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1
Utebaev, Musiraly. Vali︠u︡tnyĭ kurs tenge i ego vozdeĭstvie na perekhodnui︠u︡ ėkonomiku Kazakhstana. Almaty: Redakt︠s︡ionno-izd. otdel i tip. KazgosINTI, 1996.
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Vos, Peter, Michiel Meulen, Henk Weerts, and Bazelmans, eds. Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724432.
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The landscape of the Netherlands has been changing constantly since the end of the last ice age, some 11,700 years ago. Where we walk today was once a polar desert, a river delta or a shallow sea. The end of the last ice age marked the beginning of a new geological period - the Holocene, the relatively warm geological epoch in which we are still living today. The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands contains special maps, supplemented by archaeological and historical information. These maps show the geographical situation for thirteen different points in time since the last ice age, based on tens of thousands of drill samples and the latest geological, soil and archaeological research. This magnificent atlas also paints a surprising picture of the position we humans have occupied in the landscape. It addresses such questions as: How did we take advantage of the opportunities offered by the landscape? And how did we mould the landscape to suit our own purposes? The Atlas of the Holocene Netherlands will change once and for all the way you look at the Dutch landscape.
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Overall, Simon E. The grammatical representation of commands and prohibitions in Aguaruna. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0003.
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Aguaruna (Chicham) has a clear set of grammatical categories that are required for a verb to form part of an independent clause. These include aspect, tense, person, and mood. The formal marking of commands and prohibitions interacts with the tense and mood paradigms, and some of the imperative markers have clearly grammaticalized from the same source as a future tense marker. This chapter describes the formal markers of commands and prohibitions, their grammatical properties, and their extended functions in interaction. It also points out some formal features that commands and prohibitions share with interrogative and vocative marking, with the suggestion that such ‘addressee-oriented’ forms would be a fruitful area for future study.
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De Clercq, Karen. Syncretisms and the Morphosyntax of Negation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0007.
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This chapter illustrates how syncretisms can be used as a tool to diagnose hidden structure inside what is usually considered an indivisible unit, i.e. a negative marker. Based on semantic, scopal, stacking, and functional properties of negative markers, it is proposed that negative markers can be classified in four groups: scalar quantity markers, classifier markers, focus markers, and tense markers. A study of these four different types of markers in a typological sample shows that meaningful syncretism patterns can be detected. If the markers are ordered in such a way that syncretic markers are contiguous and that no ABA patterns arise, then the derived sequence reflects the natural semantic scope of negation, i.e. from wide to narrow scope or from narrow to wide. This result leads to a decomposition of a negative marker into five syntactico-semantic features, i.e. Neg, Q, Class, Foc, and T.
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Owens, Jonathan. Dialects (speech communities), the apparent past, and grammaticalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701378.003.0008.
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Over a long-term time frame in a language with several discrete dialects, how far does grammaticalization theory elucidate the history of individual morphemes? This issue is addressed using the tense/mode prefix b-, found in Gulf/Najdi, Yemeni, Uzbekistan, Nigerian, and Egyptian/Levantine Arabic. It is argued that while standard grammaticalization theory correctly predicts its assumed origin, from a variant of the verb ‘want’ (yibġa, yiba, yibbi > *b-), it does little to predict its further development. This paper first examines the functions of the prefix *b-. Once integrated as a prefix, *b- takes odd twists and turns, sometimes a tense marker, sometimes a marker of deontic modality, sometimes a generalized modal/indicative marker. Grammaticalization theory says nothing about why *b- should have developed in one way in one dialect and in another way in another. As a step towards answering these questions, the idea of dialects as speech communities is introduced.
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Danckaert, Lieven. The origins of the Romance analytic passive: Evidence from word order. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0014.
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This chapter argues that despite formal resemblances, Latin perfect tense BE-periphrases of the type amatus sum ‘I was loved’ are not the historical source of Romance present tense passives like Italian sono amato and French je suis aimé (both meaning ‘I am (being) loved’). Evidence comes from the observation that Late Latin has a very strong preference for the head-final order ‘past participle–BE’, which goes against the otherwise general tendency for the language to move towards a strictly head-initial TP. As an alternative, I propose that amatus sum perfects disappeared from the language, and that the analytic present tense passives are new formations. The Late Latin preference for head-final BE-periphrases is explained in terms of phonological weakening of the auxiliary. I conclude by comparing this phonological process to the oft-discussed grammaticalization of HAVE (habeo) as a marker of futurity.
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Simon, Julia. Tense, Mood, and Aspect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190666552.003.0004.
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The verbal characteristics of tense, mood, and aspect are used in this chapter to examine the structuring of narratives in the blues. Arguing that the blues articulate an unconventional story arc marked by a timeline that both reaches back retrospectively into the past and gestures toward a future, Simon argues that the temporal structure approximates Jim Crow and migration narratives in its open-endedness. The discussion of tense, mood, and aspect reveals an unstable, resonant, and oscillating system of temporalities and subject positions. Beginning with explorations of Memphis Minnie’s “In My Girlish Days” and Freddie King’s “Someday, After Awhile,” the chapter culminates in a close reading of Freddie King’s guitar solo in “Have You Ever Loved a Woman.” Through musical analysis, musical correlates to tense, mood, and aspect demonstrate the musical narrative’s reliance on structures similar to those that underpin the lyric content.
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Arregui, Ana, María Luisa Rivero, and Andrés Salanova. Aspect and tense in evidentials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0011.
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This chapter investigates the interaction between evidential categories and temporal anchoring in Bulgarian, a South Slavic language, Mébengokre, a Jê language in Central Brazil, and Matses, a Panoan language in the Amazon region in Brazil and Peru. It argues that temporal categories retain their usual interpretation in evidential contexts both in Mébengokre, a language whose evidential system seems independent from tense, and in Bulgarian and Matses, two languages where evidential markers are fused with temporal categories. The conclusion is that there is no need to hypothesize an independent “evidential” system of temporal reference in these languages. A careful analysis of tense and aspect, with particular attention to aspectual interpretations, can account for cases in which temporal relations appear to shift in evidential contexts. The chapter thus argues against the postulation of independent “evidential specific” temporal paradigms.
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TENS-like devices. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199673278.003.0011.
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TENS-like devices deliver electrical currents across the intact surface of the skin using pulse generators with technical output specifications that differ from a standard TENS device. Technological advances have resulted in reductions in the size and cost of electrotherapeutic devices with increasing varieties of self-administered hand-held TENS-like devices available to practitioners and the general public. The diversity of TENS-like devices available on the market makes synthesizing evidence difficult. The purpose of this chapter is to categorize TENS-like devices and briefly overview the characteristics, mechanism of action, and effectiveness of various TENS-like devices. The chapter covers high-voltage pulsed (Galvanic) current, microcurrent electrical therapy, low-intensity transcutaneous cranial electrical stimulation, transcutaneous spinal electroanalgesia, transcutaneous piezoelectric current, non-invasive interactive neurostimulation, action potential simulation and H-wave therapy, and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation.
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Holmes, Craig. The Labour Market. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807056.003.0007.
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This chapter deals with wage dispersion, polarization, and job structures. It looks first how the structure of jobs and the wages they receive has changed across the OECD over recent decades, and shows the extent of variation across the OECD countries in that regard. It then considers the relationship between the shifts in the occupational structure this reveals and patterns of wage inequality. The UK, a prime example of a country with a significant loss of ‘middle’ jobs, is then studied in more detail, to tease out in particular the changing relationship between occupations and levels of pay. The relationship between occupational structures and wage mobility or progression over time for individuals is also explored.
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McGregor, William B. Grammaticalization of Ergative Case Marking. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.19.
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This chapter overviews some of the patterns of emergence and development of ergative case markers in the world’s languages. What shines through most clearly is diversity: the range of possible source morphemes, constructions, and developmental pathways is much broader than might be expected. Rarely, it is possible to identify lexical sources for ergative case markers. More common sources are other case markers (notably instrumental, genitive, oblique, and ablative), and indexical items (such as demonstratives and pronominals); other possible sources include directional elements and focus markers. Ergative case markers can also be the sources of further grammatical developments, and can develop into markers of other grammatical categories, including other cases and verbal categories such as tense and aspect. Some observations are also included on the emergence and development of ergative case marking in language contact situations.
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Frost & Sullivan., ed. World market for transcutaneous electronic nerve stimulation (TENS) and muscle stimulation products. Mountain View, CA: Frost & Sullivan, 1991.
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13
Vajda, Edward J. Patterns of Innovation and Retention in Templatic Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.21.
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Polysynthetic verb morphology can be extraordinarily complex, with interacting subsystems arranged in phonological and morphological layers, some of which are more readily transparent on the synchronic level. Historical-linguistic comparisons demonstrate that this type of structure can be surprisingly persistent across time, with slow phonological attrition being one of the primary causal agents. Metathesis and reanalysis of morphemes and morpheme positions was also noted as an important agent of change. This chapter examines what is known about the historical layering of two distinct, but possibly genealogically related prefixing verb morphologies: Yeniseian and Athabaskan, both of which have developed different strategies of expressing agreement with subjects and objects, layering these grammatical markers between lexical morphemes and markers of tense–mood–aspect. Phonological fusing of certain sets of adjacent markers renders the pre-root portions of both morphological templates particularly challenging for assigning morpheme glosses. Historical reasons for this evolution are identified and assessed.
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Schifano, Norma. Microvariation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804642.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 investigates Spanish and Romanian marked orderings of verbs and adverbs, as well as the microvariation in verb placement emerging from the investigation of variously TAM-specified lexical vs functional and finite vs non-finite forms. First, the pragmatically marked orders of Romanian and Spanish present indicative verbs are considered. Second, the placements of the perfective auxiliary ‘have’ and of the active past participle are analysed and it is shown that the attested variation can be subsumed under the same licensing principle responsible for default movement. Subsequently, a unified analysis is provided to account for the high placement of infinitives and subjunctives. The chapter ends with the cases of Romanian and French, which seem to escape the proposed analyses, followed by a discussion about the role played by Tense and Aspect in verb movement and the residual patterns of microvariation exhibited by Brazilian Portuguese.
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Malchukov, Andrej L., and Viktor S. Xrakovskij. The Linguistic Interaction of Mood with Modality and Other Categories. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.7.
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This chapter surveys some of the most important findings in the literature regarding the syntagmatic interactions between linguistic expressions of mood and of modality and some other categories, and regarding how these interactions may be explained in terms of the semantic properties of the categories involved. After a preliminary exemplification of the syntagmatic interaction of mood with other categories, showing how infelicitous combinations are either blocked or reinterpreted, the chapter deals, in subsequent sections, with the interaction with modal and modality related markers, with tense, with aspect, with negation, and with person. It concludes with a further discussion of the factors regulating the interaction of mood with other categories, viz., most importantly, functional (in)compatibility, markedness and economy.
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Watanabe, Honoré. The Polysynthetic Nature of Salish. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.36.
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The Salishan languages, spoken (or formally spoken) on the Northwest Coast of North America, are usually characterized as polysynthetic. Salish certainly shows many of the usual characteristics that cluster together in polysynthetic languages: it is head marking and agglutinating in word formation; and predicate morphology is rich and includes markers of aspect/tense, transitivity and valency alternating suffixes (including applicatives), pronominals, lexical affixes, and still others. However, the number of morphemes within a (morphological) word does not get as high as, for example, the Eskimoan languages. Nevertheless, it is argued that the following three traits observed justify characterizing Salish as polysynthetic: first, word forms are flexible; second, speakers can manipulate what goes into a predicate; and third, non-core arguments, that is, peripheral concepts, can be expressed in the predicate by means of lexical suffixes and applicatives.
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Bartley, Tim. Purity and Danger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794332.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the project to certify sustainable forestry in Indonesia. Although the field of forest certification was created in large part to counteract deforestation in Southeast Asia, the growth of Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification in Indonesia proved to be quite slow and contentious. Companies that did get certified often struggled to reform destructive logging practices and tense relationships with communities. This chapter asks why forest certification was underdeveloped and what kinds of reforms it brought about. Drawing on interviews with practitioners and documentary evidence, the chapter shows how certification was impeded not only by convoluted market linkages but also by democratization and domestic governance of land. As indigenous communities pressed their claims to customary land rights, companies seeking FSC certification struck new bargains, but most often these amounted to shallow solutions to deep problems.
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Adelaar, Willem F. H. Imperatives and commands in Quechua. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0002.
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The Quechuan languages of the Central Andes have a dedicated Imperative Mood paradigm featuring personal reference marking for all subject endings except first person. Non-canonical third person subject forms are part of this paradigm. Although there is a formal overlap between Future Tense and Imperative in marking of the first person inclusive subject, the former can be used in questions or be accompanied by validation markers, whereas the latter cannot. In imperative constructions negation is indicated in the same way as in other moods, except that it requires the presence of the prohibitive adverb ama, instead of plain negative mana. Conversely, ama can also be used in non-Imperative environments to express a mild or indirect command. It can be argued that Quechuan languages have two competing ways of indicating prohibition: Imperative structures with regular negation marking and obligatory presence of ama, and non-Imperative structures where ama introduces a prohibitive connotation.
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Lent, John A., and Xu Ying. Comics Art in China. University Press of Mississippi, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496811745.001.0001.
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In the most comprehensive and authoritative source on this subject, this book covers almost all comics art forms in mainland China, providing the history from the nineteenth century to the present as well as perspectives on both the industry and the art form. This volume encompasses political, social, and gag cartoons, lianhuanhua (picture books), comic books, humorous drawings, cartoon and humor periodicals, and donghua (animation) while exploring topics ranging from the earliest Western-influenced cartoons and the popular, often salacious, 1930s humor magazines to cartoons as wartime propaganda and comics art in the reform. Coupling a comprehensive review of secondary materials (histories, anthologies, biographies, memoirs, and more) in English and Chinese with the artists' actual works, the result spans more than two centuries of Chinese animation. Structured chronologically, the study begins with precursors in early China and proceeds through the Republican, wartime, Communist, and market economy periods. Based primarily on interviews the editors conducted with over one hundred cartoonists, animators, and other comics art figures, Comics Art in China sheds light on tumult and triumphs. Lent and Xu describe the evolution of Chinese comics within a global context, probing the often-tense relationship between expression and government, as well as proving that art can be a powerful force for revolution. Enhanced with over one hundred black-and-white and color illustrations, this book stands out as not only the first such survey in English, but perhaps the most complete one in any language.
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Teller, Adam. Rescue the Surviving Souls. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161747.001.0001.
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A refugee crisis of huge proportions erupted as a result of the mid-seventeenth-century wars in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Tens of thousands of Jews fled their homes, or were captured and trafficked across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. This is the first book to examine this horrific moment of displacement and flight, and to assess its social, economic, religious, cultural, and psychological consequences. The book traces the entire course of the crisis, shedding fresh light on the refugee experience and the various relief strategies developed by the major Jewish centers of the day. It pays particular attention to those thousands of Jews sent for sale on the slave markets of Istanbul and the extensive transregional Jewish economic network that coalesced to ransom them. It also explores how Jewish communities rallied to support the refugees in central and western Europe, as well as in Poland–Lithuania, doing everything possible to help them overcome their traumatic experiences and rebuild their lives. The book offers an intimate study of an international refugee crisis, from outbreak to resolution, which is profoundly relevant today.
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Ash, Susan. Funding Philanthropy. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781381397.001.0001.
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This book investigates how Dr. Barnardo, the Victorian children’s philanthropist, operated as both story teller and showman, using mass media to create a globalised support network. His philanthropic ‘empire’ operated as an exceptional Victorian manifestation of promotional and branding mechanisms that are perceived as commonplace in the twentieth century. Metaphor and narrative modes normally associated with fiction such as Charles Dickens’s novels, as well as public spectacles associated with showmen such as P. T. Barnum, provide the organising principle for the book. Ultimately, however, the analysis reveals an overlapping concurrence of these three categories because, in practice, each tends to inflect the other. The book is also crucially concerned with affect, theorising how corporal responses such as excitement, shame and disgust operate in Barnardo’s figures of speech, ‘stories’ and spectacles to arouse sympathy and provoke ideological and financial support. Part One takes a long look at metaphor in order to tease out how ‘the open door’, Barnardo’s central institutional icon, operated as a multifaceted metaphor to characterize and promote his version of philanthropy in a crowded charity market. Part Two examines how Barnardo shaped perception of his brand by storytelling practices based on the ‘re-creation’ of direct, first-hand experience and feelings. Part Three considers how collective benevolence also depends upon spectacle for widespread success.
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Fielding, Nigel G. Professionalizing the Police. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817475.001.0001.
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The police have long struggled with the concept of professionalism. The Victorians veered from regarding police as servants to sanctifying policing as a special calling, while the supposed Golden Age of Policing was riven by divisions of class as sharp as those of the social diversity that poses one of contemporary policing’s harshest tests. Police training has reflected these ambiguities and uncertainties. The ground its curriculum covers, pedagogy it employs, and structures through which it operates have been contested, troublesome to manage, and blamed for policing’s failures. Behind these frictions lie large issues of governance, policing’s place in society, and what it means to be professional. Policing’s contemporary rhetoric of managerialism, consumer focus, and technology is an expression of unreconstructed modernism. Late modernity is marked by uncertainty and scepticism. In ‘post-truth’ times, professionalism must accommodate ambiguities of class, ethnicity, and sexuality. The police languish as last believers in a monochrome vision of society while the norms that make for contemporary sociality have moved on to a multiplex of diversities that harbour new extremes both of tolerance and intolerance. True professionalism alerts practitioners to other ways of delivering social control and just societies: empowering citizens and encouraging autonomy; supporting new modes of social relationships and lifestyle; fitting provision to cases; pluralizing services. This yardstick is used to assess and challenge the recruit and in-service curriculum and to tease out the options around which professionalism can be configured and embedded such that it plays its part in a humane, coherent, and accountable framework of police governance.