1, 2008): 1727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.535.
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Since November 2006 a large-scale research project has been carried out at Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Leiden Zuidwest (within the Rijnland District Water Control Board). This research focuses on advanced removal of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), heavy metals and priority hazardous substances from WWTP-effluent with different treatment techniques to reach an effluent quality, which could be required in the future by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC. Within the WFD-approach to guarantee an ecological and a chemical “good status” of the receiving water bodies, the focus is more and more on ultra low phosphorus concentrations in effluent. To be able to reach these stringent goals more insight into phosphorus components in effluent is required. A new method of distribution of phosphorus is used to determine orthophosphate, metal bound phosphorus, dissolved “organic” phosphorus and particulate “organic” phosphorus. This knowledge about the distribution of phosphorus makes it possible to compare different filter concepts and different process parameters, for example flocculation time, initial mixing energy and filtration rates. When comparing (filter concept 1) continuous sand filtration with (filter concept 2) dual media filtration for phosphorus removal, it appears that, a higher percentage of the formed metal bound phosphorus will pass the continuous sand filter. The ortho-phosphorus which is not bound to trivalent metal after coagulation will remain dissolved ortho-phosphorus and will pass the filter bed. This is shown in both filter concepts. The dissolved ‘organic’ phosphorus decreases after flocculation and the particulate ‘organic’ phosphorus increases which suggests that it may be colloidal or associated with colloidal material. With continuous sand filtration 50% of the particulate phosphorus is removed. In the dual media filter even 86% of the particulate phosphorus is removed.