Academic literature on the topic 'Tenseurs CSA'

SUMMARY This paper investigates three problems related to the phenomenon of split ergativity in several Indo-Iranian languages. (1) In ergative tenses Pashto and Kashmiri belong to the canonical ergative-absolutive type — irrespective of the definiteness of the nominal P(atient) — while Sindhî and LahndS pattern erga-tively only if P is indefinite. (2) In the case of pronominal arguments the rare antiabsolutive encodes the transitive Subject in ergative tenses and O in non-ergative tenses; the superabsolutive encodes the intransitive S, O in ergative tenses and the transitive S in non-ergative tenses. The Sindhf and Lahnda systems are based on the antiabsolutive without any traces of the superabsolutive. In Section (3) some historical evidence for the antiabsolutive patterning of pronominal clitics in both Middle Indie and Middle Iranian is presented. However, only in Middle Iranian there are some instances of the incipient superabsolutive which are evaluated as an ancestor of the contemporary Pashto superabsolutive (cf. zeyem "I am" and ze=ye vulid=em "he saw me" where the marker of the ergative O = em is a recategorized clitic form of the copula; originally I=his seen=am). RÉSUMÉ Cet article étudie trois problèmes liés au phénomène de l'ergativité partielle en plusieurs langues indo-iraniennes. (1) Aux temps ergatifs, le pachto et le cachemiri appartiennent au type canonique ergatif-absolutif— sans tenir compte de la nature définie-indéfinie du P(atient) nominal — tandis que le sindhi et lahnda appartiennent à ce type-ci seulement en cas du P indéfini. (2) En pachto et en cachemiri, pour les arguments pronominaux le type rare anti-absolutif-hyper-absolutif s'avère en quelques personnes du verbe (deux Ps sont a distinguer, à savoir, l'O(bjet) du predicat transitif aux temps ergatifs, pas aux temps non-ergatifs. L'anti-absolutif encode le S(ujet) transitif aux temps ergatifs et l'O aux temps non-ergatifs; le hyper-absolutif encode le S intransitif, l'O aux temps ergatifs et le S transitif aux temps non-ergatifs. Les systèmes du sindhi et du lahnda sont basés sur l'anti-absolutif sans aucune trace du hyper-absolutif. Dans (3) l'évidence historique pour le comportement antiabsolutif des clitiques pronominaux en moyen indien et iranien est présentée. En moyen iranien uniquement, il y a quelques exemples du hyper-absolutif naissant. Ceux-ci sont considérés comme le devancier du hyper-absolutif en pachto contemporain (cf. ze yem "je suis" et ze-ye vúlid-em "il m'a vu" où le suffixe de l'O ergatif -dm est la forme clitique de la copule récate-gorisée; originellement je=son vu=suis). ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In diesem Aufsatz werden drei Probleme untersucht, die sich auf das Phänomen der gespaltenen Ergativität in einzelnen indo-iranischen Sprachen beziehen. (1) In den ergativen Tempora — ungeachtet der Bestimmtheit des nominalen P(atienten) — gehören Puschtu und Kaschmiri zum kanonischen ergativ-absolutivischen Typus, während Sindhf und Lahnda nur dann, wenn P unbestimmt ist, zu diesem Typus gehören. (2) Im Falle der pronominalen Argumente ergibt sich der seltene antiabsolutiv-superabsolutivische Typus in verschiedenen Personen in Puschtu und Kaschmiri (zwei verschiedene Ps werden unterschieden: das O(bjekt) der transitiven Prädikate in ergativen im Gegensatz zu nicht-ergativen Tempora). Der Antiabsolutiv grammatikalisiert das transitive S(ubjekt) in ergativen und das O in nicht-ergativen Tempora; der Superabsolutiv grammatikalisiert das intransitive S, O in ergativen und das transitive S in nicht-ergativen Tempora. Die Système des Sindhf und Lahnda beruhen auf dem Antiabsolutiv ohne etwaige Spuren des Superabsolutivs auf-zuweisen. In (3) wird der historische Nachweis fur das antiabsolutivische Ver-halten der pronominalen Enklitika im Mittelindischen und Mitteliranischen geführt. Nur das Mitteliranische bietet ein paar Beispiele des in der Ent-wicklung befindlichen Superabsolutivs an, die hier als Vorfahr des Superabsolutivs im heutigen Puschtu beurteilt werden (vgl. ze yem "Ich bin" und ze-ye vúlid-em "er sah mich", wo das Merkmal des ergativen O =am eine rekate-gorisierte klitische Form der Kopula ist; ursprunglich: Ich=sein gesehe-ner=bin).

<p>This paper examines how first personal pronouns in English aid president Obama and president Xi Jinping to speak persuasively on international platforms. Drawing on four speeches, this paper explores the frequency of first person pronouns realized in both singular and plural forms and analyzes, within a framework of Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA), how these pronouns are exploited using modal verbs and tenses to attain and sustain rhetorical appeal. This paper found out that Obama deploys personal pronouns selectively with more I-pronouns realized in his speech in Africa and more we-pronouns realized in his speech in Europe, has a bias towards modal verbs that highlight ability and intention: <em>can</em> and <em>will,</em> and prefers the future tense. On the other hand, this paper found out that Xi deploys both the I-pronouns and the We-pronouns equally in his speeches in both Africa and Europe, has an inclination towards we-pronouns in his diplomatic discourse, a bias towards modal verbs highlighting necessity: <em>should</em> and <em>need</em>, and prefers the future tense.</p>

SUMMARY In modern French, the use of simple and composed tenses varies with respect to word order in two specific cases: firstly with subject inversion, and secondly with insertion of material between the auxiliary and the past participle. With the 'passé simple' (past historic) and the 'passé composé' (perfect), both of which can express past punctual actions, this difference in word order may influence tense choice. If a particular effect (contrast, emphasis...) is desired in the phrase, either the 'passé simple' or the 'passé composé' can be used to express the punctual past, the choice being dependent on their respective influence on word order. RESUME L'emploi des temps simples et des temps composés en français moderne diffère du point de vue de l'ordre de mots, en deux cas spécifiques: premièrement, avec l'inversion du sujet; et deuxièmement avec la possibilité de l'insertion de mots entre l'auxiliaire et le participe passé. Pour le passé simple et le passé composé, qui expriment tous les deux des actions passées et ponctuelles, cette différence d'ordre peut influencer le choix du temps: si l'on désire creer un effet particulier dans la phrase (contraste, emphase...), on pourrait employer soit le passé simple, soit le passé composé pour exprimer le passé ponctuel, selon leur influence sur l'ordre des mots.

In time of pandemic, a message from a country’s leader is critical to calm the shaken nation, address the challenges, and put things in order. There are a number of studies using CDA for political speeches, but few have dealt with recent speeches about COVID19 pandemic. This paper specifically problematizes the covid19 speeches of President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines which have not yet been explored. Thus, this study endeavors on investigating the linguistic features, cohesion, and social issues and ideology embedded in the covid19 speeches of President Duterte. This qualitative study utilized the Systemic Functional Linguistics as a method of data analysis. It was found that covid19 speeches of President Duterte generally highlights promoting inclusivity and service to the nation and this was achieved through his dominant use of personal pronouns, present and future tenses, present progressives, use of modal verbs will and through the properties of cohesion found in his speeches. His linguistic choices also revealed two layers of meaning clustered into extrinsic and intrinsic meanings. Although the speeches encourage solidarity and inclusivity, it was also loaded with forewarning against corrupt officials. Meanwhile, social issues found which are distinct from his non-covid19 speeches in terms of contexts are corruption, politicking, red tape, abuse of power, and socio-economic dilemmas.

Advertising is one of the ways that can influence people to purchase products, services, or shaping one's mind for a way of life. The audiovisual ad gives more benefits over the audio one or the visual one because it is more attractive and can provide a clear view of the goods or the ideas by combining the audio and visual aspects. Bullying and sexual harassment have become a common issue that happened in society around the world. These issues give a negative impact on society, especially to the victims even to the men themselves. Gillette® had launched an audiovisual ad related to bullying and sexual harassment in 2019. The ad tries to convey the men to stop the bullying and sexual harassment issue caused by toxic masculinity happened worldwide. This study aims to critically study the text, the discursive practice, and the socio-cultural practice of the Gillette® audiovisual ad entitled “We Believe: The Best Man Can Be” by using the Fairclough’s method of Critical Discourse Analyses (CDA). From the textual analysis, it is found that the ad is using: (1) questioning form of sentences invoking the previous tagline of Gillette® “The Best a Man Can Get” to reinforce the campaign message of “The Best Man Can Be”; (2) using three kinds of tenses (present tense, future tense, and present perfect continues tense) in stating the fact related to toxic masculinity which has been going on far too long and also in saying the consequence of the ad's campaign message happened in the future; (3) using the pronoun "We" which refer to Gillette® as the influencer which has taken action in changing the toxic masculinity issue by describing the healthy version of what it means to be a man so it gives the impression of persuading to men; (4) using the conditional sentence to reinforce how important the message of the campaign willing to convey is. The analysis of the discursive practice of the ad that can be found is that Gillette®, as the producer, is using the #MeToo-inspired movement as the way to distribute the message of "The Best Man Can Be" to the men as the consumer. All of those ways are to campaign the healthy version of what it means to be a man motivated by a toxic masculinity phenomenon that happened in society as what has found from the socio-cultural practice analysis.

AbstractCritical Discourse Analysis on Political Speech by The Former Head of Golkar,Abu Rizal Bakrie. Discourse is a unit of language based on words used tocommunicate in social contexts. Therefore, it cannot be denied that language isan effective tool in all aspects of life, including on the political stage. This studyaims to analyze the structure of the political speech of the former chairman of theGolkar Party, Aburizal Bakrie, entitled "Flowing But Not Drifting". The type ofthis research is descriptive qualitative with the Van Dijk's model of criticaldiscourse analysis. The results of this study indicate that the macro structure ofthe ARB speech text is "Flowing But Not Drifting". In the study of the textsuperstructure, ARB's speech was arranged in a simple way which then becamea strategy in delivering a discourse in front of the cadres. The final element ofvan Dijk's critical discourse analysis study is the micro or semantic structure.The ARB speech consists of background elements, details, presuppositions andnominalization in the semantic section. The use of pronouns, and the tenses usedare active and passive sentences, and tend to use aspects of conditionalcoherence. ARB also tends to use diction in a style that leads to the use oflanguage that is simple and easy to understand because it starts the speech bygiving greetings, thanks and also insertion of a pantun, which is understood as away to give a more positive nuance to the Golkar Party.Key words: CDA, speech, politics, Golkar, ARB AbstrakAnalisis Wacana Kritis Pada Pidato Politik Mantan Ketua Umum PartaiGolkar Aburizal Bakrie. Wacana merupakan satuan bahasa berdasarkan katayang digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dalam konteks sosial. Oleh karena itu,tidak bisa dipungkiri lagi bahwa bahasa adalah alat yang efektif dalam segalaaspek kehidupan termasuk dalam panggung politik. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk menganalisis struktur pidato politik mantan ketua umum Partai Golkar,Aburizal Bakrie, yang berjudul “Mengalir Tapi Tak Hanyut”. Jenis penelitian iniadalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan metode analisis wacana kritis model Van Dijk.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa struktur makro teks pidato ARBadalah “Mengalir Tapi Tak Hanyut”. Pada kajian sisi superstruktur teks, pidatoARB tersusun secara sederhana yang kemudian menjadi sebuah strategi dalammenyampaikan suatu wacana di hadapan para kader. Elemen terakhir darikajian analisis wacana kritis oleh van Dijk adalah struktur mikro atau semantik.Pidato ARB terdiri dari elemen latar, detail, pra-anggapan dan nominalisasipada bagian semantik. Penggunaan kata ganti, dan bentuk kalimat yangdigunakan adalah kalimat aktif dan pasif, serta cenderung menggunakan aspekkoherensi kondisional. ARB juga cenderung menggunakan diksi dengan gayayang mengarah kepada penggunaan bahasa yang sederhana dan mudahdipahami karena mengawali pidato dengan memberi salam, ucapan terima kasihdan juga disisipi sebuah pantun, yang mana hal tersebut dipahami sebagai carauntuk memberikan nuansa yang lebih positif atas Partai Golkar.Kata-kata kunci:AWK, pidato, politik, Golkar, ARB

International audience Let $\mathcal{B}_n$ be the hyperoctahedral group acting on a complex vector space $\mathcal{V}$. We present a combinatorial method to decompose the tensor algebra $T(\mathcal{V})$ on $\mathcal{V}$ into simple modules via certain words in a particular Cayley graph of $\mathcal{B}_n$. We then give combinatorial interpretations for the graded dimension and the number of free generators of the subalgebra $T(\mathcal{V})^{\mathcal{B}_n}$ of invariants of $\mathcal{B}_n$, in terms of these words, and make explicit the case of the signed permutation module. To this end, we require a morphism from the Mantaci-Reutenauer algebra onto the algebra of characters due to Bonnafé and Hohlweg. Soit $\mathcal{B}_n$ le groupe hyperoctaédral agissant sur un espace vectoriel complexe $\mathcal{V}$. Nous présentons une méthode combinatoire donnant la décomposition de l'algèbre $T(\mathcal{V})$ des tenseurs sur $\mathcal{V}$ en modules simples via certains mots dans un graphe de Cayley donné. Nous donnons ensuite des interprétations combinatoires pour la dimension graduée et le nombre de générateurs libres de la sous-algèbre $T(\mathcal{V})^{\mathcal{B}_n}$ des invariants de $\mathcal{B}_n$, en termes de ces mots, et explicitons le cas du module de permutation signé. À cette fin, nous utilisons un morphisme entre l'algèbre de Mantaci-Reutenauer et l'algèbre des caractères introduit par Bonnafé et Hohlweg.

International audience Let $V$ be a complex vector space with basis $\{x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n\}$ and $G$ be a finite subgroup of $GL(V)$. The tensor algebra $T(V)$ over the complex is isomorphic to the polynomials in the non-commutative variables $x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n$ with complex coefficients. We want to give a combinatorial interpretation for the decomposition of $T(V)$ into simple $G$-modules. In particular, we want to study the graded space of invariants in $T(V)$ with respect to the action of $G$. We give a general method for decomposing the space $T(V)$ into simple $G$-module in terms of words in a particular Cayley graph of $G$. To apply the method to a particular group, we require a surjective homomorphism from a subalgebra of the group algebra into the character algebra. In the case of the symmetric group, we give an example of this homomorphism from the descent algebra. When $G$ is the dihedral group, we have a realization of the character algebra as a subalgebra of the group algebra. In those two cases, we have an interpretation for the graded dimensions of the invariant space in term of those words. Soit V un espace vectoriel complexe de base $\{x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n\}$ et $G$ un sous-groupe fini de $GL(V)$. L'algèbre $T(V)$ des tenseurs de $V$ sur les complexes est isomorphe aux polynômes à coefficients complexes en variables non-commutatives $x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_n$. Nous voulons donner une décomposition de $T(V)$ en $G$-modules simples de manière combinatoire. Plus particulièrement, nous étudions l'espace gradué des invariants de $T(V)$ sous l'action de $G$. Nous présentons une méthode générale donnant la décomposition de $T(V)$ en modules simples via certains mots dans un graphe de Cayley donné. Pour appliquer la méthode à un groupe particulier, nous avons besoin d'un homomorphisme surjectif entre une sous-algèbre de l'algèbre de groupe et l'algèbre des caractères. Pour le cas du groupe symétrique, nous donnons un exemple de cet homomorphisme qui provient de la théorie de l'algèbre des descentes. Pour le groupe diédral, nous avons une réalisation de l'algèbre des caractères comme une sous-algèbre de l'algèbre de groupe. Dans ces deux cas, nous avons une interprétation des dimensions graduées de l'espace des invariants en terme de ces mots.

Ce mémoire montre une approche nouvelle, couplant calculs quantiques de propriétés RMN et expériences de RMN du solide. Le but est de mettre en place une méthodologie permettant de déterminer l'orientation et la dynamique de peptides modèles en membrane modèle, plus particulièrement pour le peptide WALP 23 en membrane de DMPC. Dans un premier temps, une étude complète a été menée sur les calculs quantiques de tenseurs d'anisotropies de déplacement chimique (CSA), afin de déterminer les éléments importants à prendre en compte dans ce type de calcul. Ces calculs ont ensuite été couplés à des mesures de RMN du solide, permettant de déterminer les paramètres d'orientation et de dynamique du peptide, en utilisant une approche qui consiste à prendre en compte différentes contraintes RMN. Dans un deuxième temps, une étude couplant calculs quantiques de tenseurs CSA et structures issues de dynamique moléculaire a été menée afin de prendre en compte des effets de dynamique interne du peptide
This thesis shows a brand new approach, coupling quantum calculations of NMR properties and solid-state NMR experiments. The aim is to establish a methodology that can determine the orientation and dynamics of model peptides in model membrane, more particularly the WALP 23 peptide in DMPC membrane. First, a complete study was carried out on the quantum calculations of chemical shift anisotropies (CSA) tensors, in order to determine the important elements that have to be taken into account in this kind of calculation. Then, these calculations were coupled to solid-state NMR measurements, allowing to determine the orientation and dynamics parameters of the peptide, using an approach, that consists in considering several NMR constraints. Subsequently, a study coupling quantum calculation of CSA tensors and structures extracted from molecular dynamics, was carried to take into account of the internal dynamic effects of the peptide