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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Terms of law'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Pavliha, Marko A. "Implied terms of voyage charters." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39273.

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This thesis is a comparative study of English, American, French, Canadian and Quebec law relative to the implied terms of voyage charterparties.<br>It addresses specifically the implied terms in the general law of contract demonstrating the similarity between the Civil and Common law systems as well as the need to convert the implied terms into rules of law not subject to exclusion by agreement. The latter proposal is also supported by the doctrine of frustration which has evolved from the notion of implied terms into a principle of law.<br>The thesis treats the implied undertakings of the shi

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2

Peden, Elisabeth Mary. "A rationalisation of implied terms in contract law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343239.

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3

Garrido, Huidobro Mattias. "Unfair Contract Terms in European Contract Law : Legal consequences for and beyond Swedish Contract Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229817.

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Recent case law from the ECJ on one of the most important EU contract law legislation has left questions open about the compatibility of Swedish contract law with the Unfair Contracts Term Directive. The case law on Article 6 (1) in the directive seem to have changed the view on how to deal with the legal consequence of an unfair term in consumer contracts; namely that unfair terms cannot be adjusted but need to be declared invalid. This essay examines how the effects from the ECJ case law provide new light upon Swedish contract law. The effect creates a clash of ideas and rationalities betwe

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4

Bailly, Chantal. "The role of implicit contract terms as a determinant of contractual consequences." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50520.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is clear that the classical concept of contract suffers from weaknesses because it takes too little account of social and economic changes that have occurred in our highly competitive global climate. More particularly, it fails to acknowledge implicit dimensions of contract. The classical contract theory was designed for transactions rather than to regulate relations. In view of the relational contract theory, contracts are agreements, often developed gradually, over a period of time and last over a period of time,

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5

Nebbia, Paola Elisa. "Unfair terms in consumer contracts : English and Italian law on unfair terms in the light of Directive 93/13." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401326.

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6

Danckwardt, Petter. "Conceptualizing ISIS in international legal terms : implications, crises and failure of Westphalian notions of authority." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-150422.

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7

Vorster, J. P. "Implied terms in the law of contract in England and South Africa." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234071.

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This thesis examines the bases for the implication of terms, the relation between interpretation and implication as well as the relation between the bases for the implication of terms and the theories of contract formation. There is authoriative support in England and South Africa for the following bases for the implication of terms: (a) unexpressed subjective consensus; (b) the reasonable expectation principle; (c) logic and/or the rational construction of the contract; (d) legal rules or incidents governing particular kinds of contractual relationships; and (e) the <i>Moorcock</i> doctrine.

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8

Agbonjinmi, Ayodeji Peter. "Enforcement of criminal offences in terms of the National Water Act 36 of 1998." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/582.

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Thesis (LL.M. (Environmental law and Management)) --University of Limpopo, 2007.<br>The purpose of this thesis was to critically examine the enforcement of environmental regulations with special reference to the enforcement of offences in the National Water Act 36 of 1998. “Enforcement” was conceptualized as “power” the exercise of which is constrained by the constitutionally guaranteed rights, especially the rights contained in Chapter 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996 – the Bill of Rights. “Compliance” was conceptualized as a rational action. The polluter

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9

Andrijchenko, N. "Law enforcement agencies reforming in terms of providing state financial and economic security." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46751.

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The economic and financial security of the state are indicators primarily showing the level of national security, that is, the state's ability to resist internal and external threats in the financial and economic spheres. However, today the situation in Ukraine is characterized not only with the high level of administrative and criminal offenses in the financial and economic spheres, that results in low level of economic and financial security of the state; but also with inability of existing law enforcement agencies aimed on identifying, investigating and terminating offenses in these

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10

Mgcodo, Yolanda Thandile. "Affirmative action in terms of the Empolyment Equity Act." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/356.

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The term affirmative action originated in the United States some 30 years ago to describe a process of liberating minority groups. The objective of affirmative action within an organisational context, is to democratise the workplace by enabling members of previously disadvantaged groups to progress higher up the ranks of the corporate world. The affirmative action drive only took off in South Africa when it became part of the democratisation process and the focus was directed towards liberating the historically disadvantaged black majority. Prior to 1994, the reasons for implementing affirmati

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11

Coakwell, Jacob Richard. "Peace on Ukraine's Terms: Partition not Autonomy." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu152270767363487.

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12

Skamarakaitė, Gintarė. "Ieškinio senatis šeimos teisėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080125_101103-39185.

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Lietuvos Respublikoje įgyvendinant teisinę reformą, vykstant spartiems socialiniams pokyčiams, šeimos teisinių santykių reguliavimas taip pat patiria pokyčius. Įsigaliojus naujajam Civiliniam kodeksui didelės permainos įvykdytos ir šeimos santykių reguliavime. Ieškinio senaties šeimos teisėje reguliavimas taip pat ne išimtis. Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjama šeimos teisės samprata ir vieta teisės sistemoje, ieškinio senaties samprata ir funkcijos, ieškinio senaties šeimos teisėje reguliavimas galiojant Santuokos ir šeimos kodeksui bei įsigaliojus naujajam Civiliniam kodeksui, apžv

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13

Al-Anzy, Sami. "Unfair contract terms under the Kuwaiti Civil Code : a critical analysis and suggestions for reform." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5452/.

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The fundamental aim of this doctoral thesis is to appraise the protection model critically against unfair contract terms in Kuwait and propose solutions for its reform. The thesis examines the Kuwaiti Civil Code (KCC) provisions that regulate unfair terms in the context of the standard form of contracts (i.e., adhesion) and relevant case law. It primarily seeks to address two main issues: (i) why the Kuwaiti control model for the protection against unfair terms has failed and (ii) how it can be reformed. It argues that the existing control model has failed considerably in providing adhering pa

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14

Edlepil, Richard. "Oskäliga villkor för utvidgade nybilsgarantiers giltighet : I konsumenternas eller konkurrenternas intresse?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1912.

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<p>A buyer of a new car is often offered a various selection of warranties. A warranty can e.g. exist in the form of an extended new car warranty. However, some manufacturers demand that the car has to be serviced by an authorised repairer for the validity of an extended warranty. In the thesis I analyse whether such a contractual term is incompatible with today’s legislation and I argue for when such a term is to be seen as unfair. Contractual terms can, according to Swedish legislation, be forbidden if they are unfair to consumers or to the competitors of the one who states the terms. The te

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15

Kardashevska, О. "The equivalency of the terminology in legal texts." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39106.

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Legal terminology system of the English language is a complex, well-structured, extensive system of legal terms, being constantly enriched with new terminological units. Due to this fixed conceptual set becomes more profound and improved.

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16

Кобяков, Олександр Миколайович, Александр Николаевич Кобяков, Oleksandr Mykolaiovych Kobiakov та А. М. Ляпа. "Способи утворення англійської юридичної термінології". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26179.

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Юридична термінологія виступає найбільш важливою та інформативною частиною мови права. Питання юридичної термінології є досить актуальним. Без термінів неможливо максимально точно викласти законодавчу думку. Юридична термінологія допомагає досягти максимальної лаконічності юридичного тексту. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26179

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17

Jwaai, Abongile Asanda. "Recent court judgements on the meaning of "gross irregularity" in terms of Section 33 of the South African Arbitration Act." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12897.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>This dissertation investigates the way courts have interpreted the limited grounds of review, in particular ‘gross irregularity’, evaluating the test for review, and assessing the extent to which they have been consistent in their approach to review.

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18

Zindoga, Washington Tawanda. "Piercing of the corporate veil in terms of Gore: Section 20(9) of the new Companies Act 17 of 2008." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16923.

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Includes bibliographical references<br>The first part of this minor dissertation will examine the historical development of the common law doctrine of piercing the corporate veil, its status and the concerns raised against the rule. In light of the fact that veil piercing erodes the limited liability of a company, it is necessary to appreciate both the relevance and the significance of separate legal personality and the historical development of the doctrine that carves out exceptions to limited liability in this context. The concept of separate legal personality goes hand in hand with the doc

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19

Nghihalwa, Saima Litauleni. "An analysis of the registration of traditional product names, terms, symbols and other cultural expressions as trademarks in Namibia." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12934.

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Includes bibliographical references.<br>Protection of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions of indigenous communities is one of the most contentious and complicated issues on both international and national agendas. The historical development of the protection of intellectual property in the wake of the industrial revolution and its subsequent jurisprudential justification, based on private property rights, pushed TK and the practice based on it, outside the purview of the formal intellectual protection regime. There is substantial evidence that TK has in past decades been

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20

Bruwer, Elizabeth. "Vereniging van die koopreg : kontraksluiting in 'n historiese, regsvergelykende en internasionale perspektief." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52046.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International trade has increased tremendously in the last few decades. When parties to a contract find themselves in different countries and each has its own legal background, specific problems originate in connection with formation of the contract, its execution, the breach thereof and so forth. The predominant theme of this work is the question of how a diversity of legal rules should be approached in an international context. The focus is on contract formation, and the rules of offer and acceptance are therefore ex

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21

Pather, Sivalingam. "Workplace forums in terms of the labour relations act 66 of 1995." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/845.

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The promulgation into law of the concept of workplace forums has been beset with immense criticism and opposition from organized labour and some quarters of organized business. Last ditch efforts by the Ministerial Task Team had won the day for the inclusion of this controversial provision in the new Labour Relations Act.1 Commentators on the Act tend to agree that the fallout with organized labour at the negotiations has probably set the scene as to whether the provisions would be widely used or not. History has shown that the establishment of such forums in workplaces has been low. In some s

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22

Ch'oe, Pyŏng-gyu. "Kontrolle von Leistungsbeschreibungen in allgemeinen Versicherungsbedingungen /." Frankfurt am Main ;Berlin [u.a.] : Lang, 1995. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/27184082X.pdf.

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23

Zheng, Linlin, and 鄭霖霖. "Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework: an analysis of its terms andapplication." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290501.

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24

Roberts, Tanya. "The zero-rating of certain professional services in terms of the Value-Added Tax Act." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021006.

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The third sphere of government (Local Government) has been persistently clouded by unfavourable Annual Financial Statement (AFS) audit reports. This results in local government losing credibility and its stakeholders losing confidence in the institutions or municipalities. In-depth analysis of the root cause of this dilemma is an opportunity for the municipality to reorganise its house and redeem its dignity and credibility to its stakeholders through addressing the identified challenges. The importance of the study can be attributed to the need to investigate the root causes of unfavourable a

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25

Razik, Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed. "A perspective on Islamic legal methodology in terms of objectives of law : a comparative analysis with special reference to English equity and Istihsān." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683365.

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26

Tantikul, Kiattipon. "The possibility of achieving US and EU air transport agreement in terms of competition in the transatlantic aviation market: Third party country perspectives." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=87021.

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The development of an international aviation industry has resulted in bilateral agreements playing an increasingly significant role as instruments of negotiation and cooperation between and among States parties. The US and EU Air Transport Agreement has become an outstanding bilateral agreement for a new era of a global aviation industry. A variety of ongoing controversial issues concerning air transport sector might be expectedly solved by the exclusive negotiations between the two counterparts. The successful outcomes of the Agreement have been anticipated not only by the two parties, but al

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27

Weyers, Marius. "The acquisition of a business - is a statutory merger in terms of section 113 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 preferable to a common law sale?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15189.

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Two or more companies may decide that their businesses should be combined for a number of reasons. This may, for example, be done in order for the companies to have access to new markets, to increase their market share, to increase their profitability by reducing the inefficiencies involved in the running of two or more companies in the same business area or to acquire technology, infrastructure, expertise and/or skill in new practice areas. Before the advent of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 South African law did not make provision for 'mergers' as that term is understood in many other jurisdic

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28

O'Meara, Simon M. "An architectural investigation of Marinid Wattasid Fes Medina (674-961/1276-1554) in terms of gender, legend and law." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/348/.

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Early and medieval Muslim culture exhibits a preoccupation with boundaries. Called "wall thought" in the dissertation, this preoccupation takes exemplary architectural form in the high-sided, labyrinthine structure of Fes' walled city, or medina. In Islamic law, it takes the form of The Book of Walls, a genre pertaining to the regulation of external and party walls within the medina environment. In the gendered aspects of Islam, it commonly takes the form of women's enclaustration and veiling. The locus of all these and other aspects of "wall thought", the medieval medina of Fes presents a soc

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29

Podile, Podile Jonas. "A comparative study on dismissal by operation of law in terms of the Public Service Act: South Africa and Namibia." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7052.

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil<br>The right to fair dismissal in South Africa is prescribed in the Labour Relation Act 66 of 1995 as amended. Employees may only be dismissed on grounds of misconduct, incapacity and operational requirements. The requirements for dismissal of employees based on misconduct and incapacity are further addressed in Schedule 8 to the LRA, the Code of Good Practice: Dismissal. Dismissal for misconduct needs to be fair in terms of both procedure and substance. Procedural fairness generally involves holding a disciplinary hearing before dismissing an employee. In t

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30

Khoza, Phumlile Tina. "A study of the powers of the Swazi monarch in terms of Swazi law and custom past, present and the future." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004723.

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The thesis covers the branches of law known as Constitutional law and Customary law. It focuses on the powers of the Swazi monarch, which are based on a combination of the received Western law and Swazi custom. For the purposes of this study, therefore, Swazi law and custom shall be taken to include both the statutory law and the yet unwritten customary law. Swaziland is black Africa's only remaining traditional monarchy, ruled as it is by the Ngwenyama, an indigenous institution, whose origin is derived from custom. The resilience of this ancient system of government in a continent where mode

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31

Kula, Xoliswa Beverley. "An analysis of interest deductions and other financial payments in terms of South African income tax legislation." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/8188.

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Tax avoidance through interest deductions has been highlighted internationally as a concern with the effect of eroding tax revenues of countries, including South Africa (SA). The evident cause of this concern is what is termed base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) mainly orchestrated by multinational companies using aggressive tax planning schemes. Although the concern continues to exist, comprehensive measures are in place in SA such as the anti-avoidance rules and exchange control regulations to mitigate the concern. The study was undertaken to analyse the legislation on interest deduction

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32

Wereley, James Russell. "The Legal Position of the Time Chartered Operator: Evaluating the Legal Risks and Potential Responses of the Time Charterer Which Sub-Charters on Voyage Terms." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32161.

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There are many major shipping companies which operate fleets comprised largely of vessels which are time chartered and subsequently sub-chartered on voyage terms. Legal risks will arise for the time charterer due the differing natures and terms of time and voyage charters. The essential question examined in this thesis is that of whether, and to what extent, legal risk can be minimized by the negotiation of equivalent contractual terms under time and voyage charter parties. The key areas addressed in this thesis are delivery under time charters compared to readiness under voyage charters,

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33

Gabru, Naeema. "The effect that section 21 of the Insolvency Act has on persons married in terms of the Islamic law / Naeema Gabru." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/497.

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In die geval van die sekwestrasie van 'n insolvente persoon se boedel bepaal artikel 21 van die Wet op lnsolvensie, Wet 24 van 1936, dat die Meester beskik oor die afsonderlike boedel van die solvente gade, en met die aanstelling van 'n trustee dat so 'n trustee daaroor beskik, asof dit die eiendom van die gesekwestreerde boedel was. Die bestaansreg van artikel 21 word bevraagteken deur verskeie outeurs, sowel as deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie. Die definisie van "gade" kom veral onder kritiek. Een vraag wat byvoorbeeld pertinent gevra kan word, is of artikel 21 ook van toepassing is op

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34

Petersen, Desmond. "Changing terms and conditions of employment in the South African labour relations arena -- the approach of the courts: A comparative analysis." University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This paper focused on how competing interests of employers and employees are accomodated in the South African Labour Relations arena. An analysis of the legislative framework was undertaken to establish how the legislation provides for changes in workplace practices as well as the protection that it affords employees against unwanted or unilateral changes. The main focus of the research was on how the South African Courts have interpreted the legislation and how it has applied the law in cases involving the changing of terms and conditions of employment, that has come before it.

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35

Coetzee, Juana. "INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law : an analysis of the interplay between mercantile custom and substantive sales law with specific reference to the passing of risk." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5222.

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Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International sales contracts have very specific needs that stem from the multiplicity of legal systems which apply to such contracts. In addition to harmonised law, mercantile custom is able to address many of these needs. Mercantile custom represents usages which are clear, certain and efficient and are expected to be known and applied by merchants in a particular trade or region. To this extent mercantile custom fulfils an automatic harmonisation function. However, where a custom does not enjoy unifo

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James, Ncumisa Portia. "The relationship between an automatically unfair dismissal in terms of section 187(1)(c) of the labour relations act and a dismissal for operational reasons." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1034.

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Common law does recognise the concept of dismissal based on operational requirements. It recognises dismissals that are based on breach of expressed or implied terms of contract of employment. The concept of operational requirements has its roots in the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956. This Act recognised termination of employment of a number of employees due to ability, capacity, productivity, conduct and operational requirements and needs of undertaking industry trade or occupation of the employer as legitimate. Under the 1956 LRA, employers were allowed to dismiss employees if employees ref

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Crouse, Chantell Belinda. "The rights of employees following a transfer of an undertaking in terms of section 197 of the Labour Relation Act in an outsourcing context." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015060.

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The protection that employees enjoy under our common law in the transfer of a business of its employer is very little. Common law only concerns itself with the lawfulness of a contract of employment. Common law is, however, now also experiencing the effect of the Constitution which provides for fair labour practices. Proper legislation was enacted to afford employees proper protection against dismissals resulting out of a transfer of a business by the employer as a going concern. Such a dismissal would be automatically unfair in terms of section 187(1)(g) of the LRA. The protection that employ

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38

Edman, Anders, Andreas Prochazka, and Lena Antman. "SKÄLIGT ELLER OSKÄLIGT? : - Gränsdragningsproblem vid en marknadsrättslig bedömning av oskälighet - i avtalsvillkor på delar av bredband- och digital-TV-marknaden." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Business and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-60.

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<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Bredbands- och digital-TV-marknaden växer kraftigt och det är av stor betydelse ur konsumentsynpunkt att företagen tillämpar skäliga avtalsvillkor. I denna uppsats granskas ett antal standardavtal utfärdade av företagen på respektive marknad. Företagen vars villkor vi analyserar är Universal Telecom, Glocalnet och Tyfon Svenska AB som tillhandahåller bredbandstjänster, samt Viasat, Boxer och Canal Digital, som levererar digital-TV. Det rör sig i dessa fall om ensidigt upprättade standardavtal där konsumenten inte har möjlighet till individuell förhandling. Syftet med up

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39

Karakira, Steve, of Western Sydney Macarthur University, and Faculty of Education. "Lexis versus text : the case for translating English legal texts into Arabic." THESIS_FE_XXX_KARAKIRA_ S.xml, 1997. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/19.

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The thesis explores the nature of the difficulties involved in translating legal texts, focusing mainly on translating English legal texts into Arabic. It shows that these difficulties fall into two categories, structural and terminological. the latter being more problematical. The language of law is distinct, rigid, precise and too formal. The difficulty arises when a translator's exposure to the cultural and legal environments of his working languages is unbalanced. This could lead a translator to misunderstand not only the significance of the specialised terms used, but also the distinctive

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Fick, Sarah Johanna. "The power of the court to grant alternative accommodation orders: an investigation into when an alternative accommodation order as a condition to the eviction of unlawful occupiers in terms of PIE would comply with the court's constitutional mandate." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26872.

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In an eviction matter, the court is required to consider all relevant circumstances and grant an order that is just and equitable. An important relevant circumstance to be considered is whether the unlawful occupiers have alternative accommodation. Courts are reluctant to grant eviction orders that would leave the unlawful occupiers homeless. In matters where unlawful occupiers are unable to secure their own alternative accommodation, courts often look to the state to provide alternative accommodation. Courts have ordered the state to provide alternative accommodation to the unlawful occupiers

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41

Henningsson, Dan. "Det individuella anställningsavtalet : Gränser för anställningsformens innehåll." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-5834.

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<p>The foundations of the Swedish labour market have shifted due to a number of new circumstances affecting its framework. Employment is no longer a right taken for granted but rather something one should work hard to achieve. Given the new conditions, employers are not only trying to ensure their own businesses survival but also uphold the structures of our society. Competition between enterprises forces management to forge new boundaries to maintain profitability.Concerns have arisen whether or not these so called management strategies are within the limitations of the law. As a result and a

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Hattingh, Petrus Johannes. "The normal tax treatment of cross-border dealings between various parts of a company in terms of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962, compared to selected aspects of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development's Model convention on incom." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4630.

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Calitz, Johanna Eliza. "The deductibility of future expenditure on contract in terms of section 24C." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96660.

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Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Section 24C of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 (‘the Act’) provides for a deduction of future expenditure that will be incurred by the taxpayer in the performance of his obligations under a contract from which the taxpayer derived income. Due to uncertainties regarding the meaning of certain words and phrases used in section 24C, the first aim of this assignment was to determine the meaning of the word ‘expenditure’ and the phrase ‘will be incurred’ as used in section 24C. The second aim was to establish how a taxpayer

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Crawley, Shaun Edward. "The difference in how UAE and EW law controls Gharar (risk) and so Riba in a construction contract in the Emirate of Dubai, UAE." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2453.

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This research critically analyses and compares how the United Arab Emirates (UAE)1 Law and English and Welsh (EW) Law regulates obligations in a contract, for a thing that is to come into existence in the future, namely a construction contract. Uncertainty/speculation as to how an obligation is to be performed in UAE Law is termed gharar. The word that is synonymous with this terminology in EW Law is “risk”. The extent of gharar or ‘risk’ (these terms are used on an interchangeable basis in this thesis) in an obligation plays a fundamental role in the profitability of a construction contract.

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Carvalho, Caio Augusto Nunes de. "Conceitos vagos ou indeterminados na fundamentação de decisões judiciais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20940.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-02T12:29:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio Augusto Nunes de Carvalho.pdf: 2238928 bytes, checksum: 6a09b9c79e15e324a3401a9c553a8560 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T12:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio Augusto Nunes de Carvalho.pdf: 2238928 bytes, checksum: 6a09b9c79e15e324a3401a9c553a8560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01<br>The present text addresses the comprehension of legal rules with vague semantic content in the judicial decision as the motivation content of these decisions, through a review of the

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Steinbrück, Katharina [Verfasser]. "Changing Consumer Law in the United Kingdom after Brexit? : A Study in Laws governing Consumer Credit and Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts in the United Kingdom, Germany, Norway and Switzerland / Katharina Steinbrück." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1237168465/34.

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Malope, Nkhensani Lindiwe. "Yin'wana ya mitlhontlho eka theminoloji ya nawu wa vanhu : Hi ku kongomisa eka Xitsonga." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/955.

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Zhao, Jin. "Systematische Reform des chinesischen AGB-Rechts und seine Anwendung auf Arbeitsverträge." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22479.

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Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, ob die deutsche Erfahrung in AGB-Kontrolle von Arbeitsverträgen ins chinesische Recht übernommen werden kann. Die Übernahme setzt zunächst voraus, dass das chinesische AGB-Recht nach dem deutschen AGB-Recht systematisch reformiert wird. Aufgrund dessen umfasst diese Arbeit zwei Gegenstände. Zum einen ist der Reform des chinesischen AGB-Recht (Teil I und Teil II), zum anderen ist die Anwendung des reformierten chinesischen AGB-Recht auf Arbeitsverträge (Teil III und Teil IV). In dieser Arbeit werden die Defizite chinesischen AGB-Recht identifiz

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Khalil, Sarah. "Skyddet av geografiska ursprungsbeteckningar : en immaterialrättslig figur sui generis." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2566.

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<p>Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free

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Machingauta, Naison. "A legal analysis of the appointment of caretakers to act as council in terms of Zimbabwe's section 80 of the Urban councils Act." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2565.

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Magister Legum - LLM<br>The monitoring and supervision of local government is usually done by central governments. However in some countries like South Africa where there three spheres of government the provincial executive is charged with the supervision of the local sphere of government. In Zimbabwe the monitoring and supervision of local government is done by the central government through the relevant Minister. This study will look at the appointment of a caretaker to act as council in terms of section 80 of the UCA. Although a similar provision exists in section 158 of the RDCA, it is sec

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