Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ternary Diagrams

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ternary Diagrams'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Ternary Diagrams"

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Setel, A., M. Sebesan, B. Gabriela, A. Craciun Cornel, and R. Sebesan. "Physico-chemical characterization of geothermal water from wells 1704 Săcuieni and 752 Săcuieni in north-western Romania with ternary diagrams." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 1, no. 1-2 (2010): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.1.2010.1-2.5.

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Abstract In this paper presents ternary diagrams for geothermal waters from two wells in Săcuieni: ternary diagram Na-K-Mg, ternary diagram Cl-SO4-HCO3 and calculation model, which allows location of geothermal fluids in these diagrams. Classification of geothermal water with the two diagrams, involving knowledge of their chemical composition. Thus, it was the chemical composition of geothermal water coming from drillings: 1704 Săcuieni and 752 Săcuieni, situated in Bihor county. Location of geothermal water on the two diagrams we will establish the type of water, depending to the presence in their content of major anions and cations, what is of great importance for use in various purposes of the geothermal fluids.
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Winnefeld, Frank, and Barbara Lothenbach. "Phase equilibria in the system Ca4Al6O12SO4 – Ca2SiO4 – CaSO4 – H2O referring to the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements." RILEM Technical Letters 1 (April 18, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.5.

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This paper presents thermodynamic calculations of the stable hydrate assemblages in calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing different amounts of ye’elemite, calcium sulfate and belite. The ternary diagrams developed in this paper can be used directly to assess the long-term composition of such calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing belite. The phase diagram was validated using experimental data from literature. The ternary diagrams developed can be used to read out directly the stable hydrate assemblage of calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing belite based on their initial composition.
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Winnefeld, Frank, and Barbara Lothenbach. "Phase equilibria in the system Ca4Al6O12SO4 – Ca2SiO4 – CaSO4 – H2O referring to the hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate cements." RILEM Technical Letters 1 (April 18, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.v1.5.

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This paper presents thermodynamic calculations of the stable hydrate assemblages in calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing different amounts of ye’elemite, calcium sulfate and belite. The ternary diagrams developed in this paper can be used directly to assess the long-term composition of such calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing belite. The phase diagram was validated using experimental data from literature. The ternary diagrams developed can be used to read out directly the stable hydrate assemblage of calcium sulfoaluminate cements containing belite based on their initial composition.
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Zhuang, Dian Xiang, Ming Xie, Lin Jing Liu, et al. "Recent Research on Ternary Phase Diagram of Gold Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.323.

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phase diagram is known as Maps of Materials Science. However, the existing precious metal phase diagrams are far from able to meet the needs of the development of the precious metal materials science and technology. In this paper, the recent research achievements of Au-Ag-Y ternary phase diagram by experimental method and Au-Pd-Zr ternary phase diagram by multi-phase equilibrium thermodynamic calculation software were introduced.
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Wang, Ji-Tao, Yong-Zhong Wan, David Wei Zhang, Zhi-Jie Liu, and Zhong-Qiang Huang. "Calculated phase diagrams for activated low pressure diamond growth from C–H, C–O, and C–H–O systems." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 12 (1997): 3250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0426.

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Three-dimensional temperature (T)–pressure (P)–composition (X) phase diagrams of binary carbon-hydrogen (C–H) and carbon-oxygen (C–O) systems for activated low pressure diamond growth have been calculated. Based on an approximation of linear combination between C–H and C–O systems, a projective ternary carbonhydrogen-oxygen (C–H–O) phase diagram has also been obtained. There is always a diamond growth region in each of these phase diagrams. Once a supply of external activating energy stops, the diamond growth region will not exist. Nearly all of the reliable experimental data reported in the literature drop into the possible diamond growth region of the calculated projective ternary C–H–O phase diagram under the conditions of 0.01–100 kPa and above 700 K.
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Valyashko, V. M. "Derivation of complete phase diagrams for ternary systems with immiscibility phenomena and solid–fluid equilibria." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 10 (2002): 1871–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274101871.

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Four main types of binary fluid-phase diagrams and available experimental data on binary systems are used as a starting point for derivation of the systematic classification of binary complete phase diagrams by the method of continuous topological transformations. This method and the classification of binary phase diagrams, containing the boundary versions of phase diagrams with ternary nonvariant points, are applied to derive the main types of fluid and complete phase diagrams for ternary systems with one volatile component and immiscibility phenomena in two constituent binary subsystems. The results gained from this analysis of derived fluid and complete phase diagrams of ternary systems are represented.
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Yang, Hui Min, Liang Shun Luo, Mei Hui Song, Hai Qun Qi, Chun Yan Wang, and Chuang Yang. "Calculation of Aluminum Equivalent Based on Thermo-Calc Software in Ti-Al-Nb Ternary System." Materials Science Forum 788 (April 2014): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.788.144.

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Ti-Al-Nb ternary phase diagrams were calculated by Thermo-Calc software. The analysis of the calculated vertical sections of Ti-Al-Nb phase diagram indicated that when Nb content is fixed at 5at.% and Al content is lower than 52.3at.%, the primary phase would be β phase during solidification. With 10 at.%Nb and Al content lower than 55.8at.%, or with 15 at.%Nb and Al content lower than 56.9at.%, the primary phase would be β phase. The vertical sections of Ti-Al-Nb ternary phase diagram were further simplified into pseudo-Ti-Al binary phase diagram. According to the pseudo-Ti-Al diagram, the expression of the aluminum equivalent was obtained in Ti-Al-5Nb ternary alloys.
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Pan, Zhu, Yong Du, and Baiyun Huang. "Experimental investigation and thermodynamic calculation in the Al–Be–Si ternary system." International Journal of Materials Research 96, no. 11 (2005): 1301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2005-0227.

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Abstract A thermodynamic optimization for the Be– Si system has been performed using the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) technique applied to newly measured phase diagram data. The description for this binary system is then combined with the thermodynamic parameters in the Al –Be and Al –Si systems to synthesize a thermodynamic description for the Al –Be –Si ternary system. To verify the reliability of the extrapolated ternary phase diagrams, 11 decisive ternary alloys are prepared by are melting Al, Be and Si pieces and annealing at 530 °C for 8 days. Water-quenched samples are analyzed using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) techniques. The calculated isopleths at 94 wt.% Al, 88 wt.% Al, 50 at.% Al, and 2 wt.% Be are compared with the experimental data from the present work and the literature. The comparisons show that no ternary interaction parameter is needed for the ther-modynamic description of this ternary system. The liquidus projection and reaction scheme are also presented.
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Shcherbakova, Nataliya, Vincent Gerbaud, and Kevin Roger. "Using the Intrinsic Geometry of Binodal Curves to Simplify the Computation of Ternary Liquid–Liquid Phase Diagrams." Entropy 25, no. 9 (2023): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25091329.

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Phase diagrams are powerful tools to understand the multi-scale behaviour of complex systems. Yet, their determination requires in practice both experiments and computations, which quickly becomes a daunting task. Here, we propose a geometrical approach to simplify the numerical computation of liquid–liquid ternary phase diagrams. We show that using the intrinsic geometry of the binodal curve, it is possible to formulate the problem as a simple set of ordinary differential equations in an extended 4D space. Consequently, if the thermodynamic potential, such as Gibbs free energy, is known from an experimental data set, the whole phase diagram, including the spinodal curve, can be easily computed. We showcase this approach on four ternary liquid–liquid diagrams, with different topological properties, using a modified Flory–Huggins model. We demonstrate that our method leads to similar or better results comparing those obtained with other methods, but with a much simpler procedure. Acknowledging and using the intrinsic geometry of phase diagrams thus appears as a promising way to further develop the computation of multiphase diagrams.
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Vergara, Diego, Manuel Pablo Rubio, and Miguel Lorenzo. "New Virtual Application for Improving the Students' Understanding of Ternary Phase Diagrams." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 578–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.578.

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Students consider spatial visualization as one of the major difficulties at which they had to face in engineering studies. Most of them think that any effort leading to improve the understanding of such problem is welcomed. Taking this into account, an interactive application is developed in this paper in order to overcome the difficulties that engineering students traditionally find with regard to the visualization of ternary phase diagrams. To develop the didactic application diverse commercial software were used: (i) 3DStudioMax for designing the ternary equilibrium diagram and (ii) Quest3D for giving the tool a more intuitive and easy to use character. The result is a 3D virtual application which students can use for interacting in real time with a ternary diagram, e.g. changing point of view, rotating view, observing hidden zones of the diagram by applying transparency option, exploding view phases, cutting the diagram revealing isothermal sections and so on.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ternary Diagrams"

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Yasuoka, Koichi. "Ternary Decision Diagrams and Their Applications for Logic Synthesis." Kyoto University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/77846.

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Prins, Sara Natalia. "The AI-Pt-Ru ternary phase diagram." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09192005-163724/.

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Lin, Tingdong. "On the phase behavior and particle formation in polyimide/solvent/nonsolvent ternary systems." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-165916/.

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Abascal, Dulce Maria. "Using ternary phase diagrams to characterize the solution behavior of beta-lactoglobulin." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43130.pdf.

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Dalgard, Elvi C. "Phase diagram studies in the Mg-rich corner of the Mg-Ce-In ternary system." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100225.

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In the present study, dilute alloys in the Mg-rich corner of the Mg-Ce-In ternary system in the composition range 0 to 3% In and 0 to 1.5% Ce were synthesized. Cooling curve analysis was used to determine the liquidus points in order to construct the liquidus surface of the ternary phase diagram in the Mg corner. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to examine phases present at the compositions studied. A thermal arrest presumed to represent a eutectic transformation was discovered at 580°C. Two new intermetallic compounds, designated tau and theta, were found. Trace silicon present in the alloys was found to concentrate in one of the intermetallic compounds.<br>To further investigate these compounds, an induction furnace was used to synthesize alloys containing the concentrations of Ce and In seen in electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) examinations of these compounds. The alloys were examined using the cooling curve technique and XRD, and proved to contain the compounds already observed with some variation in dissolved indium content. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to confirm the liquidus and solidus values determined using cooling curve analysis.<br>A diffusion couple with terminal compositions of pure Ce and a Mg-In alloy was prepared in order to determine the equilibrium phases present in the system between these two compositions at 390°C. EPMA was used to identify the zones obtained, and confirmed the presence of several Mg-Ce compounds with 1 at% dissolved indium, as well as a ternary compound corresponding to the theta compound found in the dilute alloys.<br>Finally, literature values and experimental data were used to calculate a preliminary ternary phase diagram using FACTSage, in collaboration with the CTRC at Ecole Polytechnique, in order to affirm the validity of the experimentally determined values as well as to project the diagram beyond the studied composition range.
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Cutler, Richard Wendel. "The 1200 °C Isothermal Sections of the Ni-Al-Cr and the Ni-Al-Mo Ternary Phase Diagrams." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1301065466.

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Kubota, Masahiro 1967. "The precipitation hardening response in A1-Mg(-Ag) alloys." Monash University, Dept. of Materials Engineering, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9204.

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King, Thomas Adrian 1958. "COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF LITHOLOGIC AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ASSEMBLAGES USING MULTISCANNER DATA: SILVER BELL MINING DISTRICT, PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA (TERNARY DIAGRAMS, CHROMATICITY, COLOR RATIO COMPOSITES RATIOS, MULTISPECTRAL)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275480.

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Redha, Batul H. "Impact of mixed solvent on co-crystal solubility, ternary diagrams and crystallisation scale-up. Crystallisations of Isonicotinamide ¿Benzoic Acid Co-crystals from Ethanol ¿Water Co-solvent System." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5683.

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The production of stable solid crystalline material is an important issue in the pharmaceutical industry and the challenge to control the desired active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) with the specific chemical and physical properties has led to more development in the drug industry. Increasing the solubility and the dissolution of the drug will increase its bioavailability; therefore the solubility can be improved with the change in the preparation method. The formation of co-crystals has emerged as a new alternate to the salts, hydrates and solvate methods since the molecules that cannot be formed by the usual methods might crystallise in the form of co-crystals. Co-crystals are multicomponent crystals which can be known as supramolecules and are constructed by the non covalent bonds between the desired former and co-former. Therefore the synthon approach was utilised to design co-crystals with the specific properties, this involves the understanding of the intermolecular interactions between these synthons. These interaction forces can be directed to control the crystal packing in the design of the new crystalline solid with the desired chemical and physical properties. The most familiar synthon was the amide group with its complementary carboxylic group, in this work isonicotinamide and benzoic acid were chosen to design co-crystal and much literature exist that introduce the determination of co-crystal growth from these two compounds. The growth of co-crystals was carried out in water, ethanol and ethanol / water mixed solvent (30 - 90 % ethanol) by utilising the Cryo-Compact circulator. Co-crystals (1:1) and (2:1) were grown in ethanol and water respectively and a mixture of both phases were grown in the mixed solvent. All the phases were examined by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman, Infrared and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The solubility of isonicotinamide, benzoic acid, co-crystals (1:1) and (2:1) in water, ethanol and ethanol/water mixed solvent (30 - 90 % ethanol) were determined at 25 °C, 35 °C and 40 °C by utilising the React-Array Microvate. It was important to understand some of the thermodynamic factors which control the formation of these polymorphs such as the change in the enthalpy and the change in the entropy. Also it was important to study the pH behaviour during dissolution of the former, co-former and co-crystals in water, ethanol and ethanol/water mixed solvent (30 - 90 % ethanol) in-order to examine the affect of the solvent composition on the solubility and to identify if some ions were formed during the dissociation and how this could affects the formation of co-crystals. A discussion has been introduced in this research of how similar solubility of the compounds maps the formation of the typical ternary phase diagram of the mixture of 1:1 while compounds with different solubility maps the formation of skewed phase diagram as shown in section 1.6.2.3. In this project an isotherm ternary phase diagram at 20 °C and 40 °C was constructed to map the behaviour of benzoic acid and isonicotinamide and to show all possible phases formed and the regions where all phases are represented in the ternary phase diagram were determined by the slurry method. The ternary phase diagram was used to design a drawn out and cooling crystallisation at 100 cm3 solution of 50 % ethanol / water mixed solvent and a study of the impact of seeds of co-crystals 1:1 on the cooling crystallisation method.
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Zahiri, Saden H. (Saden Heshmatollah) 1966. "Prediction of the processing window and austemperability for austempered ductile iron." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8408.

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Books on the topic "Ternary Diagrams"

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Villars, P. Handbook of ternary alloy phase diagrams. ASM International, 1994.

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P, Villars, Prince Alan, and Okamoto H, eds. Handbook of ternary alloy phase diagrams. ASM International, 1995.

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Rogl, P. Phase diagrams of ternary metal-boron-carbon systems. Edited by Effenberg G and Ilenko S. ASM International, 1998.

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1926-, Petzow G., and Effenberg G. 1945-, eds. Ternary alloys: A comprehensice compendium of evaluated constitutional dataand phase diagrams. VCH, 1992.

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V, Raghavan. Phase diagrams of ternary iron alloys. Indian Institute of Metals, 1988.

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V, Raghavan. Phase diagrams of ternary iron alloys. Indian Institute of Metals, 1988.

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V, Raghavan. Phase diagrams of ternary iron alloys. Indian Institute of Metals, 1989.

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Prince, Alan. Phase diagrams of ternary gold alloys. Institute of Metals, 1990.

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Alan, Prince, Okamoto Hiroaki, and Villars P, eds. Handbook of ternary alloy phase diagrams. ASM International, 1995.

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West, D. R. F. Ternary phase diagrams in materials science. 3rd ed. Maney for the Institute of Materials, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ternary Diagrams"

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Morse, Stearns A. "Potassium: Petrogeny’s Residua System and Ternary Feldspars." In Basalts and Phase Diagrams. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97882-2_15.

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Sasao, Tsutomu. "Ternary Decision Diagrams and their Applications." In Representations of Discrete Functions. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1385-4_12.

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Morse, Stearns A. "Forsterite-Anorthite-Silica: Incongruent Melting in a Ternary System." In Basalts and Phase Diagrams. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97882-2_11.

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Atkins, Peter, Julio de Paula, and James Keeler. "Phase diagrams of ternary systems." In Atkins’ Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hesc/9780198847816.003.0025.

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This chapter addresses how the behaviour of a system with three components is represented using a triangular phase diagram and how such diagrams are interpreted. Ternary phase diagrams are widely used in metallurgy and materials science. At a fixed temperature and pressure, the phase diagram of a ternary system is conveniently represented using a triangular graph. In a ternary system, the tie lines in the two-phase region are constructed experimentally by determining the compositions of the two phases that are in equilibrium, marking them on the diagram, and then joining them with a straight line. The chapter then looks at partially miscible liquids and ternary solids.
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"Ternary Phase Diagrams." In Phase Diagrams. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420191.

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Koningsveld, R., W. H. Stockmayer, and E. Nies. "(Quasi-)ternary polymer systems." In Polymer Phase Diagrams. Oxford University PressOxford, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198556350.003.0013.

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Abstract By the term quasi-ternary polymer systemwe indicate mixtures containing three constituents, of which one, two, or all may be molecularly polydisperse polymers. The FHS free enthalpy of mixing for the strictly ternary case reads
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Cottrell, Alan. "Ternary Phase Diagrams." In An Introduction to Metallurgy. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429293917-16.

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Hasegawa, Masakatsu. "Ternary Phase Diagrams." In Treatise on Process Metallurgy. Elsevier, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85935-6.00020-9.

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"Ternary Decision Diagrams." In Decision Diagram Techniques for Micro- and Nanoelectronic Design Handbook. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420037586.ch23.

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Friberg, Stig E. "Ternary Phase Diagrams." In Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science, Third Edition. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-escs3-120044898.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ternary Diagrams"

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Hsu, H. S., and J. H. DeVan. "Thermodynamics of the Corrosion of Chromium in Molten Carbonates." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85343.

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Abstract To define and study the mechanisms that control the corrosion of current collector materials in molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), the corrosion of chromium in Li2CO3-K2CO3 melts has been investigated from a thermodynamic point of view. Thermochemical calculations with the SOLGASMIX-PV computer program were used to establish equilibrium phase relationships. This paper considers phase stability diagrams of Cr-Li2CO3, Cr-K2CO3, and Cr-(Li,K)2CO3 systems at 650°C. The condensed phases at equilibrium are mapped as functions of logaO2andlogaCO2 for the gas mixture O2, CO2, and Ar; aO2andaCO2 are the activities (partial pressures) of O2 and CO2, respectively. In the Cr-(Li,K)2CO3 system, a mixture of (Li,K)2CO3 (XLi2CO3&amp;lt;0.64) and solid K2CrO4 or a mixture of (Li,K)2CO3 (XLi2CO3&amp;gt;0.64) and liquid (Li,K)2CrO4 exists under oxidizing environments with logaCO2&amp;gt;−4.6, and a mixture of (Li,K)2CO3 and LiCrO2 is stable in reducing atmospheres with logaCO2&amp;gt;−4.6. The concentration of (Li,K)2CrO4 is dependent on the concentration of (Li,K)2CO3. The ternary phase boundary for the (Li,K)2CO3-(Li,K)2CrO4-LiCrO2 equilibrium varies with the concentration of (Li,K)2CO3. These predicted phase relationships were checked experimentally by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results of TGA and DTA were self-consistent with respect to the reaction products from the calculated phase stability diagrams.
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Narita, Toshio, Shigenari Hayashi, Mayumi Shoji, Yoshitake Hisamatsu, Daisuke Yoshida, and Michihisa Fukumoto. "Application of Rhenium Coating as a Diffusion Barrier to Improve the High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Nickel-Based Superalloy." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01157.

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Abstract A nickel-based single crystal superalloy with or without a Re/Al coating was Al-diffusion treated and then oxidized in air at 1373K for up to 2.54Ms under thermal cycling and isothermal conditions. The Al-diffusion treatment, carned out at 1273K for 57.6ks in a mixture of FeAl and Al2O3 powder, resulted in a triplex layer structure in the sequence β -NiAl / Re-rich layer / Al-diffusion zone on the alloy. The Re-rich layer contained 25Ni, 19Al, and 16Cr (at%). When oxidized at 1373K for 460ks in air under thermal cycling, a very protective α -Al2O3 scale formed, while the β -NiAl layer changed to Ni-aluminide (presumably γ’-Ni3Al) containing 21at%Al and the Re-rich layer to a Re-based alloy containing 31Cr, 21Ni, 12Co, 6W, and 3Al (at%) plus Re, which corresponded to σ -phase in the Ni-Cr-Re phase diagram. The protective α-Al2O3 scale and the resulting triplex coating structure of γ’-Ni3Al/σ-phase (Cr-Re-Ni system) / alloy substrate were maintained with little change for up to 2.54Ms under isothermal oxidation. The formation of the triplex structure was discussed by using the diffusion path on the ternary Ni-Cr-Re and binary Ni-Al phase diagrams. In the Al-diffusion and subsequent initial stage of oxidation the Al, Ni, Co and Cr diffused rapidly through the Re/Al coating and the Re-Ni-Al-Cr alloy layer. With further oxidation at 1373K the Re-Cr-Ni (Co) (σ -phase) alloy layer formed between the alloy substrate and γ’-Ni3Al layer and it was found to act as a very effective diffusion barrier to the alloying elements and Al.
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Buchheit, R. G., J. P. Moran, and G. E. Stoner. "The Role of Hydrolysis in the Crevice Corrosion of Aluminum-Lithium-Copper Alloys." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90093.

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Abstract The hydrolytic behavior of cations plays an important role in the crevice corrosion of aluminum and its alloys. Hydrolysis equilibrium reactions can either consume or produce H+ thereby altering pH. An external cathode electrolytically coupled to a crevice can also influence the pH developed in a crevice. In this study, simulated crevice experiments were performed with pure aluminum, solution heat treated (SHT) Al-3Li and SHT Al-3Cu to determine the effects of Al3+, Li+ and Cu2+ hydrolysis on steady state pH. Simulated crevice experiments were carried out with aerated bulk solutions, deaerated bulk solutions and with no bulk solution to determine the effect of a remote cathode on the steady state pH response. The pH response was interpreted in terms of distribution diagrams constructed from formation quotients and mass action equations for the appropriate hydrolysis products. Finally, the results of the above experiments were used to assess the roles of hydrolysis and the external cathode in determining the steady state pH measured in the ternary alloy Al-3Cu-2Li (AA 2090). In all experiments crevice acidification occurred when the bulk solution was aerated. When the bulk solution was deaerated or when no bulk solution was present a mildly alkaline crevice pH developed. Analysis of distribution diagrams shows that Al3+ hydrolysis can generate an acidic to neutral crevice solution. Lithium hydrolysis does not occur until a pH of 11 and is not an important process at the pH values observed here. However, lithium dissolution can assist in generating mild alkalinity. Evidence also suggests that some Cu2+ hydrolysis occurs contributing to the alkaline pH observed for isolated crevice in SHT Al-3Cu and SHT 2090.
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Wu, Kaisheng, Paul Mason, Gustaf Sterner, and Qing Chen. "Modeling Precipitation Kinetics during Heat Treatment with CALPHAD-Based Tools." In HT 2013, edited by B. Lynn Ferguson. ASM International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2013p0206.

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Abstract Traditionally, chemists and metallurgists have used phase diagrams and tables of thermodynamic data for understanding and making predictions related to alloy development and process improvement, such as heat treatment. However, for complex, multi-component systems that extend beyond ternaries, such an approach can be limiting. Computational thermodynamics and specifically the CALPHAD approach allows for the prediction of the thermodynamic properties and phase equilibria of multi-component, multi-phase systems based on mathematical models that describe the Gibbs energy as a function of temperature, pressure and composition for each individual phase in a system. Parameters in the numerical models capture the composition and temperature dependence in binary and ternary systems and are optimized in order to best correspond to the experimental data available and are stored in databases which are then used in conjunction with computer codes whereby extrapolations can be made into the multi-component systems of interest. Additionally, the CALPHAD method can also be extended to model atomic mobilities and diffusivities in a similar way. Thermodynamic and kinetic databases are developed through a hybrid of experiments, first-principles calculations and CALPHAD modelling. By combining the thermodynamic and mobility databases, kinetic reactions during solidification and subsequent heat treatment processes can then be simulated. Through the use of such simulations it is possible to optimize alloy compositions and predict optimal solidification processes and solution heat treatment temperature ranges without performing many time-consuming and costly experiments.
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Zhang, Lifeng, Beno�t Chachuat, and Claire S. Adjiman. "Accelerating Solvent Design Optimisation with Group-Contribution Machine Learning Surrogate Classifiers." In The 35th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. PSE Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.69997/sct.166568.

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Asserting the phase stability of multi-component mixtures is an important task in computer-aided mixture/blend design (CAMbD), but it is often hindered by the lack of reliable and tractable models. In this paper, we propose a group-contribution machine-learning (GC-ML) method to predict phase coexistence for a large set of ternary mixtures consisting of two solvents and one (fixed) solute. Each solvent is represented by a vector of functional group numbers, encoded by integer values. The solvent vectors are combined with mixture composition and temperature to form the input features to a GC-ML surrogate classifier, which distinguishes between four types of stable phase configurations as possible outputs: liquid (L), solid-liquid (SL), liquid-liquid (LL) or solid-liquid-liquid (SLL). To explore the performance of the trained GC-ML multi-classifier, it is embedded as a surrogate phase-stability constraint in the optimisation of an ibuprofen crystallisation process. A two-step solution strategy is proposed, iterating between a surrogate-based subproblem and a rigorous UNIFAC-based subproblem, to design binary solvent mixtures that improve the yield of ibuprofen. A high classification accuracy score of over 0.96 is achieved in identifying the correct phase configurations with the surrogate model, making it possible to accurately predict whole phase diagrams for numerous mixtures. Moreover, reliable solutions to the crystallisation design problem are generated with the two-step strategy, yielding objective function values close to those with the UNIFAC-based model at a lower computational cost. These results reveal the value of the proposed surrogate model in guiding the search for better solvent mixtures in CAMbD applications.
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Fujita, Sakae, and Hiroshi Kajiyama. "Corrosion Product of Steel on Vehicles Used in North America." In CORROSION 1995. NACE International, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1995-95378.

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Abstract Quantitative Analyses of crystalline compositions have been performed on the rusts which formed on the outer panel surface and in the crevice of the lapped portion on vehicles used in North America. X-ray diffraction using the internal standard technique was employed to quantitatively analyze the rust composition. Characteristic regions of the rust compositions were found in the α-FeOOH / (γ-FeOOH + Fe3O4) / (β-FeOOH + amorphous) ternary diagram. The rust from the crevice in the lapped portion contained more (γ-FeOOH + Fe3O4) than the rust from the outer steel panels. The amount of β- FeOOH was large on galvanized parts, reaching a maximum of 13 percents. The compositions which were formed in salt spray test differed from those found on actual vehicles. A ternary diagram devised in the present study is useful in correlating the results obtained in accelerated corrosion tests with those found on automobiles which have corroded under service conditions.
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Woollam, Richard C., Joshua Owen, Yasmin Hayatgheib, and Richard Barker. "Corrosion Inhibitor Surfactant Optimization: Part 1 – Inhibitor Efficiency." In CONFERENCE 2022. AMPP, 2022. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2022-18043.

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Abstract A homologous series of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides (BAC) was used as a model for a composite commercial corrosion inhibitor formulation. The homologous series consisted of three BACs with C12, C14 and C16 tail lengths. A 10-point, three-component mixture design experimentation was performed to determine the composition for achieving the ‘optimal’ corrosion inhibitor performance. The CMC of each mixture combination (single, binary or ternary) was firstly evaluated using the lipophilic dye Nile Red. The corrosion inhibition performance of each mixture was subsequently determined at the respective CMC in a 1 wt.% NaCl solution under approximately 1 bar partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) at 30 °C. In order to calculate the corrosion inhibitor efficiency for each mixture of components, the corrosion rates before and after the injection of the corrosion inhibitor mixture were measured by linear polarization resistance (LPR). The measured CMC values and corrosion inhibitor efficiencies for each mixture were plotted on a ternary diagram and a cubic response curve fitted to each dataset. The ‘peak’ in the mixture CMC response curve and the peak in the corrosion inhibitor efficiency response curve were then compared, and an optimal composition was estimated from the mixture response analysis.
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Hoffmeister, Hans. "Modelling the Effects of Crevice Geometry and Oxygen on Crevice Corrosion of Pure Chromium at Constant pH and Various Chloride Contents." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02194.

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Abstract In a recent paper a crevice corrosion model for pure chromium was presented aiming at basic understanding of the local corrosion mechanism in an already deoxygenated crevice with a given geometry. The time stepwise calculation of chromium dissolution was based on arbitrarily selected levels of initial corrosion potential and slopes of the cathodic polarization curve at the open surface in contact with the bulk liquid. As a basic feature, the anodic polarization slopes inside the crevice were controlled by the mass of precipitated chromium hydroxide which was thermodynamically calculated from the resulting crevice solution composition using the tentative ternary phase diagram water - chromium – chromium hydroxide – chromium chloride. The present paper applies additional oxygen diffusion calculation steps and demonstrates the effects of various crevice widths and bulk oxygen contents diffusing into the crevices at pH= 6 and chloride contents of 7 and 13 %. The calculations are based on the assumption of chemical equilibrium conditions as well as on rather short electromigration times of the chromium controlled chloride ions complementary to the OH- ions resulting from oxygen diffusion and reduction during the individual time steps. It is shown that increasing bulk oxygen levels and crevice widths are retarding the breakdown times of the passivating chromium hydroxide, while, under the given conditions, increasing chloride contents mainly reduce the crevice corrosion incubation times. As a specific result it is also demonstrated that after chromium hydroxide break down, the times for consecutive repassivation by restart of the chromium hydroxide precipitation inside an active crevice are reduced at increasing bulk oxygen levels.
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Yasuoka, Koichi. "Ternary decision diagrams." In Wuhan - DL tentative, edited by Shuzi Yang, Ji Zhou, and Cheng-Gang Li. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.235565.

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Falkowski, Bogdan J., and Shixing Yan. "Ternary Walsh spectral transform decision diagrams." In 2007 6th International Conference on Information, Communications & Signal Processing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icics.2007.4449769.

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Reports on the topic "Ternary Diagrams"

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Ebbinghaus, B. b., O. H. Krikorian, E. R. Vance, and M. W. Stewart. Ternary Phase Diagrams that Relate to the Plutonium Immobilization Ceramic. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15013284.

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Mulford, R. N. R. Calculation of the LiF-CeF{sub 3}-BeF{sub 2} and LiF-PuF{sub 3}-BeF{sub 2} ternary phase diagrams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176739.

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Chutimaworapan, Suchada, Chaiyo Chaichantippayuth, and Areerat Laopaksa. Formulation of pharmaceutical products of Garcinia mangostana Linn. extracts. Chulalongkorn University, 2006. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2006.32.

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Part I: The purpose of the investigation was to develop the extraction process that was simple, practical and giving high yield. The maceration of dried powder of Garcinia mangostana fruit husk with ethyl acetate gave yellow crystalline powder of mangostin. The yield was calculated as 7.47%. The identification of the Garcinia mangostanahusk extract was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and differential scanning calorimetry. The TLC of mangostin was done by using the alumina sheet and ethyl acetate: hexane (3:1) as mobile phase. The Rf value as compared with standard mangostin was 0.60. The DSC thermogram showed the board melting range of the crude extract at 165.04-166.80 °C. The quantitative analyses of mangostin were developed using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The HPLC system using methanol: water (87:13) as mobile phase, clotrimazole as internal standard and using UV detector at 243 nm. The UV spectrophotometric method was carried out using the UV spectrophotometer at 243 nm. The validation of both systems gave high specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The solubility study of mangostin showed the low water insolubility. The water solubility was improving with increasing ethanol content. The in vitro microbiological activity of mangostin to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2 was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extract were 3 µg/ml and 1.5 µg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extract was 4 µg/ml and 3 µg/ml, respectively.Part II: The purpose of this study was to develop fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract. The films consisted of low viscosity hydrophilic polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose, acesulfame potassium as sweetener, and menthol and eucalyptus oil as flavoring agents. The physical and mechanical properties and dissolution time of film bases were compared with commercial product strips A. From the dissolution time data, it was found that the film prepared from mixed polymer between HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratios 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1 were not significantly different from commercial product strips A (p&gt;0.05). The films containing extract were light yellow and had porous surface based on observation from scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution profiles of all formulations showed the rapid release more than 80 percent of mangostin from films within 3-7 minutes and the fastest release was from formulation of HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratio 5:1. Differential scanning calorimetry results exhibited that the Garcinia mangostana extract and additives were not in crystalline form in the films. The fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against oro-dental bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus aTCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2. Unter strese conditions at 40 degree Celcius and 75 percent relative humidity, the strips showed a good stability.The purpose of the study was to develop monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia Mangostana extract. The system is based on the ability of mixtures of monoglyceride (dlyceryl monooleate) and triglycerides to form liquid crystals upon contact with water. The drug delivery systems can be administered by syringe and transformed into high-viscous liquid crystalline phases at the injection site. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed from various triglycerides: sesame oil, soybean oil and olive oil. In this study, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems were prepared in the ratio of triglycerides: monoglyceride: water as 8: 62: 30 and 12: 58: 30. These systems could sustain release of Garcinia Mangostana husk extract over a period of 48 hr and followed squared root of time kinetics during the initial 24 hr of the release phase, indicating that the rate of release was diffusion-controlled. The system containing sesame oil showed the highest drug release. The increasing triglyceride content did not affect the release profiles. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that Garcinia Mangostana husk extract could be incorporated into drug delivery systems without causing phase transition. In the in vitro test, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract did not show the antimicrobial activity probably due to the high lipophilicity of the extract therefore it did not diffuse into the medium. Additionally, the drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed good stability under the stress condition.
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