Academic literature on the topic 'Teorie architektury a urbanismu'

Teza. Przedmiotem artykułu była analiza transformacji tożsamości miejskiej w oparciu o architekturę i tkankę miejską. Teza autorki zakładała, że architektura odgrywa rolę w budowaniu miejskiej tożsamości, co zaprezentowano na przykładzie dwóch polskich miast. Wraz z transformacją przestrzeni miejskiej następuje zmiana postrzegania miast, nie tylko przez mieszkańców, lecz także na arenie narodowej i międzynarodowej. Ważną role pełnią nowo powstające instytucje o charakterze edukacyjnym i historycznym, takie jak Europejskie Centrum Solidarności czy Muzeum Śląskie. Omówione koncepcje. W pracy wykorzystano teorie modyfikacji oraz nawarstwienia stosowane przez Ewę Rewers w analizie tożsamości miejskiej. W badaniach powołano się także na rolę ideologii w kreowaniu i projektowaniu miast. Analizie poddano aplikacje, jakie zostały zgłoszone przez miasta w konkursie na Europejską Stolicę Kultury. Wyniki i wnioski. Transformacja i rola architektury odgrywa znaczącą rolę w budowaniu tożsamości miejskiej. Dodatkowo miasta poprzez projektowane instytucje podkreślają swoją rolę w budowaniu polskiej historii (instytucje muzealne) oraz walczą z negatywną stereotypizacją (rewitalizacja opuszczonych zakładów przemysłowych). Istotną rolę odgrywa także rewitalizacja obszarów przemysłowych, która pozwala na stworzenie mostu między historycznymi oraz współczesnymi przestrzeniami miejskimi. Oryginalność/wartość poznawcza podejścia. Temat artykułu łączy w sobie analizy z pogranicza urbanistyki, socjologii, architektury i sztuk wizualnych. Podejście humanistyczno-techniczne pozwala na głębszą analizę tematu tożsamości miejskiej oraz potraktowanie miasta jako przedmiotu nauki, a nie tylko tła dla toczącego się w mieście życia codziennego.

Tekst skupia się na projekcie Byker (1983) Sirkki-Liisy Konttinen – członkini kolektywu Amber z Newcastle dokumentującego życie społeczne środowisk robotniczych w północnej Anglii – który z jednej strony stanowił zapis transformacji osiedla Byker (władze miasta zdecydowały o jego wyburzeniu, a rzędy szeregowców, uznanych za slumsy, miała zastąpić nowoczesna zabudowa autorstwa Ralpha Erskine’a), z drugiej wpisywał się w żywą dyskusję na temat architektury i urbanistyki powojennej Brytanii. Kosińska stara się dowieść, że film Byker, choć nostalgiczny w tonie, jest przede wszystkim – z racji hybrydycznej formy, ale i złożonych chwytów retorycznych – próbą symbolicznego odwrócenia procesu niszczenia i (re)konstrukcji wspólnoty, przywrócenia jej kontroli nad przestrzenią. Autorka wykorzystuje tezy Annabell Honess Roe i teorie przestrzeni jako konstruktu społecznego Henri’ego Lefebvre’a, a wpisując film w kontekst urbanistyczny, sięga też do raportu Petera Malpassa rozbijającego mit sukcesu, jaki towarzyszył przebudowie Byker.

Recenzní úvod disertační práce Ing. arch. Kristýny Staré, obhájené na Fakultě architektury ČVUT, Praha, v roce 2019. Stávající kurikulum umožňuje začlenění tématu krajiny s využitím poznatků oboru architektura a urbanismus do výuky na základních školách s cílem podpořit vzdělávání vedoucí k uvědomělé a občansky angažované společnosti. Obvykle se však tyto vstupy omezují spíše na mimořádné projekty a programy nabízené externími odborníky, především z nestátních neziskových organizací. Disertační práce Kristýny Staré prověřuje možnosti, jak podpořit a rozvíjet vztah dětí raně školního věku ke krajině prostřednictvím integrace témat oboru architektura a urbanismus do kurikula primárního vzdělávání. Zaměřuje se na české prostředí s přihlédnutím k zahraničním modelům jako volné inspiraci. Ve vlastním výzkumu jsou využity kvalitativní i kvantitativní metody aplikovaného společenskovědního výzkumu. Stěžejní zdroj dat představují polostrukturované rozhovory s tzv. ohniskovou skupinou, která průřezově pokrývá odborníky napříč profesemi a institucionální hierarchií, a pedagogy, kteří se účastnili experimentální fáze výzkumu. Data z rozhovorů jsou analyzovaná a interpretována podle principů zakotvené teorie. Výsledkem komparace a evaluace získaných dat jsou tyto výstupy: (1) návrh opatření potřebných pro zvyšování povědomí neodborné veřejnosti o tématu a jejich systematické začleňování do školního vzdělávání; (2) přínosy výsledků výzkumu pro představitele oboru architektura – urbanismus a oborů příbuzných a pro pedagogy, kteří se dosud tématem krajiny blíže nezabývali, i pro zainteresovanou odbornou veřejnost; (3) v neposlední řadě jsou pojmenovány limity realizovaného výzkumu a nastíněny výzvy pro výzkumy navazující.

The dissertation explores the history and activities of the Brno-located Town and Country Planning Department of The Research Institute for Building and Architecture (RIBA) since its foundation in 1954 until its abolishment in 1994. As a part of the department functioning, a description of its main research tasks and publications, which had played an essential part while formulating theory and methodology of urban planning after the 2nd World War in Czechoslovakia, are introduced. Special attention is paid to tasks and publications whose authors and research workers applied interdisciplinary approaches and – in spite of the prevailing totalitarian regime – managed to apply their experience acquired abroad to produce highly influential works such as The Principles and Rules of Spatial Planning. Another objective of the dissertation is the creation of a complex bibliography of texts that were produced by the department (books, reports on the outcomes of research tasks that had been explored at the Town and Country Planning Department and that were released internally as handbooks serving research workers of the institute and other institutions focusing on building and architecture). Depictions of the Brno department of RIBA from the perspective of two of its significant representatives who have outlived the institution they had witnessed to be founded and to the functioning of which they had significantly contributed, become a key part of the text: Ing. arch. Vladimír Matoušek, CSc., the second head of the Town and Country Planning Department of RIBA and Ing. arch. Dušan Riedl, CSc., a theoretician of architecture and urban planning and a top expert on Czech national herritage. As the topic has not yet been subjected to scholarly research, the main objective of the work is to create the very first complex text on the Brno department of RIBA and its activities. The circumstances surrounding the constitution of RIBA in the context of other similarly functioning research institutes are pursued with a special focus on the fields of building, architecture and urban planning as well as legislative embedding of its foundation and functioning, its organization structure, staff, definition of taskmasters and the way the tasks were approached, relations to other institutions in the field, publishing activities and transfer of theoretical research outcomes to practice. The text also deals with the state of present-day research of architecture and urban planning. Archive material and publications released by the institute represent a predominant source of information about RIBA activities. They are now stored at the archive of ABF Foundation in Prague (the foundation has been administering both the archive and library of the Prague department of RIBA since its abolishment), at the library of The Institute for Spatial Development in Brno (the institute administers the library of the former Brno department) and at the Moravian Land Archive in Brno. Both of the archives have been thoroughly researched by the author. Critical reflections upon the urban-planning department of RIBA occurring in contemporary publications and periodicals are another important source of information which help to specify the character of its activities (recent literature mentions RIBA scarcely, a complex evaluation is still missing). Oral history reported by former employees of RIBA, who had contributed to the first-rate quality of its research activities.

Thesis is focusing on two main themes of the relationship between photography and architecture and their evolution over time of massive digitization. Technologically examines new possibilities of image capture within photographing architecture and compares their with classic scanning method from the time before digital cameras and computers was normally available. Another subject is description of the new possibilities concerning presentation of architecture photography in the new digital era of cameras and improved 3D rendered image, adding to image section of printed and digital magazines, catalogues, social networks and other forms of architecture presentation, all thanks to simplicity of its acquisition and presentation.

For ten thousand years people have used earthen building material in their homes and in just the last hundred years advanced society has gradually turned away from it due to the development of modern technology. Earth is currently of little use as a building material, but it is gradually increasing with the importance of sustainability. Earth has its place in contemporary modern architecture and this is what this work tries to point out. The research is based on the assumption that each building material gravitates with its properties, composition and also the knowledge of the builder to create a certain space. Different building materials define different spaces, different construction uses and different details. This research defined the network of knowledge with the central themes of the essence of earthen architecture by the method of grounded theory and subsequently applied the theory in the design of a model case. The proposed small structure represents an ideal rendering of the space from a single material on the basis of acquired and known information about this material. It has massive earthen walls, which man created himself and it provides him the shelter. The shelter rises smoothly from the ground, its main source, it has soft round features, which were created by the touch of human hands, and when it expires, it naturally merges with the ground again.

The thesis has been written on the basis of main architectural concepts and their application in real life within a historical context investigation. Main architectural concepts are represented in a harmony of architectural composition that deals with relations among form, structure and space in the unique art work. Genius loci play very important role in the architectural creation - it represents a special and extra-ordinary urban locality and its architectural value in the historical, geographical and cultural context. The origin of Ostravice village within the historical frame concept of Moravia domain is the topic of this thesis. Other historical documents gave information about Bruneswerde as the Brno Castle. That means Brno Castle had to be founded not in Brno (as it has been consid-ered for many years) but it was located in Beskydy at Ostravice. The sacred city – Civitas Dei had been located in Bruneswerde region in early ages as the centre of European culture, education and spiritual life. Civitas Dei – divine Jerusalem in the transcription of St. Augustine's book De civitate Dei – is not only glorification of God and religious fantasy. It is also one of significant clues for recognition of historical architecture. The depiction of unknown settlement from the book of unde-fined origin is a superb testimony about extinct architectural works. They are legible from cadastral maps. Brno Castle - residence of nobility and power served shelter to St. Vojtěch, St. Prokop, St. Václav and St. Ludmila as it is obvious for the mentioned picture. Three major temples, three com-position axes symbolized by three towers on coins are in analogical relation to Brno triangle of four saints - the Saint family of Brno temples. Powerful ambitions of Brno City principals and clergy are inscribed into the urban structure in the way of composition relations which are legible to them who devoted themselves to the mystery of harmony. The absence of historical continuity affects personal attitudes and also identity of the whole community. The architecture truly reflects the past state of polis and it is eloquent even after its death. The architectural composition relations influence the natural environment for long time, longer than the architectural work existence. The geometric order of Renaissance Brno existence has not been in attention of architects so far. The features were discovered in characteristic paintings by Albrecht Durer. They are evidently secret works of the genius. A meaningful collaborator and follower in the extensive project was also his friend Jan Čert from Brno and lately from Vienna. His noble genealogy played a significant role in history of Silesia and Moravia for centuries. It is tendency to consider him as Austrian or even German architect. It is because of the fact that the genealogy tree of his noble family had roots in Moravia. It is supposed that Durer with Jan Čert´s support created the extraordinarily monumental architectural and urban works in Brno. A remarkable consensus in the urban composition of two squares and transition of traditional urban structure of Ostravice Civitas Dei into the modern Brno is also confirmed due to the identification of noble creators and owners, who were at the foundation, transformation and extinction of elements of the Moravian urban structure.

Předkládám k obhajobě diplomovou práci věnovanou tématu města, urbanizace či fenoménům urbánního, úžeji problematice architektury a urbanistiky. Celkový náhled, kterým tato rozlehlá témata spojuji, chce být především kulturologický. Spočívá méně v evidenci či chronologii reálií, více v pokusu o shrnutí interpretačních hledisek, definicí sociokulturních jevů, dlouhodobých procesů, až k postižení souvisejících obecných rysů kultury, resp. kultury ve vztahu k civilizaci. Město je pro nás reprezentací kulturní a civilizační. V rozponu mezi nimi se volně pohybuje i tato práce. V prvním plánu, který se kryje s rozsáhlejší úvodní kapitolou, vymezujeme tematické pole práce s námi sledovanými pojmy, kategoriemi a problémy. Jsou jimi pojem existenciálního prostoru, fenomén místa, prostor a čas, kategorie historicity a moderny, veřejný prostor, vztah urbán1l1no k tradiční rurální kultuře i "kyber-kultuře sítě". V tomto zaměření nelze odhlédnout od diskursu těchto témat - a ten je i v textech teorie architektury filosofický. Vedeni kulturní ekologií, jak naše témata akcentovala, dále v inspiraci NorbergSchulzovou fenomenologií architektury, a tedy Heideggerovou ontologií, až k "ontologii každodennosti". Subjektivní vnímání světa skrze fenomény - tedy takto vymezený "přirozený svět" - tvoří prvotní existenciální...

Dissertation thesis "How to think Architecture in a new way. Late though of Peter Eisenman and his critical theory of architecture" tries to summarise and analyse the key thoughts of architect and thinker Peter Eisenman in his late oeuvre. The point of departure of his theoretical thinking seems to be refusal of any timeless essence of architecture and a will to "dislocate" architecture from influence of metaphysics. The way to this is "criticality", a notion constituted with three basic terms: interiority (the interiority of architecture defines the discipline, what it is that makes architecture singular), exteriority (external concepts that change architecture by being internalised into the discipline and changing it) and anteriority (anteriority is the sedimented history of architecture; history of interiority). These three terms are according to Eisenman connected in a notion of "undecidability" that serves as a central criterium to criticality and in a "diagram" that is a mean to overcome metaphysical implications of architecture. At the end of the thesis there is a summary of Eisenman's theoretical work and its importance and an attempt is made to set so conceived whole in its entirety to the thought of "end of metaphysics". In this context is Eisenman seen to be in a position similar from...

(in English) This thesis is a summary of opinions coming from 20th century Czech art historians which wrote about baroque architectural space. Based on reading texts from them I have chosen three cardinal themes characterizing the research of baroque architectural space: tendencies to emancipate architectural space, emphasis on the time based experience of architectural space and interest in luminary qualities of architectural space. In the chapter about time based experience of architectural space I am dealing with the illusion of movement that creates baroque architectural space, with the parallel between baroque architecture and baroque musical compositions and with the principles of designing the so called "moving space" by using illusionary splines. I find a tendency to describe baroque architectural space in a poetical way by Czech art historians due to the process of perceiving architecture happening through the interaction of the human body arrangement. I am focused on philosophy of Martin Heidegger and Hans Georg Gadamer where the support of metaphoric description of baroque architectural space can be found. In the final part of this thesis I write about the symbolic qualities of sacral baroque architectural space. I consider the spatial relationship "above" and "down" as an interpretation...

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav pro dějiny umění Obecná teorie a dějiny umění a kultury - Dějiny výtvarného umění Daniela Štěrbová České vlivy v Bavorsku Pole za polem - cesta z jihu do Čech a zpět (Příspěvek k poznání výuky architektury v barokní době na příkladu tzv. Dientzenhoferovského skicáře) Böhmen in Bayern Joch für Joch - der Weg vom Süden nach Böhmen und zurück (Forschungsbeitrag zur Architekturlehre in der Barockzeit anhand des sog. Dientzenhofer-Skizzenbuches) Abstrakt vedoucí práce: Ing. Petr Macek, PhD. 2015 Abstrakt Der vorliegende Text befasst sich mit einer Plangruppe aus dem sog. Dientzenhofer- Skizzenbuch und ihrer didaktischen Funktion im Rahmen der barocken Architekturlehre. Anhand von halbierten Kirchengrundrissen wurden architektonische Prinzipien und Themen geübt, deren Variieren darauf abzielte, verschiedene raumgliedernde Motive auszuprägen. Dies stellte ein praktisches Pendant zur herkömmlichen Traktat-Literatur dar. Schlüsselwörte Dientzenhofer-Skizzenbuch, Architekturlehre, Architekturtheorie, Didaktik, Barock, Raumgliederung, Wandpfeilerraum Abstrakt Následující příspěvek se zabývá vybranou skupinou plánů z tzv. Dientzenhoferovského skicáře a její didaktickou funkcí v rámci výuky architektury v barokní době. Pomocí půlených půdorysů kostelních staveb byly...

The presented dissertation concerns selected topics on flat construction in the 60's - experiments and prefabricated housing estates - and examines them closely in four different layers - political, ideological, architectonic and social. The work is structured into four main chapters, which constitute four pillars to uncover the history of flat construction and its context. The initial hypothesis of the dissertation was that the birth of panel housing estates at the end of the 50's, as well as its form and content in the upcoming decade, was influenced by the different starting points of the four mentioned layers. The viewpoint of state socialism and its ideology stemmed from the situation, when architecture in the whole socialistic block seized to be the instrument of Stalinist political representation in the spirit of the socialist realism and it became an important instrument of social reform on the promoted path to communism. This opinion, projected on an economic level, lead to an assumption that an affordable and high-quality collective housing makes the society effectively economically modernized. The living in these housing estates was intended to become the "display window" of the socialist lifestyle as well as the means of a morally higher type of consumer society. In the atmosphere of...

The dissertation deals with ideas about Japanese architecture in the Western, namely European discourse between 1945 and 1970. Architects and critics identified striking similarities between the Modernist architectural principles and the Japanese tradition from the 1920s; after the World War II, these similarities sparked a wide interest among the architectural public, which led to numerous publications on Japan unprecedented in scope and depth when compared with any other non-Western culture. The goal of this work is to map the discourse that occurred this way, identify the main themes connected to Japan, and show their significance. The sources for the study are prevalently printed media: architectural magazines and books. The notion of 'image' of Japan proves useful since we study interpretations of a different culture; history of ideas as well as visual representation in photography. At the same time, work also follows the of general issues of understanding the 'other'. An analysis of these various representations of Japan in the printed architectural media makes up the main part of the research presented here. To examine the origins of these ideas we go back to the 1930 with architects-writers Tetsurō Yoshida and Bruno Taut, and subsequently look into of writings about Japan by architects who...