Journal articles: 'Tensor palatini'

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Kogo, Mikihiko, Takuya Kurimoto, Hidehiko Koizumi, Juntaro Nishio, and Tokuzo Matsuya. "Respiratory Activities in Relation to Palatal Muscle Contraction." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 29, no. 2 (1992): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1992_029_0174_rairtp_2.3.co_2.

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This study Investigated the activities of the tensor and levator veli palatini muscles related to respiration. During quiet breathing, no activity was observed in either muscle. With either hypercapnic or hypoxemic condition, the tensor veli palatini muscle exhibited phasic activity during inspiration. The levator veli palatini muscle showed phasic activity during expiration with hypoxemia (PaO2 < 40 mm Hg). NaCN perfused bilaterally through the carotid sinus induced these respiratory activities. The tensor veli palatini muscle was more sensitive than the levator veli palatini muscle to NaCN.

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Barsoumian, Raffi, David P. Kuehn, Jerald B. Moon, and John W. Canady. "An Anatomic Study of the Tensor Veli Palatini and Dilatator Tubae Muscles in Relation to Eustachian Tube and Velar Function." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 35, no. 2 (1998): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1998_035_0101_aasott_2.3.co_2.

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In a gross anatomic study of 20 sides in 16 human head specimens, the tensor veli palatini, the dilatator tubae, and the tensor tympani muscles were studied. The tensor veli palatini was observed to insert onto the anterior one-third of the pterygoid hamulus, whereas the dilatator tubae rounded the middle one-third of the pterygoid hamulus without an insertion. Thus, the dilatator tubae, not the tensor veli palatini, could serve to tense the anterior velum. An insertion from the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle onto the posterior one-third of the hamulus could provide a curbing function for the dilatator tubae muscle. Adipose tissue, located at the hamulus, could provide lubrication for the tendinous fibers of the dilatator tubae as they round the hamulus. The dilatator tubae was observed to attach to the hook of the eustachian tube and is accepted as the tubal dilator. Observed on 13 of 20 sides in 11 specimens, the bulk of the dilatator tubae remained distinct from the tensor veli palatini despite a connective tissue alliance and intermingling of some muscle fibers. On 5 of 20 sides in 5 specimens, fibers of the dilatator tubae intermingled extensively with the tensor veli palatini. Of the 20 dilatator tubae muscles dissected, 2 were observed to be deficient. The tensor veli palatini was observed to be continuous with the tensor tympani. Full color versions of the figures are available at the following website: http://www.shc.uiowa.edu/papers/tensor/ .

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Amis, T. C., N. O’Neill, J. R. Wheatley, T. van der Touw, E. di Somma, and A. Brancatisano. "Soft palate muscle responses to negative upper airway pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 2 (1999): 523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.523.

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The afferent pathways and upper airway receptor locations involved in negative upper airway pressure (NUAP) augmentation of soft palate muscle activity have not been defined. We studied the electromyographic (EMG) response to NUAP for the palatinus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini muscles in 11 adult, supine, tracheostomized, anesthetized dogs. NUAP was applied to the nasal or laryngeal end of the isolated upper airway in six dogs and to four to six serial upper airway sites from the nasal cavity to the subglottis in five dogs. When NUAP was applied at the larynx, peak inspiratory EMG activity for the palatinus and tensor increased significantly ( P< 0.05) and plateaued at a NUAP of −10 cmH2O. Laryngeal NUAP failed to increase levator activity consistently. Nasal NUAP did not increase EMG activity for any muscle. Consistent NUAP reflex recruitment of soft palate muscle activity only occurred when the larynx was exposed to the stimulus and, furthermore, was abolished by bilateral section of the internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerves. We conclude that soft palate muscle activity may be selectively modulated by afferent activity originating in the laryngeal and hypopharyngeal airway.

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Picciotti, P. M., G. Della Marca, L. D'Alatri, D. Lucidi, M. Rigante, and E. Scarano. "Tensor veli palatini electromyography for monitoring Eustachian tube rehabilitation in otitis media." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 5 (2017): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215117000482.

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AbstractBackground:The pathogenesis of otitis media is related to Eustachian tube dysfunction. The tensor veli palatini muscle actively opens the Eustachian tube and promotes middle-ear ventilation. This study describes a technique for paratubal electromyography that uses a surface, non-invasive electrode able to record tensor veli palatini muscle activity during swallowing.Methods:Twenty otitis media patients and 10 healthy patients underwent tensor veli palatini electromyography. Activity of this muscle before and after Eustachian tube rehabilitation was also assessed.Results:In 78.5 per cent of patients, the electromyography duration phase and/or amplitude were reduced in the affected side. The muscle action potential was impaired in all patients who underwent Eustachian tube rehabilitation.Conclusion:This study confirmed that Eustachian tube muscle dysfunction has a role in otitis media pathogenesis and showed that muscle activity increases after Eustachian tube rehabilitation therapy.

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Schwarz, Peter B., and John H. Peever. "Dopamine triggers skeletal muscle tone by activating D1-like receptors on somatic motoneurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 3 (2011): 1299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00230.2011.

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The dopamine system plays an integral role in motor physiology. Dopamine controls movement by modulation of higher-order motor centers (e.g., basal ganglia) but may also regulate movement by directly controlling motoneuron function. Even though dopamine cells synapse onto motoneurons, which themselves express dopamine receptors, it is unknown whether dopamine modulates skeletal muscle activity. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission at a somatic motor pool affect motor outflow to skeletal muscles. We used microinjection, neuropharmacology, electrophysiology, and histology to determine whether manipulation of D1- and D2-like receptors on trigeminal motoneurons affects masseter and/or tensor palatini muscle tone in anesthetized rats. We found that apomorphine (a dopamine analog) activated trigeminal motoneurons and triggered a potent increase in both masseter and tensor palatini tone. This excitatory effect is mediated by D1-like receptors because specific D1-like receptor activation strengthened muscle tone and blockade of these receptors prevented dopamine-driven activation of motoneurons. Blockade of D1-like receptors alone had no detectable effect on basal masseter/tensor palatini tone, indicating the absence of a functional dopamine drive onto trigeminal motoneurons, at least during isoflurane anesthesia. Finally, we showed that D2-like receptors do not affect either trigeminal motoneuron function or masseter/tensor palatini muscle tone. Our results provide the first demonstration that dopamine can directly control movement by manipulating somatic motoneuron behavior and skeletal muscle tone.

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De la Cuadra Blanco, C., M. D. Peces Peña, J. F. Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A. Mérida-Velasco, and J. R. Mérida-Velasco. "Development of the Human Tensor Veli Palatini." Cells Tissues Organs 195, no. 5 (2012): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000329253.

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Casselbrant, Margaretha L., Erdem I. Cantekin, Dennis C. Dirkmaat, William J. Doyle, and Charles D. Bluestone. "Experimental paralysis of tensor veli palatini muscle." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 106, no. 3-4 (1988): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016488809106423.

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8

Kuehn, David P., Pamela J. Templeton, and Jerry A. Maynard. "Muscle Spindles in the Velopharyngeal Musculature of Humans." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 3 (1990): 488–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3303.488.

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Seven muscles in the velopharyngeal region of humans were studied histologically to determine the presence of muscle spindles. Typical spindles were found in palatoglossus and tensor veli palatini with a greater number in the latter. Spindles were not found in levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae, salpingopharyngeus, or the superior pharyngeal constrictor.

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Carberry, Jayne C., Hanna Hensen, Lauren P. Fisher, et al. "Mechanisms contributing to the response of upper-airway muscles to changes in airway pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 118, no. 10 (2015): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01103.2014.

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This study assessed the effects of inhaled lignocaine to reduce upper airway surface mechanoreceptor activity on 1) basal genioglossus and tensor palatini EMG, 2) genioglossus reflex responses to large pulses (∼10 cmH2O) of negative airway pressure, and 3) upper airway collapsibility in 15 awake individuals. Genioglossus and tensor palatini muscle EMG and airway pressures were recorded during quiet nasal breathing and during brief pulses (250 ms) of negative upper-airway pressure. Lignocaine reduced peak inspiratory (5.6 ± 1.5 vs. 3.8 ± 1.1% maximum; mean ± SE, P < 0.01) and tonic (2.8 ± 0.8 vs. 2.1 ± 0.7% maximum; P < 0.05) genioglossus EMG during quiet breathing but had no effect on tensor palatini EMG (5.0 ± 0.8 vs. 5.0 ± 0.5% maximum; P = 0.97). Genioglossus reflex excitation to negative pressure pulses decreased after anesthesia (60.9 ± 20.7 vs. 23.6 ± 5.2 μV; P < 0.05), but not when expressed as a percentage of the immediate prestimulus baseline. Reflex excitation was closely related to the change in baseline EMG following lignocaine ( r2 = 0.98). A short-latency genioglossus reflex to rapid increases from negative to atmospheric pressure was also observed. The upper airway collapsibility index (%difference) between nadir choanal and epiglottic pressure increased after lignocaine (17.8 ± 3.7 vs. 28.8 ± 7.5%; P < 0.05). These findings indicate that surface receptors modulate genioglossus but not tensor palatini activity during quiet breathing. However, removal of input from surface mechanoreceptors has minimal effect on genioglossus reflex responses to large (∼10 cmH2O), sudden changes in airway pressure. Changes in pressure rather than negative pressure per se can elicit genioglossus reflex responses. These findings challenge previous views and have important implications for upper airway muscle control.

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10

Bronnikov, Kirill, Sergey Bolokhov, and Milena Skvortsova. "Hybrid Metric-Palatini Gravity: Regular Stringlike Configurations." Universe 6, no. 10 (2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe6100172.

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We discuss static, cylindrically symmetric vacuum solutions of hybrid metric-Palatini gravity (HMPG), a recently proposed theory that has been shown to successfully pass the local observational tests and produce a certain progress in cosmology. We use HMPG in its well-known scalar-tensor representation. The latter coincides with general relativity containing, as a source of gravity, a conformally coupled scalar field ϕ and a self-interaction potential V(ϕ). The ϕ field can be canonical or phantom, and, accordingly, the theory splits into canonical and phantom sectors. We seek solitonic (stringlike) vacuum solutions of HMPG, that is, completely regular solutions with Minkowski metric far from the symmetry axis, with a possible angular deficit. A transition of the theory to the Einstein conformal frame is used as a tool, and many of the results apply to the general Bergmann-Wagoner-Nordtvedt class of scalar-tensor theories as well as f(R) theories of gravity. One of these results is a one-to-one correspondence between stringlike solutions in the Einstein and Jordan frames if the conformal factor that connects them is everywhere regular. An algorithm for the construction of stringlike solutions in HMPG and scalar-tensor theories is suggested, and some examples of such solutions are obtained and discussed.

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11

Gannon, P. J., A. R. Eden, and J. T. Laitman. "Functional Compartments of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle." Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 120, no. 12 (1994): 1382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1994.01880360076014.

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12

Ramirez Aristeguieta, Luis Miguel, Luis Ernesto Ballesteros Acuña, and Germán Pablo Sandoval Ortiz. "Tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles: Anatomical, functional and symptomatic links." Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition) 61, no. 1 (2010): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2173-5735(10)70005-3.

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13

Abe, Masato, Gen Murakami, Makoto Noguchi, Seiichiro Kitamura, Kazuyuki Shimada, and Gen-iku Kohama. "Variations in the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle with Special Reference to Its Origin and Insertion." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 41, no. 5 (2004): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/02-049.1.

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Objective Previous research on the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVP) has produced conflicting descriptions of its functions and topographical relationships with other orofacial structures. The goal of this study was to describe the morphology of the TVP in a systematic and comprehensive manner. Methods One hundred nineteen sides of 77 human heads from donated cadavers were partially dissected under a binocular microscope. Histological examination of the hard tissue–muscle interfaces was also undertaken. Results There were two adjacent origins of the TVP: the cranial base origin (CB origin) and the auditory tube cartilage origin (AT origin). The CB origin always lay anterior to the AT origin and there was no septum or loose tissue between the two muscular laminae leading from these origins. The muscle fibers converged on a central tendinous plate in the muscle belly, which gradually became a common tendon that rounded the pterygoid hamulus before inserting into the palatine aponeurosis. Notably, secondary insertions were found on the maxillary tuber (33.6%) and/or in the submucosal tissue near the palatoglossal arch (37.8%). Maxillary insertions were almost exclusively associated with an AT origin that was wide as or wider than the CB origin. Histological observations confirmed that the hamulus acted purely as a pulley and suggested that a connecting band to the tensor tympani had no or few functions of an intermediate tendon. Conclusions The TVP appears to act as the dilator tubae and that this function can be maintained by preserving or reconstructing the maxillary insertion during push-back surgery, even if hamulotomy is necessary.

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Roberts, Mark D. "String Theory Explanation of Galactic Rotation Found Using the Geodesic Constraint." Advances in High Energy Physics 2019 (April 23, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4129061.

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The unique spherically symmetric metric which has vanishing Weyl tensor, is asymptotically de-Sitter, and can model constant galactic rotation curves is presented. Two types of field equations are shown to have this metric as an exact solution. The first is Palatini varied scalar-tensor theory. The second is the low energy limit of string theory modified by inclusion of a contrived potential.

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TERUEL, GINÉS R. PÉREZ. "GENERALIZED EINSTEIN–MAXWELL FIELD EQUATIONS IN THE PALATINI FORMALISM." International Journal of Modern Physics D 22, no. 04 (2013): 1350017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021827181350017x.

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We derive a new set of field equations within the framework of the Palatini formalism. These equations are a natural generalization of the Einstein–Maxwell equations which arise by adding a function [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text] to the Palatini Lagrangian f(R, Q). The result we obtain can be viewed as the coupling of gravity with a nonlinear extension of the electromagnetic field. In addition, a new method is introduced to solve the algebraic equation associated to the Ricci tensor.

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Todd, N. Wendell, and W. Stephen Martin. "Relationship of Eustachian Tube Bony Landmarks and Temporal Bone Pneumatization." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 97, no. 3 (1988): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948809700313.

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Anatomic and functional differences of the eustachian tube have been suggested as etiologic factors in patients with otitis media. We studied eustachian tube lengths and vectors of the tensor veli palatini muscle in 25 unilateral specimens from adult human cadavers. The extent of temporal bone pneumatization, as determined by computed tomography and plain lateral radiographs, was used as an indicator of prior otitis media. Increased length of the cartilaginous eustachian tube was associated positively (r=.53, p<.01) with volume of pneumatization. However, neither the length of the bony eustachian tube nor the vector of maximum pull of the tensor veli palatini muscle was associated statistically with the extent of pneumatization. It may be that the longer cartilaginous eustachian tube is more protective of the middle ear.

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SAKAMOTO, Katsuya, Juntaro NISHIO, Mikihiko KOGOU, et al. "Mechanical contraction properties of the tensor veli palatini muscle." Japanese Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 34, no. 9 (1988): 1845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.34.1845.

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Jiménez, Jose Beltrán, Lavinia Heisenberg, and Gonzalo J. Olmo. "Tensor perturbations in a general class of Palatini theories." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2015, no. 06 (2015): 026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/06/026.

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ATAZADEH, K., and H. R. SEPANGI. "ACCELERATED EXPANSION IN MODIFIED GRAVITY WITH A YUKAWA-LIKE TERM." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 04 (2007): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807009838.

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We discuss the Palatini formulation of modified gravity including a Yukawa-like term. It is shown that in this formulation, the Yukawa term offers an explanation for the current exponential accelerated expansion of the universe and reduces to the standard Friedmann cosmology in the appropriate limit. We then discuss the scalar-tensor formulation of the model as a metric theory and show that the Yukawa term predicts a power-law acceleration at late-times. The Newtonian limit of the theory is also discussed in context of the Palatini formalism.

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Sadler-Kimes, Deborah, Michael I. Siegel, and John S. Todhunter. "Age-Related Morphologic Differences in the Components of the Eustachian Tube/Middle Ear System." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 98, no. 11 (1989): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948909801104.

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The current study utilized a three-dimensional computer graphics technique to analyze the size, shape, and positional associations of the eustachian tube (ET) cartilage and lumen, the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle, and the tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle. Older specimens 7 years and above (n = 13) were compared to young specimens less than 7 years (n = 4). Our results suggest that changes in ET function associated with age could result from size and shape differences in the ET cartilage and changes in the position of the LVP and TVP muscles.

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He, Guang-Yao, Mei-Chan Zhu, Yin Qin, Bibek Gyanwali, Song-Hua Tan, and An-Zhou Tang. "Electrophysiological change in the tensor veli palatini muscle after radiotherapy." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 135, no. 6 (2015): 608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2014.1003095.

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Wasicko, M. J., J. S. Erlichman, and J. C. Leiter. "Control of segmental upper airway resistance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 6 (1993): 2694–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.6.2694.

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We sought to determine if the upper airway response to an added inspiratory resistive load (IRL) during wakefulness could be used to predict the site of upper airway collapse in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In 10 awake patients with OSA, we investigated the relationship between resistance in three segments of the upper airway (nasal, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal) and three muscles known to influence these segments (alae nasi, tensor veli palatini, and genioglossus) while the patient breathed with or without a small IRL (2 cmH2O.l–1.s). During IRL, patients with OSA exhibited increased nasopharyngeal resistance and no significant increase in either the genioglossus or tensor veli palatini activities. Neither nasal resistance nor alae nasi EMG activity was affected by IRL. We contrasted this to the response of five normal subjects, in whom we found no change in the resistance of either segment of the airway and no change in the genioglossus EMG but a significant activation of the tensor palatini. In six patients with OSA, we used the waking data to predict the site of upper airway collapse during sleep and we had limited success. The most successful index (correct in 4 of 6 patients) incorporated the greatest relative change in segmental resistance during IRL at the lowest electromyographic activity. We conclude, in patients with OSA, IRL narrows the more collapsible segment of the upper airway, in part due to inadequate activation of upper airway muscles. However, it is difficult to predict the site of upper airway collapse based on the waking measurements where upper airway muscle activity masks the passive airway characteristics.

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Chakrabortty, Manas, Nayem Sk, and Abhik Kumar Sanyal. "Some aspects of modified theory of gravity in Palatini formalism unveiled." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 20 (2020): 2050162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773232050162x.

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Under conformal transformation, [Formula: see text] theory of gravity in Palatini formalism leads to a Brans–Dicke type of scalar-tensor equivalent theory with a wrong sign in the effective kinetic energy term. This means that the effective scalar acts as the dark energy and so late-time cosmic acceleration in the matter-dominated era is accountable. However, we unveil some aspects of Palatini formalism, which reveals the fact that the formalism is not suitable to explain the cosmological evolution of the early universe with [Formula: see text] gravity alone. Additionally, it is noticed that some authors, in an attempt to explore Noether symmetry of the theory changed the sign of the kinetic term and hence obtained the wrong answer. Here, we make the correction and unmask a very interesting aspect of symmetry analysis. Mathematical inequivalence between Jordan’s and Einstein’s frame in Palatini [Formula: see text] theory has also been revealed.

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Kierner, A. C., R. Mayer, and K. v. Kirschhofer. "Do the tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles of man form a functional unit?" Hearing Research 165, no. 1-2 (2002): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(01)00419-1.

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Ishijima, Ken, Isamu Sando, Makoto Miura, Carey D. Balaban, and Kenji Takasaki. "Functional Anatomy of Levator Veli Palatini Muscle and Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle in Association with Eustachian Tube Cartilage." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 6 (2002): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211100609.

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The anatomic relationships among the levator veli palatini muscle (LVPM), the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM), and the eustachian tube (ET) cartilage were investigated by computer-aided 3-dimensional reconstruction and measurement methods. The study used 13 normal temporal bone–ET specimens obtained from 13 individuals (range of age at death, 3 months to 88 years). This study revealed several anatomic features of the anterior cartilaginous portion of the ET First, the LVPM is always located inferolateral to the inferior margin of the medial lamina (ML) of the ET cartilage. Second, the LVPM has a large cross-sectional area throughout the extent of the anterior cartilaginous portion of the ET. Third, although the LVPM lies close to the ML of the ET cartilage (0.44 ± 0.16 mm in children and 1.02 ± 0.58 mm in adults), there is no region of attachment. Finally, the TVPM is not attached to the lateral lamina (LL) of the ET cartilage of the anterior quarter of the cartilaginous portion. Accordingly, it could be assumed that the most anterior cartilaginous portion of the ET is opened primarily by the contraction of the LVPM, which causes a superior-medial rotation of the ML. Furthermore, since the contraction time of the LVPM is reported to be longer than that of the TVPM, the anterior cartilaginous portions of the ET may remain open, even after the middle to posterior cartilaginous portions are closed after relaxation of the TVPM. This process would produce a pumping action of the ET in the direction from the middle ear to the pharyngeal side. The pumping function may be beneficial to clearance of the middle ear.

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Van der Touw, T., N. O'Neill, T. Amis, J. Wheatley, and A. Brancatisano. "Soft palate muscle activity in response to hypoxic hypercapnia." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 6 (1994): 2600–2605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.6.2600.

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We studied the effects of increasing respiratory drive on electromyographic (EMG) soft palate muscle (SPM) activity in nine anesthetized tracheostomy-breathing dogs during hypoxic hypercapnia (HH) with a 14% O2–8% CO2–78% N2 inspired gas mixture. Moving time average EMG activity was recorded from palatinus (PAL), levator veli palatini (LP), and tensor veli palatini (TP) muscles (with bipolar fine-wire electrodes) and diaphragm (DIA; with bipolar hook electrodes). During HH, peak inspiratory DIA activity increased from 18.8 +/- 1.3 to 30.1 +/- 2.0 arbitrary units and minute ventilation increased from 6.2 +/- 0.3 to 18.3 +/- 1.8 l/min (both P < 0.001). Phasic inspiratory, expiratory, and/or tonic EMG activity was present in each SPM during room air breathing (control) and increased during HH (P < 0.05), except for phasic inspiratory PAL and phasic expiratory TP activities. Peak inspiratory LP and TP activities increased during HH to 250 and 179% of control, respectively, and peak expiratory activity increased to 187, 235, and 181% of control in PAL, LP, and TP, respectively. These findings demonstrate respiratory-related regulation of SPM activity independent of local reflex control from the upper airway. However, the combined inspiratory and expiratory phasic recruitment of these muscles differs from the inspiratory recruitment of known upper airway dilator muscles.

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Capozziello, Salvatore, Tiberiu Harko, Francisco S. N. Lobo, Gonzalo J. Olmo, and Stefano Vignolo. "The Cauchy problem in hybrid metric-Palatini f(X)-gravity." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 11, no. 05 (2014): 1450042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021988781450042x.

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The well-formulation and the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem are discussed for hybrid metric-Palatini gravity, a recently proposed modified gravitational theory consisting of adding to the Einstein–Hilbert Lagrangian an f(R)-term constructed à la Palatini. The theory can be recast as a scalar-tensor one predicting the existence of a light long-range scalar field that evades the local Solar System tests and is able to modify galactic and cosmological dynamics, leading to the late-time cosmic acceleration. In this work, adopting generalized harmonic coordinates, we show that the initial value problem can always be well-formulated and, furthermore, can be well-posed depending on the adopted matter sources.

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POPŁAWSKI, NIKODEM J. "THE MAXWELL LAGRANGIAN IN PURELY AFFINE GRAVITY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, no. 03n04 (2008): 567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08039578.

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The purely affine Lagrangian for linear electrodynamics, that has the form of the Maxwell Lagrangian in which the metric tensor is replaced by the symmetrized Ricci tensor and the electromagnetic field tensor by the tensor of homothetic curvature, is dynamically equivalent to the Einstein–Maxwell equations in the metric–affine and metric formulation. We show that this equivalence is related to the invariance of the Maxwell Lagrangian under conformal transformations of the metric tensor. We also apply to a purely affine Lagrangian the Legendre transformation with respect to the tensor of homothetic curvature to show that the corresponding Legendre term and the new Hamiltonian density are related to the Maxwell–Palatini Lagrangian for the electromagnetic field. Therefore the purely affine picture, in addition to generating the gravitational Lagrangian that is linear in the curvature, justifies why the electromagnetic Lagrangian is quadratic in the electromagnetic field.

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Freedlander, E. "The blood supply of the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles." British Journal of Plastic Surgery 42, no. 3 (1989): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(89)90169-0.

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30

Trinder, John, Michael Woods, Christian L. Nicholas, Julia K. M. Chan, Amy S. Jordan, and John G. Semmler. "Motor unit activity in upper airway muscles genioglossus and tensor palatini." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 188, no. 3 (2013): 362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.06.011.

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Borowiec, A., and A. Kozak. "New class of hybrid metric-Palatini scalar-tensor theories of gravity." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2020, no. 07 (2020): 003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/07/003.

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Freedlander, Eric. "Blood supply of the human levator and tensor veli palatini muscles." Clinical Anatomy 5, no. 1 (1992): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980050105.

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McWhorter, Andrew J., James A. Rowley, David W. Eisele, Philip L. Smith, and Alan R. Schwartz. "The Effect of Tensor Veli Palatini Stimulation on Upper Airway Patency." Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 125, no. 9 (1999): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archotol.125.9.937.

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Ghadiali, Samir N., J. Douglas Swarts, and William J. Doyle. "Effect of Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle Paralysis on Eustachian Tube Mechanics." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 112, no. 8 (2003): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940311200810.

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Several physiological functions, such as regulating middle ear (ME) pressure and clearing ME fluid into the nasopharynx, require an opening of the collapsed eustachian tube (ET). The ability to perform these functions has been related to several mechanical properties of the ET: opening pressure (Popen), compliance (ETC), and hysteresis (η). These global properties may be influenced by the mechanics of the surrounding tissue and/or the mucosa-air interface. In this study, we investigated the influence of tissue mechanics by paralyzing the right tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle in 12 cynomolgus monkeys via botulinum toxin injection. A previously developed modified forced-response protocol was used to measure Popen, ETC, and η under normal conditions and after muscle paralysis. The loss of muscle tone and/or stiffness resulted in a significant decrease in Popen (p < .01) and a significant increase in ETC (p < .01). In addition, muscle paralysis reduced the viscoelastic properties of the TVP muscle and therefore resulted in a significant decrease in η (p < .05). A comparison with previous measurements on the influence of surface tension mechanics indicates that the ET's compliance is primarily determined by tissue elastic properties. The ET hysteresis, however, is equally affected by viscoelastic tissue properties and surface tension hysteretic properties. Knowledge of how these physical components affect the global mechanical environment may lead to improved treatments for ET dysfunction that target the underlying mechanical abnormality.

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Kuehn, David P., and Jerald B. Moon. "Histologic Study of Intravelar Structures in Normal Human Adult Specimens." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 42, no. 5 (2005): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/04-125r.1.

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Objective To describe more clearly the tissue composition and structure of the human soft palate with particular emphasis on the central portion between the faucial pillars. Specimens Nine female and three male normal adult human soft palate cadaver specimens. Results The anterior soft palate consists of fairly uniform layers. The anterior one fourth contains a substantial investment of mucous-secreting glandular tissue, as well as an abundance of adipose tissue. The tensor veli palatini tendon is prominent in the most anterior region just posterior to the hard palate and close to the nasal surface. The middle one third of the soft palate is largely invested with muscle tissue consisting of (1) levator veli palatini fibers coursing transversely across the midline without a septal interruption, (2) musculus uvulae fibers encapsulated in a sheath and coursing longitudinally, perpendicular to and cradled by the levator sling, and (3) palatopharyngeus fibers located laterally and not approaching the midline. Musculus uvulae is variable across and within specimens in terms of its paired versus unpaired nature. Conclusions The anatomy of the soft palate from the posterior border of the hard palate to the levator veli palatini sling is consistent among specimens, suggesting that structures in this region have a uniform function across subjects. The paired versus unpaired nature of musculus uvulae is variable both within and between specimens. The posterior one third of the soft palate is variable across specimens with regard to the relative amount and distribution of different tissue types.

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Bekov, Sabit, Kairat Myrzakulov, Ratbay Myrzakulov, and Diego Sáez-Chillón Gómez. "General Slow-Roll Inflation in f(R) Gravity under the Palatini Approach." Symmetry 12, no. 12 (2020): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12121958.

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Slow-roll inflation is analyzed in the context of modified gravity within the Palatini formalism. As shown in the literature, inflation in this framework requires the presence of non-traceless matter; otherwise, it does not occur just as a consequence of the nonlinear gravitational terms of the action. Nevertheless, by including a single scalar field that plays the role of the inflaton, slow-roll inflation can be performed in these theories, where the equations lead to an effective potential that modifies the dynamics. We obtain the general slow-roll parameters and analyze a simple model to illustrate the differences introduced by the gravitational terms under the Palatini approach, and the modifications on the spectral index and the tensor to scalar ratio predicted by the model.

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Arnold, W. H., N. Nohadani, and K. H. H. Koch. "Morphology of the Auditory Tube and Palatal Muscles in a Case of Bilateral Cleft Palate." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 42, no. 2 (2005): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/03-138.1.

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Objective There is an increased incidence of otitis media in children with cleft palate, which may be related to the pathology of the auditory tube and palatal muscles. In the present study, the head of a human on term born fetus with bilateral palatal cleft was serially sectioned and the anatomy of the auditory tube and palatal muscles were studied by computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction. Results The results showed a nearly horizontal course of the auditory tube. The tensor veli palatini muscle had a bony attachment on either side. The levator veli palatini muscle also showed an abnormal course. Conclusions This abnormal course may result in obstruction of the auditory tube during contraction. These pathological findings may explain the higher frequency of otitis media in children with cleft palate.

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Kitajiri, Masanori, Isamu Sando, and Tetsuo Takahara. "Postnatal Development of the Eustachian Tube and its Surrounding Structures Preliminary Study." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 96, no. 2 (1987): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948709600211.

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The postnatal development of the eustachian tube and its surrounding structures (tubal cartilage, tubal gland, tensor veli palatini muscle, and levator veli palatini muscle) was investigated in serial vertical histologic sections from 12 normal temporal bones of individuals whose ages ranged from 39 weeks' gestation to 19 years of age. After projecting tissue sections onto paper and tracing the structures, several measurements were made in order to analyze this development. Findings revealed that 1) the eustachian tube and its accessory structures developed postnatally up to the age of 19 years. 2) The lumen area in a 19-year-old specimen was 4.7 times that of the 1-day-old infant. The development of the tube was greatest in the pharyngeal part. Postnatal development of the eustachian tube appears to be related to growth of the face. 3) The cartilage area in the 19-year-old specimen was 3.6 times that of the 1-day-old infant. 4) The mucosal acinar cells were predominant in infants but no greater than the number of serous acinar cells by the age of 19 years. 5) The areas of the tensor and levator veli palatini muscles in a 19-year-old specimen were 5.1 and 11.1 times, respectively, those of the 1-day-old infant. This preliminary study reports the postnatal development of the eustachian tube and its accessory structures, a subject never thoroughly investigated to date. However, because of the limited number of cases available, further investigation of a greater number of cases should be performed so that the relationship between tubal development and alterations in function that occur with age can be understood clearly.

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Gal'tsov, Dmitri, and Sophia Zhidkova. "Ghost-free Palatini derivative scalar–tensor theory: Desingularization and the speed test." Physics Letters B 790 (March 2019): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.061.

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Takasaki, Kenji, Carey D. Balaban, Isamu Sando, and Makoto Miura. "Functional Anatomy of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle and Ostmann's Fatty Tissue." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 11 (2002): 1045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211101117.

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This study examined morphological features of the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM) and Ostmann's fatty tissue that may be important for eustachian tube (ET) ventilation. Histologic sections through the midcartilaginous ET from 17 human temporal bone-ET specimens (age range, 3 months to 88 years) were used to assess 1) the presence or absence of attachment of the TVPM fibers to either the perichondrium of the ET cartilage lateral lamina (LL) or a tendinous membrane along the medial margin of the TVPM, 2) the angular relationship between the TVPM fibers and the vertical axis of the ET lumen, and 3) the location of the TVPM and Ostmann's fatty tissue. The TVPM fibers were attached to the LL perichondrium in 14 cases; an attachment was absent in 3 cases because of fatty atrophy of the TVPM. However, the TVPM fibers were inserted into the tendonlike membrane in all cases. The angle of insertion of TVPM fibers into the membrane was significantly more acute (relative to the vertical ET axis) in the inferior aspect than in the superior aspect of the membrane both in young children (3 months to 4 years; mean ± SD, 39.0° ± 15.1° superiorly to 23.8° ± 17.0° inferiorly) and in older subjects (8 to 88 years, 30.4° ± 11.6° superiorly to 15.7° ± 11.2° inferiorly; t-test, p < .001). The location of Ostmann's fatty tissue accompanied the TVPM throughout the cartilaginous ET. These data suggest that contraction of the TVPM moves the LL inferolaterally to open the superior aspect more than the inferior aspect of the lumen and that Ostmann's fatty tissue will limit the opening of the ET lumen, especially that of its inferior aspect.

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Takahara, Tetsuo, Charles D. Bluestone, Isamu Sando, and Eugene N. Myers. "Lymphoma Invading the Anterior Eustachian Tube." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 95, no. 1 (1986): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948609500121.

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The temporal bones of a man with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, who had had a bilateral conductive hearing loss and incomplete left-sided facial palsy, were obtained. Sections were prepared for histologic study by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and were examined under the light microscope. The left temporal bone showed marked tumor cell involvement, not only of the lateral part of the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube (ET) where the tensor veli palatini muscle had been partially destroyed, but also in the anterior part of the temporal bone. A serous middle ear effusion was present, but the lumen of the ET was unaffected by tumor or inflammation. The pathological findings in the right temporal bone were similar to those in the left, although the cartilaginous part of the ET and its surrounding structures were not available for study. The pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion appeared to be secondary to functional ET obstruction, due to the dysfunction of the tensor veli palatini muscle as a result of the tumor destruction. This case is the first to be reported in which functional ET obstruction, secondary to tumor invasion of the active muscle dilator of the ET, has been histologically confirmed.

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SHEIKH-JABBARI, M. M. "ON IMPLICATIONS OF EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE FOR MODIFIED GRAVITY THEORIES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 20, no. 14 (2011): 2839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271811020706.

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One of the manifestations of Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) is that a freely falling particle in a gravitational field is following a geodesic. In Einstein's general relativity (GR) this is built in the formulation by assuming the connection to be the Levi-Civita connection. The latter may, however, be demanded to be implied by the dynamics of a generic modified gravity theory, within the Palatini formulation. We show that for extensions of the Einstein GR which are described by a Lagrangian [Formula: see text], where gμν is the metric and Rμαβν is the Riemann curvature tensor, this manifestation of EEP is only fulfilled for a special class of Lagrangians, the Lovelock gravity theories. Our analysis also implies that within the above mentioned set of modified gravity theories only for Lovelock gravity theories metric and Palatini formulations are equivalent.

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Van der Touw, T., N. O'Neill, A. Brancatisano, T. Amis, J. Wheatley, and L. A. Engel. "Respiratory-related activity of soft palate muscles: augmentation by negative upper airway pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 1 (1994): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.424.

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We studied respiratory-related activity of the soft palate muscles in 10 anesthetized tracheostomized supine dogs. Moving time average (MTA) electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured in the palatinus (PAL), levator veli palatini (LP), and tensor veli palatini (TP) with bipolar fine-wire electrodes and in the diaphragm with bipolar hook electrodes. Measurements were made during tracheostomy breathing and nasal breathing with the mouth sealed (NB). During tracheostomy breathing, all soft palate muscles displayed respiratory-related phasic inspiratory and expiratory as well as tonic EMG activity. During NB, peak inspiratory EMG activity increased in PAL, LP, and TP because of an increase in both phasic inspiratory and tonic MTA activity. In contrast, phasic expiratory activity did not change. A constant negative pressure equal to peak inspiratory tracheal pressure during NB was applied to the caudal end of the isolated upper airway with the nose occluded. This was associated with soft palate muscle responses qualitatively similar to the responses during NB but accounted for only 39, 25, and 32% of the magnitude of the peak inspiratory MTA EMG responses to NB in PAL, LP, and TP, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the soft palate muscles exhibit respiratory-related activity in common with other upper airway muscles. Furthermore, such activity is augmented in each soft palate muscle during NB, and negative upper airway pressure makes a substantial contribution to the recruitment of soft palate muscle activity.

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Liss, Julie M. "Muscle Spindles in the Human Levator Veli Palatini and Palatoglossus Muscles." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 33, no. 4 (1990): 736–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3304.736.

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Muscle spindles are present in many muscles of the speech mechanism including those of the jaw, tongue, larynx, and respiratory system. Past investigations that have examined muscles of the velopharynx for the presence of muscle spindles have reported their existence only in the tensor veli palatini and palatoglossus muscles. The present investigation has demonstrated the existence of muscle spindles in two muscles of the human velopharynx—the levator veli palatini (LVP) and palatoglossus muscles. Seven LVP and two palatoglossus muscles were embedded in paraffin blocks, serially sectioned at 8 microns, and selected slides were stained by a modified Gomori trichrome technique. Scanning by light microscopy at 40x revealed spindles in all of the muscles examined. This positive finding likely reflects the use of a more chromatically distinctive staining procedure and a higher scanning magnification than were used in prior investigations. The potential roles of muscle spindles in velopharyngeal function are addressed.

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Felipe, J. C. C., H. G. Fargnoli, A. P. Baeta Scarpelli, and L. C. T. Brito. "Consistency of an alternative CPT-odd and Lorentz-violating extension of QED." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 25 (2019): 1950139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19501392.

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We investigate an alternative CPT-odd Lorentz-breaking QED which includes the Carroll–Field–Jackiw (CFJ) term of the Standard Model Extension (SME), writing the gauge sector in the action in a Palatini-like form, in which the vectorial field and the field-strength tensor are treated as independent entities. Interestingly, this naturally induces a Lorentz-violating mass term in the classical action. We study physical consistency aspects of the model both at classical and quantum levels.

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Launois, S. H., S. Remsburg, W. J. Yang, and J. W. Weiss. "Relationship between velopharyngeal dimensions and palatal EMG during progressive hypercapnia." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 2 (1996): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.2.478.

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To examine the contribution of specific palatal muscles to velopharyngeal dimensions, we recorded electromyographic (EMG) activity in the levator veli palatini, the tensor veli palatini, and the palatoglossus while examining the velopharynx (VP) with videoendoscopy in eight awake normal adults. Simultaneous display of VP images and airflow provided precise timing of events. Video images and EMG signals were recorded during progressive hypercapnia. Every tenth breath was analyzed. For each selected breath, VP area, anteroposterior and lateral diameters, and EMG activity were determined at five points: beginning, middle, and end of inspiration and middle and end of expiration. VP measurements changed significantly during the respiratory cycle. Although maximum area was measured at end inspiration or middle expiration and minimum area at the beginning or end of the breath, respiratory-related changes in VP measurements and EMG activity were characterized by substantial inter- and intrasubject variability. This variability is similar to velopharyngeal behavior during nonrespiratory tasks and suggests that upper airway patency is determined by multiple factors.

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Brancatisano, A., T. Van der Touw, N. O'Neill, and T. C. Amis. "Influence of upper airway pressure oscillations on soft palate muscle electromyographic activity." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 3 (1996): 1190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.3.1190.

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Snoring is characterized by high-frequency (30-50 Hz) pressure oscillations (HFPO) in the upper airway (UA). The soft palate is a major oscillating structure during snoring, and soft palate muscle (SPM) activity is an important determinant of velopharyngeal patency. Consequently, we examined the effect of artificial HFPO applied to the UA on the integrated electromyographic (EMG) activity of the SPMs in 11 supine mouth-closed anesthetized (pentobarbital sodium/chloralose) dogs breathing spontaneously via a tracheostomy. The EMGs of the palatinus (Pal; n = 11), levator veli palatini (LP; n = 9), and tensor veli palatini (TP; n = 8) were monitored with intramuscular fine-wire electrodes. Peak inspiratory and peak expiratory EMG activity was measured in arbitrary units (au) as the mean of five consecutive breaths. HFPO [+/- 4.5 +/- 0.4 (SE) cmH2O; 30 Hz inverted question mark applied at the laryngeal end of the isolated UA increased peak inspiratory EMG from 3.3 +/- 2.0 to 8.4 +/- 1.7 au (P < 0.05) for Pal and from 2.0 +/- 1.1 to 7.3 +/- 2.7 au (P < 0.05) for LP. For the TP, increases were evident in four dogs, but mean values for the group did not change (5.8 +/- 2.4 to 11.0 +/- 4.1 au, P = 0.5). The peak expiratory EMG did not change for any SPM (all P > 0.3). Thus HFPO applied to the UA augments inspiratory SPM activity. Reflex augmentation of SPM activity by HFPO may serve to dilate the retropalatal airway and/or stiffen the soft palate during inspiration in an attempt to stabilize UA geometry during snoring.

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Kent, Marc, Lauren R. Talarico, Eric N. Glass, Alexander de Lahunta, Simon R. Platt, and Allison C. Haley. "Denervation of the Tensor Veli Palatini Muscle and Effusion in the Tympanic Cavity." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 51, no. 6 (2015): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6314.

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An English springer spaniel was presented for right-sided atrophy of the muscles of mastication, analgesia and paralysis of the face, and vestibular dysfunction. Neurological signs were consistent with a lesion involving the pons and rostral medulla resulting in deficits in the function of the trigeminal, facial, and vestibular nerves. MRI disclosed a right-sided extraparenchymal mass consistent with a trigeminal nerve sheath neoplasm that was compressing and invading the pons and medulla. Atrophy of the muscles of mastication, innervated by the trigeminal nerve, was also observed on MRI. Additionally, effusion was present in the ipsilateral tympanic cavity. Gross and microscopic evaluation of the right tensor veli palatini muscle (TVPM) was consistent with neurogenic atrophy. Effusion in the tympanic cavity was likely the result of an inability to open the auditory tube as a consequence of paralysis of the TVPM. Without the ability to open the auditory tube, gases present within the auditory tube and tympanic cavity may be absorbed, creating a negative pressure environment that leads to fluid transudation and effusion build up. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report to document neurogenic atrophy of the TVPM with concurrent effusion in the ipsilateral tympanic cavity.

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Bütow, Kurt-W., Brenda Louw, S. René Hugo, and R. Jack Grimbeeck. "Tensor veli palatini muscle tension sling for eustachian tube function in cleft palate." Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 19, no. 2 (1991): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-5182(05)80610-9.

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Trotman, Carroll-Ann, David Hou, Alphonse R. Burdi, Steven R. Cohen, and David S. Carlson. "Histomorphologic Analysis of the Soft Palate Musculature in Prenatal Cleft and Noncleft A/Jax Mice." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 32, no. 6 (1995): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1995_032_0455_haotsp_2.3.co_2.

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The two specific aims of this study were as follows: to evaluate the appropriateness of the A/Jax mouse model in the investigation of the key cellular stages in prenatal soft palate morphogenesis and myogenesis; and to describe structural differences in the histomorphology of the soft palate anatomy from cleft and noncleft mice prior to, during, and after palatogenesis. Cleft-induced and control groups of A/Jax mouse embryos from timed pregnancies were harvested sequentially on gestational days 15 to 19. Embryos were weighed and staged for external body morphology. The heads were removed and fixed for light microscopy, sectioned serially in the frontal plane at 10 μm and stained with hematoxylin-eosin to characterize and compare the soft palate musculature. All observations were made at the head depth of the trigeminal ganglion in both age- and stage-matched embryos. The following findings were made: (1) the A/Jax mouse is a suitable animal model for the study of soft palate myogenesis; (2) there were no discernible morphologic differences between the soft palate muscles in cleft and noncleft A/Jax mice when viewed under light microscopy; (3) the soft palate and related muscles were identifiable as muscle fields, in both the cleft and noncleft fetuses, as early as gestational day 15 and as specific muscles at gestational day 18; (4) in both the cleft and noncleft A/Jax fetuses, the soft palate muscles appeared in a sequential anatomic fashion (the palatine aponeurosis appeared first, next the tensor palatini, and then the levator palatini muscles); and (5) in the cleft palate fetuses, both pterygoid plates were angulated and displaced laterally.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Tensor palatini'

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