Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Termodynamický model'

The master’s thesis deals with the Wankel rotary engines and their 1D simulations using a thermodynamic simulation software for the piston engines. The necessary steps for creation of the equivalent model of the four-stroke three-cylinder combustion engine are provided. The engine used for the validation model was Aixro XR 50. The data measured on this engine during testing were used to validate the created thermodynamic model. The discharge coefficient calculation of the intake and the exhaust ports is shown. The 11kW engine design is created using validated thermodynamic model.

The thesis deals with the design of a small-volume four-stroke internal combustion engine with a maximum displacement of 10 cc and a power of 1 kW for autonomous devices of smaller dimensions. In addition to the analysis of individual propulsions for small aircraft, there is also a chapter with the comparison of an internal combustion engine and an electric motor with similar power. Another part of the work is the creation of a thermodynamic model in the GT Power program and its subsequent optimization to increase the overall efficiency of the engine.

This dissertation about the Stirling engine deals with the history and formation of the heat engine. At the beginning of this work, fundamental parts and their functions are described, elucidating the principle of operation explained by the thermodynamic cycle and subsequently comparing the ideal and the real Stirling cycle and last but not least provides various modifications whilst describing their differences. The mathematical model of the Stirling engine is processed by Schmidth’s theoretical analysis and thereafter is created in PScad v46. The process of creating a model is shown in one of the chapters of this dissertation. The results were taken into account in the design of 3D models in Inventor Professional by Autodesk. The work concludes with the evaluation of the computational model and its functionality as well as the documentation of the 3D model.

This master thesis summarizes the basic knowledge in the field of turbocharging of internal combustion piston engines. It also focuses on the analysis of some properties of multistage turbocharging, especially for diesel engines. Using analytical relationships, a model in the form of a web application has been created, which describes the cooperation of a turbocharger or turbochargers with an internal combustion engine. With the help of this model, some two-stage supercharging options for the selected engine have been then proposed.

This diploma thesis is focused on construction of one-cylinder four stroke engine designed for motocross competition. The target was create the 3D model, which has foundation on the thermodynamic simulation. Kinematics of timing mechanism was designed in Lotus Simulation. For checking the main bearings life calculation was performed.

The master’s thesis is focused on creating a thermodynamic model of the diesel engine for heavy commercial vehicle. After the model was created, new intake and exhaust pipes are designed based on simulations. Those proposed pipes variants are compared with the series design. After evaluating individual variants, the final version of the new pipes is selected and 3D model for this version is created.

This work deals with behavior of the temperature dependent element that makes a part of thermodynamics system. The aim of this work is to analyze the behavior of that element and to solve the virtual model in PC program ANSYS.

The master´s thesis is focused on the design of the intake and exhaust ducts for V8 engine. Home work is focused on the description of the construction of the intake and exhaust pipes for a given engine. Another part deals with creating a thermodynamic model of the engine, and the design of the intake and exhaust pipes. The last part deals with verifying the proposed pipeline construction.

This work describes exceptional properties of McKibben pneumatical muscle and introduces its state-of-the-art model. The mathematical model is extended especially in a field of a thermodymical behavior. A new model applies a method used for describing of a thermodynamical behavior of pneumatic cylinders until now. This method is significantly upgraded to fit a muscle behavior, particularly by considering a heat generated by a muscle internal natural friction. The model is than verified and discussed with a real system. The haptic part introduces a development and design of a haptic glove interface for the use in robotics, especially in telepresence, or in VR. The force and touch feedback is provided by Pneumatic Muscles controlled by an open loop algorithm using the introduced mathematical model. The design is light and compact.

Vid förbränning av bränslen med hög vatten- eller vätehalt följer mycket av förbränningsenergin med denfuktiga luften som lämnar skorstenen vid anläggningen. Ett vanligt exempel är förbränning av trädbränsleeller hushållsavfall i kraftvärmeverk. För att öka anläggningens verkningsgrad och samtidigt rena luftenfrån svaveldioxid och metaller kan en rökgaskondensering av skrubbertyp användas. Svalt vatten sprutasin i en fyllkroppsbädd och möter där de heta rökgaserna. När rökgaserna kyls frigörs energi genom attvattnet i rökgaserna övergår från ångfas till vätskefas, energi som t.ex. kan användas för att värmafjärrvärmenätets returledning. Det här arbetet har utförts på uppdrag av Hifab DU-teknik som det senaste året har utfört studier ochberäkningar på rökgaskondenseringen vid Kraftvärmeverket Torsvik vilket har lett till förbättradeffektivitet. Genom simuleringar och beräkningar i bl.a. Matlab har författarna till den är rapportenförsökt verifiera de siffror för optimalt kondensatflöde som DU-teknik beräknat samt tittat på hur anläggningen påverkas av förändrade flöden och temperaturer i fjärrvärmereturen. En stor del av arbetet har legat i att förstå teorin kring värmeväxlare samt energi i fuktig luft på djupet.Det teoretiska ramverket vi satt upp kan ses som en grundlig introduktion till ämnena och en fördjupningav det vanliga kursinnehållet under Högskoleingenjörsutbildningen i maskinteknik vid Linköpingsuniversitet. Målet med det förberedande metodarbetet har varit att hitta uttryck för de olika temperaturerna ianläggningen som gör det möjligt att simulera förändringar i anläggningen. Modeller har tagits fram för attmed hjälp av de ingående temperaturerna i en värmeväxlare kunna simulera och beräkna de utgåendetemperaturerna givet olika massflöden. Modellen har visat sig fungera väl för värmeväxlaren som ärkopplad mot fjärrvärmenätet. Vid beräkningarna av temperaturer ut ur fyllkroppsbädden har två metodertestats. Författaren har studerat vad som händer om kondensattemperaturen ut ur fyllkroppsbädden sättstill daggtemperaturen för rökgaserna. Försök har också gjorts att betrakta fyllkroppsbädden som en sortsvärmeväxlare. Resultatet av författarnas beräkningar av kondensatflöde avviker till viss del från DU-tekniks beräknadekondensatflöden för ändrad pannlast i anläggningen. För att helt hamna på samma resultat behövde denvarma kondensattemperaturen anta en något högre temperatur än enbart daggtemperaturen. Antagandetär rimligt att göra men i vilken storleksordning är svårt att dra några slutsatser kring. Vad gäller metoden med att betrakta fyllkroppsbädden som en värmeväxlare finns där både framgångaroch brister. Framgångarna ligger i att trenden för de olika temperaturerna tycks stämma överens med denteori som författarna har lagt fram för värmeväxlare och vad som händer när de olika flödena går upp ochner i en värmeväxlare. Bristerna ligger dock i att metoden ej tar hänsyn till den värme som frigörs vidkondenseringen utan bygger helt på att medierna i bädden ej genomgår fasomvandlingar. Två viktiga förslag på fortsatt arbete lyfts fram i slutet av rapporten. Författarna ser dels att man iframtiden studerar möjligheten att betrakta fyllkroppsbädden som två separata värmeväxlare där de torrarökgaserna möter en delström av kondensatet och fukten i rökgaserna möter en annan delström avkondensatet. Vidare framförs en önskan om att man i framtiden testkör rökgaskondenseringen vid olikakondensatflöden under en längre tid för att uppnå stationära förhållanden i temperaturerna vilka senarekan användas för att ta fram matematiska uttryck för vad som händer med de utgående temperaturerna utur fyllkroppsbädden när kondensatflödet förändras eller när den ingående temperaturen tillfyllkroppsbädden ökar eller minskar.
When burning fuels with high water or hydrogen content, much of the combustion energy follows themoist air that leaves the chimney at the plant. A common example is the combustion of wood fuel orhousehold waste in CHP-plants. In order to increase the plant's efficiency and at the same time clean theair from sulfur dioxide and metals, a flue gas condensation of scrubber-type can be used. Cool water isinjected into a filling bed and meets the hot flue gas. When the flue gases are cooled, energy is released bythe water in the flue gases when vapor turns into liquid form, energy that can be used e.g. to heat thedistrict heating network's return line. This work has been carried out on behalf of Hifab DU-teknik, which in the past year has carried outstudies and calculations of the flue gas condensation at the Torsvik CHP plant, which has led to improvedefficiency. Through simulations and calculations in Matlab, this report tries to verify the optimalcondensate flow calculated by DU technology and study how the plant is affected by changed flows andtemperatures in the district heating network’s return line. The authors of this work have put a lot of effort into understanding the theory of heat exchangers andenergy in moist air in depth. The theoretical framework we set up can be seen as a thorough introductionto the subjects and an in-depth study compared to the usual course content during the Bachelor's degreeprogram in mechanical engineering at Linköping University. The goal of the preparatory method work has been to find expressions of the different temperatures inthe plant that make it possible to simulate changes in the plant. Models have been developed to be able tosimulate and calculate the outgoing temperatures given different mass flows using the ingoingtemperatures in a heat exchanger. The model has proven to work well for the heat exchanger, which isconnected to the district heating network. In the calculations of temperatures out of the filling bed, twomethods have been tested. The authors’ has studied what happens if the condensate temperature out ofthe filling bed is set to the dew temperature of the flue gases. Attempts have also been made to considerthe filling bed as a kind of heat exchanger. The result of the authors' calculations of condensate flow differs to a certain extent from the DU-teknik’scalculated condensate flows during a changed boiler load in the plant. To end up at the same result, thehot condensate temperature needed to take a slightly higher temperature than the dew temperature. Theassumption is reasonable to make, but it is difficult to draw any conclusions about the magnitude. Regarding the method of considering the filling bed as a heat exchanger, there are both successes andshortcomings. The success lies in that the trend for the different temperatures seems to be in line with thetheory that the authors have presented for heat exchangers and what happens when the massflowsincrease or decrease in a heat exchanger. However, the shortcomings lie in the fact that the method doesnot take into account that heat is released during the condensation, but is based entirely on the fact thatthe fluid in the filling bed do not undergo phase transformations. Two important proposals for continued work are highlighted at the end of the report. It would beinteresting to study the possibility of considering the filling bed as two separate heat exchangers, where thedry flue gases encounter a partial current of the condensate and the moisture in the flue gases meetsanother partial current of the condensate. Furthermore, a desire is made to test the flue gas condensationin the future at different condensate flows for a longer period of time in order to achieve stationaryconditions in the temperatures. The data can later be used to produce mathematical expressions of whathappens to the outgoing temperatures of the filling bed when the condensate flow changes or when theingoing temperature of the filling bed increases or decreases.

This Diploma thesis describes design of the computational model of Uehara power cycle, with ammonia-water mixture used as working fluid. First part is dedicated to issue of determination working mixture thermodynamic properties, which are essential for computational model design. The second part of this thesis describes the methodology of computing power cycle by system matrix solving method. For purposes of methodology testing, model of Kalina power cycle was also created. Computational models of Uehara and Kalina cycles are designed in Excel and are an integral part of this thesis. Text part also includes a description of their user interface, calculation algorithm and detailed description of the design methodology.

As is the case with many other manufacturers of vehicles, Volvo Construction Equipment has a constantly increasing amount of electric and electronic equipment in their articulated haulers. These are of great use in modern machines, bringing functions, and safety that were not possible before, but they also bring more cables to handle. In the case of the articulated haulers a quite thick cable harness of about 15 meters in length reaches from the driver’s cabin in the front to the components in the far back end of the vehicle. This is not only a lot of long cables to handle both during assembly and service, but the nature of signals traveling in cables is that the voltage gets weaker with distance. This phenomenon has to be accounted for by measuring devices dependent on the voltage. It has been suggested that a device referred to as an intelligent node, or ICCS-module, which communicates digitally via CAN could be installed in the back of the articulated haulers. This module would be independent of the mentioned drop in voltage. The ICCS-module will be receiving a small bundle of cables being routed from the driver’s cabin. From it cables would go out to a majority of the components in its vicinity. The components connected to the node would not need to have any other cables. This thesis is focused on the mechanical aspects of installing this ICCS-module. Having electric and electronic equipment on construction vehicles is a challenge when it comes to protecting the device from the harsh environment that is the hauler’s exterior. It will have to withstand being immersed in water for long periods of time, greatly varying temperatures, vibrations and shocks as well as being hit by projectiles. The placement as well as the design of the enclosure should be chosen with respect to both the devices length of life and how well it fulfils its intended role and achieves the expected results. To produce an enclosure and find a placement aiming to satisfy these conditions, a traditional product development process were executed. The articulated haulers as well as relevant literature were researched. Concepts were generated and evaluated by both the author and by employees at Volvo Construction Equipment until a final concept for the enclosure and placement were found. The enclosure were then designed in detail specifying the material, manufacturing techniques, controlled for thermodynamic circumstances, modelled in Catia V5 and controlled for vibrations. It was concluded that the enclosure should be able protect the ICCS-module after some more development and that the placement and cable routing results in a much shorter total cable length.

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the explanation of the actions that occur during the stimulation of tissues with the electric current. A significant analogy with electrical circuits is used to describe the phenomena at the molecular and cellular level. The models of membrane and cell are necessary for understanding the behaviour of more complex structures, such as tissues and organs. A considerable attention is paid to the conditions of electrical stimulation which bring about response in the stimulated area. Next, the cumulative effect of the subthreshold stimulation is analysed. The mechanisms of common treatment effects of the electrotherapeutic methods are outlined. The research results in the practical part of the thesis – the design for a microstimulator. Properties of the microstimulator and compliance with standard requirements are verified by testing the electromagnetic compatibility and electrical safety, conducted by the Institute for testing and certification, JSC. The effects of microstimulation on living organisms are experimentally investigated on horses, in collaboration with the Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University. For the first time, thermodynamic sensors are used for the objective assessment of the microstimulation therapeutic effect. These miniature sensors are placed on the horse´s front legs and monitor the changes in thermal activity while only one limb is really stimulated and the other is just considered as a reference. Comparison and statistical evaluation of the measured signals could provide a more detailed view of the thermal changes within the stimulated area, which is significantly related to blood circulation in limbs, and with the support of the reduction of edema. The course of the experiment which deals with the effect of microstimulation on edema of the horse´s legs caused by minor injuries (tendinitis, sprains, etc.), is documented in photographs or videos that are significant for possible evaluation of the effectiveness of the stimulation in this application.

It has been proven that platinum and ruthenium complexes are active in anti- cancer treatment. Nowadays, the common chemotherapeutica have a lot of side effects, therefore, drugs with fewer negative impacts are intensively searched for. The first part of the thesis focuses on the study of cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (cisplatin, DDP) and four platinum potential anticancer agents PtCl2(diaminocyclohexane), PtCl2(NH3)(cyclohexylamine) (JM118), cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(piperidine)] and trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(thiazole)]. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of reac- tions of these complexes in semi-hydrated and fully-hydrated form with guanine were studied using QM methods. The reaction with guanine is the key process ini- tiating the anticancer activity. Analyses of electron density were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2pd) level of theory in IEF-PCM model. The second part of the thesis studies the reaction of the so-called 'piano stool' Ru(II) transition metal complex, [Ru(II)(η6 -p-cymene(nalidixic acid)(H2O)]2+ , first with guanine using QM methods and second with ds-DNA model using QM/MM methods. The reaction site, which is described by QM method, is two consecutive guanines and the Ru(II) complex. Analyses of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, and electron density were performed at the B97D/6-31G* level of theory. All the...

We analyze the replica-symmetry-breaking (RSB) construction in the Sherrington - Kirkpatrick (SK) model and in the p-state Potts glass for p ≤ 4. We present a general scheme for deriving an asymptotic solution with an arbitrary number of discrete hierarchies of broken replica symmetry near the critical temperature for both models, and close to the de Almeida- Thouless instability line in the SK model. We show that in the SK model all solutions with finite many hierarchies are unstable and only the scheme with infinite many hierarchies becomes marginally stable in the spin-glass phase. For the Potts glass, we find, moreover, an one-step RSB solution which co- exists with the infinite RSB solution for p > p∗ ≈ 2.82. The former solution is locally stable but has lower free energy than the latter which is marginally stable and has the highest free energy. 1

English abstract Hydrothermal systems related to highly evolved granitic magmas host diverse mineralization styles and provide an important source of economic metals. This master thesis concentrates on description and interpretation of geological structure, petrographic and textural variability, alteration zoning and calculation of time-integrated fluid fluxes recorded in highly evolved granites and tin-mineralized greisens of the Horní Blatná massif in the Western Krušné hory pluton. The massif is a composite intrusion, which consists of a large number of intrusive units emplaced during two stages. The first stage is represented by sparsely porphyritic fine-grained low-lithian annite granites that can be correlated with marginal granites (G2) of the Fichtelgebirge (Smrčiny) batholith or with intermediate granites (Walfischkopf type) of the Western Krušné hory (Erzgebirge) pluton. Intrusive batches of the second stage progressively evolve from medium- to coarse-grained serial high-lithian annite and zinnwaldite granites with topaz and rare tourmaline towards aphyric fine-grained zinnwaldite (or trilithionite) granites. This suite corresponds to the EIB2 and EIB3 facies of the younger intrusive complex in the Western Krušné hory (Erzgebirge) pluton and it can be compared to the G3 Waldstein and G4 units in...

We present two possible thermodynamical approaches towards a derivation of a model, proposed by Korteweg at the beginning of the 20th century, that is suitable to describe phase transitions liquid-vapor with non-sharp interfaces. The first approach (Dunn, Serrin (1985)) is based on classical rational continuum thermodynamics. The second approach (Heida, Málek (2010)) stems from the principles of classical nonequilibrium continuum thermodynamics. We compare both approaches in favor of the second one. The considered constitutive equation for the Cauchy stress is nonlinear. Nonlinearity and higher order derivatives of the density makes the analysis of relevant problems for the Navier-Stokes- Korteweg (NSK) fluid more difficult in comparison to problems concerning Navier-Stokes equations. Special attention is devoted to the appropriate choice of the boundary conditions. We also investigate the influence of compressibility on the stability of bubbles by comparing numerical simulations for compressible NSK fluid and its incompressible variant. Instabilities observed for a compressible NSK fluid are due to the pressure that has a different meaning for incompressible fluid. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Title: Stochastic dynamics and energetics of biomolecular systems Author: Artem Ryabov Department: Department of Macromolecular Physics Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Petr Chvosta, CSc., Department of Macromolecular Physics Abstract: The thesis comprises exactly solvable models from non-equilibrium statistical physics. First, we focus on a single-file diffusion, the diffusion of particles in narrow channel where particles cannot pass each other. After a brief review, we discuss open single-file systems with absorbing boundaries. Emphasis is put on an interplay of absorption process at the boundaries and inter-particle entropic repulsion and how these two aspects affect the dynam- ics of a given tagged particle. A starting point of the discussions is the exact distribution for the particle displacement derived by order-statistics argu- ments. The second part of the thesis is devoted to stochastic thermodynam- ics. In particular, we present an exactly solvable model, which describes a Brownian particle diffusing in a time-dependent anharmonic potential. The potential has a harmonic component with a time-dependent force constant and a time-independent repulsive logarithmic barrier at the origin. For a particular choice of the driving protocol, the exact work characteristic func- tion is obtained. An asymptotic analysis of...

Flow of granular materials is usually initiated when the shear stress is large enough and exceeds certain critical value. This can result in the presence of the dead-zones in which the flow itself does not take place. Motions of such materials are frequently described by Bingham model. Flows of granular fluids are frequently connected with the presence of free surface. In the thesis Bingham model is incorporated into a more general framework of Bingham-Korteweg fluids, which is a suitable way how to transfer free- boundary problems into the problems on fixed domains. A part of the thesis concerns mathematical analysis of interesting relevant problems for incompressible fluids. 1