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Journal articles on the topic 'Tensile yield stress'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Guo, Y. B., V. P. W. Shim, and B. W. F. Tan. "Dynamic Tensile Properties of Magnesium Nanocomposite." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.780.

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In this study, a Mg-6wt%Al alloy and its composite containing 0.22vol% Al2O3 nanoparticles are fabricated using a disintegrated melt deposition technique, and samples are subjected to quasi-static and dynamic tension. Compared to quasi-static loading, both materials exhibit significantly higher yield stresses and tensile strengths, much better ductility, and thus a higher energy absorption capacity under dynamic tension. In terms of nanoparticle addition, its influence on the mechanical properties are not notable; enhancement of the elastic modulus, yield stress and tensile strength are negligible, and there is a small reduction in ductility. The tensile behaviour obtained in this investigation was compared with results of previous compression tests, and significant tension-compression asymmetry in the response is observed. The tensile yield stress is noticeably larger than that in compression, and the profile of the stress-strain curve for tension differs from that for compression – it is convex upwards for tension, but concave upwards for compression. A possible reason for this asymmetry is the occurrence of twinning in compression and its absence in tension.

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HU, JIBIN, and DEMIN CHEN. "THE YIELD BEHAVIOR AND YIELD CRITERION OF BULK METALLIC GLASS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 06n07 (2009): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209060919.

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In order to define the relation between yield behavior and yield criterion of bulk metallic glass (BMG), analysis and investigations have been carried out for interrelations between yield strengths and the angle which fracture plane deviates from the 45° plane of the maximum shear stress in tensile and compressive test of BMG. Tensile fracture angle is consistent with the result calculated by theory of disconnected slip line field and Mises yield condition. Compressive fracture angle is consistent with the result calculated by Coulomb yield condition. Conclusion: BMG obeys different yield criterions in different stress states. For tensile, it follows Mises criterion, and for compression, it follows Coulomb criterion.

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Zhang, Chen, Dongsheng Li, Xiaoqiang Li, and Yong Li. "An Experimental Study of the Tension-Compression Asymmetry of Extruded Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V under Quasi-Static Conditions at High Temperature." Metals 11, no. 8 (2021): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081299.

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The tension-compression asymmetry (TCA) behavior of an extruded titanium alloy at high temperatures has been investigated experimentally in this study. Uniaxial tensile and compressive tests were conducted from 923 to 1023 K with various strain rates under quasi-static conditions. The corresponding yield stress and asymmetric strain hardening behavior were obtained and analyzed. In addition, the microstructure at different temperatures and stress states indicates that the extruded TA15 profile exhibits a significant yield stress asymmetry at different testing temperatures. The flow stress and yield stress during tension are greater than compression. The yield stress asymmetry decreases with the increase in temperature. The alloy also exhibits TCA behavior on the strain hardening rate. Its mechanical response during compression is more sensitive than tension. A dynamic recrystallization phenomenon is observed instead of twin generated in tension and compression under high-temperature quasi-static conditions. The grains are elongated along the tensile direction and deformed by about 45° along the compressive load axis. Finally, the TCA of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy is due to slip displacement. The tensile deformation activates basal <a>, prismatic <a> and pyramidal <c + a> slip modes, while the compressive deformation activates only prismatic <a> and pyramidal <c + a> slip modes.

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Wang, Xiao, and Hong Yun Wang. "Tension and Shearing Characteristics of Magneto Rheological Fluid under Magnetic Fields." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2657–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2657.

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The mechanical properties of a magneto rheological (MR) fluid in tension and shearing have been studied in the magnetic field which is generated by a coil carrying different magnitudes of DC electrical current. An experiment setup was designed and fabricated to perform this operation. The magnetic behavior of the equipment was analyzed using software of ANSYS/Multiphysics. The shear yield stress represents the effect of the interaction force along the shear direction (perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field). The tensile yield stress of MR fluids represents the effect of the interaction force between the polarized particles along the direction of the applied magnetic field. The shearing tests showed that the shear yield stress is proportional to the external magnetic flux density with an exponent of 1.19. The tensile yield stress is about four times of shear yield stress.

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Turcsányi, B., B. Pukánszky, and F. Tüdõs. "Composition dependence of tensile yield stress in filled polymers." Journal of Materials Science Letters 7, no. 2 (1988): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01730605.

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Cowin, Stephen C., and Q. C. He. "Tensile and compressive stress yield criteria for cancellous bone." Journal of Biomechanics 38, no. 1 (2005): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.03.003.

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Hjelm, H. E. "Yield Surface for Grey Cast Iron Under Biaxial Stress." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, no. 2 (1994): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904265.

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Biaxial plane stress experiments have been performed on cruciform specimens made of graphite grey cast iron. Different ratios of tensile and compressive loads were applied in two perpendicular directions. The primary objective of this investigation is to determine the locus of the yield surface (yield curve) under plane stress, and to establish yield functions that could model the elastoplastic behavior of grey cast iron with reasonably good accuracy. The experiments show that a sufficiently accurate description is obtained by using the ordinary von Mises yield function in the compressive-compressive region, and elsewhere, the von Mises yield function modified with a term containing the first stress invariant. It was also found that for tensile loadings nonelastic deformations develop at low stress levels. Use of the above yield function must therefore be accompanied by a very large hardening modulus for tensile loads.

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Chen, Y., V. P. W. Shim, and Manoj Gupta. "Dynamic Tensile Response of Magnesium Nanocomposites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.56.

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AZ31-based magnesium nanocomposites were produced by a disintegrated melt deposition technique, whereby different volume fractions of 50-nm Al2O3 nanoparticles (1.0v%, 1.4v% and 3.0v%) were used as reinforcement and added to AZ31 Mg alloy. A monolithic counterpart was also produced by the same process for comparison. Samples of these materials were subjected to dynamic tension at strain rates up to 1.2 103 s-1, using a split-Hopkinson Bar device. Compared to the quasi-static response, the monolithic and composite materials showed significantly increased yield stress and ductility under dynamic loading. The enhancement in yield stress with strain rate indicates rate sensitivity of the critical resolved shear stress for slip systems under tension. The addition of nanoparticles was found to reduce the grain size of the resulting material and increase the yield stress and ductility simultaneously, for both low and high rate loading.

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El-Qoubaa, Zakaria, and Ramzi Othman. "Temperature, Strain Rate and Pressure Sensitivity of the Polyetheretherketone’s Yield Stress." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 09, no. 07 (2017): 1750099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825117500995.

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The polymer yield behavior is affected by temperature, strain rate and pressure. In this work, tensile yield stress of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is characterized for temperature ranging between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]C and [Formula: see text]C). The tensile yield stress is decreasing in terms of temperature. Two temperature transitions are observed: [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]C) and the glass transition temperature. The temperature sensitivity is well captured by the modified-Eyring equation proposed by the authors. This paper completes three previous works where the PEEK’s yield behavior was described under compression on wide ranges of strain rate and temperature and under tension on a wide range of strain rates. Thus, the pressure effect is analyzed in terms of temperature and strain rate. Using either the experimental data or the modified-Eyring equation, the effect of the hydrostatic pressure is increasing with temperature and decreasing with strain rate.

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Chmielewski, T., and M. Piotrowska. "Investigation of the Variability of EPSTAL Steel Strength Parameters." Archives of Civil Engineering 65, no. 3 (2019): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0031.

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AbstractThe paper deals with the variability of mechanical properties of EPSTAL steel rods produced in Polish steelworks, i.e. yield stress Re, tensile strength Rm, and elongation Agt. Our study is based on fundamental engineering static room-temperature tensile tests for large series specimens which have been made by manufacturers as the part of a factory quality control. Statistical analysis of these results shows that the stress-strain relationship of steel tensile tests should be described by a one-dimensional stochastic process, and three the most important mechanical parameters, i.e. the yield stress, tensile strength, and elongation by random variables. Based on the statistical elaboration of experimental data, it was found that the yield stress and tensile strength of steel rods produced in the years 2016 - 2017 had the coefficients of variation of less than 3%, and there is a reasonable basis for the manufacturer to increase the characteristic value of EPSTAL steel rods yield stress by a few percentages.

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Yasuda, Yohei, Tetsuya Ohashi, and Takuro Sugiyama. "Crystal Plasticity Analysis of Scale Effect on Tensile Properties of Ferrite/Cementite Fine Lamellar Structure under Lattice Strain." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.145.

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Tensile properties of ferrite lamella in pearlite under lattice strain are examined by a strain gradient crystal plasticity analysis. Tensile direction is made to be parallel to the lamella. Obtained results of macroscopic stress-strain relation of the lamella show significant increase of yield stress and strain hardening rate with the reduction of the lamella thickness and further increase of the yield stress with positive normal lattice strain parallel to the tensile direction in the ferrite layer. Whereas normal lattice strain perpendicular to the tensile direction contributes little to the tensile properties.

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Nose, Haruo, Masao Sakane, Yutaka Tsukada, and Hideo Nishimura. "Temperature and Strain Rate Effects on Tensile Strength and Inelastic Constitutive Relationship of Sn-Pb Solders." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 1 (2003): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1533058.

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This paper describes the tensile strength and inelastic constitutive relationship of six types of Sn-Pb solders. Static tension tests were carried using 5Sn-95Pb, 10Sn-90Pb, 40Sn-60Pb, 60Sn-40Pb, 63Sn-37Pb, and 62Sn-36Pb-2Ag solders at the strain rates of 0.001–10.0%/s between temperatures of 313 K and 398 K. Strain rates faster than 2.0%/s were needed to obtain the time-independent Young modulus and yield stress of the solders. Tensile strength increased with increasing strain rates up to 10%/s. Parametric equations for predicting tensile strength, Young’s modulus and yield stress of Sn-Pb solders were developed as a function of temperature and Sn content. Plastic and creep constitutive equations were also proposed as a function of temperature and Sn content. The stress amplitude predicted by these equations agreed with the experimental results within ±2 MPa.

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Josell, D., D. van Heerden, D. Read, J. Bonevich, and D. Shechtman. "Tensile testing low density multilayers: Aluminum/titanium." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 10 (1998): 2902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0397.

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Yield stresses, ultimate tensile strengths, and specific strengths of aluminum/titanium multilayer thin films are determined from the results of uniaxial tensile tests. The plasticity in the stress-strain curves, the nature of the fracture surfaces, and the relationship of the yield stress and the bilayer thickness are discussed. Properties are compared with those of other multilayer materials published in the literature.

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Li, Wei Fen, Wei Niu, Zhi Ming Hao, and Ming Hai Li. "The Effect of Temperature on the Tensile Properties of Steel 0Cr18Ni9." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.194.

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Experiments of tensile mechanical properties of steel 0Cr18Ni9 are done on the MTS 810 tensile testing machine, and the temperature range is from 20°C to 1200°C. The stress vs. strain curves are obtained. Results show that the elastic modulus, yield stress and tensile strength decrease with increasing temperature .Based on the experiment results, the functions of the elastic modulus, yield strength and tensile strength versus temperature are represented by polynomial.

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Ando, Shinji, Masayuki Tsushida, and Hiromoto Kitahara. "Deformation Behavior of Magnesium Single Crystal in c-Axis Compression and a-Axis Tension." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.699.

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In general, deformation behavior of magnesium in compression is different from tensile. To investigate deformation behavior of magnesium single crystals by non-basal slips and twins, c-axis compression and a-axis tension tests were performed in the range of 77K-573K. The crystals were yielded by second order pyramidal slip, and the yield stress shows anomalous temperature dependence (increased with increasing temperature) between 203K and 293K. Yield stress of c-axis compression was bigger than that of a-axis tensile. In compression, fracture surface were (11 4) under 293K and were {30 4} above 373K, and fracture strain was smaller than the case of tension test. {10 1}-{10 2} double twin were activated at higher temperature and the crystal, therefore, fractured along the twin interface.

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GHAURI, I. M., NAVEED AFZAL, and YASIR IDREES. "A STUDY OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PROTON BEAM IRRADIATED Al–Mg–Si ALLOY." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 12 (2011): 1645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211100333.

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In the present paper, the microstructure and tensile properties of Al – Mg – Si alloy irradiated with 2 MeV protons for 5, 10, 20, and 40 mins at 300 K are investigated. The microstructure of irradiated specimens, observed using metallurgical microscope, shows that aspirates are emitted out from the surface of irradiated specimens, which take the form of clusters and/or precipitates with increase of exposure time. The tensile behavior of irradiated specimens was investigated using universal testing machine and compared with that of unirradiated one. The yield stress, ultimate tensile stress and % elongations remain unchanged after 5 and 10 mins of irradiation. However with an increase of irradiation time up to 20 mins, an increase in yield stress, ultimate tensile stress and decrease in % elongation was observed. With further increase of exposure time to 40 mins, the increase in yield stress and decrease in plasticity became more prominent. The results of stress relaxation tests performed during the tensile deformation have also been presented. The XRD analysis reveals that the microstructural changes controlling the tensile properties in irradiated samples appear to be physical rather than chemical.

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Zhang, D.-H., C. Guo, and X.-P. Du. "Uniaxial tensile fracture of stainless steel–aluminium bi-metals." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 5 (2011): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041298310393445.

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The mechanical behaviour of aluminium 1A30–stainless steel 1Cr18Ni9Ti bi-metals, made by the explosive welding method, is investigated under uniaxial tension conditions. The mechanical parameters of the bi-metal calculated using the mixture rule theory under uniaxial tension conditions are compared with measured parameters. It is found that the mixture rule theory is suitable for the calculation of the mechanical parameters except for ultimate tensile strength. Experimental data show that yield stress and ultimate tensile strength have an exponential relationship with the relative thickness ratio of stainless steel, respectively. A mathematical model is introduced to describe the relationships of yield stress and ultimate tensile strength to the relative thickness ratio of stainless steel. It is also found that elastic modulus, hardening coefficient, and hardening exponent basically have a linear relationship with the absolute thickness ratio of stainless steel, respectively. All the relationships show a monotonically increasing tendency. Fracture behaviour under uniaxial tensile conditions mainly take the form of fracture on the stainless steel side of the bi-metal and detachment in the interface.

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Hu, Xiao Rong, and Xiao Mei Fan. "The Triple-Shear Unified Yield Criterion and its Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1129.

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By taking account of the functions of shear stress couples acting on the dodecahedron element, a triple-shear unified yield criterion for materials is proposed to interpret a series of criteria, especially the commonly used criteria such as the Tresca’s yield criterion, the Von Mises’s yield criterion and the Mohr-Coulomb’s failure criterion through changing its contributive coefficient of the intermediate principal shear stress couples b and the tensile to compressive yield limit ratio α . In spite of that, problems of the limit inner pressures for thin and thick-wall cylinders are analyzed and the new unified solutions are deduced under the hypothesis of the perfectly elasto-plastic materials. The classical solutions based on the Tresca’s yied criterion, the Von Mises’s yield criterion and the Mohr-Coulomb’s failure yield criterion are only the special cases of the new unified solutions. Detailed analyses show that both the contributive coefficient of the intermediate principal shear stress couples b and the tensile to compressive yield limit ratio α have influences on the limit inner pressures for thin and thick-wall cylinders

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Liang, Ji-Zhao. "Effects of graphene nano-platelets size and content on tensile properties of polypropylene composites at higher tension rate." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 18 (2017): 2443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317746478.

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The influence of graphene nano-platelets size and content on tensile properties of polypropylene composites was investigated by means of a universal testing machine under room temperature and tension rate 300 mm/min. The results showed that the Young’s modulus increased with increasing graphene nano-platelets weight fraction, the tensile yield strength and the tensile fracture strength increased when graphene nano-platelets weight fraction was lower than 0.4 wt.%, and then varied slightly with increasing graphene nano-platelets weight fraction; while the tensile elongation at break decreased with increasing graphene nano-platelets weight fraction. In addition, the difference in tensile yield strength, tensile fracture strength, and tensile elongation at break between the composites reinforced separately with different size graphene nano-platelets was not significant under these experimental conditions; this could be attributed to the interfacial layer between the filler and the matrix could transfer some stress under tensile load.

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Zhang, Zhi Qian, Shi Cai Chen, Wei Ming Yan, and Xiang Xin Ren. "Experimental Investigation on Vertical Tension Property of Laminated Rubber Bearings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.583.

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In order to study the vertical tension properties of laminated rubber bearings under different shear strain, pure tension test and shear-tension test on two groups of natural rubber bearings and lead core rubber bearings with 800mm diameter are present in this paper, and the initial stiffness, yield stiffness and yield stress and ultimate tensile properties (limit stress, limit strain) of the rubber isolation bearing in different shear strain are analyzed. The results of the tests provide the reference for the application of rubber bearings on large-scale complex structures or high building structures.

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Hakoyama, Tomoyuki, and Toshihiko Kuwabara. "Biaxial Tensile Test of High Strength Steel Sheet for Large Plastic Strain Range." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.59.

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Deformation behavior of high strength steel with a tensile strength of 590 MPa under biaxial tension was investigated for a work equivalent plastic strain range of 0.002 0.16. The test material was bent and laser welded to fabricate a tubular specimen with an inner diameter of 44.6mm and wall thickness of 1.2 mm. Using a servo-controlled tension-internal pressure testing machine, many linear stress paths in the first quadrant of stress space were applied to the tubular specimens. Moreover, biaxial tensile tests using a cruciform specimen were performed to precisely measure the deformation behavior of the test material for a small strain range following initial yielding. True stress-true plastic strain curves, contours of plastic work in stress space and the directions of plastic strain rates were measured and compared with those calculated using selected yield functions. The plastic deformation behavior up to an equivalent plastic strain of 0.16 was successfully measured. The Yld2000-2d yield function most closely predicts the general work contour trends and the directions of plastic strain rates of the test material.

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Kuruppu, M. D., J. F. Williams, N. Bridgford, R. Jones, and D. C. Stouffer. "Constitutive modelling of the elastic–plastic behaviour of 7050-T7451 aluminium alloy." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 27, no. 2 (1992): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v272085.

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This paper presents an extension of the Ramaswamy, Stouffer, and Laflen unified elastic–viscoplastic theory which uses internal state variables to represent a strain rate insensitive aluminium alloy namely 7050-T7451 alloy. The model constants are evaluated from the results of a uniaxial tensile test, with strain hold at saturation, and a fatigue loop. Strain holds in the saturated region of tensile monotonic curves resulted in significant amounts of stress relaxation. The material response is cyclically stable and reveals a strong Bauschinger effect. There is a significant reduction in the yield stress between the initial yield and the subsequent tensile yield stress observed after a fully reversed fatigue cycle. All of these material characteristics were predicted successfully.

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Yan, Hongjuan, Chunguang Xu, Dingguo Xiao, and Haichao Cai. "Properties of GH4169 Superalloy Characterized by Nonlinear Ultrasonic Waves." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/457384.

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The nonlinear wave motion equation is solved by the perturbation method. The nonlinear ultrasonic coefficientsβandδare related to the fundamental and harmonic amplitudes. The nonlinear ultrasonic testing system is used to detect received signals during tensile testing and bending fatigue testing of GH4169 superalloy. The results show that the curves of nonlinear ultrasonic parameters as a function of tensile stress or fatigue life are approximately saddle. There are two stages in relationship curves of relative nonlinear coefficientsβ′ andδ′ versus stress and fatigue life. The relative nonlinear coefficientsβ′ andδ′ increase with tensile stress when tensile stress is lower than 65.8% of the yield strength, and they decrease with tensile stress when tensile stress is higher than 65.8% of the yield strength. The nonlinear coefficients have the extreme values at 53.3% of fatigue life. For the second order relative nonlinear coefficientβ′, there is good agreement between the experimental data and the comprehensive model. For the third order relative nonlinear coefficientδ′, however, the experiment data does not accord with the theoretical model.

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Hornbach, Douglas J., and Paul S. Preve´y. "The Effect of Prior Cold Work on Tensile Residual Stress Development in Nuclear Weldments." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 124, no. 3 (2002): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1481035.

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Austenitic alloy weldments in nuclear reactor systems are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failures. SCC has been observed for decades and continues to be a primary maintenance concern for both pressurized water and boiling water reactors. SCC can occur if the sum of residual stress and applied stress exceeds a critical threshold tensile stress. Residual stresses developed by prior machining and welding can accelerate or retard SCC depending on their sign and magnitude. The residual stress, cold work and yield strength distributions on the inside diameter of an Alloy 600 tube J-welded into a pressure vessel were determined by a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mechanical techniques. A new method was used to relate the XRD line broadening to the percent cold work or true plastic strain in the Alloy 600 tube. The accumulated cold work in the layers deformed by prior machining, in combination with the true stress-strain relationship for Alloy 600, was used to determine the increase in yield strength as a result of deformation due to machining and weld shrinkage. The yield strength of the deformed layer was found to be well in excess of the bulk yield for the alloy, and is therefore capable of supporting residual stresses correspondingly higher. Tension as high as +700 MPa, exceeding the SCC threshold stress, was observed in both the hoop and axial directions on the inside diameter of the Alloy 600 tubing adjacent to the weld heat affected zone (HAZ). The cold worked high tensile zones correlated with the locations of field SCC failures. The tensile residual stresses are shown to result from a combination of the high cold working from initial machining followed by weld shrinkage. The development of surface tension during weld shrinkage has been modeled using finite element methods, and the benefits of minimizing or removing the cold worked layer prior to welding are demonstrated. Further laboratory studies showing the influence of prior cold working on the formation of residual stresses following bulk plastic deformation are presented.

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Crist, Buckley, Christopher J. Fisher, and Paul R. Howard. "Mechanical properties of model polyethylenes: tensile elastic modulus and yield stress." Macromolecules 22, no. 4 (1989): 1709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00194a035.

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Lipski, Adam. "Change of Specimen Temperature during the Monotonic Tensile Test and Correlation between the Yield Strength and Thermoelasto-Plastic Limit Stress on the Example of Aluminum Alloys." Materials 14, no. 1 (2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010013.

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This paper presents an attempt to generalize the description of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test and to connect the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress with the value of a clear (physical) or proof strength (offset yield strength) on the example of tests of the following aluminum alloy sheets used in Poland for airplane structures: 2024-T3 and D16 in three grades: D16ATV, D16CzATV, and D16UTV. A thermographic camera was used for specimen surface temperature measurement during the tensile test. The Portevine–Le Chatelier effect (the so-called PLC effect) was observed for tests of specimens cut from sheet plates, which was strongly reflected in the temperature fluctuations. The course of temperature change during tensile tests was divided into four characteristic stages related to the occurrence of a clear or offset yield strength. It was found that if there is a clear yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was greater than this yield strength. If there was an offset yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was lower than this yield strength. The differences in the aforementioned values of individual yield strengths did not exceed several percent. Thus, it can be concluded that the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress determined on the basis of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test is well correlated with the value of the yield strength of the material.

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Osakue, Edward E., and Lucky Anetor. "Design of Elastic Screw Fasteners under Tensile Load." Mechanical Engineering Research 7, no. 1 (2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mer.v7n1p13.

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This paper presents an equivalent stress approach in the design of screw fasteners under tensile load. Design equations are formulated for sizing and verifying screw fastener selection. It considers axial tensile, direct shear, bending, and torsional stresses and combines them as appropriate into equivalent or effective stresses. The equivalent or effective stresses are compared with screw fastener material strength capabilities such as proof, yield, fatigue, and tensile strengths for failure assessment. Design factors are derived for assessing design adequacy the screw fastener. For elastic screw fasteners, these stresses must each be in the elastic range for the screw material. When the load is removed, elastic screw fasteners regain their original size and shape, behaving like springs. Two illustrative design examples are used to demonstrate both design verification and sizing tasks. Design verification was performed in the first example and the static yield design factors are found to be 0.77 and 0.68 for the preload and service load, respectively. These values are less than unity, representing a case of under-design in static yield failure modes. Without changing the specification of the screw fastener, the preload tension was reduced by 62.76%, and the static yield design factors changed to 1.42 and 1.12 for the preload and service load, respectively. This shows that the under-design condition resulted from high preload tension. When the screw pitch is changed from coarse to fine series, the design factors are worse off in fatigue stress resistance but indicated some improvement in static stress resistance. This suggests that fine pitch threads is not better than coarse pitch threads in fatigue stress capacity when direct shear and bending stresses are considered in Example 1. Both design sizing and verification are performed in Example 2. Design sizing suggests a screw fastener ( ) of slightly larger size than the previous solution ( ). Design verification indicates the previous solution and new solution has a minimum static yield design factor of 0.93 and 1.09, respectively for the service load. This suggests that the screw fastener of the previous solution may yield in service, if implemented. The new solution has a higher design factor in this failure mode and presents less risk of failure. From the illustrative examples presented, it seems that ignoring direct and bending stresses in screw fastener design can lead to under-design in some failure modes.

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Zhang, Xiao Jun, Xin Long Chang, Shi Ying Zhang, and Jie Tang Zhu. "Experimental Study on Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of HTPB Propellant." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.124.

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In order to investigate low temperature mechanical characteristics of HTPB (hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene binder) propellant, uniaxial tensile tests at both the low temperature and room temperature after short storage at low temperature were conducted and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) was used to observe fracture surfaces. The mechanical properties and stress-strain curves were obtained. The experimental results show that matrix tearing and particle brittle fracture occur in low temperature tensile test, but only particle/matrix interface de-wetting in room temperature tensile test. Low temperature stress-strain curves of propellant appear obviously yield region, and the yield degree is involved to the low temperature value. The low temperature mechanical properties such as maximum tensile stress, elastic modulus and strain at maximum stress against temperature are different from room temperature mechanical properties.

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Anne, Bhargavi Rani, Masaki Tanaka, and Tatsuya Morikawa. "Temperature Dependence of Mechanical Properties in Dual Phase Ti-6Al-4V." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1479.

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The temperature-dependent mechanical property of a forged Ti-6Al-4V (bimodal structure; α and α+ß phases) was investigated. Tensile test was performed at a wide range of temperatures between 77K to 550K. Fatigue test was also performed with corner notched specimens at the temperature range between room temperature and 550K. The temperature dependency of both the yield stress and activation volume was established from the tensile tests. The strong dependency of yield stress and activation volume was observed with respective to the temperature. At lower temperatures, from 77K to 250K, there was a decrease in yield stress with the increase in temperature, whereas abnormality in the yield stress was observed approximately at 275K, and the yield stress was decreased again with the increase in temperature at 325K. Activation volume was increased with increasing the temperature. The activation volume also shows abnormality at the temperatures where the abnormal trend was observed from yield stress. The reasons for the change in yield stress and activation volume with temperature were studied in detail.

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Noma, Nobuyasu, and Toshihiko Kuwabara. "Material Modeling and Springback Analysis Considering Tension/Compression Asymmetry of Flow Stresses." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.33.

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In-plane tension/compression tests of a dual phase steel sheet with a tensile strength of 780 MPa were carried out using in-plane stress reversal testing machine. Remarkable tension/ compression asymmetry of flow stress (TCA) has been observed. Moreover, biaxial tensile tests using cruciform specimens were performed to measure contours of plastic work. The test material exhibited differential work hardening (DWH). In order to reproduce the TCA, an asymmetric quadratic yield function proposed by Verma et al. (2011) was used. The parameters of the yield function were changed as a function of reference plastic strain to reproduce the DWH. Furthermore, to assess the springback prediction accuracy of the developed model, a 3-point bending experiment and finite element analyses (FEA) were performed. It is concluded that the use of the material model that is capable of reproducing DWH and TCA is a must for a highly accurate FEA of springback.

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VALVERDE, J. M., M. J. ESPIN, M. A. S. QUINTANILLA, and A. CASTELLANOS. "CORRELATION BETWEEN MICROSTRUCTURE AND YIELD STRESS IN MAGNETICALLY STABILIZED FLUIDIZED BEDS." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 02, no. 03n04 (2010): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973710000400.

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A magnetofluidized bed consists of a bed of magnetizable particles subjected to a gas flow in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. In the absence of magnetic field, there is a given gas velocity at which naturally cohesive fine particles can form a network of permanent interparticle contacts capable of sustaining small stresses. This gas velocity marks the jamming transition of the fluidized bed. For gas velocities above the jamming transition, the bed resembles a liquid. Below the jamming transition, the bed behaves as a weak solid and it has a nonvanishing tensile strength. In the absence of magnetic field, the tensile strength of the solidlike stabilized bed has its only origin in nonmagnetic attractive forces acting between particles. In the presence of a magnetic field, the gas velocity at the jamming transition and the tensile strength of the bed depend on the field strength as a consequence of the magnetostatic attraction induced between the magnetized particles. In this work we present experimental measurements on the jamming transition and tensile strength of magnetofluidized beds of linearly magnetizable fine powders. It is shown that powders with similar magnetic susceptibility but different strength of the nonmagnetic forces show a different response to the magnetic field. This finding can be explained by the influence of the nonmagnetic natural forces on the network of contacts. Thus, our experimental results reported in this paper reinforce the role of short-ranged interparticle contact forces on the behavior of the system, which contrasts with the usual modeling approach in which the magnetofluidized bed is viewed as a continuum medium and a fundamental assumption is that the fields can be averaged over large distances as compared with particle size.

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Stanciu, Mariana Domnica, Horațiu Teodorescu Drăghicescu, and Ioan Călin Roșca. "Mechanical Properties of GFRPs Exposed to Tensile, Compression and Tensile–Tensile Cyclic Tests." Polymers 13, no. 6 (2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060898.

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Currently there are many applications for the use of composites reinforced with fiberglass mat and fabrics with polyester resin: automotive, aerospace, construction of wind turbines blades, sanitary ware, furniture, etc. The structures made of composites have a complex geometry, can be simultaneously subjected to tensile–compression, shear, bending and torsion. In this paper we analyzed the mechanical properties of a polyester composite material reinforced with glass fiber (denoted GFRP) of which were carried out two types of samples: The former contains four layers of plain fabric (GFRP-RT500) and the second type contains three layers of chopped strand mat (GFRP-MAT450). The samples were subjected to tensile, compression and tensile–tensile cyclic loading. The results highlight the differences between the two types of GFRP in terms of initial elastic modulus, post yield stiffness and viscoelastic behavior under cyclic loading. Thus, it was observed that the value of the modulus of elasticity and the value of ultimate tensile stress are approximately twice higher in the case of GFRP-RT500 than for the composite reinforced with short fibers type GFRP-MAT450. The tensile–tensile cyclic test highlights that the short glass fiber-reinforced composite broke after the first stress cycle, compared to the fabric-reinforced composite in which rupture occurred after 15 stress cycles. The elasticity modulus of GFRP-RT500 decreased by 13% for the applied loading with the speed of 1 mm/min and by 15% for a loading speed of 20 mm/min.

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Kremnev, Leonid, Vyacheslav Matyunin, Artem Marchenkov, and Larisa Vinogradova. "On the nature of steel fatigue fracture." International Journal of Computational Physics Series 1, no. 1 (2018): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29167/a1i1p181-183.

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Experimental data confirmed that if steel cyclic stress reduces to less than tensile yield stress values, i.e., in case of high-cycle fatigue, the mechanism of fracture changes from dislocation to vacancy one. The authors based their findings on the fact that steel density determined by the method of liquid displacement is less than that of steel in both initial conditions and after fracture under the cyclic loads exceeding tensile yield stress values. In the latter case steel hardness increases, whereas the specimens fractured under the cyclic stresses less than their tensile yield stress values show no change in hardness. It means that in such a case metal fractures without strain hardening, i.e., undergoes brittle fracturing developing by vacancy mechanism rather than by dislocation one. As a result, such steel obtains the structure and properties similar to those appearing after its exposure to radiation, i.e., friability and brittleness.

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Parrado-Agudelo, Jessica Zuleima, and Carlos Narváez-Tovar. "Mechanical characterization of polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and Lay-Fomm 40 parts manufactured by fused deposition modeling, as a function of the printing parameters." ITECKNE 16, no. 2 (2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/iteckne.v16i2.2354.

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This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of parts manufactured by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) using three biocompatible polymer materials: Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Lay-Fomm 40. Also, it was analyzed the influence of different printing parameters, material selection, infill percentage, and raster angle, over the mechanical properties. The samples were subjected to tension and compression tests using a universal testing machine, and elastic modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress were obtained from the stress-strain curves. PLA samples have the highest elastic modulus, yield stress and ultimate stress for both compression and tension tests, for example, the ultimate tensile stress with infill percentage of 30 % and raster angle of 0-90° has an average value of 41.20 MPa, while PCL samples had an ultimate tensile stress average value of 9.68 MPa. On the other hand, Lay-Fomm40 samples had the highest elongations, with percentage values between 300 and 600 %. Finally, ANOVA analysis showed that the choice of the material is the leading printing parameter that contributes to the mechanical properties, with percentages of 84.20% to elastic modulus, 93.30% to yield stress, and 82.44% to ultimate stress. The second important factor is the raster angle, with higher strengths for the 0-90° when compared to 45-135°. On the other hand, the contribution of the infill percentage to the mechanical properties was no statistically significant. The obtained results could be useful for material selection and 3D printing parameters definition for additive manufacturing of scaffolds, implants, and other structures for biomedical and tissue engineering applications.

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Mizuuchi, Kiyoshi, Takashi Takeuchi, Kanryu Inoue, et al. "Properties of Boron Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites Fabricated by Pulsed Current Hot Pressing (PCHP)." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3139.

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Boron-fiber-reinforced Al-matrix composite was fabricated by a pulsed current hot pressing (PCHP) process at a pressure of 32MPa for 600s. It was found that the boron fiber and the Al-matrix were well bonded when the PCHP process was performed at a holding temperature of 773K. No interfacial reaction layer was observed along the interface between the boron fiber and the matrix when PCHP was done at 773K for 600s. Tensile deformation carried out at room temperature for the composite showed that the tensile yield stress increased with increasing volume fraction of the boron fiber in the composite. The composite with 17.2 vol.% of boron fiber presented a tensile yield stress of 600MPa. This value was about 90% the yield stress estimated by a force equilibrium equation of a composite taking into account the direction of fiber axis.

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Huang, Liyang, Jiru Zhong, Guoyao Chen, Tong Xu, and Kaishu Guan. "Methodology to evaluate strength properties of steel by single instrumented indentation test." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 56, no. 6 (2021): 404–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03093247211014761.

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The instrumented indentation test (IIT) is an attractive non-destructive testing technique. Determining accurate strength properties of steel using IIT is still challenging. In this paper, a new methodology is proposed to acquire the yield and ultimate tensile strength from a single IIT. This method extracts true stress-strain curves from IIT results. Acquired stress-strain curves indicate that the initial yield stress is not repeatable. This is caused by the inhomogeneous deformation of IIT specimens. Based on the obtained true stress-stain curves, corresponding yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength are calculated through theoretical derivation. The results show that the strength has a convergent tendency. On basis of this phenomenon, the strength is determined with an extrapolating method. Finally, the strength properties of Q345R are investigated to verify the reliability of this method. It is found that the strength determined from IIT and conventional tensile tests shows good agreement. The proposed method is effective in predicting strength properties from a single instrumented indentation test.

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Jia, Wei Ping, and José Valdemar Fernandes. "Plastic Behaviour of Copper Polycrystal Subjected to Fatigue-Tension Sequential Loading Tests." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.897.

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Sequences of fatigue-tension tests were performed on copper polycrystal sheet, with 32µm mean grain size. The effect of strain path change on subsequent reloading yield stress as well as work hardening rate has been investigated. Dislocation microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy after mechanical tests. Under present conditions, it was found that fatigue prestraining caused the increase of reloading yield stress, larger amplitude of strain path change resulted in higher reloading yield stress and lower work hardening rate. Reloading tensile curves are independent of predeformation plastic strain amplitudes in both cases. Many isolated dislocation lines between cell walls have been detected for Φ=0° case when the subsequent tension strain amount is 5%, this can be well understood from the microscopic dislocation slip mechanisms. When the reloading tension tests have been done until rupture, dislocation structures become typical of monotonic tension without preloading. The correlation of mechanical properties and microstructural observations was discussed in this paper.

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Chiem, Chi-Yuen, and Zeng-Gang Liu. "The Relationship Between Tensile Strength and Shear Strength in Composite Materials Subjected to High Strain Rates." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 110, no. 2 (1988): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226030.

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This paper contributes to understand the dynamic behavior of a woven carbon/epoxy composite subjected to tensile and shear impact loading in the orthogonal direction by using the tensile and torsional split-Hopkinson bars, respectively. The influences of the equivalent strain rates on the tensile and shear yield stress and strength are found. The yield stress ratio and strength ratio between tensile and shear loading on this composite are compared at a range of the equivalent strain rates from 500 s−1 to 3000 s−1. The relationship between the strain rates and these ratios are established. The failure mechanism is analyzed by microscope observation on the rupture surface of the specimens.

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de Melo Pereira, Alexandre, Marcelo Costa Cardoso, and Luciano Pessanha Moreira. "Effects of Strain-Rate and Deformation Mode on Strain-Induced Martensite Transformation of AISI 304L Steel Sheet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 835 (May 2016): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.835.216.

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Metastable austenitic stainless steels are prone to strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) during deformation at room temperature, as in the case of sheet metal forming processes. SIMT is influenced by chemical composition, grain size, temperature, deformation mode or stress state and strain-rate effects. In this work, uniaxial and plane-strain tension tests were performed in AISI 304L sheet to evaluate the SIMT as a function of strain-rate. Feritscope and temperature in-situ measurements were performed during the uniaxial tensile testing. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique was employed to determine the in-plane surface strains of the plane-strain tension specimen. From the uniaxial tensile and plane-strain tension results, the yield stress increased with the strain-rate in the small strain range whereas a cross-effect in the stress-strain curve is exhibited in the large strain domain. This effect is attributed to the specimen heat generation, which inhibits the SIMT phenomenon. Conversely, plane-strain deformation mode displayed a higher SIMT rate and an improved work-hardening behavior in comparison to the uniaxial tensile straining.

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Xu, Zhi Qiang, Yin Zhong Shen, Bo Ji, Sheng Zhi Li, and Ai Dang Shan. "Serrated Flow in an 11Cr Ferritic/Martensitic Steel." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.125.

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Serrated flow behavior of an 11Cr ferritic/martensitic steel was investigated through tensile tests at initial strain rates of 2×10-510-3 s-1 at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 973 K. Serrated flow occurred at three temperature regions of room temperature, 573 K and 773973 K when tensile tests were conducted at a strain rate of 2×10-4 s-1. Serrations are also observed in the steel during tension at temperatures of 573 K and 773973 K at a strain rate of 2×10-5 s-1. With increasing tensile temperature, the yield stress and ultimate tensile stress of the steel were gradually decreased and quickly dropped at temperatures higher than 773 K, while the elongation of the steel was decreased to a minimum at 600 K, and then dramatically increased at temperatures higher than 600 K.

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Verlinden, Bert, En Ze Chen, Laurent Duchêne, and Anne Marie Habraken. "Transient Yielding during Compression Tests on ECAP’ed AA1050 Aluminium." Materials Science Forum 667-669 (December 2010): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.667-669.955.

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In most papers dealing with tension and/or compression tests, the conventional yield stress is determined either by an offset method (usually 0.2% strain) or by back extrapolation from the stress-strain curve. In our experiments on ECAP’ed Aluminium a transient hardening saturation (THS) is always observed during the compression tests, but not during the tensile tests. This THS occurs at a significantly lower stress than the conventional yield stress. The aim of the present paper is to determine which the “real” start of yielding is. Two different experimental approaches have been adopted, confirming that the THS stage is exactly the yielding stage. This is not unimportant because it increases the tension-compression asymmetry and hence the back-stress and kinematic hardening. The reason for this different behaviour between tension and compression can be ascribed to a different change in strain path with respect to the ECAP deformation.

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Eipert, Irena, Giribaskar Sivaswamy, Rahul Bhattacharya, Muhammad Amir, and Paul Blackwell. "Improvement in Ductility in Commercially Pure Titanium Alloys by Stress Relaxation at Room Temperature." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.92.

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Present work focusses on the effect of stress relaxation on the tensile behaviour of two commercially pure titanium alloys of different strength levels (Grade 1 and Grade 4) subjected to tensile tests at room temperature. The stress relaxation tests were performed by interrupting the tensile tests at regular strain intervals of 5% in the plastic region of the tensile curve and compared to the monotonic tensile tests at different strain rates ranging from 10-4to 10-1s-1. To understand the effect of anisotropy, samples were taken along 0° and 90° to rolling direction (RD) for both the alloys. Improvement in ductility of different levels at all the strain rates was observed in both the alloys when stress relaxation steps were introduced as compared to monotonic tests. However there is not much change in the flow stress as well as in strain hardening behaviour of the alloys. The true stress-true strain curves of Grade 4 samples taken in 90° to RD exhibited discontinuous yielding phenomenon after the yield point, which is termed as a yield-point elongation (YPE). The improvement in ductility of the Cp-Ti alloys can be linked to recovery process occurring during the stress relaxation steps which resulted in the improvement in ductility after repeated interrupted tensile tests. The paper presents and summarise the results based on the stress relaxation for the two different alloys.

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DesLauriers, Paul J., Mark J. Lamborn, and Jeff S. Fodor. "Correlating polyethylene microstructure to stress cracking; correlations to post yield tensile tests." Polymer 153 (September 2018): 422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.023.

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Povolo, Francisco, Gustavo Schwartz, and Élida B. Hermida. "Temperature and strain rate dependence of the tensile yield stress of PVC." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 61, no. 1 (1996): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19960705)61:1<109::aid-app12>3.0.co;2-2.

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Cabrini, Marina, Luigi Coppola, Sergio Lorenzi, et al. "Hydrogen Permeation in X65 Steel under Cyclic Loading." Materials 13, no. 10 (2020): 2309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102309.

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This experimental work analyzes the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism in quenched and tempered low-alloyed steels. Experimental tests were performed to study hydrogen diffusion under applied cyclic loading. The permeation curves were fitted by considering literature models in order to evaluate the role of trapping—both reversible and irreversible—on the diffusion mechanism. Under loading conditions, a marked shift to the right of the permeation curves was noticed mainly at values exceeding the tensile yield stress. In the presence of a relevant plastic strain, the curve changes due to the presence of irreversible traps, which efficiently subtract diffusible atomic hydrogen. A significant reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficient and a considerable increase in the number of traps were noticed as the maximum load exceeded the yield strength. Cyclic loading at a tensile stress slightly higher than the yield strength of the material increases the hydrogen entrapment phenomena. The tensile stress causes a marked and instant reduction in the concentration of mobile hydrogen within the metal lattice from 55% of the yield strength, and it increases significantly in the plastic field.

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Chiba, Akira, Souta Matsusaka, Hirofumi Hidai, and Noboru Morita. "Prediction of the Tensile Thermal Stress Generation Conditions for Laser Irradiation of Thin Plate Glass with Forced Cooling Based on the Plane Stress Model." International Journal of Automation Technology 12, no. 4 (2018): 590–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0590.

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The tensile thermal stress generated by laser irradiation with forced cooling is critical in the cleavage processing of thin plate glass. In this study, we predicted the conditions for generating tensile thermal stress in laser-induced cleavage of thin plate glass using numerical models from the viewpoint of the cooling and heating areas. An unsteady two-dimensional model was used to predict the temperature distribution and an unsteady plane stress model was used to predict the thermal stress. To generate tensile thermal stress, a cooling area is required behind the heating area. A specific scanning speed is required to yield the maximum tensile stress between the heating and cooling areas. A weak heat transfer coefficient in the cooling area generates tensile thermal stress only in the direction perpendicular to (y direction) the scanning direction of the heat source (x direction). A strong heat transfer coefficient generates tensile thermal stress in both the x and y directions. These tensile thermal stresses are surrounded by horseshoe-shaped compressive thermal stress. The tensile thermal stress can be controlled by selecting an appropriate cooling method for the cooling area.

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Wellekens, J. B., Wim De Waele, Rudi Denys, Stijn Hertele, and Matthias Verstraete. "Interpretation of stress-strain curve in pipeline research." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 1, no. 1 (2010): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v1i1.20393.

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For the design of on-shore pipelines installed in areas that are susceptible to ground movements and offshore pipelines, axial stresses above yield must be considered. In such so-called strain-based design,knowledge of the stress-strain behaviour of the pipeline steel and girth welds is highly important. These behaviours are influenced by many factors, including: welding parameters, operation temperature, tensile test specimen geometry and orientation, and microstructure of the steel. This paper focuses on the influence of the tensile test specimen geometry and orientation, for the case of UOE formed pipes. As regards the geometry, it is concluded that the stress-strain diagram is most representative for a flat fullthickness test specimen. As regards the orientation, the yield stress is higher for transversal test specimens, as compared to longitudinally oriented test specimens.

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Koyun, Ahmet, Baris Koksal, Esma Ahlatcioglu, and A. Binnaz Hazar Yoruc. "Statistical Evaluation Tensile Properties of High-Density Polyethylenes." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.213.

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The mechanical properties, among all the properties of plastic materials, are often the most important properties because virtually all service conditions and the majority of end-use applications involve some degree of mechanical loading [1]. In the present work three different commercial polyethylene materials are tensile tested at four or five different tensile rates and two or three temperatures. Tensile test results against tensile rate include stress at 0.5 % elongation, tensile strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation at yield and % elongation are determined. It is concluded that the structure, chain lengths and branching rates of polymer matrix significantly effected tensile test curve characteristic.

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Lee, K. A., Young Won Chang та Chong Soo Lee. "Yield Stress Anomalous Behavior in β-CuZn Alloy". Materials Science Forum 449-452 (березень 2004): 841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.841.

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A series of tensile and load relaxation behaviors in B2 type β-CuZn alloy have been examined to clarify the strain rate & the temperature dependence of yield stress anomaly. As strain rate increased, the anomalous peak moved to a higher stress and temperature region. The anomalous yielding region below peak temperature (Tp) revealed slightly positive strain rate dependence, while the region above Tp showed considerably positive strain rate dependence. Based on the different tendency of temperature and strain rate dependence of anomalous yielding, two types of deformation modes were suggested and incorporated into the yield stress vs. temperature curve analysis, which was in accord well with the experimental results. The less sensitive strain rate dependence of yield stress anomaly indicated that the yield stress anomalous behavior in β-CuZn alloy mainly seemed to be attributed to the vacancy hardening.

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Liang, Jiong Feng, Ze Ping Yang, and Lan Lan Yan. "Calculation of Flexural Capacity of Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with FRP." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 1141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.1141.

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Based on earlier theoretical works on RC beams ,the mechanical properties of steel reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP(fiber reinforce polymer) are further investigated theoretically including theirs failure mechanism and loadability. According to the design method of reinforced concrete beam strengthened with FRP, steel reinforced concrete beam strengthened with FRP mainly can have three kinds of destruction patterns: the first case is the tensile steel yield, the tensile shaped steel yield, the FRP are put off, the compressive zone’s concrete has not crushed; the second case is the tensile steel yield, the tensile shaped steel yield, the FRP are put off; the compressive zone’s concrete has crushed; the last case is the tensile steel yield, the tensile shaped steel yield, the FRP are not put off, the compressive zone’s concrete has crushed. The second case is discussed in this paper.Based on the different position of middle axle and steel, steel concrete beams strengthened with FRP include: middle axle through the steel web, and not through the steel and just in steel compression flange . Aim at these three kind of situations, the stress are analysed. According to the stress patterns of steel reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP and different position between neutral axis and steel, the discriminant formula of the boundary destroys and the formula of cross-section flexural capacity calculation are put forward by using limit equilibrium theory.The formula is expressed clearly, simple and easy to use.The depth of compressive region is given in view of different failure types.

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