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Journal articles on the topic 'Ternary electrolyte system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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1

Self, Julian, Hilal Al-Salih, and Yaser Abu-Lebdeh. "Relating the Salt Thermodynamic Factor to Solvent Activities in Ternary Multi-Solvent Electrolytes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 172, no. 1 (2025): 010519. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ada646.

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The activities of individual solvent species in multi-solvent ternary liquid electrolytes dictate liquid-solid equilibria and are pertinent to transport phenomena. Nonetheless, considerable scholarship has assumed that such electrolytes can be modeled as single-solvent electrolytes. Relaxing this assumption, we show in the present work that knowledge of the activity of ionic species, described by the salt thermodynamic factor and the transfer activity coefficients at infinite dilution, is sufficient to calculate activity changes of individual solvent species for ternary multi-solvent electrolytes. We also propose measurements of an individual solvent species activity as a method to study (ionic) solvent transfer energies. We apply the derived relationships to the well-characterized liquid electrolyte system LiCl in H2O-EtOH. We also study a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, LiPF6 in EC-EMC, which is important for lithium-ion battery technology. For the latter, we show that in the studied composition space there are non-negligible transfer activity coefficients, highlighting the importance of a multisolvent description of the ternary electrolytes.

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2

Zhai, Xiaoyan, Hussein Hanibah, and Nor Zakiah Nor Hashim. "Limiting Molar Conductivity Value for Binary and Ternary Electrolyte System Using Power Law." Asian Journal of Chemistry 37, no. 4 (2025): 959–67. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2025.33363.

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A new mathematic equation (Power Law) has been proposed by Hanibah et al. to determine the limiting molar conductivity (Λ0) value with a better accuracy for the liquid electrolyte system especially in an organic solvent. The proposed Power law is fulfilled to the basic linear graph equation for certain (finite) range of salt concentration (Csalt = 10–8–10–6 mol cm–3). It is observed that, reference salt concentration (Cref) for each system that corresponds to the Λ0 is approximately half that of the lowest Csalt and it still obeys the Power law before the data starts to divert from the linearity of the Power law. By using the proposed Power law equation, the Λ0 and ion mobility (K′) value for liquid polymer electrolyte (LPE) has been estimated. In order to estimate Λ0 value at 25 ºC for LiClO4 in liquid polymer electrolytes [poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(methylmethacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (PMMA-co-MA)–binary system], [PEO5 blend with PMMA and PEO5 blend with PMMA-co-MA–ternary system], the Cref = 1.89 × 10–9 mol cm–3 is adopted. The κ value of the LiClO4 in polymer solutions was measured as a function of Csalt. The polymer solutions comprised of fixed polymer concentrations (Cpoly) for each electrolyte system. Consistent with Cpoly and the increasing values of Mw in the electrolyte system, Λ0 values tend to show a descending trend that indicates a better salt solubility in a binary system compared to a ternary system. In general, the K′ and κ values showed an increasing trend in the ternary electrolyte system as the polarity increases.

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3

Li, Pengsong, Shiyuan Wang, Imran Ahmed Samo, et al. "Common-Ion Effect Triggered Highly Sustained Seawater Electrolysis with Additional NaCl Production." Research 2020 (September 24, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2872141.

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Developing efficient seawater-electrolysis system for mass production of hydrogen is highly desirable due to the abundance of seawater. However, continuous electrolysis with seawater feeding boosts the concentration of sodium chloride in the electrolyzer, leading to severe electrode corrosion and chlorine evolution. Herein, the common-ion effect was utilized into the electrolyzer to depress the solubility of NaCl. Specifically, utilization of 6 M NaOH halved the solubility of NaCl in the electrolyte, affording efficient, durable, and sustained seawater electrolysis in NaCl-saturated electrolytes with triple production of H2, O2, and crystalline NaCl. Ternary NiCoFe phosphide was employed as a bifunctional anode and cathode in simulative and Ca/Mg-free seawater-electrolysis systems, which could stably work under 500 mA/cm2 for over 100 h. We attribute the high stability to the increased Na+ concentration, which reduces the concentration of dissolved Cl- in the electrolyte according to the common-ion effect, resulting in crystallization of NaCl, eliminated anode corrosion, and chlorine oxidation during continuous supplementation of Ca/Mg-free seawater to the electrolysis system.

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4

Zou, Wenzhen, Yanke Wu, and Lijun Wang. "Study on preparation and application of NaCl-KCl-CsCl-Cs₂ZrCl₆ composite electrolyte." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2539, no. 1 (2023): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2539/1/012076.

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Abstract Preparing zirconium chloride composite salts such as Cs2ZrCl6 can replace highly volatile ZrCl4 for studying molten salt electrolytic refining zirconium. The NaCl-KCl-CsCl-Cs2ZrCl6 composite electrolyte was prepared using ternary molten salt with a molar ratio of NaCl: KCl: CsCl=30: 24.5: 45.5 and ZrCl4 as raw materials. According to thermodynamic analysis, ZrCl4 preferentially reacts with CsCl to form Cs2ZrCl6 with strong stability. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the main phase of the product was Cs2ZrCl6. ICP-DSC analysis showed that the conversion rate of ZrCl4 to Cs2ZrCl6 reached 99.68%. To verify the properties of this electrolyte, it is applied to molten salt electrolytic refining sponge zirconium. Studies have shown that this electrolyte system obtains dendrite zirconium products with a maximum grain size of 6.29mm, a system with more application prospects.

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5

Jacob, K. T., and K. P. Jayadevan. "System Bi–Sr–O: Synergistic measurements of thermodynamic properties using oxide and fluoride solid electrolytes." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 7 (1998): 1905–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0270.

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Phase equilibrium and electrochemical studies of the ternary system Bi–Sr–O indicate the presence of six ternary oxides (Bi2SrO4, Bi2Sr2O5, Bi2Sr3O6, Bi4Sr6O15, Bi14Sr24O52, and Bi2Sr6O11) and three solid solutions (δ, β, and γ). An isothermal section of the phase diagram is established at 1050 K by phase analysis of quenched samples. Three compounds, Bi4Sr6O15, Bi14Sr24O52, and Bi2Sr6O11, contain Bi5+ ions. The stability of these phases is a function of oxygen partial pressure. The chemical potentials of SrO in two-phase fields are determined as a function of temperature using solid-state cells based on single crystal SrF2 as the electrolyte. Measurement of the emf of cells based on SrF2 as a function of oxygen partial pressure in the gas at constant temperature gives information on oxygen content of the compounds present at the electrodes. The chemical potentials of Bi2O3 in two-phase fields of the pseudobinary Bi2O3–SrO are measured using cells incorporating (Y2O3)ZrO2 as the solid electrolyte. The standard free energies of formation of the ternary oxides are calculated independently using emfs of different cells. The independent assessments agree closely; the maximum difference in the value of of component binary oxides. The results are discussed in the light of the phase diagram and compared with calorimetric and chemical potential measurements reported in the literature. The combined use of emf data from cells incorporating fluoride and oxide electrolytes enhances the reliability of derived data.

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6

Horsák, Ivan. "Extension of a lattice model of electrolytes to a ternary system of a salt and two solvents. The system CH3OH-H2O-LiCl." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, no. 6 (1989): 1464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19891464.

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A lattice model proposed to describe the thermodynamic properties of binary electrolyte solutions over the whole concentration range has been extended to ternary systems involving two solvents. The relationships derived for the excess Gibbs energy and the activity coefficients of all the components have been tested with published experimental data on vapour pressures of methanol and water in the system CH3OH-H2O-LiCl at 60 °C. Examination of the ability of the model to predict the behaviour of the ternary system on the basis of binary data has shown that the expression for the excess Gibbs energy must be extended to include a ternary contribution.

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7

Eysseltová, J., and M. Ebert. "A Contribution to the Study of Ternary Saturated Electrolyte Solutions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 54, no. 8-9 (1999): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1999-8-907.

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A quantity has been introduced, whose dependence on the composition along the branches of the solubility isotherms of ternary systems consisting of two salts with a common ion and water exhibits breaks, which can be explained by the introduction of a previously unobserved configuration of the ternary saturated solution. In the respective region, a saturated solution in a ternary system may undergo second-order phase transitions to achieve specific configurations that are not derived from the structure of the binary saturated solution of the particular solute. It is assumed that further study of this phenomenon could contribute to a better understanding of the processes occurring in concentrated electrolyte solutions.

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8

Hrovat, Marko, Janez Holc, and Slavko Bernik. "Subsolidus phase equilibria in the La2O3−CeO2−Co2O3 system." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 5 (1999): 1692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0229.

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Subsolidus equilibria in air in the La2O3−CeO2−Co2O3 system were studied with the aim to obtain information on possible interactions between LaCoO3-based cathode and CeO2-based solid electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). No ternary compound was found. The tie line is between LaCoO3 and CeO2.

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9

Palimaka, P., and S. Pietrzyk. "Research on the Electrical Conductivity of Fluoride Electrolytes NaF - AlF3 - CaF2 in Liquid and Solid State." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 1 (2014): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0012.

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Abstract The main aim of the present work was to perform conductivity measurement of fluoride electrolytes in binary system Na3AlF6- CaF2 and ternary system Na3AlF6- AlF3 - CaF2. The experiments were done in a wide range of temperature (580-1300 K), including the liquid and solid phase. Temperature dependencies of the conductivity of the liquid and solid cryolite mixtures with CaF2 (2, 4 and 6 wt %) and ternary solution (88 wt % Na3AlF6 - 8 wt % AlF3 -4 wt % CaF2) were determined by an A.C. two-electrodes technique. The simultaneous measurements of conductivity and temperature were made in 1min steps during heating and cooling of the sample with rate 0,5 K·min-1. It was confirmed, that the addition of CaF2 to liquid electrolyte decreases its electrical conductivity and liquidus temperature, whereas addition of aluminium fluoride up to 4 wt % in solid state has the inverse influence on conductivity. The studied ternary system showed the highest conductivity in the solid state at temperatures up to phase transition α-β in solid cryolite (ca. 780 K). This may be due to the formation of a solid solution of NaCaAlF6 in -Na3AlF6 and the formation of cationic vacancies, which facilitate the transport of electrical charge.

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10

Timhagen, Johanna, Jonathan Weidow, and Patrik Johansson. "Molten Salt Based High Entropy Electrolytes for Calcium Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (2023): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024737mtgabs.

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Calcium (Ca) is in principle a very attractive metal anode for rechargeable batteries due to the large abundance of calcium in the Earth’s crust, its low electrochemical potential, and its low cost1. Until rather recently2, however, stable plating and stripping of Ca and hence rechargeability of Ca-batteries was deemed impossible, due to the stable phases formed at the electrolyte/electrode interface, completely blocking Ca2+ transfer3.Since this pivotal breakthrough, Ca-batteries have attracted more interest, but they are still in their very infancy and new battery designs – such as using novel electrolyte concepts – are needed to achieve stable cycling of Ca metal anodes, and this preferably at room temperature. Here we report on the use of molten salt electrolytes, i.e. binary and multi-component systems of inorganic cations and anions, and more specifically on their physico-chemical and electrochemical properties as a function of composition with special emphasis on the compositional entropy. By using completely solvent-free electrolytes issues associated with organic electrolytes and solvents, such as the blocking of Ca2+ transfer and electrolyte flammability3, are avoided. Furthermore, they should/do not induce any large polarization, as opposed to ionic liquid-based electrolytes4. In more detail, using the Ca(FSI)2 salt in combination with the analogous Li-, Na-, and KFSI salts in equimolar compositions, all with melting temperatures (significantly) above 100 °C, we can create electrolytes melting at ca. 60-75 °C for the ternary systems, which is further reduced to ca. 55 °C for the quaternary system. These lowered melting temperatures are achieved by increased entropy of mixing, reducing the Gibbs free energy. This can for example be illustrated by Raman spectroscopy via comparing the spectra of “as cast” electrolytes with the spectra for the ones “aged” for one week (Figure 1). Here the FSI anion band at 772 cm-1 (νsS-N-S)5 shows that the electrolytes partially (re-)crystallize/micro-separate for the ternary systems, but stay more stable for the quaternary system, which we, at least partially, attribute to an entropy effect. Reference s M. E. Arroyo-De Dompablo, A. Ponrouch, P. Johansson, and M. R. Palacín, Chem . Rev., 120, 6331–6357 (2020). A. Ponrouch, C. Frontera, F. Bardé, and M. R. Palacín, Nat. Mater., 15, 169–172 (2016). D. Aurbach, R. Skaletsky, and Y. Gofer, J . Electrochem Soc., 138, 3536–3545 (1991). Q. Pang et al., Nature, 608, 704–711 (2022). K. Matsumoto, T. Oka, T. Nohira, and R. Hagiwara, Inorg . Chem ., 52, 568–576 (2013). Figure 1

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11

Hrovat, Marko, Slavko Bernik, Janez Holc, and Zoran Samardžija. "Subsolidus phase equilibria in the La2O3–Ga2O3–NiO system." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 6 (1999): 2351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0312.

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Subsolidus equilibria in air in the La2O3–Ga2O3–NiO system were studied with the aim of obtaining information on possible interactions between a LaGaO3-based solid electrolyte and NiO during preparation of the anode in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). No ternary compound was found. The tie lines are between La4Ga2O7 and La2NiO4, LaGaO3 and La2NiO4, LaGaO3 and NiO, and LaGaO3 and NiGa2O4.

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12

Kamali, Mohamad Javad, Zakarya Kamali, and Gholamhossein Vatankhah. "Thermodynamic Modeling of Surface Tension of Aqueous Electrolyte Solution by Competitive Adsorption Model." Journal of Thermodynamics 2015 (November 2, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/319704.

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Thermodynamic modeling of surface tension of different electrolyte systems in presence of gas phase is studied. Using the solid-liquid equilibrium, Langmuir gas-solid adsorption, and ENRTL activity coefficient model, the surface tension of electrolyte solutions is calculated. The new model has two adjustable parameters which could be determined by fitting the experimental surface tension of binary aqueous electrolyte solution in single temperature. Then the values of surface tension for other temperatures in binary and ternary system of aqueous electrolyte solution are predicted. The average absolute deviations for calculation of surface tension of binary and mixed electrolyte systems by new model are 1.98 and 1.70%, respectively.

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13

Deyhimi, Farzad, and Rahman Salamat-Ahangari. "Thermodynamic Properties of the Mixed Electrolyte System: The Ternary NH4Br + NaBr + H2O System†." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 54, no. 2 (2009): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je800199b.

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14

Efaw, Corey M., Qisheng Wu, Ningshengjie Gao, et al. "Understanding Solvation Structures of Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes Used for Li-Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 1 (2023): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-011437mtgabs.

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Liquid electrolytes in batteries are typically treated as macroscopically homogeneous ionic transport media, despite having complex chemical composition and atomistic solvation structures, thus leaving a knowledge gap of microstructural characteristics. A promising electrolyte system design has recently been developed with the title of a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE). These electrolytes are a summation of three components – a charge-carrying salt, a solvent that solvates the salt, and a diluent that is highly immiscible with the salt. This creates the perception of a high-concentration electrolyte (HCE) with high anion-cation interactions that supports a salt-derived, stable solid-electrolyte interphase, while an LHCE improves bulk electrolyte properties, such as ionic conductivity and viscosity, when compared to an HCE. Much trial by error design of this LHCE concept has been supported by simulations to confirm ionic interactions, cycling data to confirm cell stability, and post-mortem analysis to provide evidence of mechanisms. However, a systematic design to extend the capabilities of LHCEs is still to be desired. Here, we analyzed a specific LHCE mixture with the use of a ternary phase diagram to dictate the best viable mixture to extend the localization of solvation structures while maintaining viable cell-level capabilities. It was seen that the electrolyte mixture has complex mechanisms from individual ion solvation up to the solution network scale, both of which are dictated by the interactions between the three electrolyte components. With the support of both experimental and computational analysis of different electrolyte features, we have begun a methodology of formulating the most ideal LHCE mixtures for improving the cyclability of high-capacity battery chemistries.

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15

Hrovat, Marko, Zoran Samardžzija, Janez Holc, and Slavko Bernik. "Subsolidus phase equilibria in the La2O3–Ga2O3–CeO2 system." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 12 (1999): 4460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0603.

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Subsolidus equilibria in air in the La2O3–Ga2O3–CeO2 system were studied with the aim of obtaining information on possible interactions between a LaGaO3-based solid electrolyte and CeO2 during preparation of the anode in solid oxide fuel cells. No ternary compound was found. The tie lines are between La4Ga2O9 and the end of the CeO2 solid solution range with composition La0.5Ce0.5O1.75 and between the LaGaO3 and CeO2 range of solid solutions.

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16

Pol, Vilas G., Soohwan Kim, Zheng Li, et al. "(Invited) Energy Storage at Ultra Low Temperatures through Electrolyte Innovation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 1 (2024): 34. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02134mtgabs.

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Operating rechargeable batteries at ultralow temperatures (below -40 ℃) has been essential for various applications, especially in scenarios such as defense operations, space exploration missions, and scientific research in polar regions. In these environments, conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) encounter significant challenges, suffering from severe performance degradation that can restrict their usability and reliability. The primary issues when operating batteries in such extreme conditions are typically related to electrolyte complications, such as electrolyte freezing and inefficient Li+ transport. These limitations in current LIBs require a comprehensive reevaluation and redesign of battery electrolytes to maintain optimal performance at ultralow temperatures. This study focuses on overcoming these challenges by developing innovative electrolytes, particularly aiming to enhance battery performance in cold climates. The emphasis is on adopting new electrolyte solvents, having low melting points and superior solvation capabilities. These properties facilitate better Li+ transference and reduce the Li+ desolvation energy during battery operation. Our research has explored various ether solvents, including dipropyl ether (DPE), 1 tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2 and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME). 3 We incorporate these solvents by utilizing strategies that involve weak solvation and high electrolyte concentration for effective Li+ transport and favorable formation of interphase layers between the electrode and electrolyte. The electrolyte designs effectively reduce polarization and the risk of Li plating/dendrite formation, thereby allowing facile Li+ transport during Li+ reaction process. Theoretical simulations, including density functional theory and molecular dynamics, validate the unique advantages of the specialized Li+ solvation approach. Notably, the electrochemical performance at low temperatures with high nickel cathodes maintains approximately 65% of room temperature capacity at -40 ℃1. Additionally, an electrolyte formulation centered on CPME supports repeated battery charging and discharging cycles, even at temperatures down to -100 ℃.4, 5 Additionally, our research extended to developing a ternary fluorinated electrolyte system, which proved capable of preserving 61% of its ambient temperature capacity at -50 ℃, alongside a notably low charge transfer activation energy of 55.71 kJ mol-1.6 By tackling the significant challenges that batteries face in cold climates, our comprehensive investigation not only aids in improving low-temperature battery performance but also establishes a foundation for their use in extreme environments, like defense, space exploration, and Arctic exploration. Future work will involve further exploration of alternative electrode materials and an in-depth examination of the fundamental mechanisms behind Li+ transport at low temperatures, which are vital for advancing energy storage technologies that can endure the severe conditions of extreme environments. References Z. Li, H. Rao, R. Atwi, B. M. Sivakumar, B. Gwalani, S. Gray, K. S. Han, T. A. Ajantiwalay, V. Murugesan, N. N. Rajput, V. G. Pol, “Non-polar Ether-based Electrolyte Solutions for Stable High-Voltage Non-aqueous Lithium Metal Batteries”, Nature Commun., 2023,14, 868. S. Kim, B. Seo, H. V. Ramasamy, Z. Shang, H. Wang, B. M. Savoie, V. G. Pol, “Ion-Solvent Interplay in Concentrated Electrolytes Enables Subzero Temperature Li-Ion Battery Operations”, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 41934-41944. H. V. Ramasamy, S. Kim, E. Adams, H. Rao, V. G. Pol, “Novel Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether Electrolyte Solvent with Unique Solvation Structure for Room and Ultralow Temperature (-40 ℃) Lithium-ion Battery Cycling”, Chemical Commun., 2022, 58, 5124. C. M. Jamison, S. Kim, H. V. Ramasamy, T. E. Adams, V. G. Pol, “Lithium-ion Battery Testing Capable of Simulating 'Ultralow’ Lunar Temperatures”, Energy Technol., 2022, 2200799. S. Kim, Y. Zhang, H. Wang, T. E. Adams, V. G. Pol, “Enabling Extreme Low-Temperature (≤−100 ℃) Battery Cycling with Niobium Tungsten Oxides Electrode and Tailored Electrolytes”, Small, 2024, 2306438. E. Adams, M. Parekh, D. Gribble, T. E. Adams, V. G. Pol, “Novel ternary fluorinated electrolyte's enhanced interfacial kinetics enables ultra-low temperature performance of lithium-ion batteries”, Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2023, 7, 3134-3141.

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17

Geetha, R., and R. Padmavathy. "Thermoacoustic, Electrochemical, Solvation and Antimicrobial Analysis of Ternary Potassium Salts Solutions at 308.15K." International Journal of Current Research and Review 15, no. 02 (2023): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2023.15203.

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Introduction: Amino acids join with each other by peptide bonds and build polymers referred to peptides and proteins. Peptides are recognized for being very therapeutic, selective and comparably safe. As a result, peptides are receiving more attention in pharmaceutical research and development. The scientific progress of ultrasonics has been employed extensively in past decades for both industrial and medical applications. Aim/Objectives: Ultrasonic investigation in non- aqueous solutions of electrolytes with peptides provide information that is helpful in understanding the behaviour of liquids/solutions system. In the present work, the ultrasonic velocity of a peptide with electrolyte in formamide has been measured at various concentrations at 308.15K. Methods: Utilizing the measured data the thermoacoustical, electrochemical and solvation analysis are carried out. The interionic and intermolecular interactions existing in the present system are studied in detail. Conclusion: The results arrived from ultrasonic methods have been corroborated with antimicrobial activity of the samples.

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18

Hrovat, Marko, Andreja Benčan, Janez Holc, Tadej Rojac, and Marija Kosec. "Subsolidus phase equilibria in the RuO2–Bi2O3–CeO2 system." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 6 (2003): 1297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0178.

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Subsolidus equilibria in air in the RuO2–Bi2O3–CeO2 systems were studied with the aim of obtaining information on possible interactions between a Bi2Ru2O7-based cathode and a CeO2-based solid electrolyte in solid-oxide fuel cells. Bi2O3 is soluble in CeO2, and forms a cubic fluorite solid solution Bi1-xCexO2-x/2 up to Bi1/3Ce2/3O1.83, while no solid solubility of the CeO2 in Bi2O3 was detected. No ternary compound was found in the system. The tie line is between Bi2Ru2O7 and the CeO2 solid solution.

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19

Sajjad, Muhammad, Abdul Jabbar Khan, Sayed M. Eldin, et al. "A New CuSe-TiO2-GO Ternary Nanocomposite: Realizing a High Capacitance and Voltage for an Advanced Hybrid Supercapacitor." Nanomaterials 13, no. 1 (2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13010123.

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A high capacitance and widened voltage frames for an aqueous supercapacitor system are challenging to realize simultaneously in an aqueous medium. The severe water splitting seriously restricts the narrow voltage of the aqueous electrolyte beyond 2 V. To overcome this limitation, herein, we proposed the facile wet-chemical synthesis of a new CuSe-TiO2-GO ternary nanocomposite for hybrid supercapacitors, thus boosting the specific energy up to some maximum extent. The capacitive charge storage mechanism of the CuSe-TiO2-GO ternary nanocomposite electrode was tested in an aqueous solution with 3 M KOH as the electrolyte in a three-cell mode assembly. The voltammogram analysis manifests good reversibility and a remarkable capacitive response at various currents and sweep rates, with a durable rate capability. At the same time, the discharge/charge platforms realize the most significant capacitance and a capacity of 920 F/g (153 mAh/g), supported by the impedance analysis with minimal resistances, ensuring the supply of electrolyte ion diffusion to the active host electrode interface. The built 2 V CuSe-TiO2-GO||AC-GO||KOH hybrid supercapacitor accomplished a significant capacitance of 175 F/g, high specific energy of 36 Wh/kg, superior specific power of 4781 W/kg, and extraordinary stability of 91.3% retention relative to the stable cycling performance. These merits pave a new way to build other ternary nanocomposites to achieve superior performance for energy storage devices.

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20

Baranauskaite, Valeriia, Maria Belysheva, Olga Pestova, et al. "Thermodynamic Description of Dilution and Dissolution Processes in the MgCl2−CsCl−H2O Ternary System." Materials 14, no. 14 (2021): 4047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14144047.

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Thermodynamic data on the properties of the water-based electrolyte systems are very valuable for fundamental physical chemistry and for industrial applications. The missing data both on the dilution and dissolution enthalpies for the ternary CsCl−MgCl2−H2O mixed electrolyte system were investigated by means of the calorimetry method. The dilution calorimetry was performed at 298 K for the set of solutions from diluted to concentrated at constant ratio Cs+/Mg2+=1.8. The relative partial molar enthalpies, ideal, total, and excess ones were calculated. By means of the dissolution calorimetry, the standard enthalpies of formation, the enthalpies, and entropies for the double salt formation from simple salts were evaluated. The results obtained indicate that entropy as the major factor affecting the formation of the joint compound, both in the liquid and solid phases. These data can be implemented in thermodynamic databases and allow for accurate thermodynamic calculations for the salts extraction from natural water sources and for its possible application as thermochemical energy storage.

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21

Mashadiyeva, Leyla F., Albina N. Poladova, Ziver T. Hasanova, et al. "NEW PICTURE OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE Cu-As-Se SYSTEM AND THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TERNARY COMPOUNDS." Chemical Problems 23, no. 3 (2025): 310–28. https://doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2025-3-310-328.

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A new complete picture of phase equilibria in the Cu-As-Se system was obtained by experimentally studying carefully crystallized alloys by prolonged thermal annealing using differential thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffraction methods, as well as considering information found in the literature. The liquidus surface projection, isothermal section at 300 K and some vertical sections of the phase diagram are presented and discussed. The types and coordinates of nonvariant and monovariant phase equilibria are determined. It is established that the liquidus surface consists of 15 regions corresponding to the primary crystallization of three initial components, seven binary and five ternary compounds. The presented phase diagram reflects the compounds Cu3AsSе4, Cu3AsSе3, Cu7As6Sе13, CuAsSе2 and CuAsSе, which can be considered as synthetic analogues of natural copper-arsenic minerals. The ternary compounds Cu6As4Se9 and Cu4As2Se5, indicated in the literature, have not been confirmed by us. The thermodynamic properties of ternary copper-arsenic selenides were studied using the EMF method with the solid electrolyte Cu4RbCl3I2. From the EMF measurement data in the corresponding three-phase regions, linear equations of the temperature dependence of the EMF were obtained, from which partial thermodynamic functions of copper in the alloys were calculated. Based on these data and the solid-phase equilibrium diagram of the Cu-As-Se system, using the corresponding thermodynamic functions of copper, As2Se3, AsSe and Cu3AsSe4, the standard Gibbs free energy of formation and the enthalpy of formation, as well as the standard entropy of the ternary compounds Cu3AsSе3, Cu7As6Sе13, CuAsSе2 and CuAsSе, were calculated.

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22

Katayama, Iwao, Toshihiro Tanaka, Shin-ichi Akai, Kisao Yamazaki, and Takamichi Iida. "Activity Measurement of Liquid Sn-Ag-Bi Alloys by Fused Salt EMF Method." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.129.

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Activity of tin in liquid Sn-Ag-Bi alloys was derived by EMF measurement of galvanic cell with fused salts electrolyte in the temperature range of 700 to 900K in the whole composition range. Activity of tin at 900K shows very small positive deviation from Raoult’s low for Sn-Bi alloys. Activity of ternary alloys was measured along three pseudo binary systems of Sn-(Ag,Bi) (where xAg/xBi =1/3,1/1 and 3/1). Its concentration dependence is very complex. From the iso-activity curves in the ternary system excess free energy of mixing is derived using Darken’s method for Gibbs-Duhem equation

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23

Deyhimi, Farzad, and Rahman Salamat-Ahangari. "NH4Cl + NH4NO3+ H2O Ternary Mixed Electrolyte System: Thermodynamic Modeling Based on Potentiometric Measurements." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 53, no. 10 (2008): 2301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je800116e.

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24

Nishiyama, Tadao. "Uphill diffusion and a new nonlinear diffusion equation in ternary non-electrolyte system." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 107, no. 1-3 (1998): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9201(97)00122-2.

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25

Deyhimi, Farzad, and Zohreh Karimzadeh. "Pitzer and Pitzer–Simonson–Clegg modeling approaches: Ternary HCl+ethanol+water electrolyte system." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 635, no. 2 (2009): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.08.010.

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26

Wang, Jianji, Ling Zeng, Wenbin Liu, and Jinsuo Lu. "A thermodynamic study of the ternary system water + glucose + electrolyte at 298.15 K." Thermochimica Acta 224 (September 1993): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(93)80176-b.

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27

Wang, Meng, Harnoor Kaur, and Chau-Chyun Chen. "Thermodynamic modeling of HNO3-H2SO4-H2O ternary system with symmetric electrolyte NRTL model." AIChE Journal 63, no. 7 (2017): 3110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.15679.

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Leaist, Derek G. "Coupled diffusion of butanol solubilized in aqueous sodium dodecylsulfate micelles." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 1 (1990): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-008.

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Ternary interdiffusion coefficients have been measured for ten compositions of the system sodium dodecylsulfate (NaDS) + 1-butanol (BuOH) + water at 25 °C. The diffusivity of BuOH in this system is lower than in pure water because about one half of the alcohol is solubilized in the slowly-diffusing NaDS micelles. Yet, surprisingly, diffusion of the NaDS component transports only minor amounts of BuOH. Diffusion of the BuOH component, however, produces a substantial coupled flow of NaDS. Although added BuOH increases the solution viscosity and the size of the micelles, the diffusivity of the NaDS component does not change significantly. The Harned restricted diffusion method for the determination of electrolyte diffusivities is extended to electrolyte + nonelectrolyte solutes. Keywords: micelles, ionic; solubilization; diffusion, coupled.

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29

N., KONDALA RAO, та ANANTHASWAMY J. "Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions. An EMF Study of Activity Coefficients of NaCl in the Ternary System NaCl+BaCl2+H2O at 35 and 45ᵒ". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 65, Oct. 1988 (1988): 681–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6076140.

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Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007 <em>Manuscript received 18 April 1988, accepted 8 July 1988</em> The values of activity coefficients of NaCI in NaCI+BaCl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O system at 35 and 45˚ were determined at the total ionic strengths of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mol kg<sup>-1</sup> by an e.m.f. method using a sodium ion-selective electrode and Ag/AgCI reference electrode. The data were fitted to the Harned equation and the Harned coefficients (α<em><sub>AB</sub></em>) were evaluated. The data were also analysed using the Pitzer equations and the corresponding binary and ternary interaction parameters were estimated.

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30

Madec, Lénaïc, Lin Ma, Kathlyne J. Nelson, et al. "The Effects of a Ternary Electrolyte Additive System on the Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces in High Voltage Li-Ion Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163, no. 6 (2016): A1001—A1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.1051606jes.

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31

CH., VBNKATHSWARLU, and ANANTHASWAMY J. "Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions. Activity Coefficients of NaCl in NaCl-CoCh-H20 System at 25, 35 and 45°." J. Indian Chem. Soc. Vol. 66, Jul 1989 (1989): 445–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5995499.

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Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad-600 007 <em>Manuscript received 28th February 1989, accepted 4 May 1989</em> Activity coefficients for NaCI in the system NaCl-CoCl<sub>2</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O at 25,35 and 45<sup>o</sup> and at constant total ionic strengths have been measured by an e.m.f. method using  Na-ion selective electrode and silver- silver chloride reference electrode. The Harned coefficients were calculated at all the temperatures studied. The data at 25<sup>o</sup> have been treated using the Pitzer equations for mixed e ctrolyte solutions and the corresponding binary and ternary Interaction parameters estimated. The excess free energies and osmoti oefficients of the system were calculated at 25• using these binary and ternary Interaction parameters.

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32

Deyhimi, Farzad, and Zohreh Karimzadeh. "Pitzer and Pitzer–Simonson–Clegg Modeling Approaches: Ternary HCl + 2-Propanol + Water Electrolyte System." Journal of Solution Chemistry 39, no. 2 (2010): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10953-010-9497-x.

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33

Deyhimi, Farzad, and Zohreh Karimzadeh. "Pitzer and Pitzer–Simonson–Clegg modeling approaches: Ternary HCl+1-propanol+water electrolyte system." Fluid Phase Equilibria 287, no. 2 (2010): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2009.10.001.

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34

Jurado, Ramon, and Maria Colomer. "Protonic conductors for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: An overview." Chemical Industry 56, no. 6 (2002): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0206264j.

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At present, Nation, which is a perfluorinated polymer, is one of the few materials that deliver the set of chemical and mechanical properties required to perform as a good electrolyte in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, Nation presents some disadvantages, such as limiting the operational temperature of the fuel system (So?C), because of its inability to retain water at higher temperatures and also suffers chemical crossover. In addition to these restrictions, Nation membranes are very expensive. Reducing costs and using environmentally friendly materials are good reasons to make a research effort in this field in order to achieve similar or even better fuel-cell performances. Glass materials of the ternary system SiO2-ZrO2-P2O5, hybrid materials based on Nation, and nanopore ceramic membranes based on SiO2 TiO2, Al2O3, etc. are considered at present, as promising candidates to replace Nation as the electrolyte in PEMFCs. These types of materials are generally prepared by sol-gel processes in order to tailor their channel-porous structure and pore size. In this communication, the possible candidates in the near future as electrolytes (including other polymers different than Nation) in PEMFCs are briefly reviewed. Their preparation methods, their electrical transport properties and conduction mechanisms are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of these materials with respect to Nation are also discussed.

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35

Mohd Johari, Siti Nurul 'Afini, Siti Khatijah Deraman, Hussein Hanibah, and Nazrizawati Ahmad Tajuddin. "Physical and Chemical Properties of Poly(ethylene)oxide Ternary Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxide." Asian Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 9 (2024): 2045–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.32010.

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In this work, a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was synthesized by solution casting technique using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as polymer host doped with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) and Ni/Al layered double hydroxide (Ni/Al LDH) as filler. Subsequently, Ni/Al LDH were introduced into the polymer electrolyte and characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to determine the composition of additive, which gives the highest conductivity for each system. At ambient temperature, the highest conductivity is obtained for the composition PEO–5 wt.% Ni/Al LDH–8 wt.% LiCF3SO3 with a value 8 × 10–6 S cm–1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate that the conductivity increase is due to an increase in amorphous content which enhances the segmental flexibility of polymeric chains and the disordered structure of the electrolyte. For composites, the characteristic peaks of Ni/Al LDH disappeared irrespective of filler content. The presence of complexation and interaction among the components was demonstrated by FTIR spectra, while images captured by FESEM revealed the morphological changes in the solid polymer electrolyte.

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36

Talari, Mahla, Angelina Sarapulova, Eugen Zemlyanushin, Noha Sabi, Andreas Hofmann, and Sonia Dsoke. "Exploring the Possibility of Aluminum Plating/Stripping from a Non-Corrosive Al(OTF)₃-Based Electrolyte." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (2023): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024613mtgabs.

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Aluminum abundance sources and the high theoretical volumetric capacity of Aluminum metal make Aluminum Batteries (ABs) promising energy storage systems[1]. Moreover, the low cost, sustainability, and low reactivity of Al in the air due to its passivation layer are advantageous in comparison to Li[2]. However, developing appropriate electrolytes for Aluminum batteries is a challenging topic that hinders their practical use[3]. Of particular concern is that the high charge density of the Al cation results in strong Coulombic interaction with the counter anions and solvents, which negatively impacts the solvation behavior of Al salts [4]. A non-corrosive ternary electrolyte, composed of Al(OTF)3/NMA/urea in the molar fraction of 0.05/0.76/0.19 respectively, was tested for Al battery system as an alternative to the common chloroaluminate-based electrolytes to enable Al plating/stripping[5]. Herein, several techniques, such as scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (SEM/EDX), operando Optical microscopy examination, electrochemical quartz crystal (EQCM) and Gas chromatography (GC) were used to explore the Al electrodeposition from this electrolyte. Yet, the hydrogen evolution reaction was found to be associated with electrochemical activities observed in this multicomponent electrolyte rather than Al electrodeposition. References [1] Y. Zhang, S. Liu, Y. Ji, J. Ma, and H. Yu, “Emerging nonaqueous aluminum‐ion batteries: challenges, status, and perspectives,” Adv. Mater., vol. 30, no. 38, p. 1706310, 2018. [2] S. K. Das, S. Mahapatra, and H. Lahan, “Aluminium-ion batteries: developments and challenges,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 5, no. 14, pp. 6347–6367, 2017. [3] J. Tu et al., “Nonaqueous rechargeable aluminum batteries: progresses, challenges, and perspectives,” Chem. Rev., vol. 121, no. 8, pp. 4903–4961, 2021. [4] X. Han, Y. Bai, R. Zhao, Y. Li, F. Wu, and C. Wu, “Electrolytes for Rechargeable Aluminum Batteries,” Prog. Mater. Sci., p. 100960, 2022. [5] T. Mandai and P. Johansson, “Al conductive haloaluminate-free non-aqueous room-temperature electrolytes,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 3, no. 23, pp. 12230–12239, 2015.

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37

Meng, Yanqin, Libin Yang, Qing Xu, Yafei Guo, and Tianlong Deng. "Mean Activity Coefficients of NaNO3 and the Mixing Ion-Interaction Parameters in the Ternary System (NaNO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) at 298.15 K by EMF Method." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (March 26, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9385577.

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Ion-selective electrodes directly respond to the activity of target ions without destroying the existing form of the original electrolyte, so ion-selective electrodes have been widely used in various fields. Mean activity coefficient of NaNO3 in the ternary system (NaNO3 + CsNO3 + H2O) at 298.15 K was measured by electromotive force (EMF) with the cell: Na+ ion-selective electrode (Na-ISE)|NaNO3 (mA), CsNO3 (mB)|NO3- ion-selective electrode (NO3-ISE) with total ionic strengths from 0.01 to 4.5 mol·kg-1 at different ionic strength fractions (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8). The results showed that the Na-ISE and NO3-ISE have a good Nernst response, and the mean activity coefficients of NaNO3 are obtained via the Nernst equation. Based on the data of mean activity coefficients of NaNO3, the relationship diagrams of activity coefficients of NaNO3 against ion strengths in the ternary system were demonstrated, and the Pitzer mixing ion-interaction parameters θ Na , Cs and ψ Na , Cs , N O 3 were obtained.

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38

Knott, Sabine, C. J. Chen, Friedrich Gehringer, and Adolf Mikula. "Thermodynamic properties of liquid Cu–In–Zn alloys." International Journal of Materials Research 97, no. 8 (2006): 1102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2006-0173.

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Abstract The partial Gibbs energies of zinc in the liquid Cu– In–Zn system as a function of temperature and concentration were measured in the temperature range between the melting points of the alloys and 1073 K using an EMF method with a liquid electrolyte. The thermodynamic properties were determined for 30 alloys at three different constant ratios of Cu : In of 1 : 2, 1 : 1, and 2 : 1 with zinc added in the concentration range between 5 and 90 at.%. The integral Gibbs free energy and the integral enthalpy of mixing of the ternary system were calculated with the Gibbs Duhem equation.

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39

You, Guoqing, Yunzhi Li, Lihan Dong, Yichun Li, and Yu Zhang. "Research on the Characteristics of Electrolytes in Integrated Carbon Capture and Utilization Systems: The Key to Promoting the Development of Green and Low-Carbon Technologies." Energies 18, no. 12 (2025): 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123039.

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The core challenge of integrated carbon capture and utilization (ICCU) technology lies in developing electrolytes that combine efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) capture with electrocatalytic conversion capabilities. This review analyzes the structure–performance relationship between electrolyte properties and CO2 electrochemical reduction (eCO2RR), revealing the key regulatory mechanisms. Research shows that the performance of bicarbonate electrolytes heavily depends on the cation type, where Cs+ can achieve over 90% CO selectivity by suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and stabilizing reaction intermediates, though its strong corrosiveness limits practical applications. Although amine absorbents excel in carbon capture (efficiency > 90%), they tend to undergo competitive adsorption during electrocatalysis, making formic acid the primary product (FE = 15%); modifying electrodes with ionomers can enhance their activity by 1.15 times. Ionic liquids (ILs) demonstrate unique advantages due to their tunability: imidazolium-based ILs improve formate selectivity to 85% via carboxylate intermediate formation, while amino-functionalized task-specific ILs (TSILs) achieve a 1:1 stoichiometric CO2 absorption ratio. Recent breakthroughs reveal that ternary IL hybrid electrolytes can achieve nearly 100% CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) through microenvironment modulation, while L-histidine additives boost CH4 selectivity by 23% via interface modification. Notably, constructing a “bulk acidic–interfacial neutral” pH gradient system addresses carbonate deposition issues in traditional alkaline conditions, increasing C2+ product efficiency to 50%. Studies also highlight that cation–anion synergy (e.g., K+/I−) significantly enhances C-C coupling through electrostatic interactions, achieving 97% C2+ selectivity on Ag electrodes. These findings provide new insights for ICCU electrolyte design, with future research focusing on machine learning-assisted material optimization and reactor engineering to advance industrial applications.

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40

Mandal, Manoranjan, Subhasri Subudhi, Injamul Alam, BVRS Subramanyam, Santosini Patra, and Pitamber Mahanandia. "Hydrothermal synthesis of MnO₂@graphene/activated carbon composite electrode with enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications." International Journal of Innovative Research in Physics 3, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijiip.3101.

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We report the preparation of an electrode material made up of MnO2/graphene/ activated carbon ternary composite by hydrothermal method for supercapacitor (SC) applications. The prepared ternary composite has been characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The prepared objective electrode has been investigated using galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in a 3-electrode system using 3M KOH aqueous electrolyte for the analysis of their electrochemical performance. The prepared MnO2 /graphene/activated carbon composite results in maximum capacitance of ∼493.57 F/g at 5 mV/s using CV and moreover the highest capacitance obtained from the GCD measurement is ∼485.29 F/g at 1 A/g. The long-term cycle stability of the composite electrode is also demonstrated and it shows outstanding cyclic performance where 97% of capacitance is left over 5000 cycles at 1 A/g. Therefore, the composite shows good charge storage performance, as well as tremendous cycle stability and that, reveal the synthesized ternary composite can be a suitable electrode for SC applications.

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41

Deyhimi, Farzad, Mojgan Sabzehzari, and Zohreh Karimzadeh. "TERNARY NaCl+LiCl+H2O MIXED ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM: DETERMINATION OF ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS BASED ON POTENTIOMETRIC METHOD." Chemical Engineering Communications 194, no. 12 (2007): 1654–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440701446284.

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42

Deyhimi, Farzad, Zohreh Karimzadeh, and Mariam Abedi. "Pitzer and Pitzer–Simonson–Clegg ion-interaction modeling approaches: Ternary HCl+methanol+water electrolyte system." Journal of Molecular Liquids 150, no. 1-3 (2009): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2009.09.014.

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43

Deyhimi, Farzad, and Rahman Salamat-Ahangari. "Potentiometric investigation of the thermodynamic properties of the ternary mixed (NH4Cl+CaCl2+H2O) electrolyte system." Fluid Phase Equilibria 264, no. 1-2 (2008): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2007.11.004.

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44

Ghalami-Choobar, Bahram, Mahmoud Azizpour, Hossein Ghanadzadeh Gilani, and Naz Chaibakhsh. "Thermodynamic study of the ternary mixed electrolyte ([EMIm]Br + LiBr + H2O) system using potentiometric measurements." Fluid Phase Equilibria 436 (March 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2016.12.017.

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45

Mallika, C., and O. M. Sreedharan. "Thermodynamic stabilities of ternary oxides in BiCuO system by solid electrolyte EMF method." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 216, no. 1 (1994): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-8388(94)91041-3.

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46

Cvetković, Vesna S., Dominic Feldhaus, Nataša M. Vukićević, et al. "Influence of Rare Earth Oxide Concentration on Electrochemical Co-Deposition of Nd and Pr from NdF3-PrF3-LiF Based Melts." Metals 12, no. 7 (2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12071204.

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The impact of rare earth oxide (REO) concentration on the deposition process and selective recovery of the metal being deposited from a molten fluoride salt system was investigated by applying deposition of Nd and Pr and varying the concentration of REO added to the electrolyte. A ternary phase diagram for the liquidus temperature of the NdF3-PrF3-LiF system was constructed to better predict the optimal electrolyte constitution. Cyclic voltammetry was used to record three redox signals, reflecting the processes involving Nd(III)/Nd and Pr(III)/Pr transformations. A two-step red/ox process for Nd(III) ions and a single-step red/ox process for Pr(III) ions were confirmed by square-wave voltammetry. The cyclic voltammetry results indicated the possibility of neodymium and praseodymium co-deposition. In order to sustain higher co-deposition rates on the cathode and to avoid increased production of PFC greenhouse gases on the anode, a low-overpotential deposition technique was used for Nd and Pr electrodeposition from the electrolyte with varying Nd2O3 and Pr6O11 concentrations. Co-deposited neodymium and praseodymium metals were characterized by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. After electrodeposition, concentration profiles of neodymium and praseodymium were recorded, starting from the cathode surface towards the electrolyte bulk. The working temperature of 1050 °C of the molten fluoride salt basic electrolyte, in line with the constructed phase diagram, was validated by improved co-deposition and led to a more effective deposition process.

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47

Tarek, Yeasin Arafat, Ragib Shakil, Chanchal Kumar Roy, and Shakhawat H. Firoz. "Redox Mediated Neutral Electrolyte Solution for High Performing Ni(OH)₂-MnO₂-Rgo Supercapacitor Electrode." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 13429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.13429ecst.

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Using a redox-mediated neutral electrolytic system (0.5 M Na2SO4+ 0.5 M K4FeCN6), a ternary hybrid of Ni(OH)2-MnO2-rGO as a supercapacitor electrode was investigated. The hybrid electrode was synthesized by adopting a simple hydrothermal approach. The phase of the α-Ni(OH)2 and γ-MnO2 was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), as well their incorporation was observed by High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The hybrid electrode in the redox system has demonstrated appealing performance due to the improved charge transfer capability of redox-active K4FeCN6, and hence, a high specific capacitance of 870 Fg-1 was found within the potential window of 0-1.0 V at 1 Ag-1 current density. As well, a high energy density of 30.2 Whkg-1 was found by using a symmetrical two-electrode setup. On top even after 5000 cycles, this supercapacitor has shown 92% of capacitance retention while maintaining 95% Coulombic efficiency. From a comparative perspective, the electrode was also tested on neutral Na2SO4, KOH, and H2SO4 electrolytes.

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48

Chawong, Kanungnit, Chanita Rayabsri, and Panarat Rattanaphanee. "Extraction of Lactic Acid in Mixed Solvent Electrolyte System Containing Water, 1-Butanol and Ammonium Sulfate." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 13, no. 2 (2015): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0132.

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Abstract Extraction of lactic acid from its aqueous solution was carried out at 30.0°C in a mixed solvent electrolyte system containing water, 1-butanol and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). The salt appeared to reduce mutual solubility between water and 1-butanol leading to an enlarged two-phase region of the mixture. The effect was more pronounced at high salt concentration. In view of extraction, ternary mixture containing water, 1-butanol and lactic acid, (NH4)2SO4 effectively salted-out 1-butanol and lactic acid leading to a reduced concentration of these two components in the aqueous phase. Distribution coefficient and degree of lactic acid extraction were significantly improved with increasing concentration of the salt. Additionally, (NH4)2SO4 helped lessen the transfer of one solvent into the other, which is the problem normally encountered in extraction when partially miscible solvents are employed. It also advantageously allowed the extraction to be carried out at a high solvent-to-aqueous phase volume ratio, where large recovery of the acid was achieved. Extraction of lactic acid in this mixed solvent electrolyte system could be further improved by operating it in a stage-wise mode rather than a batch one.

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49

El Kharbachi, Abdelouahab, Julia Wind, Amund Ruud, et al. "Pseudo-ternary LiBH4·LiCl·P2S5 system as structurally disordered bulk electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 25 (2020): 13872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp01334j.

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LiCl<sub>1−x</sub>(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>x</sub> stabilized by P<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub> addition with high Li<sup>+</sup> conduction; further operando XRD in transmission mode of a solid-state battery demonstrated.

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50

Deyhimi, Farzad, and Bahram Ghalami-Choobar. "Potentiometric determination of activity coefficients for NH4Cl in the ternary NH4Cl/LiCl/H2O mixed electrolyte system." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 584, no. 2 (2005): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.07.012.

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