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Journal articles on the topic 'Tension stiffening'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Salys, Donatas, Gintaris Kaklauskas, and Viktor Gribniak. "MODELLING DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF RC BEAMS ATTRIBUTING TENSION-STIFFENING TO TENSILE REINFORCEMENT." Engineering Structures and Technologies 1, no. 3 (2009): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2009.17.

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After cracking, the stiffness of the member along its length varies, which makes the calculation of deformations complicated. In a cracked member, stiffness is largest in the section within the uncracked region while remains smallest in the cracked section. This is because in the cracked section, tensile concrete does not contribute to the load carrying mechanism. However, at intermediate sections between adjacent cracks, concrete around reinforcement retains some tensile force due to the bond-action that effectively stiffens member response and reduces deflections. This effect is known as ten

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2

Sokolov, Aleksandr, Domas Valiukas, Mariyam Praliyeva, Amarjeet Kumar, Darius Bacinskas, and Gintaris Kaklauskas. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of tension stiffening and curvature in RC beams with extended concrete cover." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 31, no. 2 (2025): 144–52. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2025.23244.

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Accurate assessment of tension stiffening is important for predicting deflection and crack width in RC structures. Earlier studies by the authors have shown that an extended cover thickness increases tension stiffening in bending RC members. The current study experimentally and theoretically investigates curvature and tension stiffening in RC beams nominally having a 50 mm cover for 32 mm bars of tensile reinforcement. The four-point bending tests were carried out on square section (400×400 mm) RC beams. Mean experimental curvatures were obtained for the pure bending zone by different approach

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3

Dey, Alinda, Akshay Vijay Vastrad, Mattia Francesco Bado, Aleksandr Sokolov, and Gintaris Kaklauskas. "Long-Term Concrete Shrinkage Influence on the Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structures." Materials 14, no. 2 (2021): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020254.

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The contribution of concrete to the tensile stiffness (tension stiffening) of a reinforced concrete (RC) member is a key governing factor for structural serviceability analyses. However, among the current tension stiffening models, few consider the effect brought forth by concrete shrinkage, and none studies take account of the effect for very long-term shrinkage. The present work intends to tackle this exact issue by testing multiple RC tensile elements (with different bar diameters and reinforcement ratios) after a five-year shrinking time period. The experimental deformative and tension sti

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4

Bischoff, Peter H. "Effects of shrinkage on tension stiffening and cracking in reinforced concrete." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 3 (2001): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-117.

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Basic concepts of tension stiffening behaviour of reinforced concrete members under tension are reviewed, and different approaches to account for this behaviour are linked together. This includes a "load sharing" approach, where the average load carried by the cracked concrete is used to determine the post-cracking stressstrain response of concrete in tension, and a "tension stiffening strain" approach, which evaluates changes in member stiffness to obtain a reduction in member deformation by including the stiffening effect of the tension carried by concrete between cracks. Shrinkage strains

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5

Kaklauskas, Gintaris, Rokas Girdzius, Darius Bacinskas, and Aleksandr Sokolov. "Numerical Deformation Analysis of Bridge Concrete Girders." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 3, no. 2 (2008): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1822-427x.2008.3.51-56.

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Present research was aiming at deriving tension stiffening relationship based on EC2 provisions for deformation analysis of bending RC structures. According to the algorithm proposed by the first author, a tension stiffening relationships were derived from moment-curvature diagrams of reinforced concrete beams calculated according to EC2 technique. The obtained tension stiffening relationship was applied in the parametric study, using non-linear finite element software ATENA and layered model. Theoretical results were compared with experimental data of beams reported in the literature. The def

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6

Bischoff, Peter H., and Richard Paixao. "Tension stiffening and cracking of concrete reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 31, no. 4 (2004): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l04-025.

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Tension stiffening and cracking of axial tension members is evaluated for concrete reinforced with steel (reinforcing ratio ρ = 2.0%) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars (1.3%, 2.0%, and 2.9%), with shrinkage included in the analysis of the member response. Results show that because of a lower bar stiffness the GFRP-reinforced concrete exhibits greater tension stiffening than steel-reinforced concrete for any given value of axial member strain. Transverse cracking in the GFRP-reinforced concrete does not stabilize until much higher values of axial strain are reached, and longitudina

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7

Zhang, Tao, Phillip Visintin, and Deric J. Oehlers. "Partial-interaction tension-stiffening properties for numerical simulations." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 5 (2016): 812–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216660654.

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The partial-interaction behaviour of tension-stiffening affects or controls virtually all aspects of reinforced concrete member behaviour as it controls the formation and widening of cracks as well as the load developed within the reinforcement crossing a crack. In this article, simple closed-form solutions for the tension-stiffening behaviour of reinforced concrete prisms are derived through mechanics and are presented in a form that can be easily used in both displacement-based and strain-based numerical modelling. This research quantifies not only the pseudo material properties of tension-s

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8

Girdžius, Rokas, Gintaris Kaklauskas, Renata Zamblauskaitė, and Ronaldas Jakubovskis. "A SHORT-TERM DEFORMATION ANALYSIS METHOD OF FLEXURAL REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 3, no. 3 (2011): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2011.13.

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The deformation analysis of cracked reinforced concrete (RC) members is not straightforward and often controversial. The main difficulties arise from the complex structure of concrete matrix, different mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcement, the creep and shrinkage of concrete and tension stiffening. The latter effect is related to intact concrete and reinforcement interaction between cracks. Tension stiffening effect has a significant influence on the results of a shortterm deformation analysis of RC members. The present research is aimed at deriving tension-stiffening relationsh

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9

Vollum, R. L., N. Afshar, and B. A. Izzuddin. "Modelling short-term tension stiffening in tension members." Magazine of Concrete Research 60, no. 4 (2008): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2007.00125.

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10

Aryanto, Aris, and Berto Juergen Winata. "Tension Stiffening Behavior of Polypropylene Fiber- Reinforced Concrete Tension Members." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 53, no. 2 (2021): 210209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.2.9.

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This paper focuses on comparing the behavior of RC tension members with and without the addition of polypropylene fibers at various corrosion levels. Eight cylindrical tensile specimens were tested to evaluate their tension-stiffening and cracking behavior. The content of polypropylene fiber added into the concrete mix was the main variable (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0% of total volume). The corrosion level was varied from slight (5%), medium (10%) to severe (30%) and, like the other variables, applied only to 1.0% polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete (PFRC) specimens. The test results sho

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11

Gu, Jin-Ben, Jun-Yan Wang, and Yi-Qing Guo. "Cyclic Behavior of Reinforced High Strain-Hardening UHPC under Axial Tension." Materials 14, no. 13 (2021): 3602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133602.

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The cyclic tensile behavior of steel-reinforced high strain-hardening ultrahigh-performance concrete (HSHUHPC) was investigated in this paper. In the experimental program, 12 HSHUHPC specimens concentrically placed in a single steel reinforcement under cyclic uniaxial tension were tested, accompanied by acoustic emission (AE) source locating technology, and 4 identical specimens under monotonic uniaxial tension were tested as references. The experimental variables mainly include the loading pattern, the diameter of the embedded steel rebar, and the level of target strain at each cycle. The ten

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12

Scott, R. H., and A. W. Beeby. "Procedures for Long Term Testing of Reinforced Concrete Tension Specimens." Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (September 2004): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.239.

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Long term tension stiffening effects in beams and slabs were investigated by a comprehensive series of laboratory tests on tension specimens together with a small number of slabs. Some tension specimens contained strain gauged rebars to obtain very detailed data concerning reinforcement strain distributions. The results indicated that tension stiffening decayed much more rapidly than was previously thought and the important implications of this finding on the current design rules for deflection control are indicated.

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13

Atkinson, Richard H., and Michael I. Hammons. "Tension Stiffening Behavior of Reinforced Masonry." Journal of Structural Engineering 123, no. 5 (1997): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1997)123:5(597).

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14

Hegemier, G. A., H. Murakami, and L. J. Hageman. "On tension stiffening in reinforced concrete." Mechanics of Materials 4, no. 2 (1985): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(85)90014-6.

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15

Empelmann, Martin, and Volker Henke. "Tension-Stiffening bei Zugstäben mit “Kombibewehrung”." Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 103, no. 12 (2008): 792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/best.200800648.

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16

Song, Young Jae, and Hyun Do Yun. "Tension Stiffening and Cracking Behavior of Ultra High Strength Strain-Hardening Cement Composite (UHS-SHCC) Ties in Monotonic and Cyclic Tension." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3982.

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This study investigates the tensile response of reinforced ultra high strength strain- hardening cement composite (UHS-SHCC) ties in directly monotonic and cyclic tension. The UHS-SHCC exhibits valuable material properties such as high compressive strength, tensile strain-hardening and ductility. However, UHS-SHCC requires high volume of cement, which leads to more shrinkage than conventional concrete. Authors have considered replacing a part of cement by the expansive admixture (EXA) for compensating the shrinkage of UHS-SHCC. Specifically, this paper explores the structural application of a

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17

Wesołowski, Marek, and Maciej, Tomasz Solarczyk. "Scheme of crack formation on the example of an axially tension reinforced concrete bar." Inżynieria i Budownictwo LXXX, no. 3 (2024): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.4870.

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The paper presents in a schematic way the idea of the formation of cracks in reinforced concrete structures on the example of an axially tension bar. The initial and final state of the cracks was described. A formula for the width of the crack was derived. The geometric interpretation of cracks for the initial cracking phase and the tension stiffening effect were presented on the example of an axially tension element. Examples of calculations of the tension stiffening effect, crack width and average adhesion stresses for the initial crack phase were presented

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18

Girdžius, Rokas, Gintaris Kaklauskas, and Renata Zamblauskaitė. "STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBER SUBJECTED TO AXIAL TENSION." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 13, no. 2 (2007): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13928619.2007.9637784.

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This paper discusses the load and deflection relationship of reinforced concrete members subjected to axial tension. A new tension stiffening relationship depending on tensile strength of concrete, reinforcement ratio, and the ratio of modulus of elesticity of steel and concrete has been proposed. The results obtained were compared with the numerical test data and the formulas proposed by other authors.

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19

Al-Manaseer, A. A., and D. V. Phillips. "Numerical study of some post-cracking material parameters affecting nonlinear solutions in RC deep beams." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 5 (1987): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-096.

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This paper describes a numerical study of some of the quasi-material parameters which are used to define the post-cracking response in smeared crack models for the nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete. The two major effects studied were interface shear transfer and tension stiffening. The investigation was carried out on a solid deep beam using a nonlinear plane stress formulation. Parabolic isoparametric elements were used with a standard nonlinear solution procedure.The effect of the quasi-material parameters was found to be significant in predicting the behaviour of the

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20

Oukaili, Nazar. "Unified Methodology for Strength and Stress Analysis of Structural Concrete Members." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 26, no. 1 (2021): 178–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2021-0011.

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Abstract In this paper, a methodology is presented for determining the stress and strain in structural concrete sections, also, for estimating the ultimate combination of axial forces and bending moments that produce failure. The structural concrete member may have a cross-section with an arbitrary configuration, the concrete region may consist of a set of subregions having different characteristics (i.e., different grades of concretes, or initially identical, but working with different stress-strain diagrams due to the effect of indirect reinforcement or the effect of confinement, etc.). This

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21

Ian Gilbert, R. "Tension Stiffening in Lightly Reinforced Concrete Slabs." Journal of Structural Engineering 133, no. 6 (2007): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2007)133:6(899).

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22

ONIZUKA, Yuka, and Toshiyuki KANAKUBO. "STUDY ON TENSION-STIFFENING EFFECT OF ECC." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 75, no. 653 (2010): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.75.1327.

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23

Vigdergauz, Shmuel. "Optimal stiffening of holes under equibiaxial tension." International Journal of Solids and Structures 30, no. 4 (1993): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(93)90188-d.

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24

Zanuy, Carlos, Pablo de la Fuente, and Luis Albajar. "Estimation of parameters defining negative tension stiffening." Engineering Structures 32, no. 10 (2010): 3355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.07.009.

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25

Abdulrahman, Hamdi, Rahimah Muhamad, Ahmad Azim Shukri, et al. "Tension Stiffening and Cracking Behavior of Axially Loaded Alkali-Activated Concrete." Materials 16, no. 11 (2023): 4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16114120.

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Alkali-activated concrete is an eco-friendly construction material that is used to preserve natural resources and promote sustainability in the construction industry. This emerging concrete consists of fine and coarse aggregates and fly ash that constitute the binder when mixed with alkaline activators, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). However, understanding its tension stiffening and crack spacing and width is of critical importance in fulfilling serviceability requirements. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the tension stiffening and cracking performance

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26

Kaklauskas, G., V. Gribniak, D. Salys, A. Sokolov, and A. Meskenas. "Tension-Stiffening Model Attributed to Tensile Reinforcement for Concrete Flexural Members." Procedia Engineering 14 (2011): 1433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.180.

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27

Yao, Y., F. A. Silva, M. Butler, V. Mechtcherine, and B. Mobasher. "Tension stiffening in textile-reinforced concrete under high speed tensile loads." Cement and Concrete Composites 64 (November 2015): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.009.

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28

Lee, Gi-Yeol, Min-Joong Kim, Woo Kim, and Hwa-Min Lee. "Tension Stiffening Effect Considering Cover Thickness in Reinforced Concrete Tension Members." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 23, no. 6 (2011): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/jkci.2011.23.6.791.

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29

Gribniak, Misiūnaitė, Rimkus, Sokolov, and Šapalas. "Deformations of FRP–Concrete Composite Beam: Experiment and Numerical Analysis." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (2019): 5164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235164.

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Advanced materials have been created for structural application during the past decades. Engineers, however, faced severe problems due to the absence of a reliable technique for ensuring the required structural properties minimising the amount of material used. A lack of constitutive models for the analysis of the structural systems also exists. Residual stiffness of flexural concrete elements subjected to short-term load is the focus of this research. Tension-stiffening models were developed to represent the deformation response of the members reinforced with internal bars. This study examine

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30

Shin, Dae Hwan, Eunsun Jo, Min Sook Kim, Heechuel Kim, and Young Hak Lee. "Experimental Study and Evaluation of Tension Stiffening Model in High Strength Concrete Beams." Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea 27, no. 1 (2014): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2014.27.1.45.

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31

Salys, Donatas, Gintaris Kaklauskas, Edgaras Timinskas, Viktor Gribniak, Darius Ulbinas, and Eugenijus Gudonis. "THE ANALYSIS OF THE DISCRETE CRACKING MODEL OF REINFORCED CONCRETE TENSILE MEMBERS." Engineering Structures and Technologies 2, no. 4 (2010): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/skt.2010.19.

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Adequate modelling of reinforced concrete (RC) cracking, particularly post-cracking behaviour (tension stiffening), as one of the major sources of nonlinearity, is the most important and difficult task for deformation analysis. Deformationbehaviour of the cracked RC members is a complex process, including a wide range of effects such as differentstrength and deformation properties of steel and concrete, concrete cracking, tension-softening and tension-stiffening,bond slip between reinforcement and concrete etc. Even under low load, behaviour can be non-linear, which presents a challenge for ca

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32

Ghiassi, Bahman, Masoud Soltani, and Sara Rahnamaye Sepehr. "Micromechanical modeling of tension stiffening in FRP-strengthened concrete elements." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 19 (2018): 2577–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317751248.

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This article presents a micromodeling computational framework for simulating the tensile response and tension-stiffening behavior of fiber reinforced polymer–strengthened reinforced concrete elements. The total response of strengthened elements is computed based on the local stress transfer mechanisms at the crack plane including concrete bridging stress, reinforcing bars stress, FRP stress, and the bond stresses at the bars-to-concrete and fiber reinforced polymer-to-concrete interfaces. The developed model provides the possibility of calculating the average response of fiber reinforced polym

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33

Amin, Ali, Stephen James Foster, and Murray Watts. "Modelling the tension stiffening effect in SFR-RC." Magazine of Concrete Research 68, no. 7 (2016): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.15.00188.

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34

Visnovitz, György, and István Hamza. "A tension stiffening újszerű figyelembevétele vasbeton tartók alakváltozásaiban." Építés - Építészettudomány 31, no. 3-4 (2003): 253–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/eptud.31.2003.3-4.5.

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35

Christiansen, M. B., and M. P. Nielsen. "Plane stress tension stiffening effects in reinforced concrete." Magazine of Concrete Research 53, no. 6 (2001): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2001.53.6.357.

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36

Beeby, A. W., and R. H. Scott. "Mechanisms of long-term decay of tension stiffening." Magazine of Concrete Research 58, no. 5 (2006): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2006.58.5.255.

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37

Torres, Ll, F. López-Almansa, and L. M. Bozzo. "Tension-Stiffening Model for Cracked Flexural Concrete Members." Journal of Structural Engineering 130, no. 8 (2004): 1242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2004)130:8(1242).

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38

Massicotte, Bruno, Alaa E. Elwi, and James G. MacGregor. "Tension‐Stiffening Model for Planar Reinforced Concrete Members." Journal of Structural Engineering 116, no. 11 (1990): 3039–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1990)116:11(3039).

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39

Choi, Chang-Koon, and Sung-Hoon Cheung. "Tension stiffening model for planar reinforced concrete members." Computers & Structures 59, no. 1 (1996): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(95)00146-8.

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40

Kaklauskas, Gintaris, Viktor Gribniak, Darius Bacinskas, and Povilas Vainiunas. "Shrinkage influence on tension stiffening in concrete members." Engineering Structures 31, no. 6 (2009): 1305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.10.007.

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41

Bin Shukri, Ahmad Azim, and Mohd Zamin Jumaat. "Tension Stiffening Analysis for Cyclically Loaded RC Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.517.

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Ductility is an important aspect of cyclically loaded reinforced concrete (RC) structures. One of the method that can be used to measure the ductility of an RC structure is the moment-curvature approach. However, due to it being a strain-based approach it cannot be used to directly simulate behaviour associated with interface displacement that occur when an RC member is cracked. This leads to dependency on empirical values, which imposes limitations on how the moment-curvature approach can be used. In recent years a new displacement based method for measuring ductility has been developed, and

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42

Muhamad, Rahimah, M. S. Mohamed Ali, Deric John Oehlers, and Michael Griffith. "The Tension Stiffening Mechanism in Reinforced Concrete Prisms." Advances in Structural Engineering 15, no. 12 (2012): 2053–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1369-4332.15.12.2053.

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43

Sokolov, Aleksandr, Gintaris Kaklauskas, Ronaldas Jakubovskis, et al. "Experimental Investigation of Tension Stiffening in RC Ties." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6965932.

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The increasing application of high-performance materials in civil engineering led to the development of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with reduced cross sections and increased spans. In such structures serviceability limit state often becomes the governing condition of the design. Present study investigates the deformation behaviour of high-strength RC ties reinforced with high-grade bars. Experimental investigation was carried out measuring the postcracking stiffness of the specimens at high strain levels. It was found that, despite the reduction in stiffness, a considerable part of the

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44

Khalfallah, Salah, and Dahbia Guerdouh. "Tension stiffening approach in concrete of tensioned members." International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering 6, no. 1 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2008-6695-6-2.

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45

Khalfallah, Salah, and Dahbia Guerdouh. "Tension stiffening approach in concrete of tensioned members." International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering 6, no. 1 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40091-014-0051-8.

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46

Baena, Marta, Cristina Barris, Ricardo Perera, and Lluís Torres. "Influence of Bond Characterization on Load-Mean Strain and Tension Stiffening Behavior of Concrete Elements Reinforced with Embedded FRP Reinforcement." Materials 15, no. 3 (2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030799.

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Based on the characterization of the bond between Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars and concrete, the structural behavior of cracked Glass-FRP (GFRP)-Reinforced Concrete (RC) tensile elements is studied in this paper. Simulations in which different bond-slip laws between both materials (FRP reinforcement and concrete) were used to analyze the effect of GFRP bar bond performance on the load transfer process and how it affects the load-mean strain curve, the distribution of reinforcement strain, the distribution of slip between reinforcement and concrete, and the tension stiffening effect. Add

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47

Park, Kyoung-Woo, Jun-Seok Lee, Woo Kim, Dae-Joong Kim, and Gi-Yeol Lee. "Tension Stiffening Effect of RC Tension Members Reinforced with Amorphous Steel Fibers." Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute 26, no. 5 (2014): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/jkci.2014.26.5.581.

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48

Koeberl, Bernd, and Kaspar Willam. "Question of Tension Softening versus Tension Stiffening in Plain and Reinforced Concrete." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 134, no. 9 (2008): 804–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2008)134:9(804).

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49

Sahamitmongkol, Raktipong, and Toshiharu Kishi. "Tension stiffening effect and bonding characteristics of chemically prestressed concrete under tension." Materials and Structures 44, no. 2 (2010): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-010-9641-5.

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50

Barzegar, Fariborz, and William C. Schnobrich. "Post-cracking analysis of reinforced concrete panels including tension stiffening." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 3 (1990): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-038.

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Abstract:

In finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures, the effect of bond forces between concrete and reinforcement, referred to as tension stiffening, is discussed. To account for this phenomenon, the post-cracking constitutive model for concrete is modified by assigning a linear strain softening branch to its stress–strain curve in the tensile stress direction. For analyzing orthogonally reinforced concrete panels, a simple procedure for determining the termination strain on the softening branch is then developed. Appropriate constitutive models for steel and uncracked concrete along

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