Relevant bibliographies by topics / Tensile and Fracture Toughness

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Tensile and Fracture Toughness'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Tensile and Fracture Toughness"

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Parasuraman, Prabhuraj, Tushar Sonar, and Selvaraj Rajakumar. "Microstructure, tensile properties and fracture toughness of friction stir welded AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy joints." Materials Testing 64, no. 12 (2022): 1843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2022-0212.

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Abstract The main objective of this investigation is to study the microstructure, tensile properties and fracture toughness of friction stir welded (FSW) butt joints of 10 mm thick AA7075-T651 plates. The microstructural features of stir zone (SZ), thermos-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) were analyzed using optical microscopy technique. The tensile properties were evaluated using smooth and notch tensile specimens and compared to base metal properties. The microhardness survey was done across the weld cross section and correlated to the failure of tensile specimens. Compact tension (CT) specimens were used to evaluate the fracture toughness of welded joints. The fractured tensile and CT specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the FSW AA7075-T651 specimens welded using axial load of 12 kN, tool rotation speed of 750 rpm and welding speed of 30 mm/min exhibited 412 MPa tensile strength and 9% elongation. It showed 88 and 89% of base metal strength elongation. The joints showed fracture toughness of 23 MPa m1/2 which is 80% of base metal fracture toughness. The superior tensile and fracture toughness properties of joints are mainly attributed to the evolution of finer grains in SZ due to the stirring action of FSW tool.
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Kubošová, Andrea, Miroslav Karlík, Petr Haušild, and J. Prahl. "Fracture Behaviour of Fe3Al and FeAl Type Iron Aluminides." Materials Science Forum 567-568 (December 2007): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.349.

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Fracture behaviour of two intermetallic alloys based on FeAl and Fe3Al was studied. On the alloys Fe-40Al-1C (at%) and Fe-29.5Al-2.3Cr-0.63Zr-0.2C (at%) (FA06Z), a basic characterization, the fracture toughness tests and fractographic analysis were carried out. Tensile tests and fracture toughness tests were performed at 20, 200, 400 and 600°C. The fracture toughness values range from 26 MPa.m1/2 at 20°C to 42 MPa.m1/2 at 400°C. In addition, Jintegral dependence on a obtained by potential method was measured. The fractographic analysis showed that samples fractured at 20, 200 and 400°C in the tensile or fracture toughness tests exhibit transgranular cleavage fracture, while at 600°C the ductile dimple fracture predominates.
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He, Rui, Longfei Cheng, Yidi Gao, Hao Cui, Yulong Li, and Jianhu Liu. "Fracture toughness of fibre failure modes in laminated composites under dynamic loading." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2891, no. 16 (2024): 162001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2891/16/162001.

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Abstract The fracture toughness regarding fibre tensile failure and fibre compression kinking was measured using compact tension and compact compression specimens on a uniaxial bi-directional electromagnetic Hopkinson bar system. During the dynamic tests, the strain/displacement fields were monitored using the digital image correlation technique with a high-speed camera. Digital and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the fracture faces of the tested specimens. The initial fracture toughness for fibre tensile failure under quasi-static and dynamic loading was 166 kJ/m2 and 113 kJ/m2, respectively. For fibre compression kinking, the initial fracture toughness was approximately 120 kJ/m2 for both loading conditions. Less fibre pull-out may be responsible for the decrease in fracture toughness for fibre tensile failure under dynamic loading. Whereas for fibre compression kinking failure, there was no significant difference in the fracture faces of the damaged specimens at different loading rates.
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Man, Ke, and Xiaoli Liu. "Dynamic Fracture Toughness and Dynamic Tensile Strength of the Rock from Different Depths of Beijing Datai Well." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (August 29, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2567438.

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From the standard test method suggested by ISRM and GB/T50266-2013, the uniaxial static tensile strength, dynamic tensile strength, and dynamic fracture toughness of the same basalt at different depths have been measured, respectively. It is observed that there may be an empirical relation between dynamic fracture toughness and dynamic tensile strength. The testing data show that both the dynamic fracture toughness and dynamic tensile strength increase with the loading rate and the dynamic tensile strength increases a little bit more quickly than the dynamic fracture toughness. With an increasing depth, the dynamic tensile strength has much more influence on the dynamic fracture toughness, as which it is much liable to bring out the unexpected catastrophes in the engineering projects, especially during the excavation at deep mining. From the rock failure mechanisms, it is pointed out that the essential reason of the rock failure is the microcrack unstable propagation. The crack processes growth, propagation, and coalescence are induced by tensile stress, not shear stress or compressive stress. The paper provides estimation of the dynamic fracture toughness from the dynamic tensile strength value, which can be measured more easily.
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Pokluda, Jaroslav, Ivo Dlouhý, Marta Kianicová, Jan Čupera, Jana Horníková, and Pavel Šandera. "Temperature Dependence of Fracture Characteristics of Variously Heat-Treated Grades of Ultra-High-Strength Steel: Experimental and Modelling." Materials 14, no. 19 (2021): 5875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195875.

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The temperature dependence of tensile characteristics and fracture toughness of the standardly heat-treated low-alloyed steel OCHN3MFA along with three additionally heat-treated grades was experimentally studied. In the temperature range of ⟨−196; 22⟩ °C, all the additional heat treatments transferred the standard steel from a high- to ultra-high strength levels even with improved tensile ductility characteristics. This could be explained by a reduction of the inclusion content, refinement of the martensitic blocks, ductile retained austenite content, and homogenization of the shape ratio of martensitic laths as revealed by metallographic, X-ray, and EBSD techniques. On the other hand, the values of the fracture toughness of all grades were found to be comparable in the whole temperature range as the cause of a high stress triaxiality in the pre-cracked Charpy V-notch samples. The values of the fracture toughness of the standard steel grade could be predicted well using the fracture model proposed by Pokluda et al. based on the tensile characteristics. Such a prediction failed in the case of additionally heat-treated grades due to the different temperature dependence of the fracture mechanisms occurring in the tensile and fracture-toughness tests. While the tensile samples fractured in a ductile-dimple mode at all temperatures, the fracture-toughness specimens exhibited a transition from the ductile to quasi-brittle fracture mode with decreasing temperature. This transition could be interpreted in terms of a transfer from the model proposed by Rice and Johnson to the model of Tvergaard and Hutchinson.
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Woo, Sung Choong. "Tensile Behavior and Fracture Toughness of Glass Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Laminates According to Fiber Layer Orientation." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1039–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1039.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the tensile behavior and fracture toughness of glass fiber reinforced aluminum hybrid laminates (GFAL) in association with the fracture process using plain coupon and single-edge-notched specimens. The tensile properties of GFAL, such as elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength, were clearly dependent on the fiber orientations. In particular, the superiority of GFAL0 in KIC and GIC was much more pronounced than that of monolithic Al 1050. However, a transverse crack parallel to the fiber orientation reduced the toughness of GFAL considerably. Microscopic observations of the fracture zone in the vicinity of the crack tip exhibited various modes of micro-fracture in the respective layers as well as fiber fractures and interface delamination between fiber composite and Al layers. Such a damage evolution in GFAL depending on the fiber layer orientation had strongly influence upon the tensile behavior and the toughness of GFAL.
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Dolatshahi, Alireza, and Hamed Molladavoodi. "PREDICTION OF ROCK TENSILE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS: HYBRID ANN-WOA MODEL APPROACH." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 39, no. 3 (2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2024.3.1.

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Various techniques are used in rock engineering to evaluate tensile fracture toughness, which is a critical parameter in assessing and designing stable rock structures. These methods typically involve laboratory investigations and statistical analysis. Nevertheless, artificial neural networks can also establish correlations among different data sets. Artificial intelligence approaches are becoming increasingly essential in all engineering fields, including the ones that study rock fracture mechanics. In this work, an artificial neural network with a hidden layer and eight neurons as well as a hybrid artificial neural network with a whale optimization algorithm were utilized to determine the tensile fracture toughness of rocks. In order to develop accurate models, this study has carefully selected four fundamental parameters to serve as inputs. These parameters include radius, thickness, crack length, and mean tensile strength of specimens. Also, 113 rock datasets were collected for models. The results show that utilization of the optimization algorithm enhances the precision in estimating the tensile fracture toughness of rocks. The R2 improved to 0.93 when the whale optimization algorithm was used. On the other hand, the correlation factor reached 0.81 when the whale optimization algorithm was not implemented.
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Mäkelä, Petri, and Christer Fellers. "An analytic procedure for determination of fracture toughness of paper materials." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (2012): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p352-360.

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Abstract The aim of the present work was to develop an analytic procedure for determination of the fracture toughness of paper materials based on laboratory material test data. Isotropic deformation theory of plasticity was used to model the tensile material behaviour of six different commercial paper grades. Closed-form analytic expressions for calibrating the material model based on tensile test data were developed. The analytically calibrated material model was shown to predict the non-linear tensile stress-strain behaviour of the investigated paper grades excellently. A closed-form analytic expression for determination of fracture toughness was developed based on the used material model and J-integral theory. The fracture toughness of the investigated paper grades was determined analytically based on laboratory fracture toughness test data. The suggested analytic procedure for determination of the fracture toughness was shown to be in excellent agreement with determinations of fracture toughness based on finite element analysis.
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Lee, Soo Hyun, Jink Wang Kim, Su Nam Kim, Sang Bong Cho, and Jon Do Yun. "Interfacial Fracture Toughness for Film on Substrate Determined by Indentation Method." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.801.

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Indentation method was used to determine the interfacial fracture toughness of epoxy coating on aluminum substrate. Tensile testing followed by finite element analysis was also performed to determine the interface fracture toughness. Fracture toughness values determined by two methods were consistent, giving reliability to indentation method for interfacial fracture toughness measurement.
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Tschegg, Elmar K., and Subra Suresh. "Tensile Fracture Toughness Measurements in Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 70, no. 3 (1987): C—41—C—43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1987.tb04960.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Tensile and Fracture Toughness"

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Newton, John Michael. "The tensile strength and fracture toughness of heavy clay bodies." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296976.

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Kannan, Manigandan. "The Microstructure, Hardness, Impact Toughness, Tensile Deformation and Final Fracture Behavior of Four Specialty High Strength Steels." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1311884520.

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Athasniya, Mohit. "Extrinsic Influence of Environment on Tensile Response, Impact Toughness and Fracture Behavior of Four Metals: Ferrous Versus Non Ferrous." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1444242002.

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Al-Shehri, Abdulhadi S. "Tensile and fracture behaviour of isotropic and die-drawn polypropylene-clay nanocomposites : compounding, processing, characterization and mechanical properties of isotropic and die-drawn polypropylene/clay/polypropylene maleic anhydride composites." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5223.

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As a preliminary starting point for the present study, physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposites (PPNCs) for samples received from Queen's University Belfast have been evaluated. Subsequently, polymer/clay nanocomposite material has been produced at Bradford. Mixing and processing routes have been explored, and mechanical properties for the different compounded samples have been studied. Clay intercalation structure has received particular attention to support the ultimate objective of optimising tensile and fracture behaviour of isotropic and die-drawn PPNCs. Solid-state molecular orientation has been introduced to PPNCs by the die-drawing process. Tensile stress-strain measurements with video-extensometry and tensile fracture of double edge-notched tensile specimens have been used to evaluate the Young's modulus at three different strain rates and the total work of fracture toughness at three different notch lengths. The polymer composite was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy, wide angle x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. 3% and 5% clay systems at various compatibilizer (PPMA) loadings were prepared by three different mixing routes for the isotropic sheets, produced by compression moulding, and tensile bars, produced by injection moulding process. Die-drawn oriented tensile bars were drawn to draw ratio of 2, 3 and 4. The results from the Queen's University Belfast samples showed a decrement in tensile strength at yield. This might be explained by poor bonding, which refers to poor dispersion. Voids that can be supported by intercalated PP/clay phases might be responsible for improvement of elongation at break. The use of PPMA and an intensive mixing regime with a two-step master batch process overcame the compatibility issue and achieved around 40% and 50% increase in modulus for 3% and 5% clay systems respectively. This improvement of the two systems was reduced after drawing to around 15% and 25% compared with drawn PP. The work of fracture is increased either by adding nanoclay or by drawing to low draw ratio, or both. At moderate and high draw ratios, PPNCs may undergo either an increase in the size of microvoids at low clay loading or coalescence of microvoids at high clay loading, eventually leading to an earlier failure than with neat PP. The adoption of PPMA loading using an appropriate mixing route and clay loading can create a balance between the PPMA stiffness effect and the degree of bonding between clay particles and isotropic or oriented polymer molecules. Spherulites size, d-spacing of silicate layers, and nanoparticles distribution of intercalated microtactoids with possible semi-exfoliated particles have been suggested to optimize the final PPNCs property.
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Al, Khaddour Samer. "Fracture Behaviour of Steels and Their Welds for Power Industry." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263409.

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Práce byla zaměřena na ověření platnosti koncepce master křivky pro hodnocení heterogenních svarových spojů, resp. teplotně stárnutých svarů. Současně bylo cílem disertace vyvinout kvantitativní model pro predikci referenční teploty lokalizující tranzitní oblast na teplotní ose za použití dat získaných z tahové zkoušky, a to za použití metody umělých neuronových sítí. Studie je současně zaměřena na heterogenní svarový spoj připravený tavným svařováním. Je zacílena na hodnocení lomového chování v tranzitní oblasti nejméně odolné části svaru, tj. tepelně ovlivněné zóny ferritické oceli v blízkosti zóny natavení s vysokolegovaným materiálem. Pro predikci referenční teploty master křivky je použita zmíněná metoda neuronových sítí, a to za použití dat z tahových zkoušek a měření tvrdosti. Predikovaná referenční teplota byla ověřována na základě výsledku experimentálních měření. Vytvoření modelu za použití neuronových sítí vyžaduje dostatečné množství dat a není vždy snadno tuto podmínku splnit. V případě sledovaného problému to znamenalo použití dat z dostatečně věrohodných zdrojů (skupiny Křehký lom ÚFM AVČR) a se známou metalurgickou historií. Smysl práce je tak možno spatřovat ve vývoji modelu neuronové sítě, která bude dostatečně přesně predikovat referenční teplotu. Celkově byla pro tyto účely použita data z 29 nízkolegovaných ocelí. Pro účely vývoje byly použity kromě hladkých zkušebních tyčí, rovněž tahové zkoušky s obvodovým vrubem testované při kritické teplotě křehkosti (mez makroplastických deformací) a při teplotě pokojové. Při tvorbě modelu byla postupně v různých kombinacích využita všechna data z uvedených zkoušek. Studie ukázala, že referenční teplota charakterizující tranzitní chování lomové houževnatosti oceli s převažující feritickou strukturou je jedinečným parametrem predikovatelným na základě vybraných charakteristik tahových zkoušek.
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Ortega, Novillo Adrián. "Characterization of the translaminar cohesive law." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406960.

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When a fibre-reinforced composite laminate is subjected to traction or compression, it develops a relatively large Fracture Process Zone where material toughening mechanisms such as matrix cracking, fibre-bridging and fibre pull-outs take place. The damage onset and damage propagation are well defined from a cohesive model point of view, although no standard procedure has been yet developed to characterize the translaminar Cohesive Law. The present Ph.D. thesis proposes an objective inverse method for obtaining the Cohesive Law from a single Compact Tension test. The proposed methodology has been correlated with numerical results, and has been satisfactorily used to characterize this property in various laminates, both in traction and compression<br>Quan un laminat compost de polímer reforçat amb fibres és sotmès a tracció o compressió, aquest desenvolupa una Zona de Procés de Fractura relativament gran, on mecanismes d'enduriment com ara l'esquerdament de la matriu, bridging i pull-out de fibres tenen lloc. La iniciació i propagació del dany estan ben definits des del punt de vista del model cohesiu, tot i que actualment encara no hi ha cap procediment estàndard per caracteritzar la Llei Cohesiva translaminar. La present tesi doctoral proposa un mètode invers per a l'obtenció de la Llei Cohesiva utilitzant únicament un assaig de la proveta Compact Tension. La metodologia proposada ha estat correlada amb resultats numèrics, i ha estat empleada satisfactòriament per a caracteritzar aquesta propietat en diversos laminats, tant a tracció com a compressió
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Wang, Chuanbo. "Experimental investigation on behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1155.

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During the last four decades, fiber reinforced concrete has been increasingly used in structural applications. It is generally accepted that addition of steel fibers significantly increases tensile toughness and ductility, also slightly enhances the compressive strength. Although several studies have reported previously the favorable attributes of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), little general data is related to performance modeling. There are studies on the effect of fibers on compression, tension and shear behavior of concrete. As models proposed so far can, at best, describe only a few aspect of SFRC with a given type and amount of fibers, establishing simple and accurate generalized equations to describe the behavior of SFRC in tension, compression and shear that take into account the fiber type and content is essential. Therefore, a comprehensive experimental research on SFRC is conducted in University of Canterbury to develop generalized equations to represent the characteristics of SFRC. In this research, standard material tests of SFRC are carried out in tension, compression and shear to enable the parametric characterization and modeling of SFRC to be conducted. The tests are conducted using two different propriety fiber types (NovotexTM and DramixTM) with volumetric ratios ranging from 0 to 2 percent of the Novotex fibers and with 1 percent Dramix fibers. Compression tests are conducted on small and large cylinders. For characterization of tensile behavior, several different test methods are used including: direct tension of SFRC alone; SFRC with tension applied to an embedded longitudinal rebar; and flexural bending test. Similarly direct shear tests are conducted to investigate the additional shear resistance contributed by steel fibers. Variations in the results of different specimens are reconciled through normalization of stress and strain parameters. Based on the experimental results, empirical relations are derived for modeling and analysis of SFRC.
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Mikel, David. "Korozní odolnost součástek z polyamidu a polykarbonátu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-376889.

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The influence of two lubricating and cleaning agents and diesel fuel on environmental stress cracking of polyamide reinforced by glass fibers and polycarbonate was studied in this master thesis. Testing of environmental stress cracking was performed by the method of critical bending deformation. Bergen elliptical strain jig was used for testing. The test liquids caused varying levels of environmental stress cracking of amorphous polycarbonate, but they did not cause environmental stress cracking of glass fiber reinforced polyamide. The test method used allows testing the resistance of both materials against environmental stress cracking of any liquid. The results can be used to design products that are expected to be exposed to corrosive liquids. Quantification of the influence of stress free corrosion on the static and impact properties of polycarbonate and glass fiber reinforced polyamide was performed by accelerated test. Specimens were exposed to test liquid and an elevated temperature of 70 °C. The mechanical properties of the tested materials were significantly affected by elevated temperature exposure. The yield strength of the polycarbonate has increased and the toughness has decreased due to physical aging. The tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced polyamide has increased due to a decrease of the moisture content of the material.
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Vlk, Václav. "Mechanické vlastnosti a lomové chování svarových spojů a základních materiálů přívodního potrubí vodní turbíny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231314.

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The master thesis is focussed on evaluation of mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of basic materials and weld joints of a water turbine supply pipe. The results of tensile tests, fracture toughness tests, hardness and micro-hardness tests and further chemical and metallography analysis are used for operating degradation level evaluation of the construction material and also for a residual operating recognition of the second, identical specimen of supply pipe.
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Karlsson, Hanna. "Strength Properties of Paper produced from Softwood Kraft Pulp : Pulp Mixture, Reinforcement and Sheet Stratification." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för kemiteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5612.

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For paper producers, an understanding of the development of strength properties in the paper is of uttermost importance. Strong papers are important operators both in the traditional paper industry as well as in new fields of application, such as fibre-based packaging, furniture and light-weight building material. In the work reported in this thesis, three approaches to increasing paper strength were addressed: mixing different pulps, multilayering and reinforcement with man-made fibres. In specific: The effects of mixing Swedish softwood kraft pulp with southern pine or with abaca (Musa Textilis) were investigated. Handsheets of a softwood kraft pulp with the addition of abaca fibres were made in a conventional sheet former. It was seen that the addition of abaca fibres increased the tearing resistance, fracture toughness, folding endurance and air permeance. Tensile strength, tensile stiffness and tensile energy absorption, however, decreased somewhat. Still it was possible to add up to about 60% abaca without any great loss in tensile strength. As an example, with the addition of 30% abaca, the tear index was increased by 36%, while the tensile index was decreased by 8%. To study the effect of stratification, a handsheet former for the production of stratified sheets, the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former was evaluated. The advantage of this sheet former is that it forms a stratified sheet at low consistency giving a good ply bond. It was shown to produce sheets with good formation and the uniformity, evaluated as the variation of paper properties, is retained at a fairly constant level when the number of layers in the stratified sheets is increased. The uniformity of the sheets produced in the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former is generally at the same level as of those produced in conventional sheet formers. The effects of placing southern pine and abaca in separate layers, rather than mixing them homogeneously with softwood pulp were studied. Homogeneous and stratified sheets composed of softwood and southern pine or softwood and abaca were produced in the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former. It was found that by stratifying a sheet, so that a pulp with a high tear index and a pulp with a high tensile index are placed in separate layers, it was possible to increase the tear index by approximately 25%, while the tensile index was decreased by 10-20%. Further, by mixing a pulp with less conformable fibres and no fines with a pulp with more flexible fibres and fines, a synergy in tensile strength (greater strength than that predicted by linear mass fraction additivity) was obtained. The effects of stratifying sheets composed of softwood and abaca were compared to the effects of refining the softwood pulp. Homogeneous and stratified sheets composed of softwood with three different dewatering resistances and abaca were also produced in the LB Multilayer Handsheet Former. It was found that by stratifying the sheets the tear index was retained while the tensile index was increased by the refining. The effects of reinforcing softwood pulp of different dewatering resistances with man-made fibres with low bonding ability were also investigated. Man-made fibres (i.e. regenerated cellulose, polyester and glass fibres) were added in the amounts 1, 3, or 5 wt% to softwood pulp of three different dewatering resistances. It was found that with refining of a softwood pulp and subsequent addition of long fibres with low bonding ability the tensile-tear relationship can be shifted towards higher strength values. The bonding ability of the man-made fibres was evaluated by pull-out tests and the results indicated that, in relation to the fibre strength, regenerated cellulose (lyocell) was most firmly attached to the softwood network while the glass fibres were most loosely attached.
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Books on the topic "Tensile and Fracture Toughness"

1

Joyce, J. A. Effects of tensile loading on upper shelf fracture toughness. Division of Engineering, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1994.

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Masters, John E. Translaminar fracture toughness of a composite wing skin made of stitched warp-knit fabric: Under contract NAS1-96014. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Translaminar fracture toughness of a composite wing skin made of stitched warp-knit fabric: Under contract NAS1-96014. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1997.

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S, Chatterjee. Measurement and utility of fracture toughness properties of irradiated pressure tube from the ring tension test. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2004.

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R, Mohan, Battelle Memorial Institute, and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Division of Engineering Technology., eds. Effects of toughness anisotropy and combined tension, torsion, and bending loads on fracture behavior of ferritic nuclear pipe. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1995.

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Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research, and India Atomic Energy Commission, eds. Estimation of fracture toughness and critical crack length of zircaloy pressure tube from ring tension test. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 1999.

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Poon, C. Tensile fracture of notched composite laminates. National Research Council Canada, 1991.

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L, Mings S., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Fracture toughness of polyimide films. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Munro, R. G. Fracture toughness data for brittle materials. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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Tinston, Stephen F. Fracture toughness of mechanised pipeline girth welds. University of Salford, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Tensile and Fracture Toughness"

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Lakirouhani, Ali, and Somaie Jolfaei. "Conflict Between Fracture Toughness and Tensile Strength in Determining Fracture Strength of Rock Samples with a Circular Hole." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_46.

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AbstractIn this article, using a two-dimensional numerical model based on the finite element method, the fracture pressure of rock samples with a circular hole in the center is obtained. In this model, a mixed criterion is used to determine the fracture pressure, which is a combination of the tensile strength criterion and the fracture toughness criterion. The superiority of this model over the tensile strength criterion or the fracture toughness criterion is that it shows well the effect of the size of the hole in the middle of the sample on the fracture stress. The main and innovative finding of this article is that if the radius of the hole in the center of the sample is more than 70 mm, the fracture strength of the sample is dependent on the tensile strength of the rock material, and if the radius of the hole is less than 70 mm, the fracture strength is dependent on the fracture toughness. According to other results, the fracture strength decreases with the increase of the radius of the hole in the center of the sample, the decrease rate is high at first and then decreases with the increase of the radius of the hole.
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Han, E. H., R. J. Hughes, H. Au, R. G. Ballinger, D. Grundy, and P. Stahle. "Fracture Toughness and Tensile Behavior of Incoloy 908." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_8.

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Koch, Kevin, Sebastian Henschel, and Lutz Krüger. "Effect of Non-metallic Inclusions on the Temperature and Strain-Rate-Dependent Strength, Deformation and Toughness Behavior of High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Steel." In Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_27.

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AbstractThis chapter presents results of investigations on the strength, deformation and toughness behavior of quenched and tempered 42CrMo4 steel. Intentional impurification and, afterwards, filtration by functionalized ceramic foam filters were applied in order to process cast steels with different amounts and distributions of non-metallic inclusions. As references, a hot-rolled steel batch and spark-plasma sintered materials were studied. The investigations focused on the loading rate and temperature effects. Both, tensile and fracture mechanics tests, were performed in order to investigate the damaging behavior due to non-metallic inclusions remaining after the melt processing of the steel. A further goal was to predict the fracture toughness of the material based on the combination of microstructural information on the inclusion distribution and the strain rate and temperature-dependent strength and deformation behavior. It was shown that the damaging effect of non-metallic inclusions, in particular agglomerated inclusions properties, is localized which leads to relatively low strain to fracture and fracture toughness, but also to crack path deflection. Furthermore, it could be observed that the small interparticle distances within agglomerated non-metallic inclusions determine the fracture toughness behavior of the materials. By analyzing the acoustic emissions, the onset of crack growth as well as the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip could be estimated.
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Purazrang, K., J. Schroeder, and K. U. Kainer. "Tensile and Fracture Toughness Behaviour of Reinforced Magnesium Composites." In Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials. Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0787-4_39.

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Reed, R. P., D. T. Read, and R. L. Tobler. "Notch Tensile Measurements and Fracture Toughness Correlations for Austenitic Stainless Steels." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9871-4_43.

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Brynk, Tomasz, Rafal M. Molak, Zbigniew Pakiela, and Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski. "Mini-samples technique in tensile and fracture toughness tests of nano-structured materials." In Materials Challenges and Testing for Supply of Energy and Resources. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23348-7_20.

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Taktak, Wafa, and Raidh Elleuch. "Fracture Toughness Resistance and Mechanical Tensile Properties of Cold Rolled CuZn30 Brass Alloy." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84958-0_25.

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Abendroth, Martin, Shahin Takht Firouzeh, Meinhard Kuna, and Bjoern Kiefer. "Determination of the Temperature-Dependent Fracture and Damage Properties of Ceramic Filter Materials from Small Scale Specimens." In Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_23.

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AbstractOpen cell ceramic foam filters are used to improve the quality of metallic cast products. They play a major role on reducing the number of inclusions within the microstructure of the cast product and restraining the liquid flow inside the mold. The newly developed carbon-bonded alumina ceramics are investigated considering the mechanical and thermal loads of the filtration process. The aim of this project is to assess the strength, the fracture mechanical behavior, and the damage properties of the filter material. Since the tiny struts of the foam have different properties than the common bulk material specimen, small specimens of millimeter size are needed. Within this work, a combination of experiments and numerical simulations are conducted for various mechanical tests at temperatures up to 1500 $${}^{\circ }\text {C}$$ ∘ C . The first test is the small punch test (SPT), where a small disk-like specimen is supported on a circular die and loaded with a spherical tipped punch until failure of the disk occurs. The small punch fracture stress is obtained from the experiments, as well as the corresponding parameters of the Weibull distribution necessary for the evaluation of the cold modulus of rupture (CMOR). Furthermore, a modified version of the SPT, the so called ball on three ball test (B3B), is carried out. In the B3B test, miniaturized disk-shaped specimens are supported with three spherical balls and loaded with a spherical tipped punch until failure. Hereby, the fracture mechanical parameters, such as the fracture toughness, are identified with the help of numerical simulations. Moreover, the Chevron notched beam test (CNB) is used to determine the fracture toughness of the ceramics. The final test is the Brazilian disc test (BDT), where compressive loads are exerted on the specimen leading to tensile stresses along the specimen diameter, perpendicular to the applied load direction. This test is employed to determine the Young’s modulus, the yield stress and the fracture toughness. In general the simplicity of all these tests, their setup, application, and results evaluation, in addition to the ease of specimens production, make them very attractive. The size of these specimens is about one order of magnitude smaller than that of common standard tests. The accompanying numerical simulations are inevitable to extract from the measurements the wanted mechanical properties.
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Logsdon, W. A. "Tensile, Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Properties of HP 9–4–30." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials. Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9871-4_42.

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Taktak, Wafa, and Riadh Elleuch. "The Pre-strain Impact on Tensile Properties and Fracture Toughness of AA5754-H111 Aluminum Alloy." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84958-0_28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Tensile and Fracture Toughness"

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Manahan, Michael. "Advanced Technology for Tensile and Fracture Toughness Characterization of In-Service Piping." In 37th International Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management Conference 2025. Clarion Technical Conferences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52202/078572-0006.

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Palkovic, S. D., K. Taniguchi, and S. C. Bellemare. "Nondestructive Evaluation for Yield Strength and Toughness of Steel Pipelines." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11204.

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Abstract Material mechanical property data including fracture toughness help address potential integrity threats such as material loss through corrosion, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and fatigue. In-the-ditch (ITD) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of mechanical properties has expanded beyond traditional hardness testing to provide measurements of strength and fracture toughness of metals without the need for sample removal and laboratory testing. This paper describes two new and complementary mechanical testing methods recently applied to vintage pipeline steels as input to integrity management. In the first method, hard blunt styluses of different geometries slide over the pipe surface at constant loads to measure material hardness. The hardness values for dissimilar styluses are input into predictive equations to determine the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the steel. When performed over longitudinal seams or girth welds, the tests identify the heat treatment including normalization. In the second method, the instrument is equipped with a wedged-shaped stylus that includes an opening, or stretch passage, where material is locally subjected to tension that results in microvoid growth and coalescence that match laboratory ductile fracture. The material response is correlated with the fracture toughness through measuring the crack tip opening displacement. Field studies and validation provide examples of application of the methods.
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Putatunda, Susil K., Saranya Panneerselvam, Codrick J. Martis, Frederick Diekman, and Rozalia Papp. "Improvement of Mechanical Properties in Austempered Ductile Iron by Cryogenic Treatment." In HT 2013, edited by B. Lynn Ferguson. ASM International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2013p0189.

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Abstract The focus of this investigation was on examining the effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) with an upper bainitic (ausferritic) microstructure. The investigation also examined the effect of cryogenic treatment on the fracture toughness of the material. Compact tension and cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from ductile cast iron as per ASTM standards and were austempered in the upper bainitic temperature range of 371 °C to 400°C and were cryogenically processed. The mechanical properties and fracture toughness of these materials were evaluated and compared with non-cryogenically treated samples.
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Brown, C. M., and W. J. Mills. "Fracture Toughness, Tensile and Stress Corrosion Cracking Properties of Alloy 600, Alloy 690 and Their Welds in Water." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96090.

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Abstract The fracture toughness and tensile properties of Alloy 600, Alloy 690 and their welds, EN82H and EN52, were characterized in 54° and 338°C water with an elevated hydrogen content. Results were compared with air data to evaluate the effect of low and high temperature water on mechanical properties. In addition, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of EN82H and EN52 welds was evaluated in 360°C water with high hydrogen. Elastic-plastic JC fracture toughness testing revealed that the fracture resistance of all test materials was exceptionally high in 54° and 338°C air and 338°C water, demonstrating that fracture properties were essentially unaffected by the high temperature water environment. In 54°C water, however, JC values for EN82H and EN52 welds were reduced by an order of magnitude, and Alloy 690 showed a five-fold decrease in JC. Scanning electron fractography revealed that the degraded fracture properties were associated with a fracture mechanism transition from ductile dimple rupture to intergranular cracking that appears to be associated with a hydrogen-induced cracking mechanism. The fracture toughness for Alloy 600 remained high in 54°C water and microvoid coalescence was the operative mechanism in both low temperature air and water. Tensile properties for all test materials were essentially unaffected by the water environment, except for the total elongation for EN82H welds which was significantly reduced in 54°C water. At a strain rate of 5 x 10−6 sec−1 in low temperature water, there appears to be sufficient time for environmental interactions to restrict ductility in EN82H welds. Constant-load testing of precracked weld specimens in 360°C water resulted in extensive intergranular SCC in EN82H welds loaded to KI levels between 35 and 55 MPa√m, whereas no SCC occurred in EN52 welds under comparable test conditions. A flutter fatigue load superimposed on a high mean stress (i.e., stress ratio = 0.9) did not accelerate cracking rates for EN82H welds in 360°C water.
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Ryu, Ho-Wan, Hune-Tae Kim, Jae-Jun Han, et al. "Effects of Side Groove on Fracture Toughness." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45731.

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This paper describes ductile tearing simulation for compact tension (C(T)) specimens using FE damage analysis based on the stress-modified fracture strain model. The side groove effect on J-resistance curve was estimated by experimental and analytical ways. In this paper, SA508 Grade 1A low alloy steel pipe material was considered. Tensile and C(T) specimens are simulated to determine the failure criteria with finite element method. Then, different shapes of C(T) specimens are analysed and the results from simulations are compared with test data for verification of proposed method. Overall, the predicted simulation results show good agreement with test data.
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Viana, Gilmer M., and Leif A. Carlsson. "Tensile and Fracture Characterization of PVC Foam Cores." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ad-25320.

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Abstract Mechanical behavior in tension and fracture toughness of cross-linked PVC foams have been characterized. Young’s modulus, yield strength and fracture toughness data were compared to micro-structural relations derived for open and closed-cell foams. The failure process and stress strain response were indicative of brittle material behavior.
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Shen, G., R. Bouchard, J. A. Gianetto, and W. R. Tyson. "Fracture Toughness Evaluation of High Strength Steel Pipe." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61100.

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Stress fields and constraint parameters (Q and A2) of circumferentially-cracked high strength pipe in displacement-controlled tension are compared with those of small-scale single-edge notched samples tested in tension (SE(T)) and bending (SE(B)). The factors affecting transferability of fracture toughness (J-resistance) data from small-scale laboratory tests to cracked high strength pipe are discussed. The crack-tip stress field is of similar form for a circumferential crack in a pipe and a SE(T) test specimen, while for a SE(B) specimen there is a significant gradient in the crack-tip stress field. Hence, the fracture toughness can be characterized by only two parameters (J and Q or J and A2) for tension-loaded pipe and SE(T) tests, but for SE(B) tests one more parameter is needed to describe the bending term. It is concluded that the constraint in a SE(T) test with ratio of span between load points to width H/W = 10 provides a reasonable match to that for a circumferential crack in a pipe subjected to tensile loading.
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Kovács, Attila, Ákos Horváth, Márta Horváth, Ildikó Szenthe, and Ferenc Gillemot. "Reconstituted Mini Tensile Specimens." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84760.

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In order to evaluate the fracture toughness and Master Curve, the exact values of the tensile and yield strengths determined at the fracture toughness testing temperature are required. The fracture toughness should be measured around the T0 reference temperature to obtain valid results. Tensile properties — if exists — are generally measured at room temperature, and at the maximum operation temperature of the pressure vessel. If T0 reference temperature is different from these temperatures a correction formula is used for interpolation or extrapolation. Several times even no reliable tensile results are available, especially in the case of irradiated specimens. Use of irradiated Charpy remnants is a solution to produce tensile bars. A specific method has been developed to produce 12 pieces of flat 2*1 mm cross section tensile specimens made from one half Charpy specimens using stud weld reconstitution. The specimen cutting is made using thin molybdenum wire spark cutting. In order to do so difficulties of handling the small radioactive specimens needed to be solved, special grips were developed for the tensile machine to clamp the miniature tensile specimens. A laser extensometer was used to measure the strain and a video microscope was used to determine the cross section after the fracture without touching the specimen. The paper presents the results obtained on more than 200 irradiated small tensile specimens. These results had been compared to the old surveillance ones.
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Saito, Yusaku, Kosuke Sudo, Kohei Kanamori, and Akio Yonezu. "Dynamic and Static Fracture Toughness of Al/Epoxy Resin Interface." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11081.

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Abstract This study evaluates the interfacial fracture strength and toughness of an epoxy resin/aluminum alloy based on two different tests of impact loading and quasi-static loading. In the impact test, we carried out the Laser Shock Adhesion Test (LaSAT). This method uses a strong ultrasonic wave induced by pulsed laser irradiation to induce interfacial fracture. Due to the grease layer ablation caused by laser irradiation, strong elastic wave generates and propagates. The tensile stress acts on the Al/epoxy resin interface, inducing an interfacial delamination. This delamination is further extended by an additional laser irradiation in order to evaluate the interfacial fracture toughness. By simulating the experimental delamination progression in FEM (Finite Element Method), we evaluated the dynamic fracture toughness of the Al alloy/epoxy resin interface. On the other hand, a quasi-static test for the toughness evaluation was conducted using a uniaxial tensile test. Before the tensile test, we produced an initial crack (initial delamination) at the interface by using laser ablation. Subsequently, this sample having initial crack is loaded by uniaxial tension. It is found that the interfacial crack progresses, resulting in unstable interfacial fracture. Furthermore, we conducted FEM simulation, in order to estimate the stress distribution near the delamination. By deriving a stress intensity factor from the stress distribution, we evaluated the quasi-static fracture toughness. To compare the dynamic and quasi-static fracture toughness of Al alloy/epoxy resin interface, we clarified the loading rate dependency of interfacial fracture toughness.
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Xiong, D. Ma, X. F. Zhang, H. Q. Yang, J. Zhu, X. H. Zhang, and L. Liu. "Testing the Key Fracture Mechanical Parameters of Shale-Sand Bedding Interface by Digital Image Method." In 58th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2024-0958.

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ABSTRACT: Artificial specimens are created with similar materials. The fracture mechanical parameters are studied by three-point bending test and digital image method. The shale-sand interface's tensile stiffness (Ks) and fracture toughness (KIC) were tested. The research findings indicate that (1) The tensile strength and stiffness of the bedding plane decrease as the specimen size increases and the fracture toughness of the bedding plane is not significantly impacted by the size, and the average fracture toughness is 0.16 MPa/m1/2; (2) There is a positive linear relationship between the tensile stiffness and tensile strength of the bedding plane; (3) The tensile stiffness and tensile strength value of the bedding interface affect the hydraulic fracture propagation path at shale-sand bedding interface. Smaller tensile stiffness and tensile strength values make it easier for hydraulic fractures to open the bedding interface and form T-shaped hydraulic fractures when they extend to the interface; (4) The propagation path of hydraulic fractures at the interface of shale and sandstone is influenced by the tensile stiffness and tensile strength of the interface. The size effect of interfacial tensile stiffness and tensile strength suggest that specimen sizes should be focused when conducting rock core parameter testing. 1. INTRODUCTION The success of hydraulic fracturing in shale-sand reservoirs is closely linked to the propagation of hydraulic fractures in the height direction (Zhu et al., 2015; Khanna et al., 2016). However, due to the impact of the mechanical properties of bedding planes, the propagation of hydraulic fractures in shale-sand reservoirs can be quite complex (Gu et al., 2008). Therefore, understanding the fracture mechanical parameters of bedding planes is crucial to studying the propagation law of hydraulic fractures. Several scholars have carried out theoretical calculations to determine the hydraulic fracture penetration height, using fracture toughness of reservoir rocks and stress intensity factor of fracture tips (Chen et al., 1997; Zhao et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2017). In order to test the fracture toughness of shale, three-point bending experiments were conducted, and fracture propagation morphology was analyzed (Heng et al., 2019). A mathematical and physical model has been established to calculate the geometric parameters of hydraulic fractures, taking into account the impact of interlayer interface effects (Peirce et al., 2009; Gu et al., 2008). However, Peirce's and Gu's study only considers shear slip that occurs at the interface and interfacial shear stiffness while ignoring the interfacial tensile stiffness. These studies conflict with the interface tensile failure proposed by (Zhao et al. 2010; Zhong et al. 2009) used interface tensile stiffness to describe the interface and analyze the interface failure behavior. At the same time, many scholars have agreed that different ground stress conditions also significantly affect the penetration of hydraulic fractures (Wu et al., 2017; Li et al., 2014).
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Reports on the topic "Tensile and Fracture Toughness"

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Joyce, J. A., and R. E. Link. Effects of tensile loading on upper shelf fracture toughness. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10140815.

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Suresh, S., J. Duffy, Y. Yeshurun, K. Yang, and T. Nakamura. Tensile fracture toughness of ceramic materials: Effects of dynamic loading and elevated temperatures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7249840.

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Palkovic, Steven, Yasamin Salamat, Brendon Willey, and Simon Bellemare. PR-610-183867-R01 Fracture Toughness via In-ditch Non-destructive Testing - Validation. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011802.

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A challenge for many pipeline operators is missing or incomplete records for sections of their transmission pipeline networks, especially regarding fracture toughness properties. These toughness values are necessary for performing fitness for service calculations and engineering critical assessment. New regulations for gas transmission pipelines stipulate conservative default values for applicable assets when traceable, verifiable, and complete (TVC) records are not available. The new rules allow for the use of nondestructive techniques within material verification programs to measure the actual steel properties in lieu of conventional destructive cut-outs. However, the nondestructive technique must be validated, and the measurement must account for error and uncertainty of the nondestructive process. The aim of this research program is to assess the capabilities and limitations of the Nondestructive Toughness Tester (NDTT) to meet the requirements of a material verification process for measuring fracture toughness properties. The NDTT is a new approach for measuring the toughness of steel pipelines through the application of a contact mechanics technique known as frictional sliding. This project consists of testing on 41 vintage steel pipe joints to compare the NDTT measurement of the tensile fracture response in a superficial volume of surface material with conventional laboratory measurements of toughness on the same sample. The outcomes include the development and assessment of nondestructive prediction models for the initiation fracture toughness from compact tension (CT) testing and the upper shelf Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact energy. This report summarizes the testing procedures and analysis methodologies used, and the prediction performance of models based on NDTT measurements.
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Haggag. L52280 In-Situ Measurement of Pipeline Mechanical Properties Using Stress-Strain Microprobe - Validation. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010668.

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Most pipeline companies operate infrastructure that spans a wide range of vintages including pipelines that were built in 1950s to the 2000s. Some of the pipelines have changed hands, and in many cases, more than once, resulting in a loss of the operating history and of pertinent pipeline data relating to the grade or mechanical properties. In the case of pipelines of unknown grades, PHMSA (OPS/DOT) stipulates the assumption of a 24 ksi yield strength, regardless of its construction. OPS also allows the establishment of the Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) of the pipeline by verifying its yield strength by carrying out statistically valid sampling. Conventional tensile testing requires the removal of samples from the pipeline for testing which results in temporary line shut down and loss of transmission service. The constructability issues around this are complex, and it requires line repair after sample extraction. In addition, this can result in a loss of throughput and consequent disruption of supply. An appropriate and relevant amount of data from the nondestructive Automated Ball Indentation (ABI) tests and the destructive tensile and fracture toughness tests provides reasonable statistical data sets to establish the validity and accuracy of the ABI technique which produces both tensile and fracture toughness properties from each single test. The ABI test (accomplished in less than two minutes) is now proven to replace both the tensile and fracture toughness tests without specimen machining or service interruption, and it requires only localized surface polishing of in-service pipelines.
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Park. L52339 Small Scale Low Constraint Fracture Toughness Test Results for High Strength Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010460.

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This is the fifth report of a series of seven reports detailing the small-scale mechanical testing performed on the trial welds in this consolidated program. An outline of the reporting flow is given in the Introduction to the Summary of Mechanical Properties report 277-T-08. The present report contains the results of application of the low-constraint tensile toughness test, supplemented with results of shallow-notch bend tests, to the three series of welds in the consolidated program, including tests on base metal, weld metal, and HAZ.
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Clark, Hart, and Beavers. L52030 In-Situ Pipeline Mechanical Property Characterization. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011148.

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The objective of this program is to identify reliable, field applicable nondestructive test methods that can be used for estimating the yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of line pipe steels. This will include the proper procedures and limitations for the equipment identified. Since a majority of the pipe that may not be properly documented is from older lines, this program is focused on Grade X60 or lower material.
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Kramer, Wilkowski, and Maxey. L51514 Flow Tolerance of Spiral-Welded Line Pipe. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011237.

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The goals of this research program were to: (1) assess the mechanical and fracture properties of spiral-welded pipe, (2) characterize the crack initiation and maximum load carrying capacity, and (3) determine stress magnification factors for helical flaws. Flattened-strap tensile tests, Charpy V-notch (CVN) tests, and JIC fracture toughness tests were performed to meet the first objective. Results showed that tensile properties are independent of specimen orientation, while CVN data varied by as much as 3 to 1 for parallel vs. transverse machined specimens. Full-scale pipe fracture experiments were conducted to meet the second and third objectives. Results showed that crack initiation was parallel to the rolling direction regardless of the principle stress direction. Stress magnification factors were also developed for through-wall and surface cracks under longitudinal and circumferential stresses. These factors allow design engineers to predict the critical bending stress, circumferential stress, and flaw size for spiral-welded pipe.
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Tandon, Samarth, and Ravi Krishnamurthy. PR-328-223812-R01 Tools and Methods to Assess Pipe Material Properties from Inside the Pipeline. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000047.

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With the energy transition to alternative fuels like ethanol and hydrogen, the use of existing pipeline networks to transport these fuels would be the most economical. Pipeline tensile and fracture toughness material property characterization would be essential for fitness-for-service for alternate fuel transportation. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) Gas Transmission 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 192 states that if there is missing or inadequate material documentation, an operator must "implement a program to test pipe samples to establish material properties". The Maximum Operating Pressure (MOP) and Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) should be established using the record evidence and integrity management, requiring material properties like grade, yield, and tensile strength. Incomplete or partial records are inadequate for establishing MOP or MAOP. The current research explores tools and technologies that can reliably assess the material properties of components of a steel pipeline from the inside of the pipeline without requiring extensive excavation. The material properties in consideration are yield strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, and fracture toughness. Additionally, chemical composition and distribution and morphology of phases and grain structure characterization would be beneficial. The long seam weld type characterization assists with pipeline integrity management. Characterization of mechanical properties, including grade, fracture behavior, and metallurgical properties, is invaluable in confirming MOP and MAOP. More importantly, material characterization allows operators to determine these pipelines' suitability for alternative fuel transportation. The research explores mainly two different ILI technologies, MFL and Eddy Current, that can be used for material property characterization. Five different ILI technology providers were contacted, and their ILI technology reviewed for material property determination. One robotic inspection technology for hardness measurement was also explored. The study reviews the technologies, provides performance measures and recommendations for future research work.
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Tiku, Sanjay, Nick Pussegoda (Archived), Morvarid Ghovanlou, and W. R. Tyson. PR-214-114509-R01 Standardization of Weld Testing for Fracture Toughness using Single Edge Notched Tests. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011578.

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Fracture toughness of steels is conventionally measured using bend specimens and provides a conservative estimate of toughness when the actual loading is in tension. There has been wide-spread interest in characterizing the toughness that occurs with reduced constraint to better reflect constraint conditions typical of a relatively shallow girth weld flaw. Recent developments in fracture toughness testing and analysis of tension loaded specimens have led to publications by CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory (now CanmetMATERIALS, CMAT) and ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company (ExxonMobil) toward development of a single-specimen procedure. As part of an initiative to enhance the state of the art in strain-based design and assessment methods, with the intent of providing support for the standardization of appropriate weld testing methods, BMT Canada Ltd (BMT), under a Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) project, has combined the two single-specimen approaches and developed a recommended practice for fracture toughness testing using single-edge-notched tension SENT (or SE(T)) samples with fixed grip loading. The procedure has been assessed by means of a round robin test program involving laboratories from around the world. Girth welds were fabricated and base metal, heat affected zone and weld center line specimens were prepared and sent to round robin participants. For the round robin program all the participants used a double clip gauge arrangement for direct CTOD measurement and electric potential drop or unloading compliance methods for crack growth measurement. In this paper, the results of the round robin test program including comparison of J and CTOD resistance curves will be presented and discussed.
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10

Wilkowski, Gery. PR-276-184501-R01 Toughness Specification to Avoid Brittle Fracture in New Linepipe Steels. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011658.

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Abstract:
Historically, Charpy test results have been used for assessing linepipe steels for fitness-for-service or new pipeline design, and the linepipe steels should be chosen such that the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature of the steel is below the minimum design service temperature. The transition temperature is typically much different for crack initiation versus crack propagation. This study focused on the transition temperature for fracture initiation which is important for liquid as well as high-energy lines. However, in recent studies, different behavior between vintage and newer steels has been noticed for the fracture initiation transition temperature relative to Charpy data. Even the fracture surface appearance in the Charpy test is much different for vintage steels than for newer steels. To investigate the above issues, the objectives of the current project were set to: a) determine if the fracture initiation transition temperature for new linepipe steels is similar to that in older steels, and how to predict it better if Charpy data are insufficient; and b) understand if the Charpy energy requirement for API 5L PSL-2 linepipe is always adequate to ensure ductile fracture initiation at the Charpy test temperature. In this project, the transition temperature behaviors of three linepipe steels from the Charpy test data, results from drop-weight tests to determine the nil-ductility temperature or DWT-NDT, and findings from more sophisticated fracture tests such as single-edge-notched tension [SEN(T)] that is representative of surface-cracked pipe behavior, and compact tension [C(T)] specimen tests that are representative of through-wall-cracked pipe behavior were determined. The report summarizes the key findings of the project for newer steels and attempts to contrast fracture initiation behavior in vintage versus newer linepipe steels.
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