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1
Bertinetto, Pier Marco. "On nominal tense." Linguistic Typology 24, no. 2 (August 27, 2020): 311–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2020-2033.
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AbstractNordlinger & Sadler’s (2004. Nominal tense in crosslinguistic perspective. Language 80. 776–806) seminal work fostered an intense debate on the semantics of nominal tense systems, with the side effect of widening the typological coverage of this grammatical feature. This paper aims at contributing to the ongoing debate. In contrast with work by Tonhauser, who excluded ‘tense’ as a semantic component of the Paraguayan Guaraní nominal tense system, the paper claims that all TAM dimensions are involved – temporality, aspect, modality – with different proportions in the individual markers. Most importantly, it claims that nominal tense does not presuppose a semantics of its own, other than the one needed for verbal tenses. Moreover, the paper presents evidence that the semantic component of aspect, besides being necessarily activated in any nominal tense marker, is also directly conveyed by some of them, which can legitimately be called ‘nominal aspect’ markers. This integrates Nordlinger & Sadler’s (2004) survey, in which aspect was notably absent. In addition, the paper points out possible cases of nominal actionality (a.k.a. Aktionsart). Finally, the paper suggests that the pervasive presence of aspect (and also, but rarely, actionality) among nominal tense markers finds interesting parallels in some types of deverbal nominalizations, although these belong in another grammatical drawer.
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Fortuin, Egbert. "Universality and language-dependency of tense and aspect: Performatives from a crosslinguistic perspective." Linguistic Typology 23, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0018.
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AbstractThis paper presents a cross-linguistic typology of performatives, especially with respect to their relationship with tense and aspect, in the languages of the world. I explore the relationship between performatives and particular tenses and aspects, and touch on the mechanisms underlying such a relationship. The paper finds that there is not one relation between performatives and a particular tense and aspect and there are no languages which have a special (dedicated) performative tense or aspect marker. Instead, performatives are compatible with various tense and aspect markers, even though the use of a present tense seems to be the most common. What counts as the most optimal tense and aspect for performatives depends on the division of labor within the linguistic structure.
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Tashreefa, Ramandeep Kaur,. "TENSE MARKERS AMONG HINDI SPEAKING TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 2, no. 6 (December 29, 2017): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2017.v2i6.120.
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In grammar, tense is a category that expresses time reference with reference to the moment of speaking. Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of verbs, particularly in their conjugation patterns. Most of the previous research reveals that tenses develop with age and thus older children had more accurate speech and fewer error patterns in their speech. However, in Indian contexts, limited studies are noted in the area of language development in children with intellectual disability Hindi-speaking children. Thus, the present study aims to explore tense markers in Hindi speaking intellectually disabled children and its comparison across mental age (MA) matched typically developing children. The results revealed that syntax develops significantly with the age. Comparison across the two groups showed higher occurrences of tense forms among TD children when compared to the children with ID. Related studies are discussed clearly in the paper which reveals a number of studies supporting the finding. The present study has significant implications for the assessment of developmental speech disorders among Hindi-speaking group of Indian population.
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Iftikhar Hussain, Arshad Khan, and Amina Khalid. "Description and Categorization of Balti Tense Markers." sjesr 3, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(387-394).
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The current study aims at describing and categorizing the possible tense markers of Balti language, spoken in the Baltistan region of Gilgit-Baltistan. As for linguistics exposure is concerned, Balti is one of the less explored languages. Balti has a handful amount of traditional pieces of literature in the form of books (Traditional Grammars, stories, and history) and even the available Balti literature have not been documented within the proper paradigm of linguistics. To conduct this particular study, 200 Balti root words (verbs) have been collected from the corpus data using both the naturalistic and documented sources. The selected 200 Balti root words (verbs) were critically described, analyzed, and categorized within the paradigm of inflectional morphemes of tense markers using the qualitative research design. The result shows that there are 11 tense markers, i.e., “-ed", "-en", "-set", "-s", "-uk", "-nuk", "-tuk", "-ik", "-in", "-se" and "-e" in Balti language. These tense markers are added to the respective root verbs to mark present indefinite, present participle, past participle, future indefinite, and future perfect tenses. This study will hopefully encourage future researchers to conduct research works on the various aspects of Balti language.
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Zhang, Zhiyi, and Li Shikun. "Chinese does have independent tense elements." Chinese Semiotic Studies 17, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2021-0002.
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Abstract Previous research on Chinese tense indicates that Chinese has either null tense or no tense. However, the present study suggests that the conclusions of previous studies regarding Chinese tense are either against the syntactic truth or illogical. The present study provides new evidence to support that Chinese has two independent tense elements, zai and guo, which clearly indicate present and past tense, contrary to the traditional assumption that they are aspectual markers. From the perspective of grammaticalization, both zai and guo witnessed grammaticalization from the spatial concept to the temporal concept. The semantic evidence shows that zai and guo are semantically different from the aspectual markers zhe and le and convey the meaning of time location. The fact that both zai and guo are allowed in negation but not permitted in non-finite structure provides syntactic evidence that they are tense markers. However, the present study also suggests there can be two different zai and guo; zai and guo used separately and independently and zai and guo used with zhe and le. In the latter case, zai is a time adverbial and guo is an aspectual marker. The existence of independent tense markers in Chinese also shows that Chinese may have at least four different mechanisms to anchor tense.
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Mamontov, Alexander S., and Alexandra G. Stolyarova. "Functional and Semantic Attribution of the Future Tense Grammatical Markers in The Korean Language." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2020-11-4-611-624.
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The article discusses functional and semantic status of Future Tense grammatical markers of the Korean language. Despite the fact that discussions on this issue have been going on for more than a dozen years, still among researchers, there is no consensus on how many grammemes make up the category of Tense in Korean, whether it contains an independent Future Tense grammeme, and if so, which markers should be relevant to it. Due to the relevance of the problem, the authors aim to give a brief overview of the opinions on the issue, dividing them into two groups - asserting the presence of the Future Tense grammeme in Korean or denying it, as well as to justify personal position on the status of grammatical markers with prospective semantics. As research material, various Korean grammar researches and Korean grammar (connective and finite endings and constructions with - (으)ㄹ Korean Future Tense participle marker) are used. The result of the study shows that Korean Tense category has no specific Future Tense forms as opposed to the Present and Past Tense forms. All markers with prospective semantics are modal, which means that the Futurum category in Korean implements itself in the functional and semantic field of modality rather than temporality. Authors argue statement that -(으)ㄹ 것이다 Korean construction has the ability to act as neutral non-modal Future Tense marker. According to the point of view of a systemically oriented approach to the grammatical units analysis, presented in the article, the conclusion about Korean -(으)ㄹ 것이다s modal status is made.
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Conti-Ramsden, Gina. "Processing and Linguistic Markers in Young Children With Specific Language Impairment (SLI)." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 5 (October 2003): 1029–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/082).
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Thirty-two 5-year-old children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 32 chronological age (CA) controls completed 4 tasks that were considered potential positive markers for SLI. Children's performance on 2 linguistic tasks (past tense and noun plurals task) and 2 processing tasks (nonword repetition and digit recall) were examined. This approach allowed the examination of more than 1 type of marker simultaneously, facilitating both comparisons between markers and also the evaluation of combinations of markers in relation to identifying SLI. Children with SLI performed significantly worse than CA controls in all 4 marker tasks. Specificity/sensitivity analysis of the 4 marker tasks revealed nonword repetition and the past tense task to have the best overall accuracy at the 25th and 16th percentile. Finally, stepwise discriminant analysis revealed nonword repetition and past tense marking to be the best markers for identifying young children with SLI.
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OWEN, AMANDA J. "Proficiency with tense and aspect concordance: children with SLI and their typically developing peers." Journal of Child Language 38, no. 3 (November 5, 2010): 675–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000910000279.
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AbstractChildren with SLI have difficulty with tense and agreement morphology. This study examined the proficiency of these children and their typically developing peers with the coordination of tense and aspect markers in two-clause sentences. Scenarios designed to elicit past tense were presented to five- to eight-year-old children with SLI (n=14) and their normally developing age- and MLU-matched peers (n=24) to examine the omission of tense markers in complex sentences (Owen, 2010). Responses with overt tense/aspect morphology in both clauses were recoded for how similar the use of tense and aspect was across the two clauses. Tense and aspect concordance was high across both sentence types, but aspect-only mismatches were more common than tense mismatches. The three groups of children did not differ from each other on any comparisons. Coordination of temporal information in sentences with more than one time marker does not appear to be especially difficult for these children.
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Hilvert, Elizabeth, Jill Hoover, Audra Sterling, and Susen Schroeder. "Comparing Tense and Agreement Productivity in Boys With Fragile X Syndrome, Children With Developmental Language Disorder, and Children With Typical Development." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 1181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00022.
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Purpose This study compared and characterized the tense and agreement productivity of boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), children with developmental language disorder (DLD), and children with typical development (TD) matched on mean length of utterance. Method Twenty-two boys with FXS ( M age = 12.22 years), 19 children with DLD ( M age = 4.81 years), and 20 children with TD ( M age = 3.23 years) produced language samples that were coded for their productive use of five tense markers (i.e., third-person singular, past tense –ed , copula BE , auxiliary BE , and auxiliary DO ) using the tense and agreement productivity score. Children also completed norm-referenced cognitive and linguistic assessments. Results Children with DLD generally used tense and agreement markers less productively than children with TD, particularly third-person singular and auxiliary BE . However, boys with FXS demonstrated a more complicated pattern of productivity, where they were similar to children with DLD and TD, depending on the tense marker examined. Results revealed that children with DLD and TD showed a specific developmental sequence of the individual tense markers that aligns with patterns documented by previous studies, whereas boys with FXS demonstrated a more even profile of productivity. Conclusions These findings help to further clarify areas of overlap and discrepancy in tense and agreement productivity among boys with FXS and children with DLD. Additional clinical implications of these results are discussed.
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Sampson, Geoffrey. "Regional variation in the English verb qualifier system." English Language and Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 2002): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674302001028.
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Nonstandard dialects often use the same form for the past tense and past participle of irregular verbs for which the standard language has distinct forms. One possible reason would be that some speakers have a nonstandard system of verb qualifiers (tense, mood, and aspect markers) in which the past tense/past participle distinction is functionally redundant. Data on spontaneous speech in Britain in the 1990s partly supports this by showing marked regional variation in the use of the Perfect construction. However, some nonstandard past tenses cannot be explained in terms of a nonstandard qualifier system.
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Kipacha, Ahmadi. "impact of the morphological alternation of subject markers on tense/aspect: the case of Swahili." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43 (January 1, 2006): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.43.2006.286.
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Subject markers for the first, second and third person singular in Southern Swahili dialects display morphological variation in that specific forms are chosen with different tense-aspect markers. This paper documents this variation in the different dialects and presents a distributional chart which reveals the symmetric patterns between these subject markers and their corresponding tense-aspect formatives. The study corroborates earlier work in the manifestation of variant morphological tense-aspect formatives of the regional dialects of Swahili by Mazrui (1983).
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De Clercq, Karen. "Tense and sentential negation." Linguistics in the Netherlands 37 (October 27, 2020): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00038.cle.
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Abstract The association between sentential negation and tense has solid foundations in the literature. It has even been argued that sentential negative markers consist of a Tense feature (De Clercq 2018, 2020). This paper adduces the first results from a typological study and data from Bambara in support of this claim. In addition, the Bambara data also point to the morphological realisation of present or default tense, to a hierarchy for tense and to a position for sentential negation in that hierarchy.
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Tse, Shek Kam, Hui Li, and Shing On Leung. "Tense and temporality." Chinese Language and Discourse 3, no. 1 (June 11, 2012): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.3.1.03tse.
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This study investigated how a representative sample of 492 Cantonese-speaking children aged 36, 48 and 60 months expressed time during naturalistic conversations with peers. Spontaneous utterances produced by dyads of children in a 30-minute role-play context were collected, transcribed and analyzed. A productive repertoire of 62 nouns, 69 adverbs and 9 aspects was identified and classified into an appropriate typology. An age-related increase in types of temporal noun and adverb and repertoire size was found. It was also discovered that three-year-olds might already possess knowledge of aspect markers even though they might not be able to produce temporal nouns about “season” and “week” before 4 or 5 years of age. Some instances of double aspectual marking and misplacing aspects were found in the expressions. Linguistic, cognitive and conversational influences presumed to shape performance are discussed together with the implications of the findings for early childhood language education.
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Odera, Hellen, David Barasa, and Atichi Alati. "Inflectional Forms of Tense in Lutsotso." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.1.3.
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Lutsotso verbs consist of more than one morpheme expressing a particular grammatical meaning. The various morphological affixes attached to the verb indicate agreement, tense, aspect and voice. Tense and aspect morphemes in Lutsotso follow the same order for all types of verb constructions. Although tense and aspect in Lutsotso are deeply intertwined, this paper focuses on tense only. The Lutsotso tense is divided into the present, past and the future. The past and the future are distributed in four degrees as follows: remote, intermediate, near and immediate. Since the verb is the unit of analysis in this paper, we first describe the basic verb form in Lutsotso. This will entail the verb root and other crucial aspects such as the final vowel and the infinitive form that influence it. We also give agreement in the feature, person, number, subject verb markers and object markers. Finally, tense forms in Lutsotso will be discussed beginning with the present, followed by the past and the future.
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Sankoff, Gillian. "The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in Tok Pisin and Sranan." Language Variation and Change 2, no. 3 (October 1990): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000387.
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ABSTRACTAccording to Bickerton's “bioprogram,” creole grammars from the outset contain privative oppositions in the verbal system, where zeroes can be unambiguously interpreted as contrasting with verbs bearing the marked feature. A quantitative analysis of tense and aspect in narrative texts in Tok Pisin and Sranan indicates that this is not the case in either language. Zeroes freely occur with all tense categories. Verbs occurring with no tense markers are thus not “marked with zero,” but constitute the historical residue of an earlier stage of the languages in which tense marking of the superstrate languages had not been transmitted and the Creole markers had not yet evolved.
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Pawłowska, Monika. "Evaluation of Three Proposed Markers for Language Impairment in English: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 6 (December 2014): 2261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-l-13-0189.
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Purpose The goal of the study was to determine to what extent 3 proposed markers of language impairment (LI) in English (verb tense, nonword repetition, and sentence repetition) accurately distinguish affected and unaffected English-speaking individuals. Method Electronic databases were searched for diagnostic accuracy studies involving the 3 markers. Quality of relevant studies was described. Numbers of true and false positives and negatives were extracted and used to calculate likelihood ratios (LRs). Results Thirteen studies met the selection criteria. The majority were based on clinically ascertained samples. Pooled LRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for tense (LR+) and sentence repetition (LR+ and LR−) were suggestive of presence (LR+) or absence (LR−) of LI. Wide CIs around the value of inconsistency I 2 index reduced reliability of pooled values for sentence repetition. High between-study heterogeneity precluded pooling of LR values for tense (LR−) and nonword repetition (LR+ and LR−). Conclusion The limited evidence available suggests that the proposed markers may be at best suggestive of LI in English. Future research may refine existing marker tasks to increase their accuracy and test the most promising tasks in unselected samples of participants with and without LI.
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Leong, Wesley. "Sociolinguistic Factors Affecting Tense Variation in Singapore English." Lifespans and Styles 7, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v7i1.2021.5642.
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Despite English being the primary official language of Singapore, many of its citizens show deviations from Standard Singapore English (SSE) in speech or writing. In particular, it has been noted that Singapore English speakers may produce non-standard tense morphology, often omitting verbal past-tense markers in past-tense contexts. However, a couple of open questions remain: are there any social or external factors driving this variation, and is this variation morphological or phonological? To address these questions, I asked participants to complete a verbal interview and written questionnaire designed to probe how they inflect verbs, and examined if conformity to SSE is predicted by age, sex, or mother tongue. The results suggest that non-standard tense use does not differ along these lines. They also support earlier claims that tense marker omission in SSE is phonological, rather than morphological, for a majority of speakers, but that there is a small group for whom the variation may be morphological.
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Tonhauser, Judith. "Nominal Tense? The Meaning of Guaraní Nominal Temporal Markers." Language 83, no. 4 (2008): 831–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2008.0037.
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UCCELLI, PAOLA. "Emerging temporality: past tense and temporal/aspectual markers in Spanish-speaking children's intra-conversational narratives." Journal of Child Language 36, no. 5 (February 19, 2009): 929–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000908009288.
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ABSTRACTThis study describes how young Spanish-speaking children become gradually more adept at encoding temporality using grammar and discourse skills in intra-conversational narratives. The research involved parallel case studies of two Spanish-speaking children followed longitudinally from ages two to three. Type/token frequencies of verb tense, temporal/aspectual markers and narrative components were analyzed to explore interrelationships among grammatical and discourse skills. Children progressed from scattered unsystematic means of encoding temporality to mastering a basic linguistic system that included devices to mark location of events, temporal relations and aspectual meanings. The consolidation of perfective past tense to express narrative events marked a crucial developmental point which preceded an explosion of additional verb tenses and temporal markers. The value of spontaneous language data, and the need to study grammar and discourse simultaneously to construct a comprehensive developmental picture are highlighted. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical proposals on the development of temporality.
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Sinh, Nguyen Dinh. "THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH TENSES AND ASPECTS IN NARRATIVE MODE INTO VIETNAMESE." VNU Journal of Foreign Studies 36, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2525-2445/vnufs.4633.
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Confusion due to ambiguity in tenses and aspects while translating from English into Vietnamese is still a common problem to translators. There are several causes to this problem, but the main cause is the difference in viewing tense and aspect notions in the two languages by researchers or scholars. The existence of tense and aspect identities in English clauses or sentences is a matter of fact whereas in Vietnamese they are the topic of controversy among linguists and educators. This article investigates some of the linguistic means that were employed to translate English tenses and aspects in narrative mode into Vietnamese by three well-known translators, namely Mặc Đỗ, Hoàng Cường and Trịnh Lữ. The results of the study prove the fact that though tenses and aspects are not always recognized in the Vietnamese language, they can be translated from the English language via the use of temporal adverbials, aspectual markers or situation types of Vietnamese verbs.
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Celle, Agnès. "The French future tense and English will as markers of epistemic modality." Languages in Contrast 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 181–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.5.2.02cel.
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The future tense in French and the modal auxiliary will in English can both express conjecture. This use is generally considered marginal compared to that of referring to future time. A unified analysis of the French future tense and of English will needs, however, to be able to account for the former. In this paper I attempt to show how this particular modal value is intrinsically related respectively to the tense system of French and to the modal system of English and consequently why no real correspondence may be posited between the two languages, the future of conjecture being seldom translated by will and vice versa.
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Calle-Martín, Javier, and Jesús Romero-Barranco. "Third person present tense markers in some varieties of English." English World-Wide 38, no. 1 (June 17, 2017): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.1.05cal.
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Abstract In British Standard English, number in the verb phrase is exclusively characterized by the use of the -s inflection with the third person singular present tense. World Englishes present a high level of variation as the uninflected third person singular and the inflected third person plural may also occur in these contexts. This paper pursues four objectives: a) to analyse the use of present third person inflections and compare their distribution in different varieties of English; b) to assess the occurrence of forms across speech and writing, text categories and the informants’ age and gender; c) to classify the instances by type of subject (nominal vs. pronominal); and d) to evaluate the impact of proximity agreement, notional agreement and the existence of intervening elements in the choice of the inflection. Our evidence comes from the New Zealand, Indian, Singaporean and Hong Kong components of the International Corpus of English.
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표시연. "The Optional Use of Tense Markers in the Constructionism View." Korean Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 4 (December 2013): 1027–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2013.38.4.011.
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Mastrantonio, Davide. "Marcatori conclusivi del discorso diretto in italiano antico." Romanistisches Jahrbuch 70, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/roja-2019-0004.
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Abstract In this paper we deal with a specific subset of direct speech markers, to which little or no attention has been given so far: the expressions which codify the ending of the direct speech (“marcatori conclusivi del discorso diretto”). We analyse these markers in Old Italian texts, comparing them with their Latin and, in some cases, Old French equivalents. In the introduction (§1), we take into account various general issues related to ancient texts, namely the practice of spoken-word reading and the lack of systematic punctuation marking that helps text segmentation. After that (§2), we classify the different strategies ancient writers had at their disposal to signal that a direct speech is over, hence that what follows has to be interpreted as the narrator voice; the markers are organized in a range from most explicit to most implicit (disse > quando ebbe detto > a queste parole > allora > [Ø]). Thereafter (§3), we focus on two specific markers, the participial marker (detto questo) and the “connector + finite tense” marker (quando ebbe detto questo) in a corpus of nine texts. Though these two markers are roughly synonymic, their occurrence is not uniform among the analysed texts. The explanation of their unequal distribution is that they belong to different discourse traditions (Diskurstraditionen): “quando + finite tense” is a typical expression attested in Romance narrations (the so-called “quand-Satz”), whereas detto questo appears to be dependent on Latin tradition.
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Gildea, Spike. "The Development of Tense Markers from Demonstrative Pronouns in Panare (Cariban)." Studies in Language 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17.1.03gil.
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Two synchronic tense-marking auxiliaries in Panare are derived etymologically from demonstrative pronouns. The original pronouns differed in spatial deixis, one marking proximate ('this'), the other distal ('that'). They came to be required between predicate noun and subject in predicate nominal clauses, and thus evolved into copulas. As copulas, the deixis of the pronouns shifted to time, with proximal becoming present or immediate future and distal becoming past (but also sometimes interprétable as distant future). These copulas then evolved further to become tense auxiliaries for a new generation of main clause verbs.
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Bruil, Martine. "The development of the portmanteau verbal morphology in Ecuadorian Siona." Journal of Historical Linguistics 8, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 128–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17003.bru.
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Abstract Subject marking in the Western Tukanoan language Ecuadorian Siona is part of a complex system of portmanteau morphology that also marks tense and clause type. This system shows a remarkable number of regularities that hint that it might be possible to tease apart these functions. Synchronically, it is problematic to posit distinct markers for each of the three relevant linguistic categories, but diachronically, it is likely that these categories were expressed by distinct markers. This article reconstructs the pathway of the formal merger of these three linguistic categories, comparing the expression of Ecuadorian Siona’s system to the expression of these categories in other Tukanoan languages.
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Andersen, Roger W., and Yasuhiro Shirai. "Discourse Motivations for Some Cognitive Acquisition Principles." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16, no. 2 (June 1994): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100012845.
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This paper offers an alternative interpretation for what has been called the defective tense hypothesis, the primacy of aspect hypothesis, or simply the aspect hypothesis in the literature on first and second language acquisition of tense and aspect. The aspect hypothesis states that first and second language learners will initially be influenced by the inherent semantic aspect of verbs or predicates in the acquisition of tense and aspect markers associated with or affixed to these verbs. Our account focuses on the observation that adult native speakers also appear to adhere to this primacy of inherent semantic aspect in the relative quantitative distribution of tense-aspect markers in their speech. We argue that a small set of cognitive operating principles and the notion of prototypicality account for this behavior in learners. Moreover, we argue that these principles are a consequence of how learners and native speakers alike organize information and their perspectives on it in ongoing discourse.
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Manoliu, Maria M. "Changing Culture Changing Grammar." Tense and Aspect 12 (December 31, 1998): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.12.07man.
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Abstract. It has been often emphasized that, in Romance, the category of aspect has become subordinated to the category of tense and that the development of compound and double-compound forms was due to the necessity of recreating the opposition between perfectum and infectum, an opposition which dominated the Latin temporal system on the whole. As far as we know, there is no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon. According to our hypothesis, the cyclic bleaching of the 'resultative value' is a consequence of a fundamental change in parameters affecting various categories such as gender, case, voice and tense. More specifically, the resultative value of compound tenses must have been in competition with the values of the newly created plain passive, which was also result-centered (as opposed to the agent-centered active and event-centered middle/reflexive). By turn, these changes in the voice paradigm were triggered by the reinterpretation of the inherent feature [+Passive] characterizing Latin neuter nouns as a contextual feature. Since the verb assigns various roles to its arguments, it is no wonder that the combination of 'topicality' with a 'passive role' will affect the entire sentential structure, including the verb markers. But if both the plain passive and the compound past are result-centered, the corresponding active forms may become first and foremost tense markers, with special pragmatic and narrative values as required by the discourse necessities of the predominantly oral registers that developed into Romance languages.
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De Anda, Stephanie, Megan Blossom, and Alyson D. Abel. "Cross-Morpheme Generalization Using a Complexity Approach in School-Age Children." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 3501–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00173.
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Purpose This single-case study examines a complexity approach to target selection in grammatical intervention in three children with varying levels of mastery of tense and agreement. Specifically, we examine whether targeting a complex tense and agreement grammatical structure (auxiliary BE in questions) leads to generalization to other less complex and related tense and agreement markers (auxiliary BE in declaratives, copula BE, third-person singular – s , and past tense – ed ). Method Three children (all boys; aged 5;5–9;7 [years;months]) with deficits in morphosyntax were enrolled in a treatment program targeting a complex grammatical structure (auxiliary BE in questions) following collection of multiple baselines. Children's performance on the complex structure and related tense and agreement markers were tracked before, during, and after the intervention across three different tasks. Results Results show that, despite its grammatical complexity, the target was elicited in all three children with incomplete mastery of the tense and agreement system. Furthermore, all children demonstrated generalization to expressive language by increasing their mean length of utterance by approximately one morpheme during spontaneous language production following intervention. All children demonstrated individual patterns of generalization to other tense and agreement structures not targeted during intervention. Conclusions These functional changes observed following intervention set the stage for future controlled studies to establish a stronger cause–effect relation. Taken together, this study contributes to an emerging body of work showing that complex grammatical targets may be used in intervention earlier than previously thought.
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Joseph, Kate L., Ludovica Serratrice, and Gina Conti-Ramsden. "Development of copula and auxiliary BE in children with Specific Language Impairment and younger unaffected controls." First Language 22, no. 2 (June 2002): 137–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014272370202206502.
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Children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have well-known difficulties with the obligatory use of verbal tense-marking morphology which they use optionally for a longer period of time than typically developing children. Copula BE and auxiliary BE are two tense markers that have been shown to be problematic for children with SLI, but their status as independent allomorphs is somewhat controversial in the literature. In the present study we argue for copula BE and auxiliary BE as two separate tense markers showing different developmental curves both for children with SLI and for younger unaffected controls. It is suggested that copular versus auxiliary status, morphological form, and the frequency of the lexical construction containing BE all affect children's provision of copular and auxiliary forms. Implications for identifying variables constraining optionality are discussed.
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Yong, Qian. "Pathways of Counterfactual Markings: A Diachronic Typology." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 23, 2017): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p180.
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Previous accounts show that markings of CF (counterfactual) clauses tend to be complex. One frequent combination of markers that shows up in many languages is that of a past tense together with perfect in past CFs. According to Dahl (1997), the stacking use of CF markings consists of elements of varying historical layers. This motivates a closer look at the diachronic history of each marking in the combinations that do occur. This paper is therefore devoted to a diachronic development of CF markings. A diachronic study of frequently used CF markers such as past tense, perfective/imperfective aspect, irrealis mood markers is conducted. I propose a cross-linguistic whole life-cycle of CF markers which start as pragmatic clues, termed as CFEnhancing (Counterfactual Enhancing) markers in this paper. The following part will address the question concerning the origins of counterfactuality ahead of the main discussion.
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Gusewski, Svenja, and Raúl Rojas. "Tense Marking in the English Narrative Retells of Dual Language Preschoolers." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 48, no. 3 (July 26, 2017): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_lshss-16-0093.
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Purpose This longitudinal study investigated the emergence of English tense marking in young (Spanish–English) dual language learners (DLLs) over 4 consecutive academic semesters, addressing the need for longitudinal data on typical acquisition trajectories of English in DLL preschoolers. Method Language sample analysis was conducted on 139 English narrative retells elicited from 39 preschool-age (Spanish–English) DLLs (range = 39–65 months). Growth curve models captured within- and between-individual change in tense-marking accuracy over time. Tense-marking accuracy was indexed by the finite verb morphology composite and by 2 specifically developed adaptations. Individual tense markers were systematically described in terms of overall accuracy and specific error patterns. Results Tense-marking accuracy exhibited significant growth over time for each composite. Initially, irregular past-tense accuracy was higher than regular past-tense accuracy; over time, however, regular past-tense marking outpaced accuracy on irregular verbs. Conclusions These findings suggest that young DLLs can achieve high tense-marking accuracy assuming 2 years of immersive exposure to English. Monitoring the growth in tense-marking accuracy over time and considering productive tense-marking errors as partially correct more precisely captured the emergence of English tense marking in this population with highly variable expressive language skills. Supplemental Materials https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5176942
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Mustafa, NFN. "PENANDA KALA ABSOLUT DALAM BAHASA MAKASSAR (Absolute Tense Markers in Makassarese Language)." Kandai 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v16i1.1152.
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Bahasa Makassar, sebagaimana bahasa daerah di Sulawesi Selatan pada umumnya, juga mengenal penanda kala yang digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari oleh masyarakat pendukungnya. Penelitian ini membahas kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, khususnya mengenai ciri-ciri kala, identifikasi bentuk kala, dan makna yang diungkapkan. Tujuan penelitian memperoleh deskripsi yang memadai tentang pernyataan kala absolut dalam bahasa Makassar, yang diungkapkan secara leksikal, beserta makna yang dikandung oleh pernyataan kala absolut tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan beberapa tahapan, yaitu (1) pengumpulan data dengan menerapkan teknik wawancara langsung dan seterusnya dengan narasumber kemudian mencocokan dengan bahasa yang dikuasai oleh peneliti sebagai penutur bahasa Makassar, lalu merekam dan mencatat hasil wawancara tersebut, (2) pengolahan data, pertama-tama dilakukan transkripsi data dari bahasa lisan ke bahasa tulis, lalu diklasifikasikan berdasarkan bentuk dan makna yang dikandungnya, dan (3) tahap penganalisisan data. Data yang sudah dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan menerapkan teknik distribusi untuk menguji keterangan letak antara leksem yang satu dengan leksem yang lainnya, berdasarkan waktu yang ditunjukkan. Sumber data diperoleh dari bahasa lisan dan bahasa tertulis. Bahasa lisan diperoleh dari narasumber (informan) dan bahasa tertulis yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dan buku-buku yang relevan dengan penelitian ini sebagai sumber acuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penanda kala absolut dibentuk dari adverbia temporal yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk leksikal.The language of Makassarese, as well as regional language in South Sulawesi in general, also recognizes the markers used in conversations by the support community. This study discusses the absolute tense in Makassar language, especially regarding the characteristics of tense, tense identification, aspect, and modalities; as well as form, and meaning expressed. The purpose of this study to obtain an adequate description of the absolute tense makers in Makasarese language, which is expressed lexically, along with the meaning contained in the absolute tense markers. This research uses descriptive method with several techniques. (1) Data is collected by recording the direct interview with language informant then the data collected is matched with the language mastered by the researcher as a native speaker of Makassarese language.(2) The data is then transcribed is the analyzed; based on the from spoken language to written language; the it is classified according to the form and the meaning it contains. (3) The data is then analyzed based on the time it is designated. The data is collected from spoken and written languages. Oral language is derived from informants and written language is obtained from research results and books relevant to this research, i.e. as references. The results show that absolute tense markers are found in the form of temporal adverbs expressed in lexical forms.
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Phan, Trang, and Nigel Duffield. "'To be tensed or not to be tensed?' The case of Vietnamese." Investigationes Linguisticae 41 (December 11, 2019): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/il.2018.41.8.
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In this paper, we scrutinise the interpretation and distribution of a number of morphemes that serve as means of expressing temporal/aspectual relations in Vietnamese, investigating whether they should treated as genuine tense and aspect markers. The main goals of the study are two-fold: (i) empirically, to offer a comprehensive description of Vietnamese tense and aspect, in both pre-verbal and post-verbal domains; (ii) theoretically, to offer new pieces of evidence supporting the claim that Tense and Aspect exist as independent functional categories in Vietnamese.
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Babaev, Kirill. "On the reconstruction of some tense/aspect markers in Proto-Mande." Journal of Language Relationship 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2011-060107.
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Narrog, Heiko. "Historical change in the Japanese tense-aspect system." Journal of Historical Linguistics 10, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 289–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.18017.nar.
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Abstract Modern Japanese has a formally very simple tense-aspect system, which at its core has only three forms that are complemented by a number of peripheral markers and constructions. The core of the tense-aspect system was much more elaborate and complex in Classical Japanese. This paper discusses the systems of Modern and Classical Japanese, and then sketches the development from the latter to the former. This development involves the grammaticalization from aspect to tense, the recruitment of lexical means and constructions to renew aspectual categories, and category climbing. Two major paths of grammaticalization can be distinguished.
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Attaviriyanupap, Korakoch. "Grammatical Categories of Verbs in German and Thai: A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study." MANUSYA 13, no. 2 (2010): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01302002.
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This paper presents the results of a contrastive study of grammatical categories expressing temporality and modality through verb forms in German and Thai. In order to discover systematic uses of pre- and postverbal temporal and modal markers in Thai in relation to the German tense and modality system, I analyzed the first German-Thai bidirectional corpus consisting of contemporary German and Thai short stories and their translations into the other language. Although German and Thai express temporality differently, certain conceptual relationships between German tenses and Thai aspects can be identified. In terms of modality, Thai has grammaticalized two different sets of modal verbs providing either deontic or epistemic meanings but has not developed any markers equivalent to the German subjunctive mood.
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Oktavianti, Ikmi Nur, and Icuk Prayogi. "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Future Tense Markers in Indonesian EFL Textbooks for Senior High School." Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics 5, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v5i2.250.
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A well-designed textbook can enhance the teaching and learning of a foreign language and it should also consider the authenticity aspect of the target language. This paper aims at studying the use of future tense markers (i.e. will, be going to) in three EFL textbooks for senior high school in Indonesia and comparing to one of the biggest English corpora, Corpus of Contemporary American English, to investigate the authenticity of the textbooks. This study employs corpus-based analysis as it focuses on the frequency and collocates of future tense markers. This study, however, delimits the scope in conversations of the textbooks and the spoken sub-corpus. It shows that, although ‘will’ and ‘be going to’ are used in the textbooks and the corpus, there are some distinctions observed, be they the frequency of use or the collocates preceding the future tense markers. As for the semantic of the verb collocates, there seem to have many differences. These differences then need to be revisited and re-evaluated to improve Indonesian EFL textbooks materials to equip the English learners in a foreign language context with actual language use.
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Bielecki, Robert, and Kamil Trąba. "Some general thoughts on tense and aspect in Modern Greek." Lingua Posnaniensis 60, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2018-0011.
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Abstract The morphological categories belonging to the semantic dimension of Tense in Modern Greek, as it is traditionally conceived, seem to be distinguished by means of non-homogeneous criteria. In this paper the temporal and aspectual meanings are treated separately. In consequence, Modern Greek has at its disposal (i) six Tenses and (ii) two Aspects. The meanings of the six Tenses are captured systemically by means of three Time-points: (i) Event Time, (ii) Reference Time and (iii) Speech Time, which are referred to each other in the order given by means of the relations of (i) previousness and (ii) simultaneity. In turn, the meanings of the two Aspects are captured by means of the notions of (i) Shortness and (ii) Longness, which are identified as the bedrock of the aspectual oppositions in Modern Greek. Other aspectual meanings such as Termination, Inchoativity, Completion, etc. are conveyed by the lexical stems of the appropriate verbs linked with the affixal markers of the two Aspects.
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Abdel-Hafiz, Ahmed Sokarno. "Question formation strategies in Kunuz Nubian." Technium Social Sciences Journal 11 (August 17, 2020): 529–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v11i1.1452.
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This is an analytical and descriptive study that is based on a general theoretical framework which can be characterized as “basic linguistic theory”. It aims to study Kunuz Nubian interrogative pronouns and question markers. Previous studies failed to pay adequate attention to these features. It is an attempt to characterize the strategies used in question formation and to identify the question markers. I argue that the question markers in this Nubian dialect fall into three sets: (a) the set of question markers -yaa, -naa, and -waa are used with sentences (non-copular construction) involving the neural marker -r-. (b) the set of questions markers that are used if the neural marker –r- is in a copular construction: -yaa, -re, -waa. (c) another set of question markers are attached to a declarative sentence in which the verb or copular verb is accompanied with the past tense morpheme. The study has also provided a list of interrogative pronouns that can occur with or without the question markers. Moreover, it has been shown that both compound and complex sentences are turned into interrogatives via the same question strategies used in simple sentences.
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Alshammari, Wafi Fhaid. "Tense/Aspect Marking in Arabic-Based Pidgins." Sustainable Multilingualism 18, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 14–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sm-2021-0002.
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Summary The earliest stages of pidgin formation show a preference for analytic and morphologically reduced grammatical constructions relative to their lexifier or substrate languages, where the apparent morphological marking, if found, seems to be fossilized. Structural relations, therefore, are mostly expressed externally. Tense/aspect categories are marked through temporal adverbials or inferred from the context. Creole languages, however, are said to develop such categories through grammaticalization. This study examines tense/aspect marking in five Arabic-based pidgins: Juba Arabic, Turku Pidgin, Pidgin Madame, Romanian Pidgin Arabic, and Gulf Pidgin Arabic. Using Siegel’s (2008) scale of morphological simplicity, from lexicality to grammaticality, this study concludes that tense/aspect marking is expressed lexically through temporal adverbials or inferred from the context in the earliest stages of Arabic-based pidgins, which only later—in stabilized pidgins—develops into grammaticalized markers when certain criteria are met.
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Rashel, Md Mostafa. "Morphosyntactic Analysis of Mro Language." Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics 2, no. 3 (January 15, 2010): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujl.v2i3.4149.
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In this article, I have used many examples to build up a concept about the relationship between Mro morphology and syntax, especially the different case markers to find out the relationship among them. During the research my goal was to provide a description of the constituent order; grammatical categories like tense; comparative marker -la'e (then), -leplep la'e (most); pronominal system (determiners used with first and second person but 3rd person is independent); demonstratives, adverbs, clause combination like conditional markers, reasons, time, motion; structures of question like y/n question, informal, exclamatory; case markers like noun, pronoun (relative), numeral relation to conjunction, suffix, clause/sentence level; grammatical relation (GR) as well as text analysis of Mro language. Key words: Morphosyntax, Language family, pronominal system, Case marker, grammatical relation, Mro.DOI: 10.3329/dujl.v2i3.4149 The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol.2 No.3 February, 2009 Page: 141-160
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James, Deborah. "Preterit Forms in Moose Cree as Markers of Tense, Aspect, and Modality." International Journal of American Linguistics 57, no. 3 (July 1991): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ijal.57.3.3519721.
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WRIGHT, L. "THIRD PERSON PLURAL PRESENT TENSE MARKERS IN LONDON PRISONERS' DEPOSITIONS, 1562-1623." American Speech 77, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 242–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00031283-77-3-242.
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Corrigan, Karen P. "“What bees to be maun be”." English World-Wide 21, no. 1 (June 26, 2000): 25–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.21.1.03cor.
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Irish-English (IrE) as a contact vernacular permits tense, mood and aspect categories to be marked in a manner which distinguishes this variety from all other world Englishes. Researchers, however, have been preoccupied with its distinctive tense and aspect markers and much less is known about the manner in which IrE modal relations are expressed. This paper attempts to redress the imbalance by comparing aspects of modality in IrE and other English varieties and by introducing a morphosyntactic syntagm termed “modal be+to” which can be used to express both deontic and epistemic modality. The marker is frequent in Northern Irish Englishes and a detailed account of its use in the South Armagh vernacular is offered here. In addition, attention will be given to locating the potential sources of be+to as the product of a language contact situation.
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Schulz, Katrin. "Fake Perfect in X-marked Conditionals." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (December 5, 2017): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4149.
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The topic of this paper is a problem concerning the interpretation of tense in conditionals: Fake Tense. Fake Tense refers to the observation that in English subjunctive conditionals the Simple Past, and sometimes also the Past Perfect, appear not to be interpreted as semantic past tense or past perfect. We will focus in particular on the function of the perfect in conditionals with fake past perfect. Two different lines of approach to fake tense can be distinguished in the literature: past-as-modal approaches (PaM) claim that the past tense markers receive in these contexts a modal interpretation; past-as-past approaches (PaP) propose that the past still receives a temporal interpretation, though it contributes in an unexpected way to the meaning of the sentences. We will first spell out a PaM approach based on a idea in Schulz (2014) and then argue that this approach is not convincing. This will be partly done based on two empirical studies concerning the form of generic counterfactuals/counterpossibles. We will then propose a PaP approach to fake perfect. This approach will build on an interventionist account of counterfactuals using causal structural models (Pearl 2000, 2013).
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Kardana, I. Nyoman, and Made Sri Satyawati. "Temporal Deixis in Balinese Language." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.1p.17.
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This study analyzed the forms of temporal deixis found in Balinese, one of the biggest local languages in Indonesia. Data was collected from oral communication by Balinese speakers who live in Denpasar, the capital city of the island of Bali. Data was obtained through observation and elicitation method completed with recording and note taking technique. The collected data was analyzed by inductive approach so that the clear and detail description about temporal deixis could be reached. The result of analysis shows that the forms of Balinese temporal deixis can be divided into the forms referring to the past, present, and future tense. The forms are also distinguished between definite and indefinite temporal deixis. Two kinds of temporal markers are also found in Balinese, they are di marker for past and buin/bin marker for future. The form mani and ibi does not obligatorily need the markers but the other temporal forms really need the markers to make a complete meaning and reference.
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Wagley, Neelima, Tyler K. Perrachione, Irina Ostrovskaya, Satrajit S. Ghosh, Patricia K. Saxler, John Lymberis, Kenneth Wexler, John D. E. Gabrieli, and Ioulia Kovelman. "Persistent Neurobehavioral Markers of Developmental Morphosyntax Errors in Adults." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 12 (December 18, 2019): 4497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00154.
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Purpose Child language acquisition is marked by an optional infinitive period (ages 2–4 years) during which children use nonfinite (infinitival) verb forms and finite verb forms interchangeably in grammatical contexts that require finite forms. In English, children's errors include omissions of past tense /– ed / and 3rd-person singular /– s /. This language acquisition period typically ends by the age of 4 years, but it persists in children with language impairments. It is unknown if adults still process optional infinitives differently than other kinds of morphosyntax errors. Method We compared behavior and functional brain activation during grammaticality judgments across sentences with developmental optional infinitive tense/agreement errors (“Yesterday I play the song”), nondevelopmental agreement errors (“He am tall”) that do not occur in typical child language acquisition, and grammatically correct sentences. Results Adults ( N = 25) were significantly slower and less accurate in judging sentences with developmental errors relative to other sentences. Sentences with developmental errors yielded greater activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyri relative to nondevelopmental error sentences in both auditory and visual modalities. Conclusions These findings suggest that the heightened computational demands for finiteness extend well beyond early childhood and continue to exert their influence on grammatical mental and brain function in adulthood.
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Liauksminienė, Justina. "Multifunctionality of the mental verbs MANYTI ‘think’, SUPRASTI ‘understand’, ŽINOTI ‘know’: epistemicity and pragmaticalization." Lietuvių kalba, no. 9 (December 18, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2015.22623.
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The paper presents the results of the pilot study on the multifunctionality of the Lithuanian mental verbs manyti ‘think’, žinoti ‘know’ and suprasti ‘understand’. The study focuses on the first person singular present tense forms and imperative forms of the verbs and analyses their tendencies to function as markers of epistemicity or pragmatic markers in fiction. The data for the analysis have been taken from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (http://tekstynas.vdu.lt), namely the subcorpus of fiction. The analysis of the data reveals that out of the three Lithuanian mental verbs under consideration, the first person singular present tense form manau ‘I think’ is most frequently used as a marker of epistemicity. It expresses author’s judgement on the truth value of the proposition or source of information. It should be noted that individual imperative forms of the mental verbs have not fully lost their primary lexical meaning, yet they have been frequently found to function as pragmatic markers. The imperative forms of the verbs are used to establish and maintain a relationship with the interlocutor, introduce the opposite point of view, summarize the facts that were previously mentioned, boost or hedge the proposition. They exhibit such features as syntactic mobility, absence of the propositional meaning, and rise of pragmatic functions in discourse. Consequently, the forms under analysis may be comparable to sentence adverbs which modify the proposition rather than constitute a part of it.
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Ozonova, A. A. "Subjunctive Mood in the Altai Language." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 37 (2019): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2019-1-74-83.
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Semantics of subjunctive mood are expressed in most Turkic languages, however, subjunctive mood itself is not always included in the system of grammatical mood forms in descriptive grammars of specific languages. Analytical forms consisting of future tense participles of the main verbs and past tense forms of the auxiliary verbs serve as subjunctive mood markers in Turkic languages (excluding Khakas). In the following article, we analyze the structure, semantics, and functioning of the Altai subjunctive mood. The following analytical forms serve as subjunctive mood markers: -ar/-bas edi и -ɣaj/-baɣaj edi. The first form consists of the future-present tense participial form with -ar/-bas and the auxiliary verb e- ‘to be, to become’ in the past tense form with -di; the second one consists of the desiderative form -ɣaj and the same auxiliary verb e- ‘to be, to become’ in the past tense form with -di. The form -ar/-bas edi is the base form actively functioning as expression of subjunctive mood. In the Altai language, subjunctive mood functions actively in conditional and, less commonly, in conditional-concessive constructions. Subjunctive mood marks the main parts of these constructions and predicates in simple sentences. Subjunctive mood denotes contrafactive situations in the past, and hypothetical situations in the future. Contrafactive situations are not real. They never happened in the past, do not exist in the present, and will not take place in the future. The subjunctive form -ar/-bas edi as a finite predicate in simple sentences also expresses the meaning of non- categoricalness, which is used in dialogues in order to soften the speaker\s declaration of intent or to make a statement less categorical.