Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Teritoriu'

SANTRAUKA Teritorijų planavimo teisinis reguliavimas Šio magistro darbo tyrimo objektas – teritorijų planavimo teisinis reguliavimas. Ekonominės politikos sudedamąja dalimi yra teritorijų planavimo politika, kurios įgyvendinimas įmanomas tik valstybei nustačius nepriekaištingą teritorijų planavimo teisinį reguliavimą. Pagrindinis teisės aktas, kuris reglamentuoja Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijų planavimą, tai – Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijų planavimo įstatymas. Įstatymas nustato teritorijų planavimo savoką, teritorijų planavimo procesą, jo etapus, stadijas, apibrėžia teritorijų planavimo dokumentų sąvokas, šių dokumentų rengimo, derinimo, tvirtinimo procedūras, planavimo organizatorių, planų rengėjų, fizinių, juridinių asmenų, valstybės ir savivaldybių institucijų teises ir pareigas šiame procese bei atsakomybę. Teritorijų planavimo teisinio reguliavimo dalyku yra teritorijų planavimas. Teritorijų planavimą įstatymas apibrėžia kaip nustatytą procedūrą teritorijos bendrajai erdvinei koncepcijai, žemės naudojimo prioritetams, aplinkosaugos ir kitoms sąlygoms nustatyti, žemės, miško ir vandens naudmenų, gyvenamųjų vietovių, gamybos bei infrastruktūros sistemai formuoti, gyventojų užimtumui reguliuoti, fizinių ir juridinių asmenų veiklos plėtojimo teisėms teritorijoje nustatyti. Tačiau pagrindinis teritorijų planavimo tikslas – suderinti fizinių ir juridinių asmenų ar jų grupių, visuomenės, savivaldybių ir valstybės interesus. Šio darbo tikslas yra reniantis teisės šaltiniais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>ABSTRACT Legal Regulation of Territory Planning The subject of this MA thesis is legal regulation of territory planning. Territory planning policy is an intergral part of state economical policy of Lithuania and implementation of the former is possible only if the state sets out an indefectible legal regulation of territory planning. The main legal act regulating territory planning in the Republic of Lithuania is the Law on Territory Planning of the Republic of Lithuania. This law defines a concept of territory planning, sets types and levels of territory planning, regulates territory planning process as well as links and stages of the process, formulates concepts of territory planning documents, established procedures for preparing, coordination and approval of such document as well as rights, obligations and liabilities of planning organizers, plan preparers, natural and legal persons and state and municipality level institutions in the process. The subject of legal regulation of territory planning is territory planning itself. The said law defines territory planning as a pre-established procedure for setting general spatial concept of a terrotory, land use priorities, environmental conditions and the like, forming land, forest and water property, residental area production and infrastructure systems, regulating occupation of residents and establishing rights of natural and legal persons activity development in a territory. However, basic aim of territory planning is to... [to full text]

Mokslinių darbų, teoriškai ar praktiškai akcentuojančių periferingumo tematiką išties yra nemažai, tačiau iki šiol nėra aiškiai ir galutinai apibrėžta periferinio regiono samprata, be to, retai kalbama apie periferizacijos procesą ar nustatomas regionų periferingumo laipsnis. Periferijos tyrimuose jaučiamas geografinio-kompleksinio požiūrio į periferiją trūkumas. Mokslų integracija analizuojant pasirinktą problemą yra viena pagrindinių rekomendacijų, kadangi siauras požiūris į periferiją nebeatitinka šių dienų aktualijų, nes stabdo ne tik objekto sampratos vystymąsi, bet ir apriboja pačios periferijos kaip teritorinio reiškinio pažinimo galimybes. Šiuo moksliniu darbu siekiama užpildyti trūkstamą periferingumo tyrimų nišą ir prisidėti prie periferijos kompleksinės geografinės sampratos vystymo. Disertacijoje periferijos kompleksinis vertinimas atliekamas remiantis septyniais vertinimo aspektais: pasiekiamumo, demografiniu, socialiniu, ekonominiu, kultūriniu, politiniu bei gamtiniu. Šis disertacinis darbas – tai bandymas, apjungiant įvairių sričių rodiklius, pateikti kompleksinį požiūrį į periferiją, remiantis statistikos rodiklių reikšmėmis išskirti skirtingo periferingumo laipsnio periferinius regionus Lietuvos teritorijoje.<br>There are a lot of scientific papers, which theoretically or practically accentuate the topic of peripherality, however, the conception of peripheral region is not still clearly and finally defined, moreover, it is rarely talked about the process of peripheralisation or the level of peripherality of region is determined. It is felt the lack of the geographic-complex view to the periphery. While analyzing the selected problem the integration of sciences is one of the main recommendations as the narrow attitude to the periphery does not conform to the topicalities of these days because it stops not only the development of conception of object but also limits the cognitive possibilities of periphery itself as the territorial phenomenon. By this scientific paper it is tried to fill the deficient part of researches on peripherality and add to the development of complex geographical conception of periphery. In the dissertation thesis the complex evaluation is performed taking into account seven aspects: dislocation, demographic, social, economic, cultural, political and natural. This dissertation paper is an attempt to present the complex attitude to the periphery while including the indicators of various fields, with reference to the values of statistical indicators to distinguish the peripheral regions of different level peripherality in the territory of Lithuania.

Darbas parengtas nustatant esamą situaciją užliejamose teritorijose. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad ūkininkauti tokiose vietose nėra lengva, nes yra taikomi apribojimai. Nustatyta, kad taikant šiuolaikines GIS technologijas būtų galima palengvinti ūkininkavimą, išskiriant vietas, kuriose palankiau ūkininkauti. Iškeltiems tyrimo uždaviniams pasiekti, buvo atlikta anketinė apklausa ir erdvinė duomenų analizė. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti Šilutės rajono užliejamų teritorijų ūkinio naudojimo tikslingumą ir numatyti perspektyvas. Tyrimo objektas – Šilutės rajono užliejamos teritorijos, išsamiau tirti trys vasaros polderiai: Uostadvario, Vorusnės, Pakalnės. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti esamą užliejamų teritorijų žemės naudojimą. 2. Aptarti duomenų, reikalingų erdvinei analizei atlikti, surinkimo ir naudojimo ypatumus. 3. Naudojant ArcGIS erdvinės duomenų analizės metodus, įvertinti žemės vertės variaciją erdvėje. 4. Įvertinti kaimo plėtros priemonių taikymą užliejamoms teritorijoms. Siekiant nustatyti Šilutės rajono užliejamų teritorijų ūkinio naudojimo tikslingumą ir perspektyvas buvo panaudoti šie metodai: anketinės apklausos, matematinės statistikos metodai, GIS duomenų erdvinė analizė. Tyrimas atliktas siekiant pademonstruoti, kaip šiuolaikinėmis GIS technologijomis galime daug tiksliau ir efektyviau įvertinti žemės vertės variaciją erdvėje bei žemės naudojimą. Polderiai išanalizuoti atliekant anketinę apklausą bei panaudojant ArcGIS 10.0 programą atlikta erdvinė duomenų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The work was done by determining the current situation of flooded areas. During the research it was found that farming in such areas is not easy because of the restrictions. It was found that the application of modern GIS technology to facilitate farming, highlighting areas where favored. Raised by the study was carried out to achieve the objectives of a survey and analysis of spatial data. The goal of research is to analyze farm usage expediency and perspectives of flooded areas in Šilutės district. The object of survey is territories of flooded areas in Šilutės district, three summer polders were analyzed more comprehensively: Uostadvaris, Vorusnė, Pakalnė. Objectives of the survey: 1. To set the current land use of flooded areas. 2. To discuss the data necessary to perform spatial analysis, collection and usage. 3. To evaluate the variation of the value of land space using the ArcGIS Spatial data analysis methods. 4. Summarize applications measures of rural developments for flooded areas. The following methods: logical thinking, statistical clustering, comparison and analysis of GIS data were used to identify farm usage expediency and perspectives of flooded areas in Šilutės district. The research was completed to demonstrate how modern GIS technology can more accurately and efficiently assess the value of the land distribution and usage. Polders were analyzed via the questionnaire survey, also by use of ArcGIS 10.0 program accomplished a spatial analysis of the data... [to full text]

Very often the natural landscape is being ruined, changed, cultured or even a new cultured landscape is being created because of human activity. Therefore, less and less areas are left where natural processes take place. With such a situation, it is necessary to preserve areas rich in objects valuable for science and culture. Protected areas are areas where land and (or) water areas have defined clear boundaries and which have accepted scientific, ecological, cultural and other values and when special protection and use regime (order) is established by legal acts. One of the main tasks of the environment protection management is to strengthen the administrative abilities of the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, the State Service of Protected Areas and the Head Offices of Protected Areas to implement the nature protection policy and directions with reference to EU directions and international conventions. The object of the research. Protected areas within the Republic of Lithuania. The subject of the research. Management peculiarities, management system, positive and negative management characteristics, problems and the ways of their solution of the protected areas within the Republic of Lithuania. The hypothesis of the research. It is important to create such management system, which should preserve the territorial complexes and objects of nature and culture heritage, biological variety of the landscape. The balance of the landscape and the... [to full text]

Práce v první části charakterizuje Čínskou lidovou republiku a Indickou republiku na základě geografických a demografických údajů, z hlediska ekonomické výkonnosti, kulturních odlišností nebo předpokládanému budoucímu vývoji. Další část se věnuje aktuálním obchodně-ekonomickým vztahům Číny a Indie s Českou republikou, překážkám vstupu českých exportérů na trhy těchto zemí a perspektivním odvětvím a oborům pro český export. V závěru práce hodnotí úlohu státu a jeho institucí při podpoře českých podniků při pronikání na tyto trhy a popisuje nástroje, které by mohly vést ke zlepšení vzájemné obchodní bilance České republiky s těmito zeměmi.

Lately, after Lithuania’s admission to a big unit of countries - the European Union, one of the most important tasks while implementing negotiated EU membership commitments in on country in the establishment of NATURA 2000 the network of protected areas that is of the European significance. In the process of the establishment of the network the system of the protected areas is being changed, new protected areas NATURA 2000 are being created reservations, and biosphere polygons. While implementing the Lithuanian Republic strategy of biological variety protection and it’s plan of actions valuable woodland biotopes, woodland key habitats are distinguished. Namely here, in small woodland areas the biology variety is especially wide and the protection of such territories is a mattes of primary interest. To meet the requirements big change have taken place in the regional park of Tytuvėnai as well. Study object. Territory of the Tytuvėnai regional park. The aim of the study is to determine the territories of NATURA 2000 and the woodland key habitats, to evaluate them preliminarily, to determine the peculiarity of them distribution in the area, and to estimate the variation of the natural protected areas of the existing regional park of Tytuvėnai and in it’s draft version. Study methodology. In the analysis of the protected areas the data from the data basis of the Forest and Land Service organizations was used. To determine the territories of NATURA 2000 The Guide of the habitats... [to full text]

Daugelis kaimo turizmo, rekreacinių teritorijų kūrėjų pateikę specialiai sudarytai komisijai parengtus projektus galėjo gauti nemenką ES paramą, tačiau pasisekė ne visiems, kiti rekreacines teritorijas turėjo rengti už savo lėšas. Vienas tokių projektų yra rekreacinės teritorijos įrengimas Pajaurės pelkėje, esančios 20 km nuo Vilniaus centro. Projektas įdomus tuo, kad rekreacinę teritoriją planuojama įrengti pelkėje, kuri pasižymi silpnu gruntu - durpe, o tai reiškia, kad pelkinį paviršių teks pakeisti į patrauklesnį rekreacijai paviršių. Pagrindiniai teritorijos kūrimo darbai bus žemės darbai, kuomet teks daug grunto iškasti formuojant ežeriukus ir protakas, po to užvežti mineralinį gruntą (smėlį), kuris yra labiau tinkamas rekreacijai.<br>Lithuania is in surplas damp zone, 56% of its territory is waterlogged lands and marshes. Marshes are very important, because them maintain water balance, reduce the flood influence, catching the water, sediment materials and polluted materials. Aim of the work – to do geological wrings and measure up peat and sandy lands layer ply and calculate peat pressure. To achieve this aim, the following tasks were solved: 1. To traverse Pajaurė marsh condition nowadays; 2. To take a peat and measurement density and damp; 3. Find out sandy land layer ply; 4. To traverse Notiškis and Ežeraitis lakes clean-up technology. The research on the use recreation areas of hotel “Le Meridien Villon” for recreation and rest has been accomplished. The recreation zone environment legal base has been evaluated. Hydrological, hydrogeological, peat and sapropel quality reseach of Pajaurė marsh, Notiškis, Varlinis and Ežeraitis lakes has been evaluated, Notiškis Varlinis and Ežeraitis lakes as well as Pajaurė marsh reform and their use for the recreation possibilities have been evaluated as well. The Notiškis and Ežeraitis lakes partial dredging, deeping, arrangement inshore the banks of lakes have been planned. In Pajaurė marsh, 10 new small lakes (8,5 ha of the total area) have been projected by digging the marsh ground and moulding 2,3 m water depth in them, raising marsh surface for boating. Without the undamaged recreation area water balance system, invariable water inflow basin, control water... [to full text]

Šio baigiamojo darbo tikslas– išanalizuoti rekreacinę sistemą ir jos plėtros galimybes Molėtų rajone. Darbe vertinama rekreacijos ir turizmo svarba bei bendrieji jų vystymo ypatumai Lietuvoje. Pateikiama Molėtų rajono charakteristika, įvertinant socialinę, verslo ir ekonominę aplinką, susisiekimo ir inžinerinę infrastruktūrą. Apžvelgiami rajono gamtiniai bei kultūriniai rekreaciniai ištekliai, įvertinamos rekreacinės zonos, turistų srautai bei rekreacinės paslaugos. Baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas saugomų teritorijų valdymas Lietuvoje ir Italijoje, apžvelgiami saugomų teritorijų valdymo ypatumai abiejose šalyse ir pateikiamas jų palyginimas. Vertinant rekreacijos plėtros galimybes Molėtų rajone, pateikiama rekreacijos ir turizmo plėtros koncepcija, įvertinamos Molėtų rajono turizmo ir rekreacijos plėtros stipriosios ir silpnosios pusės, galimybės bei grėsmės. Remiantis literatūros analize, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro įvadas, 4 skyriai, pasiūlymai ir išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 83 p. teksto be priedų, 15 lentelių, 17 paveikslų, 32 literatūros šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai.<br>Analysis of recreational system and development opportunities in Molėtai region is the object of this final project. It is summed up the importance and common peculiarities of recreation and tourism in Lithuania. There is gived the common characterization of Molėtai region with analysis of social and economic environmet and communication infrastructure in this project. There is reviewed natural and cultural recreational resources, summed up recreational zones, tourists flow and recreational facilities. In this final project there is analized management of protected areas in Lithuania and Italy and reviewed management peculiarities of protected areas in both countries and made the comparison. Conception of rereation and tourism development is given and summed up advantages and disadvantages, opportunities and threats. According to the analysis of literature, there are presented suggestions and conclusions. The structure of final project: preface, 4 chapters, suggestions and conclusions, literature. The volume of the project: 83 pages of text, 15 tables, 17 pictures, 32 sources of literature. Additions are enclosed.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama Vilniaus Paupio ir Palaujos istorinio priemiesčio urbanistinė erdvinė struktūra ir su ja susijusios urbanistinės plėtros problemos. Tyrinėjama Vilniaus centrinės dalies kokybinė funkcinių-kompozicinių urbanizacijos branduolių sistemos plėtra. Apžvelgiama Paupio ir Plaujos teritorijos istorinė raida, identifikuojami esami vertingi struktūros elementai ir lokalizuojamos rekonstrukcijos zonos, vertinamas galimos plėtros poveikis vizualiniam Vilniaus miesto centrinės dalies identitetui. Remiantis atliktomis analizėmis ir teritorijos dalies kaip įvaizdžio mazgo potencialu, pateikiamos nagrinėjamos teritorijos erdvinio karkaso plėtros alternatyvos. Apžvelgus pramoninių teritorijų konversijos problematiką ir galimybes, pagal pasirinktą alternatyvą parengta Paupio ir Paplaujos teritorijos konversijos ir daugiafunkcinio centro koncepcija. Daugiafunkcinis centras sprendžiamas kaip funkcinė jungtis tarp dviejų struktūrinių urbanistinių teritorijų per fizinį barjerą – Zarasų gatvę. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir siūlymai.<br>The final thesis examines the historic suburb of Paupys and Paplauja in Vilnius urban spatial structure and the associated urban development problems. The qualitative, functional composite urbanized core system development of the central part of Vilnius is examined. A survey of historical urban development is made, identified existing valuable elements of spatial structure, localized areas of reconstruction, analyzed possibilities and results of further development, evaluated the potential development of the visual impact of the central part of Vilnius city identity. According to the analysis and part of the territory's image as a potential host, strategic alternatives of urban spatial structure development in the territory are proposed. A review of the problems and opportunities of conversion of industrial sites revealed the concept of the urban development of territory and multi-center. Further work was made on compositional quality of urban spaces and detailing of multi-center. In the end conclusions and proposals were made.

Ispitano je prisustvo toksičnih cijanobakterija u različitim ekosistemima sa teritorije&nbsp;Republike Srbije i analizirane su negativne posledice koje mogu da prouzrokuju ovi&nbsp;mikroorganizmi. Formirana je Baza podataka cijanobakterija u Srbiji koja prilaže veliki broj bitnih&nbsp; i korisnih informacija iz preko 70 literaturnih izvora o prostiranju i učestalosti pojave cijanobakterija i njihovih toksina u periodu od 130 godina, kao i njihovih efekata na živi svet u vodenim ekosistemima, ali i &scaron;ire. Istraživana su 64 vodena ekosistema, uključujući reke, jezera, bare, kanale, ribnjake, akumulacije za navodnjavanje, akumulacije za snabdevanje vodom za piće i akumulacije sa drugom namenom, gde je najče&scaron;će cvetalo pet vrsta cijanobakterija i to:&nbsp;<em> Microcystis aeruginosa,&nbsp; Aphanizomenon flos-aquae</em>,&nbsp; <em>Planktothrix agardhii,&nbsp; Microcystis flos-aquae</em>&nbsp; i<em>&nbsp; Planktothrix rubescens</em>&nbsp; koje ujedno i &scaron;ire svoj areal rasprostranjenja na teritoriji Republike Srbije. U brojnim vodenim telima detektovani su mikrocistini i to u visokim koncentracijama.Istraživanje vodenog ekosistema Ludo&scaron; sa teritorije Republike Srbije vr&scaron;eno je da bi se ustanovilo prisustvo i uticaj cijanobakterija i cijanotoksina na druge biljne i životinjske organizme u prirodnim uslovima. Trofički status jezera Ludo&scaron; najče&scaron;će je eutrofan, a cvetanje cijanobakterija kontinuirano jo&scaron; od 1970. godine. Tokom 2011. i 2012. godine&nbsp; vrste<em> Limnothrix&nbsp; redekei&nbsp;</em> i&nbsp;<em> Pseudanabaena&nbsp; limnetica</em>&nbsp; nađene&nbsp; u&nbsp; cvetanju. Detektovano je i prisustvo mikrocistina/nodularina i saksitoksina u biomasi i vodi, a mikrocistini su detektovani i u tkivu vodenih biljaka (trske&nbsp;<em> Phragmites communis</em>, rogoza&nbsp; <em>Typha latifolia</em>&nbsp; i ljubičastog lokvanja<em> Nymphaea elegans</em>) i ribi (<em>Carassius gibelio</em>) iz jezera Ludo&scaron;. Histolo&scaron;kim pregledom tkiva ribe&nbsp; pronađene su naizraženije promene u jetri, bubrezima i &scaron;krgama, a primećene su i na crevima.Testiranjem biolo&scaron;kih lesnih pokorica sa teritorije Vojvodine nisu detektovani&nbsp;mikrocistini/nodularini, a nije detektovana ni toksičnost uzoraka. Pretpostavlja se da su koncentracije cijanotoksina ispod granica detekcije ili ih nema u testiranim biolo&scaron;kim lesnim pokoricama. Razvojem novih metoda i optimizacijom postojećih za detekciju cijanotoksina u biolo&scaron;kim lesnim pokoricama i drugim terestričnim ekosistemima potrebno je proveriti dobijene rezultate.Proučavanjem svojstva 84 soja cijanobakterija iz NSCCC, koji potiču iz terestričnih i&nbsp;vodenih ekosistema sa teritorije Republike Srbije, dobijena je intracelularna toksičnost u eksponencijalnoj i stacionarnoj fazi rasta, kao i ekstracelularna toksičnost &nbsp;kod jednog soja koji potiče sa terestričnog ekosistema. Dobijeni su i pozitivni rezultati &nbsp;na prisustvo mikrocistina, nodularina ili/i saksitoksina kod 34,1% terestričnih i 55,5% vodenih sojeva koji potiču sa teritorije Republike Srbije. Rezultati ukazuju na&nbsp; potencijalnu opasnost pojave ovih&nbsp; mikroorganizama i njihovih toksičnih metabolita u različitim ekosistemima sa teritorije Republike Srbije.Eksperimentalno je potvrđena akumulacija mikrocistina u račiću<em>&nbsp; Daphnia pulex&nbsp; </em>usled ishrane toksičnim sojem iz NSCCC, zbog čega upotreba ove vrste račića u izvođenju biolo&scaron;kih testova za testiranje prisustva cijanotoksina treba da se preispita.&nbsp; &Scaron;tavi&scaron;e, veliki broj jedinki dafnija (92,2%) koristio je istraživane sojeve iz NSCCC za ishranu, odnosno ishrana je bila moguća sa svim vodenim i sa gotovo 90% terestričnih sojeva, &scaron;to može poslužiti kao osnov za dalja istraživanja prevencije cvetanja.S obzirom na mogućnost ishrane račića&nbsp;<em> Daphnia&nbsp; sp</em>. cijanobakterijama, kompleks&nbsp;ribnjaka sa teritorije Republike Srbije kori&scaron;ćen je za istraživanje potencijalnog načina&nbsp;prevencije pojave i cvetanja cijanobakterija u zavisnosti od pravovremenog uno&scaron;enja&nbsp;pomenutog račića. Na osnovu koncentracije hlorofila&nbsp; a&nbsp; i trofičkog statusa,&nbsp; kvalitativne i kvantitativne analize cijanobakterija, toksičnosti vode&nbsp; i prisustva cijanotoksina mikrocistina/nodularina i saksitoksina, potvrđeno je smanjenje cvetanja cijanobakterija i drugih negativnih efekata u eksperimentalnim jezerima u odnosu na kontrolna. Ukoliko pak dođe do cvetanja i proizvodnje toksina&nbsp; ijanobakterija u vodenim ekosistemima, zbog ozbiljnost pojave i mogućih negativnih posledica po zdravlje ljudi, neohodno je uvesti postupke eliminacije ćelija&nbsp; cijanobakterija i njihovih &nbsp;toksina u praksu pri obradi&nbsp; otpadnih voda i preči&scaron;ćavanja vode iz povr&scaron;inskih akumulacija u Republici Srbiji.<br>The presence of toxic&nbsp; cyanobacteria in different ecosystems from the territory of the Republic of Serbia was analyzed as well as the negative consequences that may be causeed by these microorganisms. Serbian Cyanobacterial Data Base was formed where great number of important and useful information from over 70 literary sources regarding the distribution and frequency of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a period of 130 years, as well as their effects on wildlife in aquatic ecosystems, and beyond was presented. The study consisted of 64 aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, lakes, ponds, canals, irrigation reservoirs, reservoirs for drinking water supply and reservoirs with other purpose, where five species of cyanobacteria <em>Microcystis aeruginosa,&nbsp; Aphanizomenon flos-aquae,&nbsp; Planktothrix agardhii,&nbsp; Microcystis flosaquae&nbsp;</em> and&nbsp; <em>Planktothrix rubescens</em>&nbsp; frequently bloomed, and also expanded their area of distribution on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. In many water bodies microcystins were detected in high concentrations.Research into aquatic ecosystem Ludo&scaron;, located on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, was performed in order to determine the presence and effect of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins on other plant and animal organisms in natural conditions. Trophic status of&nbsp; the lake Ludo&scaron; was usually eutrophic, and cyanobacteria bloom is constant since 1970. During 2011 and 2012, the species <em>Limnothrix&nbsp; redekei</em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; <em>Pseudanabaena&nbsp; limnetica&nbsp;</em> were found in blooming. Presence of microcystins/nodularin and saxitoxin was detected in&nbsp; biomass and water, and microcystins were detected in tissues of aquatic plants (reed <em>Phragmites communis,</em> cattail&nbsp;<em>Typha latifolia&nbsp;</em>and royalblue waterlily&nbsp; <em>Nymphaea elegans</em>) and fish (<em>Carassius gibelio</em>) from the lake Ludo&scaron;. Histological examination of tissue showed most prominent changes in liver, kidney and gills, and alterations were also observed in the intestine.Testing of the biological loess crust from Vojvodina showed no presence of microcystins/nodularin and toxicity of samples was not detected as well. It is assumed that cyanotoxin concentrations were below detection limit or are absent from the tested biological loess crusts. The development of new methods and optimization of existing ones for detection of cyanotoxins in biological loess crustsand&nbsp; other terrestrial ecosystems is necessary in order to revise obtained results.Research of the properties from 84 strains of cyanobacteria from NSCCC originating&nbsp;from terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from the territory of the Republic of &nbsp;Serbia, resulte d inintracellular toxicity in exponential and stationary growth phase, as &nbsp;well as extracellular toxicity of a strain originating from terrestrial ecosystems. The obtained results were positive for the presence of microcystins, nodularin and/or saxitoxin&nbsp; for 34.1% terrestrial and 55.5% aquatic strains originating from the territory of the Republic of Serbia. These results demonstrate the potential risk of occurrence of these microorganisms and their metabolites in different ecosystems from the territory of the Republic of Serbia.Accumulation of microcystins in shrimp <em>Daphnia pulex</em>&nbsp;after feeding with toxic strain&nbsp;from NSCCC was experimentally confirmed, indicating that the use of this species of shrimp in biological tests which determine the presence of cyanotoxins needs to be revisited. Moreover, a large number of&nbsp;<em>Daphnia&nbsp; individuals </em>(92.2%) used the investigated strains of NSCCC for food, and the feeding was possible with all &nbsp;the water strains and nearly 90% of terrestrial strains, which can serve as a basis for further research of bloom prevention.With regard to the possibility shrimp <em>Daphnia&nbsp;</em>sp. feeding with cyanobacteria, a&nbsp;complex of ponds from the territory of the Republic of Serbia was used to explore &nbsp;potential ways of prevention the occurrence and blooming of cyanobacteria, depending on the timely introduction of the aforementioned shrimp. Based on the concentrations of chlorophyll&nbsp; a&nbsp; and trophic status, qualitative and quantitative analysis of cyanobacteria, the toxicity of water and the presence of&nbsp; cyanotoxins microcystins/nodularin and saxitoxin, reduction in blooming cyanobacteria and other negative effects in the experimental lakes when compared to the control lakes was confirmed. If the blooming regardless occurres as well as production of cyanobacterial &nbsp;toxins in aquatic ecosystems, due to the seriousness of the phenomenon and the possible negative consequences for human health, it would be necessary to introduce &nbsp;procedures for the elimination of cells of cyanobacteria and their toxins into practice in waste water treatment and purification of water from surface reservoirs in the Republic of Serbia.

The environmental researches are especially effective in the protected territories in which different objects of landscape, nature and culture are preserved. Combined with the teaching curriculum, such researches can visibly improve the practical pupils’ skills. They can improve the natural pupil’s abilities, foster the skills of critical thinking, problem solving and other important skills for the member of the contemporary society member, as well as to train the creative skills and one’s spiritual culture. The object of this research is the protected territories of Birzai and their usage in the teaching process. The protected territories are founded in order to preserve regional landscape of Lithuania, its natural ecosystem and cultural heritage. The goal of this research is to analyze the possibilities of the usage of the protected territories of Birzai and the natural and cultural monuments in the teaching process. The main tasks of this research are: - to do an integrated characterization of the protected territories of Birzai region; - to analyze the possibilities of the application of the protected territories of Birzai and the natural and cultural components in the teaching process; - to analyze the main popular tourist routes, to present other routes and tourist objects which are useful in application in the teaching process; - to do a pedagogical experiment. Having explored the natural and cultural resources of the protected territories of Birzai, it is observed... [to full text]

Spartus saugomų teritorijų tinklo kūrimas Šiaulių regione prasidėjo po Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Šiuo metu saugomos teritorijos regione užima 114158 ha arba 13,4% visos teritorijos, šalies mastu - 15,3%. Europos Sąjungos valstybių vidurkis- 18%. Perspektyvoje saugomų teritorijų plotas turėtų didėti, kadangi valstybinės saugomų teritorijų tarnybos strateginiuose veiklos planuose iki 2015m. numatyta jų plotą padidinti iki 16,7%. Nuo 2000 m. regione prasidėjo Europos ekologinio tinklo NATURA 2000 kūrimo procesas, šį tinklą sudaro paukščių apsaugai svarbios teritorijos (PAST) ir buveinių apsaugai svarbios teritorijos (BAST). NATURA 2000 teritorijos Šiaulių regione užima 7,1 % teritorijos, Lietuvoje- 6%, Europos Sąjungos valstybių vidurkis-14%. Didžioji dalis ekologinio tinklo įkurta jau saugomose teritorijose- draustiniuose, biosferos poligonuose. PAST jau yra patvirtintos Europos Komisijos, o vietovės, atitinkančios buveinių apsaugai svarbių teritorijų atrankos kriterijus, bus patvirtintos per artimiausius 4 metus. NATURA 2000 tinklo kūrimas prisidės prie nykstančių rūšių populiacijos išsaugojimo, atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad Šiaulių regione iš 162 saugomų į Lietuvos Raudonąją knygą įrašytų rūšių: 76 (47%) rūšys yra ties išnykimo riba arba sparčiai nyksta. Siekiant užtikrinti biologinės įvairovės apsaugą ir darnaus miškų ūkio plėtojimą, Šiaulių regiono miškuose inventorizuota 743 kertinės miško buveinės (KMB), kurių plotas- 2005 ha. tai sudaro 1,2 % miškų ploto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Rapid creation of the Protected Territories Net in the Siauliai region began after the restoration of Lithuanian independence. Today protected territories in the region cover 114158 ha or 13,4% of the whole territory, to the country extend it makes 15,3%. The average in the European Union counties makes 18%. The area of the protected territories should be increased in the perspective as the strategic plans of activity of the State Service for Protected Areas suppose to expand these territories up to 16,7% before the year 2015. The creation process of the European Ecological Net NATURA began in the region in the year 2000; the Net consists of territories important for birds’ protection (TIBP) and territories important for residence protection (TIRP). The NATURA 2000 covers 7,1% of the region territory and 6% of the State territory, the average in the European Union counties makes 14%. The greater part of the Ecologic Net is established in the territories which are already protected, in the biosphere ground. TIBP have been confirmed by the European Commission and the territories meeting the selection criteria of the territories important for residence protection will be confirmed during the next 4 years. The creation of the NATURA 2000 will promote the preservation of the endangered population species. After the conduction of the research it appeared that there are 162 protected species in the Siauliai region, which are registered in the Lithuanian Red Data Book: 76 (47%)... [to full text]

Nežinomo ploto dengimas yra aktuali ir paplitusi problema. NPD sprendimas realiuose robotuose susiduria su daviklių ir mechanizmų netikslumu. Atliktame darbe yra pateiktas „Bouncing“ NPD algoritmo sprendimas robotui, turinčiam mažo tikslumo daviklius ir neprecizinius valdiklius. Taip pat atliktas darbas parodė sudėtingus roboto kūrimo aspektus ir galimus sprendimus. Sukurtas robotas dėl pigumo ir nesudėtingos realizacijos gali būti naudojamas kaip platforma kitokių algoritmų tyrimui.<br>The problem of unknown area coverage with mobile robots has received considerable attention over the past years. This problem is a common challenge in many applications, including automatic lawn mowing and vacuum cleaning. However, most of the approaches find difficult to implement in real life because of problems of environment data reading. In this paper we consider the problem of robust area covering algorithm implementation in mobile robot. The chosen approach is based on simple and robust algorithm for uncertain environment and simple robot platform. The results showed robustness, reliability of chosen method of control. The constructed robot has shown simplicity, cheapness of creation and possibility for different algorithm testing. The significance of this paper lies in the practical solution for robust mobile robot area coverage, suitable for noisy environment and low precisions robot sensors.

Práce podává návod českým firmám k úspěšnému vstupu na francouzský trh, resp. frankofonní trhy. Analyzuje ekonomické a podnikatelské prostředí ve Francii a ve třech zemích Maghrebu - Alžírsku, Maroku, Tunisku a vyzvedává důležité informace a poznatky pro české firmy, které chtějí proniknout na dané trhy. Analyzovanými oblastmi jsou: ekonomika jednotlivých zemí, vzájemné vztahy s ČR, vzájemná obchodní spolupráce ČR s danými zeměmi až dosud, intelkulturální odlišnosti a perspektivy jejich další ekonomické spolupráce ČR. Závěrečná kapitola práci jen doplňuje a zmiňuje informační zdroje, na které se české podnikatelské subjekty mohou obrátit.

The theme of my thesis is "Analysis of business environment in Ukraine." The thesis contains basic information about Ukraine, its membership in international organizations, economic and internal political situation in the country, privatization of state property, foreign trade and foreign investments in the territory. The main goal of this work was to describe the investment and business environment of Ukraine, ie. mode of foreign investment, banking and taxation, business risks and the degree of corruption in Ukraine, as well as bilateral cooperation between Czech republic and Ukraine, possible investment opportunities in prosperous Ukrainian regions and sectors such as machine-building, transport infrastructure, civil engineering, furniture industry and ecology.

Geographical location of Lithuania determines its role as a transit country. This fact obliges to assure an efficient movement of the goods through the territory of Lithuania. One of the directions to evolve transport sector can be the development of combined road-rail transport (CT). The purpose of the dissertation – on the basis of analysis of scientific works and best practical experience in the field of CT to determine means that stipulate development of CT, arrange them according to the particularity of Lithuanian transport sector, and create a model for the development of combined carriages through the territory of Lithuania. In order to reach this purpose, following tasks are accomplished: 1.Determined all combined road-rail transport elements and their importance; 2.Investigated current market of CT in the EU and technological measures that assure development of these carriages; 3.Carried out an investigation of capabilities of Lithuanian transport system stressing an interaction of road and rail transport; 4.Created model which involves linkage of infrastructure of different transport modes in to one network and assures an optimal exploitation of infrastructure by flows of different transport modes. 5.Explained technological factors that influence possibilities to develop combined carriages through the territory of Lithuania.

Although Vilnius is the largest city of the republic, a centre of industry and culture, the largest Lithuanian administrative centre, where the most important political, financial, economic, social and cultural centres are located, nevertheless there are plenty of unemployed and socially supported persons.. The officially registered unemployment level n Vilnius for the time being does not exceed the average of the European Union. Compared to the structure of unemployment in other Lithuanian cities and their change indications, the situation in Vilnius is quite good, except for the fact that the number of the retired persons is growing. Recently in Vilnius the demand for Workforce is growing, yet qualification characteristics in many cases does not match the requirements of the vacant positions offered. Hence the structural changes in Labour Market, intensive development of new technologies have had significant influence on the competition in the dynamic market of people who have lost their jobs. The unemployment here affected certain social demographic groups of the inhabitants: the youth, and senior pre-retirement persons. Naturally, that a large part of the people failed or did not want to adapt to the new requirements, therefore unemployment became a poignant problem of the society. A big attraction of Vilnius as the capital, where the living costs are much higher than elsewhere in Lithuania, for instance, purchase of accommodation, bills for accommodation, services, fuel... [to full text]

Pastaraisiais metais įvyko ženklūs pokyčiai Lietuvos gyventojų užimtumo srityje. Besiformuojančią darbo rinką paveikė ekonomikos virsmas iš planinės į rinkos ekonomikos sistemą. Statistiniai duomenys rodo, kad atkūrus nepriklausomybę visuose Lietuvos regionuose iškilo gyventojų užimtumo problema. Atsirado nedarbo problema. Bedarbystė - viena svarbiausių demografinių ekonominių problemų Lietuvoje. Pasaulyje nedarbo lygis laikomas natūraliu, kai jis neviršija 3 - 5 % nuo ekonomiškai aktyvių gyventojų. Lietuvoje per 1991 – 2005 m. laikotarpį bedarbystė ir nedarbo lygis viršijo Europos Sąjungos vidurkius. Magistrinio darbo pagrindinis objektas – bedarbiai ir nedarbo lygis Lietuvoje. Procesai nagrinėjami šalies ir atskirų teritorinių administracinių vienetų aspektu. Magistrinio darbo tikslas: analizuojant bedarbių skaičiaus ir nedarbo lygio kaitą prisidėti prie socialinės regioninės politikos optimizavimo. Magistrinio darbo uždaviniai: nustatyti bedarbystės priežastis šalyje; nustatyti nedarbo lygio ir bedarbystės teritorinę sklaidą Lietuvoje; išanalizuoti svarbiausias nedarbo priežastis išskiriant šalies probleminius regionus; nurodyti nedarbo lygio mažinimo priemones. Darbe taikyti - mokslinės literatūros analizės metodai, leidžiantys apibūdinti ir pagrįsti bedarbių ir nedarbo lygio socialinius - ekonominius nuostolius; statistinės analizės metodas, leidžiantis analizuoti kokybinius duomenis, kokybiškai (matematiškai) apdoroti statistiką; palyginamieji – analitiniai logikos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>During the last years considerable changes have taken place in Lithuania concerning the unemployment sphere. The planned economy has transformed into the market economy and it greatly affected the forming employment market. The statistical data show that after the regaining independence the unemployment problem remains in the all regions of Lithuania. The unemployment problem has appeared. The unemployment rate is considered natural in the world if does not increase more than 3 - 5 percent from the active inhabitants. The unemployment rate in Lithuania is higher than the average unemployment rate in the European Union during 1993-2005. The purpose of the research is to disclose the unemployment and the changes in the unemployment rate in Lithuania. The processes are investigated from the territorial aspect. The unemployment is one of the most important demographic and economic problems in Lithuania. The main object of the article is the unemployed and the unemployment rate in Lithuania. The tasks are: to analyse the detailed tendencies of the changes in the unemployment rate; disclose the changes from the territorial aspect; disclose the causes of the unemployment within the limits of municipalities. The purpose of the master’s research: contribute to the optimisation while analysing the changes in the number of employees and the unemployment rate. The tasks of the master’s research: determine the reasons of the unemployment in Lithuania; analyse the situation concerning the... [to full text]

Lietuvos nekilnojamojo turto kadastro ir registro sistema apima visas šalies administracines teritorijas. Nekilnojamojo turto registro duomenų banke sukaupti išsamūs duomenys apie nekilnojamojo turto objektus, įskaitant žemę, pastatus, patalpas, butus ir infrastruktūrą. Taip pat banke saugomi duomenys apie teisinį nekilnojamojo turto objektų valdymą, apsunkinimus, servitutus, teisinius faktus ir hipoteką. Taip apsaugomos piliečių nuosavybės teisės į nekilnojamąjį turtą. Ši Nekilnojamojo turto kadastro ir registro sistema yra gana efektyvi. Ji atvira, orientuota į visuomenę bei paremta daugiatikslio pritaikymo koncepcija. Atliekant tiriamąjį darbą buvo nagrinėjami įregistruotų gyvenamųjų namų ir sodo namelių skaičius bei jų ryšys su namų valdų ir sodo sklypų skaičiumi bei įregistruotų gyvenamųjų namų ir kitos paskirties pastatų skaičius ir tankumas 2004 m. – 2005 m. Pastebėta, kad Lietuvoje per nagrinėjamąjį laikotarpį daugiausia įregistruota gyvenamosios paskirties pastatų. Per dvejus metus šis skaičius buvo beveik 22000 pastatų. Labai lėtai buvo registruojami sodo nameliai. 2005 m. net 81 procentas sodų sklypų neturi įregistruotų sodų namelių. Tokią situaciją įtakoja daug priežasčių, pavyzdžiui, sodo namelis naudojamas, kaip gyvenamasis namas ir pan.<br>Real estate cadastre and register system developed in all country‘s administrative territories. In real estate register data bank is concentrate exhaustive data in real estate objects, including land, buildings, lodgings, flats and infrastructure. Also there are saved data about relations governed by law in real estate objects control, difficulties, servitudes, facts in law, hypothec. In that way, citizen properties rights to real estate are protect. Real estate cadastre and register system is effective in Lithuania. It is orientated to public and supported purpose of adaptation conception. In the research work analyzed registered houses and garden-houses numbers and connection between property and gardens-plots numbers plots. Other searching object was house and other purpose buildings number and density. All researches carry out in the year 2004-2005. In analyzed period was noticed, that the most registered was purpose of house buildings. This number of registered objects was almost 22,000 house buildings. In the mean time registration of garden-houses was very slow. Even 81 percentages of garden–plots was without registered garden-houses in the year 2005. Such situation was influence by many reasons. For example garden-houses is already used as house building.

Kristina Taurozaitė Buvusių pesticidų sandėlių teritorijų užterštumo pesticidų likučiais vertinimas Santrauka Didžiausia tarša pesticidais stebima dirvožemyje ir požeminiuose gruntiniuose vandenyse, pesticidų kapinynų aplinkvietėse ir buvusių pesticidų sandėlių gaisravietėse, o pagrindiniai taršos pesticidais židiniai yra pesticidų sandelio gaisrai ir pesticidų kapinynai. Pesticidų sukeltas neigiamas poveikis aplinkai yra negrįžtamas, o tai pasireiškia įvairiais išsigimimais, nukrypimais ir ligomis žmonėms, gyvūnams bei augalijai. Iš atliktų dirvožemio bei grunto tyrimų Marijampolio ir Tryškių pesticidų sandeliuose 0,0 – 0,3 m gylyje nustatyta, kad kai kurių pesticidų koncentracijos viršija HN 60:2004 nustatytas DLK vertes nuo 1 iki 1460 kartų Marijampolio pesticidų sandelyje, o Tryškių pesticidų sandelyje nuo 1,5 iki 3600 kartų. Tuo tarpu tų pačių pesticidų koncentracijos grunto bandiniuose iš 0,9 – 1,0 m gylio sumažėja ir DLK viršijamos tik nuo 1 iki 38 kartų Marijampolio pesticidų sandelyje ir iki 144 kartų Tryškių pesticidų sandelyje. Iš atlikus gruntinio vandens tyrimų buvo nustatyta, kad Tryškių pesticidų sandėlio teritorijoje požeminis (gruntinis) vanduo yra smarkiai užterštas pesticidais. Jo tarša atskirais pesticidais skirtingais normatyviniais aktais nustatytas DLK viršija iki 96 kartų Tryškių ir iki tūkstančių kartų Marijampolio pesticidų sandelių teritorijose. Todėl galima teigti, kad Marijampolio pesticidų sandelio teritorijoje gruntinis vanduo užterštas labiau... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Kristina Taurozaitė The estimation of existed pesticides dumps contamination with pesticides residues Summary The biggest pollution of the pesticides is fixed in soil and ground water areas of the pesticides dumps and sites after a fire of the pesticides warehouses. The main sources of the pollution of the pesticides are fire of the warehouses of the pesticides and pesticides dumps. The negative impact on environment of pesticides is irreversible, causing various degenerations, aberrations and diseases to animals and plants. It was estimated that in Marijampolio and Tryškių pesticides dumps, concentration of some pesticides exceeds HN 60:2004 stated MCL (maximum concentration levels) values from 1 to 1460 times in Marijampolio pesticide dump while in Tryškių pesticides dump from 1,5 to 3600 times. Whereas the same concentration in ground samples in 0,9 -1.0 depth declines and MCL exceed just from 1 to 38 times in Marijampolio pesticides dumps, and to 144 times in Tryškių pesticides dumps. In Tryškių and Marijampolio pesticides dumps soil and ground analyses were made. It was estimted that ground water in Tryškių pesticide dump area is polluted deeply by pesticides. Its pollution of separate pesticides by different normative act stated MCL exeeds to 96 times in Tryškių and to 1000 times in Marijampolio pesticides dumps areas. That is why ground water of Marijampolio pesticides dumps areas is poluted more than in Tryškių pesticides dumps area. Analytically analyzed pesticides... [to full text]

Darbo objektas: kurortų ir kurortinių teritorijų patrauklumo kriterijai. Darbo tikslas: išanalizuoti kokiais kriterijais remiantis klientai renkasi kurortą ar kurortinę teritoriją. Problema: nėra pakankamai informacijos apie kurortų ir kurortinių teritorijų vertinimo kriterijus. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Atskleisti kurorto ir kurortinės teritorijos sampratą. 2. Išsiaiškinti paslaugų patrauklumo kriterijus klientams kurortuose ir kurortinėse teritorijose. 3. Atlikti kurortuose ir kurortinėse teritorijose nustatytų patrauklumo elementų vertinimą. Darbo rezultatai ir išvados: Straipsnyje analizuojama kurortų samprata ir aptariami kurortų statuso reikalavimai. Nustatyta, kad pagal teikiamų paslaugų specifiką dauguma Lietuvos kurortų (Druskininkai, Birštonas ir Palanga) yra priskiriami mišriam kurortų tipui ir tik vienas - Neringa - poilsio tipui. Straipsnyje aptartos 4 Lietuvos kurortinės teritorijos (Anykščiai, Trakai, Zarasai, Ignalinos miesto Strigailiškio ir Palūšės kaimų dalių teritorijos). Išskirti pagrindiniai kurortų ir kurortinių teritorijų patrauklumo kriterijai – infrastruktūra, kainos – kokybės santykis, pramogos, sveikatingumas. Nustatyta, kad labiausiai kurortų patrauklumas susijęs su infrastruktūra, taip pat įrodyta, kad ir kiti minėti vertinimo kriterijai yra svarbūs renkatis kurortą/kurortinę teritoriją.<br>Object of the study: resorts and spa areas attractiveness criteria. Purpose of the study: analyze what criteria customers choose a resort or spa areas. Problem: there is not enough information about resorts and spa areas in the evaluation criteria. Main goals of this study: 1. Reveal to the resorts and resort areas concept. 2. To find out the criteria for attractiveness to customers resorts and spa areas. 3. Perform resorts and spa areas attractive elements of the evaluation set. Results and conclusions. In this article is analyzed and discussed about the concept of resort and it‘s status requirements. Also, presented resorts classification. It was found that by it‘s specifics resorts in Lithuania are classified as mixed type resort (Palanga, Druskininkai, Birštonas) and rest resort – Neringa. In this article is discussed about 4 Lithuania resort areas (Anykščiai, Trakai, Zarasai, Strigailiškis and Palūšės countryside parts of Ignalina city). In this article is also distinguished the main resorts and resort areas attractiveness criteria - infrastructure, price - quality ratio, entertainment, wellness. It was found that the main criteria of resort attractiveness is it‘s infrastructure, but in this article is also mentioned that price – quality ratio, entertainment and wellness is also important for choosing resort.

This thesis deals with bank guarantees, an instrument widely used especially in the field of international trade. The aim of this thesis is to characterize bank guarantees and their application in commercial relations. In relation with the growing use of bank guarantees in international business, the customary treatment of this challenging banking instrument will be analyzed and compared in different regions of the world -- i.e. Turkey, Syria, Iran, countries in the Organization for the Cooperation Council of Arab Gulf Countries and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, - with the international standards of the International Chamber of Commerce. This thesis may be helpful for understanding demand guarantees and, due to the lack of comprehensive information, it could assist companies that trade in the above areas and are required to issue a guarantee to their customers.

Magistro darbas skirtas specialiųjų planų ir kitų teritorijų planavimo dokumentų santykio teorinių ir praktinių problemų nagrinėjimui. Nuo pat Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo, planuojant teritorijas buvo susidurta su įvairiais iššūkiais. Reikėjo tinkamai sureguliuoti ir įtvirtinti teritorijų planavimo santykius, ko pasekoje, 1995 m. buvo priimtas Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijų planavimo įstatymas. Šis įstatymas nebuvo stabilus, nuolat kito. Pagrindinė problema buvo ta, kad nebuvo tinkamai sureguliuota teritorijų planavimo dokumentų, ypač specialiųjų planų teisinė galia ir jų tarpusavio santykis. Siekiant išspręsti praktikoje išryškėjusias problemas, buvo nuspręsta reformuoti teritorijų planavimo sistemą. Teritorijų planavimo reformos rezultatas buvo 2014 m. sausio 1 d. įsigaliojęs Teritorijų planavimo įstatymas, kuriame įtvirtinta nemažai naujovių, palengvinančių planavimą. Šiame įstatyme apibrėžta specialiojo teritorijų planavimo dokumentų teisinė galia, kuri apibrėžė šių dokumentų vietą visame teritorijų planavimo dokumentų komplekse. Tuo pačiu, įstatymų leidėjas padarė keletą teisinės galios išimčių, kurios galimai sąlygos tam tikrus konfliktus ateityje. Nepaisant to, naujos redakcijos Teritorijų planavimo įstatymą galima vertinti pozityviai. Įstatymų leidėjui iš esmės pavyko patobulinti teritorijų planavimo dokumentų sistemą ir, vertinant patį įstatymo tekstą, yra sudarytos teisinės prielaidos geresniam ir kokybiškesniam teritorijų planavimo reguliavimui.<br>Master thesis is dedicated to analyse theoretical and practical problems of special plans and their link between other spatial planning documents. Spatial planning has faced various challenges since the restoration of Lithuanian independence. It was necessary to regulate and consolidate relations of spatial planning. The result of this consolidation was the enactment of spatial legal act the Law on Zoning and Planning of the Republic of Lithuania in 1995. The Law on Zoning and Planning was volatile, unstable and caused many conflicts. The main problem of spatial planning statutory regulation was undefined legal power of special plans and obscure link among other spatial planning documents. In order to solve existing practical and theoretical problems it was decided to reform the legal system of spatial planning. The result of this reform was enactment of new version of the Law on Zoning and Planning of Republic of Lithuania, which came into force on 1st of January, 2014 and established numeruos innovations in spatial planning. This law finally defined the legal power of special plans and their position in the complex of spatial planning documents. At the same time, the legislator has made a few exceptions to the rule of this legal power which can possibly cause conflicts in the future. Nevertheless, the renewed version of the Law on Zoning and Planning can be assessed positively. The legislator has surely improved the system of spatial planning and created decent... [to full text]

1990 m. atkūrus Lietuvos nepriklausomybę prasidėjo nauji žemės reformos ir teritorijų planavimo procesai. Pradėjus vykdyti žemės pertvarkymo procesą susiformavo naujos privačios žemėtvarkos struktūros. Dėl neprincipingų teisinių nuostatų žemės sklypai formuojami neplaningai, neįvertinant perspektyvaus jų naudojimo. Viena iš galimybių sprendžiant šias problemas galėtų būti nuosavybės teisių pertvarkymas, įvertinant teisingai tiek privačių savininkų, tiek visuomenės interesus. Miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo problemos nėra pakankamai ištirtos, nors aktualios daugumai. Lietuvos piliečių, kurie siekia susigrąžinti savo žemes, atkuriant nuosavybės teises į senelių turėtą žemę todėl šio darbo objektu ir pasirinktas miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo problemos. Nepaisant to, dar labai trūksta literatūros, elementarių žinių apie šį valstybinės reikšmės procesą, darbe apibrėžtos pagrindinės sąvokos, išanalizuota miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimo samprata. Atliekant tyrimą analizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai, Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimai, gairės bei kiti norminiai aktai, susijusieji su teritorijų planavimo dokumentų rengimu, analizuoti kitų autorių darbai. Siekiant įvairiais aspektais įvertinti miškų ūkio paskirties teritorijų planavimą, pasiremta mokslinės literatūros ir teisinių dokumentų analizės bei statistiniais ir anketavimo metodais.<br>The research discusses territory planning and land reform during the period of the independence of Lithuania since 1990. With the beginning of unplanned land restitution private land parcels were formed chaotically. According to this situation, land reallocation principles are suggested that can help to combine private and state interests in the territory planning process. The problems of the lands for forests purposes of spatial planning are not sufficiently investigated, although relevant to the majority of Lithuanian citizens, who are seeking to recover their lands, restoring property rights to the former old people's land and therefore subject to selected areas of forest for agricultural purposes of planning problems. Nevertheless, there is a serious lack of literature, basic knowledge about the process of national significance, the article first defines key concepts, analyze the forest for agricultural purposes of spatial planning concept. In a study to analyze the laws of the Republic of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Government regulations, guidelines and other regulations, those relating to spatial planning documents in preparation for analysis of other authors' works. In order to assess various aspects of the lands for forests purposes of spatial planning issues, relied on scientific literature and legal instruments for the analysis and statistics poll methods.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjama gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistema darnos požiūriu. Pagal sukurtą susisiekimo sistemos analizei naudojamą rodiklių sis-temą, disertacijoje nagrinėjami sprendimų paramos sistemos metodai, tinkantys gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos analizes uždaviniams spręsti, tai pat analizuojamos šių metodų integracijos galimybės su geografinėmis informa-cinėmis sistemomis (GIS). Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – sudaryti teorinį modelį, kuris leistų daugiatiksliais sprendimų priėmimo metodais bei GIS technologi-jomis įvertinti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos darną ir darniai planuoti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystymąsi ateityje. Dis-ertacijoje siūlomas modelis suteikia galimybę atlikti skirtingų gyvenamųjų teri-torijų susisiekimo sistemų rangavimą, analizuoti įvairias gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystimosi alternatyvas, jas palyginti bei atrinkti geriausią. Modelis yra integruotas su GIS ir suteikia galimybė atlikti gyvenamųjų teritorijų plėtros tendencijų modeliavimą.<br>The main goal of the current PhD thesis is urban transport system analysis according sustainability. In dissertation have been analyzed urban areas transport system using integrated decision support system methods with GIS. These methods have been adopted for urban transport system analysis, urban territories ranking according transport system level. Also the indicators system for urban transport system analysis was filled with other important indicators groups for urban sustainability (environmental, socio economic). The aim of the paper cov-ers creation of theoretical model, which could evaluate urban transport system sustainability and perform rational planning of urban future development ac-cording decision support methods and GIS technologies. Also this model could allow executing urban transport system ranking by engineering infrastructure, socio economic and environment aspects. Model could perform comparing of urban development scenarios and to indicate the best one, which satisfies trans-port systems indicators.

Šiame moksliniame darbe siekiama ištirti Plungės rajono Platelių ir Žemaičių Kalvarijos seniūnijų teritorijų panaudojimo galimybes, vadovaujantis kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektais. Iškeltiems uždaviniams išspręsti, naudojamasi žemės informacinės sistemos duomenų bazėmis. Vykdant sėkmingą kaimo plėtros įgyvendinimą, svarbu atsižvelgti į gamtinės aplinkos sukurtas sąlygas. Analizuojama teritorija pasižymi saugomų objektų gausa. Plungės rajone yra devynios saugomos teritorijos, kurių plotas sudaro 25 proc. visos Plungės rajono teritorijos. Tiriamų seniūnijų bendras plotas yra 26161 ha., abi seniūnijos patenka į Žemaitijos nacionalinį parką. Iš bendro analizuojamos teritorijos ploto, 15163 ha užima Žemaitijos nacionalinis parkas, tai sudaro beveik 58 proc. visos teritorijos. Tam, kad kaimo vietovėse teritorijų planavimas ir naudojimas neturėtų neigiamų pasekmių kraštovaizdžiui ir gamtinei aplinkai, vykdant planavimą privaloma vadovautis kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektais, specialiosiomis žemės ir miško naudojimo sąlygomis, bei kitais teisės aktais. Iškelti uždaviniai išspręsti vadovaujantis kaimo plėtros žemėtvarkos projektų rengimo taisyklėmis, miško įveisimo ne miško žemėje taisyklėmis, Plungės rajono savivaldybės teritorijos bendruoju planu, Žemaitijos nacionalinio parko planavimo schema, išskirtos teritorijos tinkamos sodybos vietai parinkti bei miškui ne miško žemėje įveisti. Atliekant tyrimą ArcMap 10.2.1 programa, sudaryti du skirtingi modeliai, taip išskirtos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>This thesis is aimed at exploring the possibilities to use the territories of Plateliai and Žemaičių Kalvarija in Plungė District pursuant to the organization of land exploitation plans of rural development. The databases of the land information system are used to solve the tasks. In pursuance of successful implementation of rural development, it is important to take the conditions created by natural environment into consideration. The territory under review characterizes for the abundance of protected objects. Plungė District includes nine protected territories, the area of which constitutes 25 percent of the entire territory of Plungė District. Total area of elderships under review is 26161 ha; both elderships are within the boundaries of Žemaitija National Park. Out of total territory area analyzed, 15163 ha are covered by Žemaitija National Park, which constitutes almost 58 percent of the entire territory. For the territorial planning and use in rural areas to not have negative consequences for the landscape and natural environment, while planning it is mandatory to follow the organization of land exploitation plans of rural development, special terms and conditions of land and forest use, as well as other legal acts. The tasks were solved pursuant to the rules of preparation of organization of land exploitation plans of rural development, the rules of afforestation in non-forest land, the general plan of the territory of Plungė District Municipality, the planning scheme... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas yra išanalizuoti Prienų rajono saugomų ir rekreacinių teritorijų tvarkymą ir naudojimą, aptarti, kuo unikalus šis rajonas. Tyrimo objektas yra Prienų rajono saugomos ir rekreacinės teritorijos. Tyrimo uţdaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti Prienų rajono saugomų ir rekreacinių teritorijų infrastruktūros pritaikymą. 2. Aptarti Prienų rajono turizmo galimybes. 3. Atlikti anketinę apklausą, siekiant įvertinti saugomų teritorijų problemas, būklę bei nustatyti saugomų teritorijų rinkimų aktualumą. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimui atlikti taikomi literatūros šaltinių analizės, statistinių duomenų analizės ir anketinės apklausos metodai. Siekiant ištirti saugomų ir rekreacinių teritorijų planavimą, saugojimą ir naudojimą, atlikta Prienų rajono saugomų teritorijų analizė, aptarta rekreacinės teritorijos. Pateikiami anketinės apklausos rezultatai. Tyrimo rezultatai: * pirmoje dalyje išsamiai išanalizuotos Prienų rajono saugomos teritorijos; * antroje dalyje aptartos turizmo galimybės, išanalizuota Prienų rajono dvarų duomenų bazė, nustatyta, kad 70 proc. rajono dvarų nėra naudojami, rekonstruota tik Daugšiagirės buvusi dvaro sodyba, atskleisti rajono unikalūs poţymiai: aukščiausias Lietuvos maumedis, dvikamienis ąţuolas, 46 saugomos teritorijos ir kt.; * trečioje dalyje atlikta anketinė apklausa, pagal apklausos duomenis nustatytos saugomų teritorijų problemos, lankymosi prieţastys, nustatyta geriausių saugomų teritorijų rinkimų būtinumas ir vertinimo kriterijai. Pagrindinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The purpose of research is to analyse the clearing and usage of the protected and recreational territories in Prienai district and discuss wherewith this district is unique. The subject of research is protected and recreational territories in Prienai district. The tasks of research: 1. To analyse the infrastructure adjustment of protected and recreational territories in Prienai district. 2. To discuss the tourism facilities in Prienai district. 3. To accomplish the survey seeking to evaluate the problems of protected territories, conditions and identify the relevance of protected territories selection. The methodology of research: Accomplish the research there were used methods of literature sources analysis, statistical data analysis and questionnaire survey analysis. Seeking to investigate the planning, protection and usage of protected and recreational territories, there were accomplished Prienai district protected terrritories analysis, discussed recreational territories. There is presented the results of questionnaire survey – protected territories vacationing approach to these territories and possibility to arrange protected territories selection. The results of research: ● There were thoroughly analysed Prienai district protected territories in the first part of work; ● In the second part of work, there was discussed tourism facilities, analysed Prienai district basis of estate data, it was revealed, that 70 percent district‘s estates are not used, only... [to full text]

Zbog visoke stope morbiditeta i mortaliteta od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, udeo lekova za terapiju kardiovaskularnih bolesti značajno učestvuje u ukupno utro&scaron;enoj količini lekova u svetu. Evidentan je porast potro&scaron;nje lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti. Radi postizanja &scaron;to je moguće vi&scaron;eg stepena racionalizacije terapije u većini zemalja stručna tela donose farmakoterapijske smernice kako bi se mogućnost pogre&scaron;nog lečenja svela na najmanju moguću meru. Na ovaj način lekaru-praktičaru pružena je sigurnost pravilnog izbora i najadekvatnijeg postupka u datim okolnostima. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su: 1) izračunavanje ukupne vanbolničke potro&scaron;nje lekova za lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti na teritoriji Novog Sada i njeno poređenje sa propisivanjem u Republici Srbiji i u zemljama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom; 2) analiza strukture propisanih lekova za lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti (grupa C prema ATC klasifikaciji) po grupama i njeno poređenje sa propisivanjem u Republici Srbiji i u zemljama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom; 3) analiza strukture propisanih lekova po dijagnozama i provera usklađenosti sa farmakoterapijskim smernicama; 4) komparacija propisanih lekova sa morbiditetnom statistikom kardiovaskularnih bolesti; 5) analiza farmakoekonomskih aspekata propisivanja lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti. Sprovedeno istraživanje spada u IV fazu kliničkih ispitivanja-farmakoepidemiolo&scaron;ko, retrospektivno, opservaciono. Podaci su prikupljeni na osnovu izve&scaron;taja iz elektronske baze podataka za period od 6 meseci (01. 01. 2012 &minus; 01. 07. 2012), na teritoriji grada Novog Sada. Na osnovu ovih podataka na teritoriji grada Novog Sada analizirana je upotreba lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti na 100% uzorku stanovnika. Ispitivanje se sastojalo iz dva dela. Prvi deo obuhvata prikupljanje, obradu i analizu podataka o ukupno propisanoj količni lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti na teritoriji grada Novog Sada. U drugom delu istraživanja kori&scaron;ćenjem podataka dobijenih iz državne &bdquo;Apoteke Novi Sad&ldquo; detaljnije je analizirana upotreba lekova za lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti izdatih na recept. Upotreba lekova analizirana je: prema uzrastu i polu pacijenata, prema dijagnozama za koje su lekovi propisani i prema ceni. Sruktura upotrebe lekova po indikacijama za dijagnoze kod kojih je ukupna upotreba propisanih lekova bila veća od 1 DDD/1000stanovnika/dan upoređena je sa postojećim nacionalnim vodičima i sa upotrebom u zemljama sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom, odnosno sa međunarodnim vodičima. Ovi podaci upoređeni su sa morbiditetnom statistikom na teritoriji grada Novog Sada. Ukupno propisana količina lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti u posmatranom periodu iznosila je 399,79 DDD/1000st/dan. Od te količine, preko polovine (201,11DDD/1000st/dan) propisivanih lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti su lekovi koji deluju na sistem renin-angiotenzin, slede blokatori kalcijumskih kanala, zatim blokatori beta-adrenergičkih receptora, a na četvrtom mestu po ukupno propisanoj količini su lekovi za terapiju bolesti srca. Od najče&scaron;ćih dijagnoza za koje su propisivani lekovi za kardiovaskularne bolesti, najzastupljenije su bile arterijska hipertenzija, a potom ishemijska bolest srca. Upotreba lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti u vanbolničkoj sredini na teritoriji grada Novog Sada (399,79 DDD/1000st/dan) vi&scaron;a je u odnosu na zemlje u okruženju (Hrvatsku, Crnu Goru), a niža u odnosu na zemlje sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom. U odnosu na zemlje sa razvijenom farmakoterapijskom praksom postoje odstupanja u pogledu strukture propisivanja. Struktura propisivanja lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti odstupa od važećih nacionalnih vodiča o racionalnoj upotrebi lekova za kardiovaskularne bolesti u Republici Srbiji. Istovremeno struktura propisanih lekova nije u skladu sa morbiditetnom statistikom kardiovaskularnih bolesti prema zvaničnim podacima. Među 10 najče&scaron;će propisanih lekova nalaze se i skupi lekovi, koji imaju adekvatne, a mnogo jeftinije paralele. Nedovoljno i neracionalno lečenje kardiovaskularnih bolesti verovatno su jedan od značajnih razloga za visoku smrtnost od kardiovaskularnih bolesti u Srbiji.<br>Due to high rates of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, the share drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases significantly contributes to a total utilization among drugs in the world. There is an evident increase in the consumption of drugs for cardiovascular diseases. In order to achieve as much as possible a higher level of rationalization of therapy in most countries the professional bodies making pharmacotherapeutic guidelines to the possibility of the wrong treatment was reduced to a minimum. In this way, the physician-practitioner provided the security proper selection and the most appropriate procedure in the circumstances. The objectives of this study were: 1) the calculation of the total outpatient consumption of drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases on the territory of Novi Sad and its comparison with the prescribing in the Republic of Serbia and the countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice; 2) analysis of the structure of prescribed drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (group C according to the ATC classification) by the groups and its comparison with the prescribing in the Republic of Serbia and the countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice 3) analysis of the structure of prescribed drugs per diagnosis and verification of compliance with pharmacotherapeutic guidelines; 4) comparison of prescribed drugs with morbidity statistics cardiovascular diseases; 5) analysis of pharmacoeconomic aspects of prescribing drugs for cardiovascular diseases. A research conducted among the phase IV clinical trials-pharmacoepidemiological, retrospective observational. Data were collected on the basis of a report from the electronic database for the period of 6 months (01. 01. 2012 - 01. 07. 2012), on the territory of the city of Novi Sad. Based on these data on the territory of the city of Novi Sad analyzed the use of drugs for cardiovascular diseases at 100% sample of the population. The research consisted of two parts. The first part comprises the collection, processing and analysis of data on the total quantity of the prescribed cardiovascular drugs on the territory of the city of Novi Sad. In the second part of this research using data from the public &quot;Pharmacy Novi Sad&quot; is a more detailed analysis of the utilization of drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases of prescription. The utilization of drugs is analyzed: according to the age and sex of patients, in diagnosis for which the drugs prescribed and to the cost. Structure of the use of drugs by indications for diagnosis in which the total utilization of prescribed drugs was greater than 1 DDD/1000inhabitants/day was compared with the existing national guidelines and use in countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice, and with international guidelines. These data were compared with morbidity statistics on the territory of the city of Novi Sad. Total amount of prescribed drugs for cardiovascular diseases in the examined period was 399.79 DDD/1000inh/day. Of this amount, more than half (201.11 DDD/1000inh/day) were drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system, followed by calcium channel blockers, beta adrenergic receptor blockers, and fourth in total prescribed quantity drugs for treatment of heart diseases. Of the most common diagnosis for which drugs for cardiovascular diseases were prescribed, the most common were arterial hypertension, and then ischemic heart disease. The use of drugs for cardiovascular diseases in outpatient environment on the territory of the city of Novi Sad (399.79 DDD/1000inh/day) is higher compared to neighboring countries (Croatia, Montenegro), and lower than in countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice. Compared to countries with developed pharmacotherapeutical practice there are variations in terms of the structure of prescribing. Structure of prescribing of drugs for cardiovascular diseases deviates from the existing national guidelines on rational use of drugs for cardiovascular diseases in the Republic of Serbia. At the same time the structure of prescribed drugs is not in compliance with morbidity statistics cardiovascular diseases according to official data. Among the 10 most commonly prescribed drugs are costly drugs, that have adequate, and much cheaper parallels. Insufficient and irrational treatment of cardiovascular diseases are probably one of the major reasons for the high mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Serbia.

Nagrinėjama teritorija – tai pramoninės zonos Klaipėdos miesto centre prie Danės upės, besiribojančios su senamiesčiu ir miesto istorine dalimi Naujamiesčiu. Šios zonos dabar patenka į privataus kapitalo rankas, todėl yra ypač aktualu išsaugoti išlikusius vertingus urbanistinės struktūros elementus, nes vyksta intensyvi apleistų teritorijų konversija. Teritoriją dalinanti aktyvi B kategorijos tranzitinė Mokyklos gatvė – tiltas dar labiau atriboja šią zoną nuo likusios miesto dalies. Pagrindinis strateginis darbo tikslas – tobulinti Klaipėdos centrinės dalies erdves, jų struktūrą ir kompoziciją, humanizuoti tranzitinę gatvę ir šią jos kertamą apleistą pramonės zoną, suteikiant šiai teritorijai kokybišką naują struktūrą, atitinkančią jos padėtį mieste ir jos turimą potencialą. Atsižvelgiant į šių dienų poreikius ir tendencijas, remiantis užsienio analogais, siūloma regeneruoti miesto centrines konversines teritorijas, pritaikant jas naujai funkcijai: kultūrinei, visuomeninei, rekreacinei, gyvenamajai. Baigiamojo magistro studijų darbo rezultatas – nagrinėjamos teritorijos urbanistinės struktūros, įprasminančios Klaipėdos miesto istorinio centro prieigas, koncepcija.<br>Analysed area - an industrial zone in the center of Klaipeda by the Dane River, adjacent to Old Town and the historical part of the town Naujamiestis. This area now falls into the hands of private capital, so it is especially important to preserve the remaining valuable elements of the urban structure, because of an intensive conversion of derelict sites. Territory dividing, active transit Mokyklos Street - bridge of B category further demarcates the zone from the rest of the city. The main strategic aim – to improve the spaces of the central part of Klaipeda, their structure and composition, to humanize the transit street and the abandoned industrial zone which it crosses by providing high-quality new structure corresponding to its position in the city and its potential. Taking into consideration current needs, tendencies and analogus it is suggested to regenerate city central converse territories, adapting them to a new function: cultural, public, recreational, residential. Final work result of Master thesis – the concept of the site of urban structure, which gives importance to Klaipeda city's historical center approaches.

Žmonijos vystymosi evoliucijoje poveikis aplinkai vis didėja. Tai įtakoja ne tiek didėjantis žmonių skaičius, kiek nesutramdomas mūsų poreikių augimas ir tai sukelia žmogaus ir jį supančios aplinkos konfliktus. Darbe nagrinėjamos Nacionalinėje darnaus vystymosi strategijoje ir teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose pateikti darnaus vystymosi rodikliai, strategijos įgyvendinimo etapai ir pagrindinės priemonės, strateginis pasekmių aplinkai vertinimas ir atliekant šią veiklą išryškėjusios problemos. Darbe išanalizuoti Šiaulių apskrities teritorijų planavimo dokumentai (rengiamas Šiaulių apskrities bendrasis planas, Kelmės rajono bendrasis planas, rengiamas Šiaulių rajono bendrasis planas). Taip pat atliekant tyrimą analizuoti Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymai, Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės nutarimai, gairės bei kiti norminiai aktai, susijusieji su teritorijų planavimo dokumentų rengimu bei strateginiu pasekmių aplinkai vertinimu, analizuoti kitų autorių darbai. Tyrimui panaudota informacija apie įgyvendintus bei rengiamus projektus, susijusius su tyrimo tema.<br>The Strategy for Sustainable Development of Lithuania was launched on January 26.2004. The main task set in the strategy is to reach the current average of the European Union member states by 2020, according to economic and social indices as well as the indicators of population health and efficiency of consumption of natural resources, also ensuring a clean and healthy environment. But the way to implement The Strategy for Sustainable Development of Lithuania is very complicated. We haven't the definite answer how to implement the Strategy. Without getting too complicated, we can think of sustainable development as the ability to coexist in away that maintains the natural environment, economic well-being, and an equal opportunity for all people on Earth to benefit from a better quality of life now and in the future. The three are interdependent. Nature is our life-support; there is simply no way around this reality. Only when we have a healthy natural environment, coupled with healthy social systems, can we truly prosper economically. However, land use control in Lithuanian has to be implemented more carefully, territorial planning documents and real property cadastre information has to be merged into united system. The legal acts have to be amended to define more strict requirements for fertile arable land areas and fertile soil protection also to make more favourable conditions for rational size farms formation.

Magistro darbe „Ginčas dėl Arkties teritorijų: teisiniai, politiniai ir geopolitiniai valstybių interesai“ tiriamas XXI amžiaus pradžioje vykstantis ginčas dėl Arkties teritorijų, kuriame dalyvauja penkios arktinės valstybės: Danija, JAV, Kanada, Norvegija ir Rusija. Darbe atskleidžiama ginčo dėl Arkties teritorijų problematika. Tai daroma aiškinantis penkių arktinių valstybių interesus Arktyje, kurie tiesiogiai susiję su iškylančiais valstybių tarpusavio nesutarimais Arkties regione. Taip pat analizuojamas šių valstybių tarpusavio bendradarbiavimas regione, kuris prisideda prie tarpusavio nesutarimų išsprendimo ir ginčo konfliktiškumo sumažinimo. Tyrimo pabaigoje apžvelgiami galimi ginčo dėl Arkties sprendimo būdai. Darbo tikslu laikomas siekis išsiaiškinti ar įmanomas greitas ginčo dėl Arkties teritorijų išsprendimas. Tikslas įgyvendinamas atliekant išsikeltus penkis uždavinius, kurių kiekvienas yra tiesiogiai susietas su atitinkamu darbo skyriumi. Pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama Arkties regiono geopolitinė kaita. Remiantis Tradicinės geopolitikos teorijomis nustatyta, kad Arktis gali būti traktuojama didžiųjų valstybių kovos dėl galios regionu. Didžiosios galios, JAV ir Rusija, yra labiausiai suinteresuotos Arkties teritorijų panaudojimu savo galios didinimui. JAV ir Rusijos geopolitiniai interesai neaplenkia ir likusių ginčo dalyvių: Danijos, Kanados ir Norvegijos, kurios visada dominuojamos didžiųjų galių, todėl formuodamos savo geopolitinius interesus turi atsižvelgti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>In a Master thesis „Battle for the Arctic: Juridical, Political and Geopolitical Interests of States“ is examined the battle for the Arctic in a 21st century, which includes five Arctic states: Denmark, US, Canada, Norway and Russia. The main idea of this research is to examine current situation in the Arctic Region, to discover the main interests of Arctic five in the High North and to foresee possible solutions of current disagreements. The research is implemented through fulfillment of five goals which are the basis of each chapter of this research. First chapter is committed to the analysis of the geopolitical changes in the Arctic Region. By using Traditional geopolitical theories is discovered that Arctic territories plays a huge role in great power politics. Arctic territories are like a playground for US and Russia, where they are struggling for increasing their power. In the mean time, the rest participants of the battle for the Arctic are dominated by Russia‘s and US interests. But it is noticed that Canada has a potential to compete with the great powers, Russia and US. The second chapter is an analysis of legal norms which regulates battle for the Arctic. Analysis of The United Nations Convention on the Law showed that possible solutions mainly depend from the Arctic five, because The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is only able to give its recommendations about possible sea borders delimitation. The third chapter gives broader view about Arctic... [to full text]

Svetska&nbsp; zdravstvena&nbsp; organizacija&nbsp; defini&scaron;e kvalitet&nbsp; života kao&nbsp; percepciju&nbsp; pojedinca&nbsp; o sopstvenom&nbsp; položaju&nbsp; u&nbsp; životu&nbsp; u&nbsp; kontekstu kulture i sistema vrednosti u kojima živi kao i prema&nbsp;&nbsp; svojim&nbsp;&nbsp; ciljevima,&nbsp;&nbsp; očekivanjima, standardima&nbsp; i&nbsp; interesovanjima.To&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;irok koncept&nbsp; koga&nbsp; čine:&nbsp; fizičko&nbsp; zdravlje&nbsp; pojedinca, psiholo&scaron;ki&nbsp;&nbsp; status,&nbsp;&nbsp; materijalna&nbsp;&nbsp; nezavisnost, socijalni&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; i&nbsp; njihovi&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; prema značajnim karakteristikama spolja&scaron;nje sredine. Procenjuje&nbsp; se&nbsp; da&nbsp; preko&nbsp; bilion&nbsp; ljudi&nbsp; živi&nbsp; sanekim&nbsp; oblikom&nbsp; invaliditeta,&nbsp; &scaron;to čini oko 15% svetske&nbsp; populacije. Prisustvo bilo&nbsp; kakvog telesnog invaliditeta kod osobe može&nbsp; značajno da utiče na njen psihofizički i socijalni razvoj. Procenjivanje&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; fizičkog&nbsp; invaliditeta&nbsp; na svakodnevni&nbsp;&nbsp; život&nbsp;&nbsp; odslikava&nbsp;&nbsp; kakvo je funkcionisanje i blagostanje te osobe iz dana u dan i u različitim domenima života, &scaron;to&nbsp; zapravo predstavlja procenu kvaliteta života. Istraživanje&nbsp; predstavlja&nbsp; studiju&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; na uzorku&nbsp; od&nbsp; 227&nbsp; odraslih&nbsp; osoba&nbsp; sa&nbsp; motornim invaliditetom&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; članovi udruženja osoba sa invaliditetom. Kao instrument istraživanja kori&scaron;ćen je posebno kreiran&nbsp; upitnik&nbsp; za&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; kvaliteta&nbsp; života osoba sa invaliditetom. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je bio da se proceni kvalitet života osoba sa invaliditetom u odnosu na fizičko, socijalno i emocionalno funkcionisanje kod odraslih osoba sa motornim invaliditetom na teritoriji Vojvodine, kao i da se utvrdi postojanje&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; kvalitetu&nbsp; života u odnosu na nivo obrazovanja,&nbsp; zaposlenost&nbsp; i bračno stanje. Podaci prikupljeni tokom ankete su kontrolisani&nbsp; na validnost, kodirani&nbsp; i&nbsp; uno&scaron;eni&nbsp; u posebno&nbsp; kreiranu&nbsp; bazu&nbsp; podataka.&nbsp; Odabrana&nbsp; su pitanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; formirani&nbsp; domeni/skale&nbsp; (fizičkog, emocionalnog i&nbsp; socijalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; i samoprocene&nbsp; zdravlja)&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu matrica korelacija,&nbsp; ICC&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrednosti Kronbah&nbsp; alfa. Aritmetička&nbsp; vrednost,&nbsp; mediana,&nbsp; standardna devijacija,&nbsp; minimalna&nbsp; i&nbsp; maksimalna&nbsp; vrednost&nbsp; i 95%&nbsp; interval poverenja&nbsp; su&nbsp; izračunate&nbsp; za&nbsp; svaki domen kvaliteta života. Dobijene vrednosti domena i sumarnih skala su komparirane u odnosu na pol i bračno stanje ispitanika,&nbsp; (t-test, Mann-Whitney&nbsp; test),&nbsp; a ANOVA&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; i&nbsp; Kruskal -Wallis&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je vr&scaron;ena komparacija srednjih vrednosti u odnosu na&nbsp; nivo&nbsp;&nbsp; obrazovanja&nbsp; i status zaposlenosti ispitanika. Za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; testove&nbsp; su&nbsp; navedeni&nbsp; nivoi statističke značajnosti (p vrednosti). Studija je uključila 227 osoba sa motornim invaliditetom&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini,&nbsp; 120&nbsp; mu&scaron;karaca (52,9%) i 107 žena (47,1%). Prosečna&nbsp; starost ispitanika je bila47 godina. U najvećem broju slučajeva uzrok invaliditeta je povreda (33,0%),zatim&nbsp; neurolo&scaron;ko &nbsp; oboljenje&nbsp; (26,0%), urođena bolest&nbsp; (20,7%), te&scaron;ko&nbsp; reumatsko&nbsp; oboljenje (13,7%),&nbsp; cerebrovaskularni&nbsp; inzult &nbsp; (2,6%) i ostala&nbsp; stanja &nbsp; (4%). U pogledu ortopedskih pomagala,&nbsp; invalidska&nbsp; kolica&nbsp; koristi 30,4% ispitanika, &scaron;tap 37, 0%, &scaron;etalicu 3,1%, aparat za podizanje&nbsp; stopala &nbsp; 3,5%,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; ostatak&nbsp; navodi ostalo (&scaron;take, antidekubitusni krevet...). Psihometrijska analiza je pokazala da je za definisanje domena fizičkog funkcionisanja bilo moguće uključiti 5 pitanja iz upitnika, za domen emocionalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja 10 pitanja&nbsp; a&nbsp; za domen&nbsp; socijalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; 3&nbsp; pitanja. Skala za svaki domen se kretala u intervalu od 0 do 100. Set od 5 pitanja uključenih u skalu fizičkog funkcionisanja&nbsp; definisali&nbsp; su&nbsp; kapacitet&nbsp; fizičkih sposobnosti. Prosečna vrednost domena fizičkog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; ispitanike&nbsp; je iznosila 85, 0&nbsp; (SD=18.9) sa 95%&nbsp; CI u&nbsp; rasponu od 82,6 do 87,5. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ovaj domen u odnosu na zaposlenost (p=0.067) dok u odnosu na nivo obrazovanja&nbsp; i bračno stanje nema statistički značajne razlike. Set&nbsp; od 10 pitanja&nbsp;&nbsp; uključenih u skalu emocionalnog funkcionisanja definisali su emocionalni&nbsp;&nbsp; status ispitanika. Prosečna vrednost&nbsp; domena emocionalnog &nbsp; funkcionisanja za sve ispitanike je iznosila 62,5 (SD=20,0) sa 95% CI u rasponu od 59,9 do 65,1. Utvrđena je statistički&nbsp; značajna&nbsp; razlika&nbsp; za&nbsp; ovaj&nbsp; domen&nbsp; u odnosu&nbsp; na nivo&nbsp; obrazovanja (p=0.048) dok&nbsp; u odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; zaposlenost&nbsp; i&nbsp; bračno&nbsp; stanje nemastatistički značajne razlike. Set od 3&nbsp; pitanja&nbsp; uključenih u skalu socijalnog funkcionisanja definisali su kapacitet socijalnih aktivnosti. Prosečna vrednost domena socijalnog funkcionisanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; ispitanike&nbsp; je iznosila 72,0 &nbsp; (SD=27,6)&nbsp; sa&nbsp; 95% CI u&nbsp; rasponu od 68,4 do 75,6. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ovaj&nbsp; domen&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu na nivo obrazovanja (p=0.067)&nbsp; dok u odnosu na zaposlenost i bračno stanje nema statistički značajne razlike.<br>The&nbsp; World&nbsp; Health&nbsp; Organization&nbsp; defines quality&nbsp; of&nbsp; life&nbsp; (QoL)&nbsp; as&nbsp; &ldquo;an&nbsp; individual&#39;sperception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems where they live and&nbsp; in&nbsp; relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; their&nbsp; goals,&nbsp; expectations,&nbsp;standards&nbsp; and concerns.&nbsp; It&nbsp; is&nbsp; a&nbsp; broad&nbsp; concept affected in a complex way by a person&#39;s physical health, &nbsp;psychological&nbsp; state,&nbsp; personal&nbsp; beliefs, social&nbsp; relationships&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; relationship&nbsp; to salient features of their environment.&rdquo;Over&nbsp; a&nbsp; billion&nbsp; people&nbsp; are&nbsp; estimated&nbsp; to&nbsp; live with&nbsp; some&nbsp; form&nbsp; of&nbsp; disability.&nbsp; This&nbsp; corresponds to&nbsp; about&nbsp; 15%&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; world&#39;s&nbsp; population.&nbsp; The presence&nbsp; of&nbsp; any&nbsp; sort&nbsp; of&nbsp; physical&nbsp; disability&nbsp; in person can significantly influence their physical,mental and social development. The assessment of&nbsp; the&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp;a&nbsp; disability&nbsp; on&nbsp; every&nbsp; day,&nbsp; life reflects&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; and&nbsp; wealth&nbsp; of&nbsp; a&nbsp;person on daily basis and in various segments of life,&nbsp; that&nbsp; actually&nbsp; represents&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of their quality of life. The&nbsp; research&nbsp; represents&nbsp; a&nbsp; cross-sectional&nbsp;study of the sample of 227 adults with motoric disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina,&nbsp; who&nbsp; are&nbsp; registered&nbsp; in associations of people with disability. Especially created questionnaire was used to assess quality of life. The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; study&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp; investigate&nbsp; the&nbsp;relationship&nbsp; between&nbsp; physical&nbsp; (PF),&nbsp; emotional (EF) and social functioning&nbsp;(SF) domain of QoL and education level, employment and having life&nbsp;partner of disabled persons.The&nbsp; data&nbsp; collected&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; survey&nbsp; were checked for validity, then coded and entered into a specially created database. Тhe questions were&nbsp;selected,&nbsp; four&nbsp; scales&nbsp; / domains&nbsp; (physical, emotional,&nbsp;&nbsp; social&nbsp;&nbsp; functioning&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; self assessment of health) were formed based on the correlation&nbsp; matrices,&nbsp; intercorrelation&nbsp; cofficient (ICC) and Crombach alpha values. Mean value,&nbsp;median,&nbsp; standard&nbsp; deviation,&nbsp; minimum&nbsp; and maximum values and 95% of confidence interval wаs calculated for all domain of QoL. The values obtained in the field of physical, emotional and social functioning were compared as&nbsp; per&nbsp; gender&nbsp; and&nbsp; marital&nbsp; status&nbsp; of&nbsp; the participants,&nbsp; using&nbsp; t-test,&nbsp; Mann-Whitney&nbsp; test, ANOVA&nbsp; method&nbsp; and&nbsp; Kruskal&nbsp; Wallis&nbsp; test&nbsp; were used&nbsp; to&nbsp; compare&nbsp; the&nbsp; mean&nbsp; values&nbsp; in&nbsp; respect&nbsp; to level of education and employment status of the respondents.&nbsp; For&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; tests,&nbsp; the&nbsp; levels&nbsp; of statistical significance (p) were provided. The study involved 227 adults with motoric disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina,&nbsp; 120&nbsp; men&nbsp; (52.9%)&nbsp; and 107&nbsp; women&nbsp; (47.1%).&nbsp; Average&nbsp; age&nbsp; of&nbsp; the participants&nbsp; was&nbsp; 47&nbsp; years&nbsp; of&nbsp; age.&nbsp; The&nbsp; cause&nbsp; of disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; largest&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; the interviewees&nbsp; were&nbsp; the&nbsp; injury&nbsp; (33.0%),&nbsp; then neurological&nbsp;&nbsp; conditions&nbsp;&nbsp; (26.0%),&nbsp;&nbsp; inborn condition&nbsp; (20.7%),&nbsp; serious&nbsp; rheumatic&nbsp; disease (13.7%), cerebrovascular insult (2.6%) and other (4%).&nbsp; As&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; orthopedic&nbsp; tools,&nbsp; wheelchairs are&nbsp; used&nbsp; by&nbsp; 30.4%&nbsp; participants,&nbsp; stick&nbsp; 37.0%, walker&nbsp; is&nbsp; used&nbsp; by&nbsp; 3.1% &nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; orthoses&nbsp; for elevating&nbsp; feet&nbsp; 3.5%,&nbsp; whereas&nbsp; the&nbsp; rest&nbsp; of&nbsp; the interviewees&nbsp; state&nbsp; other&nbsp; (different&nbsp; orthopedic tools such as crutches, anti decubitus mattresses etc). Psychometric&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; in&nbsp; order to&nbsp; define&nbsp; the&nbsp; domain&nbsp; on&nbsp; physical&nbsp; functioning from the questionnaire applied it was possible to include&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; 5&nbsp;&nbsp; questions,&nbsp;&nbsp; for&nbsp;&nbsp; emotional functioning domain 10 questions and for domain on social functioning 3 questions. The sum of all selected questions&nbsp; for&nbsp; every&nbsp; domain&nbsp; forms&nbsp; the scale in the range from 0 to 100. The set of five questions stated for the scale of physical&nbsp;&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; indicate the capacity of physical&nbsp; functioning. The&nbsp; average&nbsp; value&nbsp; of PF domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is 85.0 (SD=18.9) with 95% CI in the range of 82. 6 to 87.5. The&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to employment status (p=0.067) is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not&nbsp; satisticlly&nbsp; significant&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in regard level of education and marital status. The set of ten questions stated for the scale of emotional&nbsp; functioning. The average&nbsp; value of EF&nbsp; domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is 62.5 (SD=20.0) with 95% CI in the range of 59.9 to 65.1.&nbsp; The&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to level&nbsp; of education (p=0.048)&nbsp; is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not satisticlly&nbsp; significant difference in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to employment&nbsp; status and&nbsp; marital status. The set of three questions stated for the scale of&nbsp; social&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; indicate&nbsp; the&nbsp; capacity&nbsp; of social&nbsp; interaction.&nbsp; The&nbsp; average&nbsp; value&nbsp; of&nbsp; SF domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is&nbsp; 72.0 (SD=27.6) with 95% CI in the range of 68.4 to 75.6. The&nbsp;&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to the&nbsp; level&nbsp; of education&nbsp; is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; (p&lt;&nbsp; 0.001) but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not satisticlly&nbsp; significant difference in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to&nbsp; employment&nbsp; status&nbsp; and marital status.

Profesionalna infektivna oboljenja nastaju kao posledica izloženosti mikroorganizama u radnoj sredini. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrđivanje vrsta profesionalnih &scaron;tetnosti koje dovode do profesionalnih infektivnih oboljenja i njihove incidencije u privrednim delatnostima Autonomne Pokrajine Vojvodine, kao i predloga adekvatnih mera za njihovu prevenciju. Profesionalna infektivna oboljenja su činila 13,4% od ukupno 464 slučaja utvrđenih profesionalnih oboljenja u Autonomnoj Pokrajini Vojvodini u toku dvadesetogodi&scaron;njeg perioda od 1992. do 2011. godine. Od ukupno utvrđenih 62 slučaja profesionalnih infektivnih oboljenja dve trećine su činili profesionalni virusni hepatitisi, 31% profesionalne antropozoonoze i 3% profesionolana tuberkuloza. Dve trećine obolelih od profesionalnih infektivnih bolesti bile su osobe ženskog pola &scaron;to je statistički značajno vi&scaron;e u poređenju sa osobama mu&scaron;kog pola, dok su zaposleni mu&scaron;kog pola činili 57%, a ženskog 43% ukupno zaposlenih na teritoriji Vojvodine. Najče&scaron;ća profesionalna infektivna oboljenja bila su virusni hepatits B 52%, kju groznica 18%, virusni hepatitis C 15%, lajmska bolest 6%, leptospiroza 5%. Utvrđeno je da je do&scaron;lo do statistički značajnog sniženja incidencije profesionalnog virusnog hepatitisa B uperiodu nakon dono&scaron;enja odluke o obaveznoj imunizaciji 2002. godine, sa 6,27 na 1,35 na 100.000 zaposlenih, dok nije bilo statistički značajne razlike kada je u pitanju incidencija virusnog hepatitisa C. Profesionalna infektivna oboljenja su u vi&scaron;e od dve trećine slučajeva registrovana kod zdravstvenih radnika (69%) sa prosečnom incidencijom od 5,18 na 100.000 zaposlenih, znatno niža bila je incidencija u proizvodnji prehrambenih proizvoda (1,36) i poljoprivredi sa lovom, ribolovom i &scaron;umarstvom (1,11). Ne&scaron;to vi&scaron;e od trećine radnika bilo je privremeno nesposobno za rad u toku utvrđivanja profesionalnog oboljenja, jer je lečenje bilo u toku. Kod ovih radnika značajno je naknadno oceniti radnu sposobnost i utvrditi eventualne posledice oboljenja. Pored primene specifičnih mera imunizacije ukoliko postoje, kao i ličnih mera za&scaron;tita koje sprečavaju kontakt sa uzročnicima, značajno je sprovođenje edukacije radnika o rizicima i preventivnih lekarskih pregleda radi rane identifikacije obolelih radnika.<br>Occupational communicable diseases are caused by exposure to microorganism&rsquo;s in working environment. The aim of this study is to determine the types of occupational hazards that lead to occupational communicable diseases and their incidence in the economic activities of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, as well as the proposal of adequate measures for their prevention. Occupational communicable diseases accounted for 13.4% of the total of 464 cases of occupational diseases identified in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina during the twenty-year period from 1992 to 2011. In the total of 62 identified cases of occupational communicable diseases, occupational viral hepatitis accounted for two-thirds, occupational anthropozoonoses for 31%, occupational tuberculosis for 3%. Two-thirds of patients with occupational communicable diseases were females, significantly more compared to male, while male accounted for 57% and female for 43% of the total employees in Vojvodina. The most frequent occupational communicable diseases were viral hepatitis B 52%, Q fever 18%, viral hepatitis C 15%, Lyme disease 6%, leptospirosis 5%. It was found that there was a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of occupational viral hepatitis B in the period after the decision on obligatory immunization in 2002, from 6.27 to 1.35 per 100,000 employees, while there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of viral hepatitis C. In more than two-thirds of the cases occupational communicable diseases were registered in health care workers (69%) with the average incidence of 5.18 per 100,000 employees, substantially lower the incidence was in the production of food (1.36), as well as in agriculture, hunting, fishing and forestry (1.11). Just over a third of workers were temporarily unable to work during the verification of occupational disease due to the ongoing treatment. In these workers it is important to assess working ability afterwards and identify the possible consequences of the disease. In addition to the application of specific measures of immunization if any available, as well as personal protection measures that prevent contact with pathogens it is important to implement risk education of workers and preventive medical examinations for early identification of affected employees.

U ovom radu se proučava bogatstvo arheolo&scaron;kih lokaliteta sa teritorije dana&scaron;nje&nbsp;Republike Srbije sa aspekta razvoja hemijske proizvodnje, tj. materijalne kulture, koja je&nbsp;postignuta, za to doba, karakterističnom proizvodnjom metalne robe i građevinskog&nbsp;materijala. Uzorci koji su kori&scaron;ćeni, u većini slučajeva, nisu imali prethodni tretman ili su&nbsp;vađeni direktno iz leži&scaron;ta arheolo&scaron;kih nalaza, uz odobrenje lokalnih i regionalnih muzeja:&nbsp;&bdquo;Muzej Vojvodine&rdquo; u Novom Sadu, &bdquo;Zavičajni muzej&rdquo; u Rumi, &bdquo;Muzej Srema&rdquo; u Sremskoj&nbsp;Mitrovici, &bdquo;Muzej Viminacium&rdquo; kod Kostolca, &bdquo;Arheolo&scaron;ki muzej Đerdapa&rdquo; u Kladovu,&nbsp;Muzej &bdquo;Đerdap 2&rdquo; u Turn Severinu, Rumunija, &nbsp;&bdquo;Muzej Krajine&rdquo; u Negotinu, &bdquo;Narodni&nbsp;muzej&rdquo; u Zaječaru, &bdquo;Muzej Mediana&rdquo;, kraj Ni&scaron;a. Uzorci građevinskog materijala, opeke i&nbsp;vezivnog materijala potiču sa arheolo&scaron;kih lokaliteta: Mihajlovac-Klevora (<em>Clevora</em>), Trajanov&nbsp;most, Medijana (<em>Mediana</em>), Dijana <em>(Diana</em>), Najsus (<em>Naissus</em>), Feliks Romulijana <em>(Felix&nbsp;Romuliana</em>), Frateniza, &Scaron;arkamen, Hrtkovci i Viminacijum (<em>Viminacium</em>). Uzorci rimskih&nbsp;novčića su: iz perioda vladavine Flavia Julia Constantiusa, sa arheolo&scaron;kog lokaliteta Sirmium&nbsp;i drugih arheolo&scaron;kih lokaliteta dana&scaron;nje AP Vojvodine i sa arheolo&scaron;kih lokaliteta Istočne&nbsp;Srbije. Metode ispitivanja arheolo&scaron;kih uzoraka su: Mikroskopija, metalur&scaron;ki mikroskopi&nbsp;<em>Leitz</em>, <em>Orthoplan</em>, (x100) i <em>Carl Zeiss Jena</em> (x1000), gemolo&scaron;ki mikroskop <em>Konig electronic&nbsp;</em>(200X), skenirajući elektronski mikroskop (<em>Scanning electronic microscopy</em>, SEM), JEOL&nbsp;JSM-6460LV; Spektroskopske metode, Energetski disperzivni spektroskop (<em>Energy&nbsp;dispersive spectroscopy</em>), EDS Oxford Instrument; Rendgenska fluorometrija <em>(X-ray&nbsp;fluorescence </em>XRF), <em>Thermo Fisher,</em> NITON XL 3t-950.<em>Poglavlja u radu</em>: I Teorijski deo: Teorijski deo čine dva poglavlja: uvod i op&scaron;ti deo.&nbsp;U prvom poglavlju su istaknuti razlozi i ciljevi odabira građevinskog materijala i metalnih&nbsp;novčića, kao polazna tačka istraživanja razvoja hemijske proizvodnje u doba &nbsp;antike na&nbsp;teritoriji dana&scaron;nje Srbije. Vojna inženjerija je bila inicijator razvoja tehnologije građevinskog&nbsp;materijala i metalnih novčića, dok je ostala hemijska proizvodnja bila na nivou zanatskih&nbsp;ve&scaron;tina. Drugo poglavlje čini pet tema: Op&scaron;i deo, Istorijske i dru&scaron;tvene prilike u doba antike u&nbsp;Rimu i na teritoriji Balkana, Istorijske i dru&scaron;tvene prilike u doba antike na teritoriji dana&scaron;nje&nbsp;Srbije, Proizvodnja opeke u doba &nbsp;antike i Metalurgija u doba antike na teritoriji dana&scaron;nje&nbsp;Srbije. II Metodologija istraživanja: Poglavlje Metodologija istraživanja obuhvata: Predmet&nbsp;istraživanja, Problem istraživanja, Cilj istraživanja, Zadatke istraživanja, Hipoteze. III &nbsp;Ekspeimentalni deo: Eksperimentalni deo je podeljen u dve veće celine: Materijal i Metode.&nbsp;Celinu Materijal čini sedam odlomaka: Uzorkovanje materijala, Uzimanje uzoraka&nbsp;građevinskog materijala, Detekcija uzoraka građevinskog materijala vizuelnim putem,&nbsp;Kalupljenje uzoraka građevinskog materijala, Digitalna fotografija i optička mikroskopija&nbsp;uzoraka opeke, Detekcija metalnih novčića. Celinu Metode čini pet odlomaka: Terenska&nbsp;istraživanja, bibliografska, muzeolo&scaron;ka, arhivska i kartografska istraživanja, Lociranje&nbsp;arheolo&scaron;kih lokaliteta (geofizička merenja), Fotografije arheolo&scaron;kih lokaliteta, Hemijske&nbsp;analize građevinskog materijala (Skenirajuća elektronska mikroskopija <em>(Scanning electronic&nbsp;microscopy</em>, SEM); Energijsko disperziona spektroskopija (<em>Energy dispersive spectroscopy</em>,&nbsp;EDS)), Hemijske analize metalnog novca (Mikroskopska analiza metalnog novca;&nbsp;Rendgenska fluoroscentna analiza (<em>X-ray fluorescence analysis</em>, XRF) metalnog novca). IV&nbsp;Diskusija rezultata istraživanja: U diskusiji rezultata istraživanja su: Prikaz, Interpretacija&nbsp;rezultata analiza; Diskusija dobijenih rezultata; Uporedne analize podataka. V Zaključak: Na&nbsp;osnovu istraživanja, konstatovano je da je hemijska proizvodnja u kasnoj antici, bila&nbsp;usmerena: ka dobijanju kvalitetnog građevinskog materijala i prema razvijenoj metalurgiji u&nbsp;kovnicama metalnog novca. VI Prilog: Prilozima se prikazuju: biografski i bibliografski&nbsp;prikazi arheologa, istraživača arheolo&scaron;kih lokaliteta, deo karte rimskih puteva &bdquo;Tabula&nbsp;Peutingriana&rdquo;, odlomak iz Vitruviusovih knjiga, izgled novčića sa likovima rimskih&nbsp;imperatora koji su rođeni na tlu dana&scaron;nje Republike Srbije, rad kojim se dokazuje da je&nbsp;opeku, najče&scaron;će, proizvodila vojska, podaci o glini, kao osnovnoj sirovini za proizvodnju&nbsp;opeke, mineralni sastav zemlji&scaron;ta, odrednica hemijskog sastava građevinskog materijala,&nbsp;rezultati hemijske analize ručno pravljene opeke, kao i rezultati hemijske analize savremene&nbsp;opeke. VII Literatura: U ovom radu je navedeno 445 naslova.&nbsp;Ova doktorska teza objedinjuje regije koje su istraživali poznati naučnici, tj. sve veće&nbsp;arheolo&scaron;ke lokalitete na teritoriji dana&scaron;nje Republike Srbije, tako &nbsp;da otvara put za dalja&nbsp;uporedna istraživanja i ispitivanja u hemiji, arheologiji, muzeologiji, arhitekturi, kao i&nbsp;poslovima restauracije, &scaron;to, do sada, nije u dovoljnoj meri učinjeno.&nbsp;<br>This paper examines the wealth of archaeological sites on the territory of present-day&nbsp;Republic Serbia in terms of the development of chemical production, material &nbsp;culture, which&nbsp;is achieved, for the time, the typical manufacture of metal goods, and building materials. The&nbsp;samples that were used, in most cases, they had no prior treatment or were extracted directly&nbsp;from the deposits of archaeological finds, with the approval of local and regional museum:&nbsp;&rdquo;The Museum of Vojvodina&rdquo; in Novi Sad, &rdquo;Heritage Museum&rdquo; in Ruma, &rdquo;The Museum of&nbsp;Srem&rdquo; in Sremska Mitrovica, &rdquo;Museum Viminacium&rdquo; near Kostolac, &rdquo;Archaeological&nbsp;Museum Đerdap&rdquo; in Kladovo, Museum &rdquo;Đerdap 2&rdquo; in Drobeta Turn-Severin, Romania,&nbsp;&rdquo;Museum of Krajina&rdquo; in Negotin, &rdquo;National Museum&rdquo; in Zaječar, Museum &rdquo;Mediana&rdquo;, near&nbsp;Ni&scaron;. Samples of building materials, bricks and connective material originating from&nbsp;archaeological sites: Mihajlovac-Clevora, Trajanʼs Bridge, Mediana, Diana, Naissus, Felix&nbsp;Romuliana, Frateniza, &Scaron;arkamen, Hrtkovci and Viminacium. Samples of Roman coins are&nbsp;from the &nbsp;reign of Constantius Julia Flavia, the archaeological site of Sirmium and other&nbsp;archaeological sites today Vojvodina and from archaeological sites in Eastern Serbia&nbsp;(Prahovo). Test methods for archaeological samples are: Microscopy, Metallurgical&nbsp;Microscopes Leitz, ORHTOPLAN (x100) and Carl Zeiss Jena (x1000) Gemmological Konig&nbsp;Electronic Microscope (200X), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), JEOL JSM-6460LV;&nbsp;Spectroscopic Methods, Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), Oxford Instrument; X-Ray&nbsp;Fluorometry (XRF ), Thermo Fisher, NITON XL 3t- 950th.&nbsp;Chapters in the paper: I Theoretical part: The theoretical part consists of two chapters:&nbsp;introduction and general part. In the first chapter of the prominent causes and objectives of&nbsp;the selection of building materials and coins, as a starting point for research on the&nbsp;development of chemical production in ancient times on the territory of Serbia. Army Corps&nbsp;of Engineers was the initiator of the technology of building materials and coins, and other&nbsp;chemical production was at the level of craft skills. The second section consists of five topics:&nbsp;General part, historical and social conditions in ancient times in Rome and in the Balkans,&nbsp;historical and social conditions in ancient times on the territory of Serbia, Manufacture of&nbsp;bricks in ancient times and Metallurgy in ancient times on the territory of Serbia. II Research&nbsp;Methodology: Research Methodology Chapter includes: The research, research problem,&nbsp;research objectives, the tasks of research hypotheses. Ekspeimentalni part III: The&nbsp;experimental part is divided into two major parts: Materials and Methods. Whole material&nbsp;consists of seven sections: Sampling materials, sampling of construction materials, building&nbsp;materials detection patterns visually, molding samples of building materials, digital&nbsp;photography &nbsp;and optical microscopy samples of bricks, Detection coins. Whole methods&nbsp;consists of five sections: Field research, bibliographic, museum, archival research and&nbsp;mapping, locating archaeological sites (geophysical measurements), photos of archaeological&nbsp;sites, the chemical analysis of building materials Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM),&nbsp;Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), the chemical analysis of coins (Microscopic&nbsp;Analysis; X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF). IV Discussion of research results: In the&nbsp;discussion of the research results are: Preview, interpretation of the results of analysis;&nbsp;Discussion of the results obtained; Comparative analysis of the data. In Conclusion: Based on&nbsp;the research, it was found that the chemical production in late antiquity, was directed: in&nbsp;obtaining high-quality building materials to advanced metallurgy in the mints coins.&nbsp;Appendix VI: Articles are displayed: biographical and bibliographical representations of&nbsp;archaeologists, researchers archaeological sites, part of the map of Roman roads &bdquo;Tabula&nbsp;Peutingriana&rdquo; section of &nbsp;Vitruviusovʼs books, coins with the appearance of the characters of&nbsp;Roman emperors were born in the territory of present-day Republic of Serbia, the work of&nbsp;proving that the bricks, usually producing army, data on clay, which is the basic raw material&nbsp;for the production of bricks, the mineral content of the soil, the term chemical composition &nbsp;of&nbsp;building materials, the results of chemical analysis handmade bricks, and the results of&nbsp;chemical analysis of contemporary brick. VII Literature: In this study indicated 445 titles.&nbsp;This doctoral thesis combines the region explored by famous scientists, ie. all major&nbsp;archaeological sites on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, so that it opens the way for&nbsp;further comparative research and studies in chemistry, archeology, museology, architecture&nbsp;and restoration operations, which, so far, has not &nbsp;been sufficiently done.

This thesis focuses on the communication strategies of roe deer and fish. Roe deers live from April to September territorial way, they live the remaining part of the year in common groups. To territory marking roe deers using chemical and optical biocommunication- breaking antlers and raking. This work is also focused on our most common fish carp. From Czech fish only carps intensive jumps out of the water, which could be one of the modes of communication. The carp is shoal fish, it lives social way of life. Carp is the most active in summer, in the summer is also the most jumps. After the data showed that carps and roe deers are oriented in the north-south axis, with a preference of north. The resulting vector in the direct observation of raking roe deers 7,5 ° and jumping carps out of the water 341.5 ° confirm magnetoreception in both species.

Uprkos brojnim tradicionalnim reolo&scaron;kim metodama koje se već dugi niz godina koriste u proceni kvaliteta bra&scaron;na, postoji potreba za razvijanjem novih metoda, pomoću kojih bi se za kratko vreme i uz ograničenu količinu uzorka mogao uspe&scaron;no predvideti kvalitet bra&scaron;na i gotovog proizvoda. Na taj način selekcionerima bi bila omogućena procena tehnolo&scaron;kog kvaliteta linija p&scaron;enice čija je količina ograničena, dok bi se mlinarima obezbedio brz metod procene kvaliteta. Osnovni cilj istraživanja ove disertacije je ispitivanje mogućnosti primene novog reolo&scaron;kog uređaja glutopika u proceni kvaliteta bra&scaron;na i finalnog proizvoda &ndash; hleba, kao i mogućnost zamene tradicionalnih dugotrajnih metoda novom reolo&scaron;kom metodom.Kako bi se ispitale i iskoristile mogućnosti reolo&scaron;kog uređaja glutopik za procenu kvaliteta p&scaron;eničnog bra&scaron;na definisani su optimalni uslovi merenja koji su podrazumevali upotrebu NaCl kao rastvarača i zadate parametre temperature (36 &deg;C), obrtne brzine me&scaron;ača (2700 rpm) i odnos bra&scaron;na i rastvarača (8,5/9,5). Zabeležen je veliki broj korelacija između parametara glutopika i empirijskih reolo&scaron;kih pokazatelja kvaliteta bra&scaron;na i testa. Takođe je utvrđena značajna korelacija između parametara glutopika i indikatora kvaliteta hleba u pogledu specifične zapremine i teksturnih karakteristika sredine hleba. Na osnovu parametara dobijenih merenjem na glutopiku definisane su granične vrednosti. Ustanovljeno je da se primenom glutopik metode može izvr&scaron;iti klasifikacija sorti p&scaron;enice prema kvalitetu. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da glutopik ima veliki potencijal da zameni alveograf u proceni kvaliteta bra&scaron;na u mlinarskoj i pekarskoj industriji. Reolo&scaron;ki parametri koji zavise od sadržaja proteina kao &scaron;to su moć upijanja vode i žilavost testa uspe&scaron;no se mogu predvideti pomoću parametara glutopika. Primenom glutopik metode postignuta je umerena predikcija specifične zapremine hleba, dok je postignuta veoma dobra predikcija teksturnih karakteristika sredine hleba.U okviru ove disertacije je ispitan uticaj sorte i lokaliteta na tehnolo&scaron;ki kvalitet bra&scaron;na p&scaron;enice kako bi se utvrdilo koja od ispitivanih sorti ispoljava ujednačen kvalitet u različitim mikroklimatskim uslovima tokom dve proizvodne godine. U obe proizvodne godine pokazatelji kvaliteta bra&scaron;na su dominantno sortno određeni, pri čemu je zabeležen određeni uticaj mikroklimatskih faktora na lokalitetima gajenja. Odličan i najstabilniji kvalitet bra&scaron;na u 2011. godini je imala sorta Gordana koja je pokazala najveću adaptabilnost na mikroklimatske uslove. Apač je uniformno imao najlo&scaron;iji kvalitet duž svih ispitivanih lokaliteta. Domaće sorte su u 2012. godini imale promenljiv kvalitet u zavisnosti od lokaliteta gajenja. Hlebove proizvedene od domaćih p&scaron;eničnih sorti je karakterisala velika zapremina, rastresita struktura sredine sa izraženim velikim porama i mala čvrstoća sredine, dok je hleb proizveden od sorte Apač imao malu zapreminu, zbijenu strukturu sredine hleba sa velikim brojem malih pora kao posledicu velike čvrstoće. Dobra predikcija kvaliteta hleba od bra&scaron;na iz 2011. godine je postignuta primenom jednog reolo&scaron;kog pokazatelja kvaliteta, dok je za uspe&scaron;nu predikciju kvaliteta hleba od bra&scaron;na iz 2012. godine neophodno izvesti nekoliko različitih reolo&scaron;kih merenja.Analizom tehnolo&scaron;kog kvaliteta bra&scaron;na p&scaron;enice različitih sorti gajenih na različitim lokalitetima iz tri proizvodne godine zabeležene su velike varijacije u kvalitetu bra&scaron;na i hleba na ispitivanim lokalitetima i u proizvodnim godinama, &scaron;to jasno ukazuje na značajan uticaj interakcija između sortimenta i uslova gajenja (lokaliteta i godina), kao i značaj ispitivanja ovih interakcija i razvoja strategija koje imaju za cilj smanjenje uticaja spolja&scaron;njih faktora na kvalitet p&scaron;enice.<br>Regardless the fact that numerous traditional rheological methods have been used for many years in the flour quality assessment, there is a need for developing new methods, which could, in a short time, and with a limited amount of sample, successfully predict the quality of flour and finished products. In this way, wheat breeders would be able to evaluate the technological quality of the wheat lines with a restricted sample quantity, while the millers would be provided with a quick method of the quality evaluation. The main goal of the research of this dissertation was to examine the possibility of using a new rheological device GlutoPeak in the quality evaluation of flour and final product &ndash; bread, as well as the possibility of replacing traditional time-consuming methods with a new rheological test.In order to examine the possibility of using a GlutoPeak rheological device for the flour quality evaluation, the optimal measurement conditions were defined and included the use of NaCl as a solvent, the rotational speed of the mixer (2700 rpm), temperature (36 &deg;C), the ratio of flour and solvent (8.5/9.5). Numerous correlations between GlutoPeak indices and empirical rheological parameters of dough behaviour were reported in this study. Significant correations were also observed between GlutoPeak parameters and bread specific volume and breadcrumb textural properties. The limit values were defined according to the GlutoPeak parameters values. Moreover, it was found that the GlutoPeak test could be used for wheat variety diferentiation according to the quality and has a great potential to replace Alveograph in the flour quality assessment in the milling and bakery industries. Parameters which depends on the protein content, such as, flour water absorption and dough tenacity, was successfully predicted by using parameters derived from GlutoPeak tester. A moderate prediction of loaf specific volume was achieved, while a very good prediction of breadcrumb textural characteristics was accomplished with the GlutoPeak parameters.In addition, the influence of genotype and growing location on flour quality was examined in order to determine which of the tested varieties exhibited uniform quality accross different microclimatic conditions in two production years. It was revealed that in both production years flour quality indicators were predominantly influenced by genotype, with a certain influence of microclimate factors on the growing locations. Gordana variety showed excellent and uniform quality with the highest adaptability to microclimate conditions in year 2011. Apache variety showed uniformly poor quality across all tested locations. In year 2012 domestic varieties exhibited variable quality depending on the growing locations. Bread produced from domestic wheat varieties was characterized by a large volume, loose breadcrumb structure with pronounced large pores and low hardness, while the bread produced from Apache variety had a small volume, dense breadcrumb structure with a large number of small pores as a result of high breadcrumb hardness. The quality of bread produced from wheat flour from year 2011 was well predicted based on one rheological quality parameter. On the other hand, several different rheological measurements was performed to successfully predict the quality of bread produced from wheat flour from 2012 year.By analyzing the technological quality of wheat flour of different varieties cultivated at different locations from three production years, large variations in the quality of flour and bread was recorded. The variations in flour and bread quality indicated the significant influence of interactions between the variety and growing conditions (locations and years), as well as the importance of examining these interactions and developing strategies aimed at reducing the impact of external factors on wheat quality.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuota ir įvertinta saugomų teritorijų ir miškų ūkio sistemų dermė valdant nacionalinių parkų valstybinius miškus, įvardintos kylančios problemos bei pateikti pasiūlymai dėl jų sprendimo būdų. Pirmoje darbo dalyje teoriniu aspektu tiriama Lietuvos ir užsienio šalių miškingų saugomų teritorijų ir miškų ūkio sektoriaus esančio saugomose teritorijose teisinė, administracinė dermė, analizuojami buvę, esami miškų valdymo modeliai ir praktika. Antrojoje darbo dalyje pateikiamas pirmą kartą Lietuvoje praktiškai taikytas IUCN-WCPA saugomų teritorijų tvarkymo efektyvumo vertinimo įrankis (metodika) vertinat miškų tvarkymo efektyvumą bei atlikto tyrimo apimtis. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje pateikiamos Dzūkijos, Kuršių nerijos nacionalinių ir Trakų istorinio nacionalinio parko miškams kylančios grėsmės, miškų šiuose parkuose tvarkymo efektyvumo vertinimas procentine išraiška bei silpnieji ir stiprieji valdymo elementai. Lietuvos saugomų teritorijų ir miškų ūkio veiklos analizė atlikta SSGG principu, pateikti konkretūs pasiūlymai sprendžiant saugomų teritorijų ir miškininkystės klausimus atsižvelgiant į tvarios miškininkystės principus.<br>This MA thesis is the analysis and evaluation of the governmental synergy between the protected areas and the forestry in the management of the national parks. The main problems and the possible solutions are discussed. The first section of the thesis is the theoretical analysis of legal and administrational synergy in the protected forest areas and forestry in Lithuania and abroad, the analysis of past and current administrative models and their practice is made. The second section includes the analysis of the IUCN-WCPA protected areas management effectiveness tracking tool that is applied in Lithuania for the first time. The third section is the discussion of the arising environmental threats to the forests in the national parks of Dzukija, Kursiu nerija, and Trakai historical national park, the effectiveness of the management is provided in percentage as well as the week and strong key points are discussed. The analysis of the Lithuanian protected areas and forestry is made based on SSGG theory, suggestions made for solving the issues of the protected areas and forestry are based on the stable forestry principles.

Prema novijim istraživanjima, kompleks Carassius auratusčini najmanje pet vrsta roda&nbsp; Carassius: Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius langsdorfii, Carassius cuvieri i Carassius gibelio. Vrste ovog roda su morfolo&scaron;ki veoma slične i nemoguće ih je razlikovati na osnovu uobičajenih morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera, te su ranije&nbsp; sve determinisane kao Carassius auratus gibelio ili Carassius gibelio. Jedina vrsta koja se značajnije razlikuje je Carassius carassius.&nbsp; Smara se da su vrste ovog kompleksa unesene u Evropu iz Azije u 17. veku.Najveći broj predstavnika kompleksa C. auratus je na teritoriji Evrope proteklih pedesetak godina determinisan je kao vrsta Carassius gibelio(C. auratus gibelio) (Bloch, 1783) (srebrni kara&scaron; ili babu&scaron;ka). S obzirom da su pripadnici ovog kompleksa registrovani u većini vodotokova Evrope, smatraju se najuspe&scaron;nijom invazivnom grupom slatkovodnih riba. Zbog svojih biolo&scaron;kih odlika (brz rast, različiti vidovi razmnožavanja, izuzetna otpornost na nepovoljne uslove) ove vrste veoma brzo postaju kompetitivne autohtonoj ihtiofauni za hranu i stani&scaron;te i neretko imaju izuzetno negativan uticaj na celokupan ekosistem koji nasele.U ovoj disertaciji prvi put je izvr&scaron;ena identifikacija vrsta kompleksa Carassius auratus na teritoriji Vojvodine i peripanonske oblasti primenom specifičnih genetičkih markera (dela sekvence cytb gena). Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrije ispitivana je morfolo&scaron;ka varijabilnost različitih morfolo&scaron;kih celina (celo telo, kosti glavenog skeleta, cleithrum-a i krlju&scaron;ti) jedinki unutar kompleksa Carassius auratusizmeđu različitih lokaliteta sa različitim ekolo&scaron;kim uslovima (prisustvo predatora i protok), dok je primenom savremenih statističkih i matematičkih metoda (multi-modelne analize) analizirana dinamika rasta recentnih, kao i ranoinvazivnih populacija.Metaanalizom dostupnih podataka utvrđena je veoma &scaron;iroka zastupljenost populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus na teritoriji Srbije. Beležene populacije su uglavnom pokazivale srednju do visoku zastupljenost (20-40%) u ukupnoj ihtiofauni uz uočljivo povećanje brojnosti u funkciji vremena. Na nekim lokalitetima se u nekoliko uzastopnih studija registruju veoma brojne popu-lacije vrsta ovog kompleksa (40-100% u ukupnom ulovu).Za potrebe molekularno- taksonomskih analiza i analiza morfolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti recentnih populacija uzorkovano je 280 jedinki u periodu 2012 &ndash; 2014.godine sa 14 različitih lokaliteta u&nbsp;Vojvodini i peripanonskoj oblasti. Sve jedinke u uzorku su prvo fotografisane za potrebe analiza linearne i geometrijske morfometrije, uzet je uzorak repnog peraja za dalje genetičke analize, a nakon toga su izvr&scaron;ena sva neophodna merenja&nbsp;&nbsp; morfometrijskih i merističkih karaktera radi ana-lize varijabilnosti među&nbsp; populacijama. Populaciono-genetičkim analizama sekvenci dela cytb gena utvrđeno je da su sve ispitivane jedinke pripadale vrsti Carassius gibelio I. Zbog biolo&scaron;kog stanja uzoraka, determinacija je bila moguća za samo 52 jedinki sa 11 lokaliteta te se ne bi smela isključiti mogućnost postojanja jo&scaron; nekih vrsta kompleksa C. auratus, kao &scaron;to su C. auratus i C. langsdorfi koje su prema navodima drugih autora beležene na teritorijama susednih zemalja.Primenom linearne i geometrijske morfometrijske analize ustanovljena je izražena fenoti-pska varijabilnost u obliku tela i odabranih&nbsp; elemenata skeletnog sistema između riba sa različitih lokaliteta. Utvrđeno je odsustvo polnog dimorfizma. Najveću varijabilnost od svih morfolo&scaron;kih parametara pokazala je vrednost za visinu tela, i veličinu glave, dok su kod kostiju najvi&scaron;e varirale vrednosti za os pharyngii na kojoj su ždrelni zubi - dentes pharyngii.Prisustvo predatora i protok vode na ispitivanim lokalitetima su ispoljili uticaj na morfolo&scaron;ku varijabilnost riba. Prisustvo predatora je uslovilo pojavu karakterističnog fenotipa riba sa visokim telom koje omogućava lak&scaron;e izbegavanje predatora.Za analizu mofolo&scaron;ke varijabilnosti ranih invazivnih populacija vrsta kompleksa C. auratus kori&scaron;ćeni su podaci za 524 jedinke (prilikom izlova determinisane kao C. auratus gibelio) sa tri lokaliteta u Vojvodini iz perioda 1983 &ndash; 1985. godine. Lokaliteti su izabrani prema različitom načinu invazije vrsta kompleksa C. auratus. Analizama linearne morfometije i modela rasta ut-vrđeno je da su se lokaliteti na kojima su bile&nbsp; zastupljene namerne antropogene introdukcije nepoznatog porekla odlikovali mnogo većom morfolo&scaron;kom varijabilno&scaron;ću od lokaliteta u koje su jedinke dospele prirodnim putevima invazije izvećih vodotokova.Analizama životne istorije i dinamike rasta na 395 jedinki vrsta kompleksa C. auratus (pri-likom uzorkovanja determinisanih kao C. gibelio) kao invazivne grupe riba i 429 jedinki bodorke kao predstavnika autohtone ihtiofaune u periodu između 1991. i 1999. godine na akumulacijama Međuvr&scaron;je i Gruža utvrđene su razlike između različitih tipova stani&scaron;ta. Nezavisno od vrste, utvrđeno je da jedinke koje žive u sporim i plitkim stani&scaron;tima su krupnije i dostižu veće asimptotske dužine od individua koje nastanjuju brže i uže vodotokove.Ovaj rad je među prvim koji primenjuje multi-modelnu analizu u modelovanju rasta slat-kovodnih riba. Rezultati su pokazali da se ova metoda može implementirati i na&nbsp; invazivne vrste riba kako bi se bolje procenio njihov uticaj na autohtonu faunu i&nbsp; eventualno razvile uspe&scaron;nije strategije upravljanja i kontrole njihovih populacija.<br>According to recent researches,<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex includes at least five <em>Carassius</em> species: <em>Carassius carassius, Carassius auratus, Carassius</em> langsdorfii, <em>Carassius cuvieri</em> and<em> Carassius gibelio</em>. These species are morphologically very similar and it is impossible to differentiate them on the basis of common morphological&nbsp; characters, so they all used to be classified as<em> Carassius auratus gibelio</em> or <em>Carassi</em>us <em>gibelio</em>. The only species that is significantly different is Carassius carassius. It is believed that the species of this complex were brought to Europe from Asia in the 17th&nbsp;&nbsp; century.Over the last fifty years most of the members of C. auratus complex in Europe were classified as Carassius gibelio (<em>C. auratus gibelio</em>) (Bloch, 1783) (Silver carp or Gibel carp). Since the members of this complex have been registered in most European watercourses, they are considered to be the most successful invasive group of freshwater fish. Thanks to their biological characteristics (fast growth, different types of reproduction, remarkable resistance to unfavourable conditions) these species quickly become competitive to indigenous ichthyofauna in respect of food and habitat and they often have very negative impact on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.This dissertation identifies the species that belong to the<em> </em>Carassius auratus complex in /Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region using specific genetic markers (ctyb gene sequence). Using linear and geometric morphometrics, we examined morphological variability of different morphological parts (whole body, skull bones, cleithrum and scales) of the members of<em> Carassius auratus</em> complex, in different localities with different ecological conditions (presence of predators and water flow). Modern statistics&nbsp; and mathematical methods (multi-model analysis) were used in the analysis&nbsp; of growth dynamics of both recent and early invasive populations.Meta-analyses of the available data have shown that there is a wide population of C. auratuscomplex species&nbsp; in Serbia. The examined populations showed medium to high occurrence (20- 40%) in the entire ichthyofauna, with evident growth over time. A few consecutive studies have registered very large populations of the species of this complex in several localities (40-100% of total catch).For the purpose of molecular-taxonomic analyses and the analysis of morphological variability of recent populations, we used a sample of&nbsp; 280&nbsp; units taken in 14 different localities in Vojvodina and peri-Pannonian region in the period from 2012 to 2014. All the units in the sample were first photographed for the purpose of linear and geometric morphometrics, samples of tail fins were taken for further genetic analysis, and then all the necessary evaluations of morphometric and meristic characters were made, as well as the analysis of variability among populations.Population genetic analysis with the application of a genetic marker (cytb gene) has shownthat all the examined units belong to<em> Carassius gibelio</em> species. Due to the biological state of the samples, the determination was possible for only 52 units from 11 localities, so it not impossible that some other species of C. auratus complex such as C. auratus and C. langsdorficould also be found in this region as they have been registered on the territories of the neighbouring countries, as reported by some authors.Linear and geometric morphometric analysis has shown significant phenotype&nbsp; variability in body shape and selected elements of the skeletal system. It has also proved the absence of sexual dimorphism and showed that locality had a major impact on the variability.The largest variability was recorded in terms of body height and head size, while the most variable values with the bones were those referring to os pharyngii with pharyngeal teeth.Morphological variability of fish also depended on the presence of predators and the water flow in the examined localities. The presence of predators causes a characteristic phenotype of fish with tall body which enables them to avoid predators more easily.In the analysis of morphological variability of early invasive populations of the species of C. auratus complex we used data for 524 units (classified as C. auratusgibelio during the catch) from three localities in Vojvodina in the period from 1983 to 1985. The localities were chosen according to different ways of invasion of the species of C. auratus complex. Linear morphometrics and growth model analyses have shown that the localities with deliberate anthropogenic introduction of unknown origin were characterized with greater variability than the localities populated by natural invasion from larger watercourses.The analyses of life history and growth dynamics in 395 members of the species of C. auratuscomplex (classified as C. gibelio during the sampling) as an invasive group of fish, and 429 units of the roach as the representative of the indigenous ichthyofauna in the artificial lakes of Međuvr&scaron;je and Gruža in the period from 1991 to 1999, have established differences among different types of habitats. Regardless of species, the fish that live in slow and shallow habitats are larger and they reach greater asymptotic length than those living in faster and narrower watercourses.This study is among the first ones to apply multi-model analyses in modeling freshwater fish growth. The results have shown that this method can be implemented in studying invasive fish species in order to make a better estimation of their influence on indigenous fauna and possibly develop more successful&nbsp; strategies of managing and controlling their populations.

Observa-se nas últimas três décadas a emergência política de diversas organizações indígenas nos países latino-americanos. Um divisor de águas desse fenômeno foi o levante armado do Exército Zapatista de Libertação Nacional (EZLN), em 1994, no estado de Chiapas (México). Entre as demandas já tradicionais dos povos indígenas, como a questão da permanência à terra, o movimento zapatista incluiu em sua pauta política a reivindicação por autonomia, entendida, nesse contexto, como um distinto regime jurídico-territorial que permita aos povos indígenas mexicanos o exercício concreto da autodeterminação. Após o fracasso na aprovação de uma lei que definisse os marcos legais desse regime, os zapatistas decidem consolidar unilateralmente a autonomia que já vinham desenvolvendo em suas comunidades, desde o final de 1994. A partir dessa autonomia em resistência suprimiram qualquer tipo de relação com o Estado. As mudanças dessas relações de poder se projetaram no espaço, onde, a partir da conformação de comunidades, municípios e zonas autônomas, criaram-se governos paralelos zapatistas, operantes até a presente data. O objetivo da pesquisa foi o de analisar a organização espacial destes territórios autônomos e as relações sócio-espaciais ali travadas, especialmente no que se refere à posse da terra e a divisão social do trabalho e da produção, tentando esquadrinhar, na medida do possível, os limites e potencialidades que o modelo autonômico oferece a outros grupos indígenas. Nosso embasamento teórico e histórico partiu da revisão bibliográfica já produzida a respeito predominantemente mexicana- além de um trabalho de campo nos territórios zapatistas. Metodologicamente buscamos compreender a gênese dos processos e das contradições sociais que fomentaram o surgimento do EZLN com base na ideia de formação territorial e a partir dos pressupostos da Geografia Histórica, ainda que nossa argumentação também tenha dialogado fortemente com a Geografia Agrária e Política. Soma-se a este esforço a tentativa de compreensão dos recursos ideológicos utilizados para o submetimento destas populações ao longo do processo de formação do Estado. A pesquisa apontou aspectos inovadores na estratégia política zapatista, entre elas a própria ideia de autonomia, que há possibilitado o empoderamento das comunidades indígenas frente aos modernos processos de despossessão territorial, entre outros fatores. Em contrapartida, na atual conjuntura política de Chiapas, os territórios autônomos demonstramse com limitações estruturais de ordem econômica, o que, somado a uma nova ofensiva de forças chiapanecas refratárias ao projeto zapatista, vem dificultando, a nosso ver, o desenvolvimento das instituições autônomas e de novos projetos produtivos.<br>In the last three decades, there was a political emergence of many indigenous organizations around Latin-American countries. This phenomenons watershed moment was the armed uprising of the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), in Chiapas (Mexico), 1994. Between the already traditional demands posed by indigenous people, as a separate legalterritorial arrangement that would allow Mexican indigenous people the concrete exercise of self-determination. After fail to approve a law that could define this regimes legal frameworks, the Zapatistas decided to consolidate unilaterally the autonomy that has been developed in their communities, since the end of 1994. From the so-called autonomy of resistance, they broke any sort of relation with the State. The changes of this power relationship are projected on a territory where, from the formation of communities, municipalities and autonomous regions, parallel governments had been set and still operating to that date. The objective of this research was to analyze the spatial organization of these autonomous territories and the socio-spatial relations there developed, especially with regard to land tenure and the division of labor and production, trying to scrutinize, to the possible extent, the limits and potentials that the autonomic model offers other indigenous groups. Our theoretical and historical knowledge was based upon a review of already established literature - predominantly Mexican authors - associated to fieldwork in Zapatista territories. Methodologically, we seek to understand the genesis of the processes and social contradictions that fostered the emergence of the EZLN by relying upon the idea of territorial formation and the assumptions of historical geography, although our argument also strongly dialogs with those of agrarian and political geography. In addition to that lies the effort to understand the ideological resources used for the subjugation of these peoples in the process of state formation. The research pointed to innovative aspects in Zapatista political strategy, including the very idea of autonomy, which enabled the empowerment of indigenous communities facing modern processes of territorial dispossession, among other factors. Simultaneously, there have been observed economic structural limitations in the current political situation in Chiapas, which associated to a new offensive of \"chiapaneca paramilitary forces to the Zapatista project is a hurdle to the development of autonomous institutions and new production projects according to my point of view.

Rod Salix pripada porodici Salicaceae i obuhvata oko 450 vrsta &scaron;irom sveta, od kojih u Republici Srbiji raste oko 18. Kora vrbe ispoljava antiinflamatorno, antireumatsko, analgetičko i antipiretičko delovanje sinergističkim efektom njenih glavnih aktivnih supstanci &ndash; glikozida salicina, fenolnih i flavonoidnih jedinjenja. Ciljevi ovog rada bili su ispitivanje uticaja klasične i savremenih metoda ekstrakcije na hemijski sastav i biolo&scaron;ke aktivnosti ekstrakata različitih vrsta vrba, utvrđivanje razlika u sadržaju aktivnih komponenti i biolo&scaron;kom potencijalu između ekstrakata kore i ekstrakata lista iste vrste vrbe, kao i utvrđivanje razlika u sadržaju sekundarnih metabolita i antioksidantnoj aktivnosti kod ekstrakata različitih vrsta vrba. Ispitivanja su uključivala analizu 92 ekstrakta kore i lista osam predstavnika roda Salix, dobijenih različitim metodama (maceracija, ultrazvučna i mikrotalasna ekstrakcija) i pri različitim uslovima ekstrakcije (rastvarač, vreme, veličina čestica). Sadržaj ukupnih fenola i flavonoida, kao i antioksidativna aktivnost određeni su spektrofotometrijski. Hemijska karakterizacija ekstrakata vr&scaron;ena je primenom visokoefikasne tečne hromatografije (HPLC). Metodom in silico molekularnog dokinga ispitan je inhibitorni potencijal sastojaka ekstrakata prema enzimima ciklooksigenaze (COX-1 i COX-2) i acetilholinesterazi (AChE). Savremenim metodama ekstrakcije izolovan je veći broj pojedinačnih komponenata u najvećoj koncentraciji i dobijeni su ekstrakti sa jačim potencijalom neutralizacije hidroksilnih radikala. Klasična metoda maceracije 70% etanolom (v/v) bila je pogodnija za dobijanje ekstrakata sa jačim antioksidativnim potencijalom prema DPPH radikalu kod gotovo svih ispitivanih Salix vrsta. Kod većine Salix vrsta jači antioksidantni potencijal prema DPPH radikalu ispoljili su ekstrakti kore. Kod polovine ispitivanih vrsta ekstrakti lista su inhibisali hidroksilne radikale u većoj meri. Veći sadržaj pojedinačnih jedinjenja u ekstraktima kore ili lista zavisio je od same vrste vrbe. Najjaču antioksidantu aktivnost ispoljila je vrsta S. alba, dok je u pogledu hemijskog sastava najraznovrsnija vrsta bila S. fragilis. In silico analizom metodom molekularnog dokinga utvrđen je jak inhibitorni potencijal flavonoidnih jedinjenja kvercetina, naringenina i epikatehina, kao i hlorogenske kiseline među fenolnim kiselinama prema enzimima COX-1 i COX-2. Epikatehin, salicin i hlorogenska kiselina ispoljili su značajno inhibitorno delovanje na enzim AChE u doking studijama. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da pored kore i list vrbe ima veliki potencijal primene kao izvor značajnih fitokomponenata, kao i na mogućnost eksploatacije vrsta vrba koje nisu u komercijalnoj upotrebi kao lekovitih sirovina za izolovanje antioksidanasa i farmakolo&scaron;ki aktivnih supstanci.<br>The genus Salix belongs to the family Salicaceae and comprises about 450 species worldwide, out of which 18 grow in the Republic of Serbia. Willow bark exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, analgesic and antipyretic effects through synergistic action of its main ingredients -glycosidesalicin, phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Aims of this paper were to analyse the impact of classical and modern extraction methods on chemical composition and biological activities of extracts of different willow species, determine the differences in the amount of active compounds and biological potential between bark and leaf extracts within the same willow species, as well as between extracts of various species. The analysis included 92 bark and leaf extracts of eight species from the genus Salix, obtained by different extraction methods (maceration, ulrasound and microwave assisted extraction) and conditions (solvent, time, particle size). Total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as antioxidant activity were determined spectrophotometrically. Chemical characterization was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of compounds isolated from the extracts was examined by in silico method of molecular docking. Greater number of individual components in highest concentration, as well as exracts with stronger hydroxyl radical scavenging potential were obtained by modern extraction methods. Classical method of maceration with 70% ethanol (v/v) was more suitable for obtaining extracts with higher DPPH radical scavenging activity in the vast majority of tested species. In half of the analysed species leaf extracts inhibited hydroxyl radicals more than bark. Higher amount of individual compounds in bark or leaf extracts depended on the species itself. S. alba exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, whereas S. fragilis had the most diverse chemical composition. Strong COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory potential of flavonoids quercetin, naringenin and epicatechin, as well as chlorogenic acid among phenolic acids was determined by in silico molecular docking analysis. Molecular docking studies also demonstrated the inhibitory activity of epicatechin, salicin and chlorogenic acid toward AChE. The obtained results indicate that not only bark, but willow leaf as well could be used as source of significant phytochemicals and also the possibility of exploitation of willow species that are not commercially used as medicinal raw material for isolation of antioxidants and pharmacologycally active substances.

Biodiversity is a concurrent part of the nature inheritance. The human’s activity (development of cities, industry, agriculture, transport infrastructure, pollution, etc) is influencing the nature’s disbalance. Natural areas of habitats are on the way to disappear or their status is getting worse. There is a need for special means to ensure the protection of many species of fauna and flora and their natural habitats, because they are in danger of disappearing. The network “Natura 2000” has few goals: to cover the fragile and valuable natural habitats and species of particular importance for the conservation of biological diversity within the territory of EU and to guarantee sustained efforts to protect the most important areas properly. The main objective of the “Natura 2000” network is to ensure the survival of species that are threatened or rare throughout Europe. These legal EU documents ensure the creation of the above-mentioned European network of protected territories in public territories as well as in private lands. Economic and farming activities are restricted in these areas as a way to protect natural habitats types, rare animals as well as are plants habitats. That way the interests of land owners become quite different from the nature protectionists and the prohibitions of land or forest property rights. It is quite difficult to evaluate the economical loss while establishing some new protected areas in public and private lands. The evaluation is specific for... [to full text]

Šiuolaikinėje paveldo apsaugoje populiarus tvarios raidos principas, kuris reiškia, jog esantį paveldą reikia naudoti taip, kad jį nenuskurdintą paliktume ateities kartoms. Daugumoje Europos miestų istorinių teritorijų išsaugojimas tampa vienu pagrindinių tikslų, kadangi svarbu ne tik čia esančių vertingų objektų ar savybių apsauga, tačiau kartu ir teritorijos atnaujinimas. Tiesiog saugant istorines miestų dalis, jos gali virsti atvirais muziejais, traukti turistus, tačiau nebeatitikti vietinių gyventojų poreikių. Kita vertus, intensyviai atnaujinant vietovę, naikinamas jos istorinis, kultūrinis fondas. Kyla įvairių problemiškų klausimų – kaip senųjų miesto dalių vertė gali būti lyginama, pavyzdžiui, su naujos architektūros objektų verte, ar svarbiau išsaugoti esamą teritorijos struktūrą, ar joje atlikti atnaujinimus, jei taip, tai ką ir kaip galima keisti? Atsižvelgiant į tarptautines paveldo apsaugos tendencijas, tvarios raidos principais paremta istorinių miesto dalių apsauga tampa vis aktualesnė ir Lietuvoje. Darbe analizuojami pasirinkti istorinių Kauno teritorijų – Senamiesčio, Naujamiesčio bei Žaliakalnio architektūros bei urbanistikos atvejai. Pagal nustatytas vertingąsias teritorijų savybes matyti, jog siekiant išsaugoti istoriškai susiformavusią aplinką, vietos charakterį, svarbu išlaikyti esamas urbanistines struktūras bei architektūros objektus. Nesvarbu, ar atliekamos komercinės intervencijos, ar gyvenamųjų namų remontai, vertingosios savybės turėtų būti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>The principle of sustainable development becomes more and more popular in contemporary heritage preservation. It means that heritage should be used so as to leave it to future generations. The preservation of historic territories is one of the major challenges in most European cities. As it is important not only to protect the objects or valuable features of the area, but also renew the area. Simply protecting the historic part of town, they can turn into an open museum, a tourist attraction, but fail to satisfy the needs of local residents. On the other hand, the extensive renewal of the area becomes a threat for its historical and cultural foundation. Various questions of problem arise - how the values of old city’s parts can be compared with new architectural values? What is more important: to maintain the existing site structure, or make renovations, if so, what and how can we change? International trends in heritage protection, historical parts revitalization according to sustainable development principles is important for the heritage protection in Lithuania. Three historical areas of Kaunas - Old Town, New Town and Žaliakalnis are analyzed in this master thesis. The changes of architectural and urban environment are evaluated. According to the valuable features of these territories, it is important to maintain the existing urban structures and architectural objects, to preserve the historically formed environment, local character of territory. It does not matter if... [to full text]

U radu je ispitana zastupljenost influenca A virusa, njihova antigenska i genetička svojstva i osetljivost na antivirotik oseltamivir.Ispitivanje je sprovedeno u toku četiri uzastopne sezone, od 2010/2011 do 2013/2014 &nbsp;i obuhvatilo je 887 briseva nosa i grla pacijenata sa simptomima gripa, sa teritorije Južnobačkog okruga. Svi uzorci su&nbsp;testirani na prisustvo influenca A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), A(H1N1), A(H5) i A(H7) i influenca B virusa, real-time RT PCR testom. Pozitivni uzorci iz sezona 2012/2013 i 2013/2014, podvrgnuti su izolaciji na MDCK ćelijskim kulturama, a zatim je izvr&scaron;eno ispitivanje sposobnosti dobijenih izolata da aglutiniraju eritrocite koko&scaron;ke, čoveka i zamorca u reakciji virusne hemaglutinacije. Antigenska svojstva izolata sa hemaglutinacionim titrom &ge;40, ispitana su reakcijom inhibicije hemaglutinacije. Genetičkoj karakterizaciji, sekvenciranjem hemaglutinin i neuraminidaza gena, podvrgnuti su reprezentativni izolati iz sezona 2012/2013 i 2013/2014. Za ispitivanje osetljivosti odabranih izolata virusa na oseltamivir upotrebljen je hemiluminiscentni test inhibicije aktivnosti neuraminidaze.Ukupno 46,3% (411/887) uzoraka bilo je influenca pozitivno, od čega je 73% (300/411) bilo influenca A pozitivno, a 27% (111/411)influenca B pozitivno (p&lt;0,0001). &nbsp;Influenca A(H1N1)pdm09 podtip je detektovan u 48% (144/300), a A(H3N2) podtip u&nbsp;52% (156/300) influenca Apozitivnih uzoraka. Najveći procenat influencaA pozitivnih zabeležen je u uzrastnoj grupi 5-14 godina (48,2%, 77/160) i kod pacijenata sa lak&scaron;im kliničkim manifestacijama gripa (43,7%, 153/350).Influenca A(H1N1)pdm09 podtip preovladavao je u uzrastnoj grupi 15-29 godina (66%, 31/47, p=0,0400) i 30-64 godina (55,9%,71/127, p=0,0215), kao i kod pacijenata sa te&scaron;kom akutnom respiratornom bole&scaron;ću (63,5%, 80/126, p&lt;0,0001), fatalnih slučajeva (100%,9/9, p=0,0039) i pacijenata sa hroničnim bolestima i stanjima (68,8%, 84/122, p&lt;0,0001).&nbsp;Influenca A(H3N2) podtip dominirao je kod dece uzrasta do 4 godine (72,2%,13/18, p=0,0381) i 5-14 godina (75,3%, 58/77, p&lt;0,0001), kod pacijenata sa lak&scaron;im oblikom bolesti (69,3%,106/153, p&lt;0,0001) i bez hroničnih bolesti ili stanja (66,3%, 118/178,&nbsp;p&lt;0,0001).Najznačajniji predikcioni faktori komplikacija influence bili su: prisustvo hroničnih bolesti ili stanja i uzrast &ge;15 godina. Prisustvo hroničnih bolesti ili stanja nosilo je 34 puta, a uzrast &ge;15 godina 10 puta veći rizik od nastanka te&scaron;kih oblika bolesti.Izolacija influenca virusa na MDCK ćelijskim kulturama, bila je uspe&scaron;na u 34,3% (70/204) slučajeva, pri čemu je u grupi uzoraka sa real-time RT-PCR Ct vrednostima &lt;30 ona iznosila 80,5% (62/77), kod uzoraka sa Ct vrednostima 30-34 svega 8,7% (8/92), a izolacija iz uzoraka sa Ct vrednostima &gt;34 nije bila moguća. U reakciji hemaglutinacije, najbolji rezultati su postignuti sa eritrocitima zamorca, koje je u titru &ge;40 aglutiniralo 56% (14/25) A(H1N1)pdm09 virusa i 62,5% (15/24) A(H3N2) virusa. Sa humanim eritrocitima dobar titar dalo je 16% (4/25) influenca A(H1N1)pdm09 i 8,3% (2/24) A(H3N2) virusa, a sa koko&scaron;ijim eritrocitima 8% (2/25) A(H1N1)pdm09 virusa i nijedan virus A(H3N2) podtipa.Rezultati antigenske karakterizacije pokazali su da je svih 23 influenca virusa A(H1N1)pdm09 podtipa, iz sezona 2012/2013 i 2013/2014, antigenski bilo slično referentnom, vakcinalnom virusu A/California/7/2009. Nasuprot tome, samo 1 od 7 ispitanih A(H3N2) virusa iz sezone 2012/2013, antigenski je bio sličan vakcinalnom virusu A/Victoria/361/2011, a samo 2 od 20 iz sezone 2013/2014 antigenski je bilo slično vakcinalnom A/Texas /50/2012 virusu.Filogenetska analiza hemaglutinin gena influenca A(H1N1)pdm09 virusa iz sezone 2012/2013, pokazala je da su u na&scaron;oj sredini, bili prisutni virusi iz dve različite genogrupe, 6C i 7, dok su naredne sezone svi analizirani virusi pripadali genogrupi 6B. Virusi iz na&scaron;e sredine bili su filogenetski srodni A(H1N1)pdm09 virusima iz drugih evropskih zemalja. Svi ispitani A(H3N2) virusi iz sezone 2012/2013 i2013/2014, pripadali su genetičkoj grupi&nbsp; 3C.3.Filogenetski su bili srodni sa virusima iz drugih gografskih regiona Evrope.Svih 20 izolata influenca A(H1N1)pdm09 podtipa i 23 A(H3N2) podtipa pokazali su normalnu inhibiciju aktivnosti neuraminidaze pod dejstvom oseltamivira.ekvenciranje neuraminidaza gena jednog A(H3N2) virusa, koji je imao 8 puta redukovanu inhibiciju aktivnosti neuraminidaze oseltamivirom, ukazalo jena prisustvo retke mutacije Q391H, povezane sa rezistencijom na inhibitore neuraminidaze.Rezultati ovog rada ukazali su na značaj influenca A virusa kao etiolo&scaron;kih uzročnika akutnih respiratornih obolenja u na&scaron;oj sredini, naročito za osobe sa hroničnim bolestima koje su pod povećanim rizikom od razvoja te&scaron;kih oblika gripa. U ovom istraživanju stečena su i saznanja koja imaju praktičnu primenu u postupku antigenske karakterizacije influenca A virusa, koja je jedna od ključnih faza u procesu pripreme vakcine protiv gripa. Značajna antigenska razlika A(H3N2) virusa koji su cirkulisali u sezonama 2012/2013 i 2013/2014 u odnosu na viruse koji su bili u sastavu vakcina u datim sezonama, ukazala je na neophodnost unapređenja proizvodnje vakcine protiv gripa. Dobijeni su i prvipodaci orezistenciji na antivirotik oseltamivir, kao i o filogenetskim odnosima i genetičkim grupama virusa koji su&nbsp; cirkulisali u na&scaron;oj sredini.<br>In this study we investigated the representation, antigenic and genetic properties, and sensitivity to antiviral drug oseltamivir of influenza A viruses. The study was conducted&nbsp; during 4 consecutiveseasons 2010/2011 - 2013/2014, and included 887 nasal and throat swabs taken from patients with influenza-like symptoms from South&nbsp; Backa district. All samples were tested for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), A(H1N1), A(H5), A(H7) and influenza B viruses, by real-time RT-PCR. Isolation on MDCK cell culture was performed with positive samples from seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014, and virus isolates were tested for ability&nbsp; to agglutinate guinea pig, chicken and human red blood cells in reaction of virus hemagglutination. Antigenic properties of isolates with hemagglutination titre &ge;40, were investigated using reaction&nbsp; of hemagglutination inhibition. Genetic characterization was performed by sequencing of neuraminidase and hemagglutination genes of representative isolates from seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Testing for sensitivity to oseltamivir was done with chemiluminescent neuraminidase inhibition assay.Total of 46,3% (411/887) of samples were influenza positive, out of which 73% (300/411) were influenza A positive and 27% (111/4111, p&lt;0,0001) were influenza&nbsp; B positive. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype was detected in 48% (144/300), and A(H3N2) subtype in 52% (156/300) of influenza A positive samples. The highest proportion of influenza A positive samples wasfound in age group 5-14&nbsp; years (48,2%,&nbsp; 77/160) and among patients with uncomplicated influenza (43,7%, 153/350).Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype predominated in age group 15-29 years (66%, 31/47, p=0,0400) and 30-64 years (55,9%,71/127, p=0,0215), in patients with severe acute respiratory illness (63,5%, 80/126, p&lt;0,0001), in fatal cases (100%, 9/9, p=0,0039), and among patients with underlying chronic diseases and conditions (68,8%,84/122, p&lt;0,0001).Influenza A(H3N2) subtype predominated in age group &le;4 years (72,2%, 13/18, p=0,0381) and 5-14 years (75,3%,58/77, p&lt;0,0001), in patients with mild form of influenza (69,3%,106/153, p&lt;0,0001), and in group of patients without chronic diseases and conditions (66,3%,60/478, p&lt;0,0001).The most significant risk factors for severe influenza were: the presence of underlying diseases and conditions and age &ge;15 years. Patients with chronic illnesses and conditions had 34 times higher and patients &ge;15 years of age 10 times higher risk from severe influenza.Isolation rate of influenza A viruses in MDCK cell cultures was 34,3% (70/204). For samples with real time RT-PCR Ct values &lt;30 isolation rate was 80,5% (62/77), for samples with Ct values 30-34 it was 8,7% (8/92), while isolation of viruses from samples with Ct values &gt;34 was not successful. In the reaction of virus hemagglutination, the best results were achieved with guinea pig red blood cells which agglutinated in titre &ge;40, 56% (14/25) of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and&nbsp; 62,5% (15/24) of A(H3N2) viruses. With human erythrocytes, good titre gave 16% (4/25) of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 8,3% (2/24)of A(H3N2) viruses and with chicken erythrocytes 8% (2/25) A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and none of the A(H3N2) viruses.Results of the antigenic characterization of 23 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, showed that they were antigenically similarto referent, vaccine virus A/California/7/2009. On the contrary, only 1 out of 7 influenza A(H3N2) viruses from season 2012/2013,was antigenically similar to A/Victoria/361/2011 vaccine virus, and only 2 out of 20 from season 2013/2014 were antigenically similar to A/Texas/50/2012&nbsp; vaccine virus.Filogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin genes indicated co-circulation of 2 distinct genetic groups, 6C and 7, of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses during the season 2012/2013, while during the season 2013/2014 all tested viruses were from genetic group 6B. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses from our region, were closely related to viruses from other European countries. All influenza A(H3N2) viruses from season 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 belonged to genetic clade 3C.3 and were closely related to viruses from different European countries.Total of 20 A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates and 23 A(H3N2) isolates were tested for sensitivity to oseltamivir, and all of them showed normal inhibition of neuraminidase activity with oseltamivir. Sequencing of&nbsp; neuraminidase gene of one A(H3N2) virus with 8-fold reduced inhibition by oseltamivir, revealed rare mutation Q391H associated with antiviral resistance.Results of this study indicate the significance of influenza A viruses as etiological factors of acute respiratory diseases in our area, especially for persons with chronic medical conditions who are at higher risk for severe influenza. Data gathered during&nbsp;the process of virus isolation and investigation of hemagglutination abilities of&nbsp; isolated viruses, have practical application in antigenic testing of influenza A viruses which is one of the key points of process of anti-flu vaccine production. Significant &nbsp;antigenic difference between influenza A(H3N2) viruses from seasons 2012/2013 and&nbsp; 2013/2014 and vaccine viruses, emphasis the importance of vaccine production improvement. During this study, the first data about antiviral resistance, filogenetic relationships and genetic groups of influenza viruses from our region, were obtained.

Upravne zgrade, pored religijskih, jesu najreprezentativniji javniobjekti podignuti u okviru planskog naselja. Tokom istorije se nužnouspostavlja neraskidiva veza između izgrađene sredine i osobenostidruštva. Razvoj arhitektonskih oblika, njegov nastanak, geneza i smenaoblikovanja, zavise od socio-političkog, kulturološkog i istorijskograsta društva. U načinu na koji su oblikovane upravne zgrade, mogućeje, deduktivno, pratiti uspostavljanje, razvoj i izmenu upravnogsistema nad određenim prostorom. Tako nastala arhitektonska formanemi je svedok minulih epoha.<br>Administration building, in addition to religious, are the most representativepublic buildings which were built within a planned settlement. Throughouthistory, necessarily establishes an unbreakable link between the builtenvironment and the characteristics of the society. Development ofarchitectural forms, the occurrence, the genesis and the change of designdepends on socio-political, cultural and historical growth of society. Inmanner in which the administrative building are designed, it is possible,deductively, monitor the establishment, development and amendment of theadministrative system over a specified area. The resulting architectural formis silent witness of past eras.