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Journal articles on the topic 'Terracing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Sarkisyan, David Armenovich, and Irina Borisovna Melnikova. "Architectural and planning features of terracing of multi-storey residential buildings on flat terrain." E3S Web of Conferences 457 (2023): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345703005.

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The paper deals with terracing techniques for multi-storey residential buildings on flat terrain. The relevance of terracing application in modern architecture is substantiated, as this architectural and planning method allows not only to radically change the visual qualities of a residential building, but also to enhance the planning qualities of apartments, supplementing them with additional individual open spaces. The paper outlines the classification of terracing techniques for multi-storey residential buildings from the point of forming their volumetric and spatial composition. An analysis of different terracing methods with examples from current world practice is presented. The presented terracing techniques demonstrate the great potential of this method in design practice both for achieving expressive architecture of buildings and complexes, and for improving the quality of urbanized residential environment in general.

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2

Wang, Guibin, Binhui Liu, Mark Henderson, Yu Zhang, Zhi Zhang, Mingyang Chen, Haoxiang Guo, and Weiwei Huang. "Effect of Terracing on Soil Moisture of Slope Farmland in Northeast China’s Black Soil Region." Agriculture 13, no. 10 (September 25, 2023): 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13101876.

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The impact of terracing construction on the soil moisture content of slope farmland was analyzed at three sites in northeast China’s black soil region, across a range of latitudes and hydrological, temperature and soil quality conditions. At each research site, slope farmland with terracing was compared to unterraced slope farmland with a similar shape and gradient. During the wet crop growth period (July) and dry postharvest period (October) of 2022, the TRIME-PICO64TDR soil moisture measuring instrument was used to measure the soil moisture content at depths of 0–60 cm. Terracing increased soil moisture content by up to 2.83 percentage points during the crop growth period and by up to 1.69 percentage points during the postharvest period. Terracing had a significant impact on the volumetric soil moisture content of the shallower soil layer (0–30 cm) during the growing period, and on the volumetric soil moisture content of the deeper soil layer (30–60 cm) during the postharvest period. Terracing weakens the effect of slope position on volumetric soil moisture, reducing differences in volumetric soil moisture content among different slope positions. The difference in the water conservation benefit of terracing among the sites is mainly related to soil quality: the lower the soil bulk density and the higher the silt clay content is, the greater the benefit of terracing for retaining moisture. The findings of this study can be beneficial for guiding management measures for slope arable soil in black soil regions around the world.

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3

Herweg, Karl. "Agricultural Terracing: Development Perspectives." Mountain Research and Development 21, no. 1 (February 2001): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0097:atdp]2.0.co;2.

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4

Cooper, G., and D. Cowan. "Terracing potential field data." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2009, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2009ab110.

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5

Cooper, G. R. J., and D. R. Cowan. "Terracing potential field data." Geophysical Prospecting 57, no. 6 (November 2009): 1067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.2009.00791.x.

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6

Wu, Dan, Wei Wei, Zongshan Li, and Qindi Zhang. "Coupling Effects of Terracing and Vegetation on Soil Ecosystem Multifunctionality in the Loess Plateau, China." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021682.

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In semi-arid and arid terrestrial ecosystems, terracing and vegetation may improve soil conditions and enhance habitats. Considerable recent works have focused on evaluating how terracing and vegetation affect individual ecosystem function, but none of these evaluations included soil ecosystem multifunctionality (SEMF), which has a positive significance for optimizing soil ecosystem management. Based on the survey data of six different combinations of terracing and vegetation in the Chinese Loess Plateau, 15 functional indicators related to soil fertility, nutrient transformation/cycling, and water conservation were selected. The maximum conversion of the mean value method was employed to quantify SEMF. Concerning individual ecosystem services, the capacities of half-moon terraces-Pinus tabulaeformis (Ht-P. tabulaeformis) and level benches-Caragana korshinskii (Lb-C. korshinskii) to maintain soil fertility were 43.25% and 42.01% higher than those of counter-slope terraces-Platycladus orientalis (Ct-P. orientalis). On the contrary, Ct-P. orientalis showed better nutrient transformation and cycling services, which was 9.23% higher than those of Ht-P. tabulaeformis, therefore, we observed the highest SEMF in the Ht-P. tabulaeformis. Terracing, with a 29.2% explained variation, had a greater influence than that of vegetation (12.6%), while the coupling effect of terracing and vegetation (37.9%) was the most important factor that determined the SEMF. Thus, Ht-P. tabulaeformis and Lb-C. korshinskii should be promoted in the Loess Plateau area. The results of this study have significance in terms of understanding the interactions between terracing, vegetation, and soil ecosystems.

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7

Widgren, Mats, Tim Maggs, Anna Plikk, Jan Risberg, Maria H. Schoeman, and Lars-Ove Westerberg. "Precolonial Agricultural Terracing in Bokoni, South Africa: Typology and an Exploratory Excavation." Journal of African Archaeology 14, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10281.

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Earlier work on the terraced settlements of the Bokoni area (16th to 19th century, Mpumalanga province, South Africa) focussed on the homesteads, their contents, layout and chronology. This paper suggests a terminology and typology of agrarian structures in Bokoni in order to improve comparative approaches in Africa and beyond. The typology and an excavation of the terracing permit possible preliminary conclusions relevant for the further analysis of the terracing and stone-walling in Bokoni. The terracing developed incrementally, whereby cultivation, stone-clearing and terracing were intermixed processes. This is supported both by the organic content in a section of a terrace and by a phytolith analysis. The phytolith analysis furthermore indicated that maize was cultivated on the terraces, but this should be seen as a pilot study only, and presence of maize in Bokoni must be tested with other archaeobotanical methods.

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8

Neumann, D. A., H. Zabel, and H. Morkoç. "Terracing in strained‐layer superlattices." Journal of Applied Physics 64, no. 6 (September 15, 1988): 3024–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342494.

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9

Mitchell, William P. "On Terracing in the Andes." Current Anthropology 26, no. 2 (April 1985): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203266.

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10

Hammer, Øyvind, Dag K. Dysthe, and Bjørn Jamtveit. "Travertine terracing: patterns and mechanisms." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 336, no. 1 (2010): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp336.18.

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11

Cordell, Lindrith, and A. E. McCafferty. "A terracing operator for physical property mapping with potential field data." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 5 (May 1989): 621–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442689.

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The terracing operator works iteratively on gravity or magnetic data, using the sense of the measured field’s local curvature, to produce a field comprised of uniform domains separated by abrupt domain boundaries. The result is crudely proportional to a physical‐property function defined in one (profile case) or two (map case) horizontal dimensions. This result can be extended to a physical‐property model if its behavior in the third (vertical) dimension is defined, either arbitrarily or on the basis of the local geologic situation. The terracing algorithm is computationally fast and appropriate to use with very large digital data sets. Where gravity and magnetic data are both available, terracing provides an effective means by which the two data sets can be compared directly. Results of the terracing operation somewhat resemble those of conventional susceptibility (or density) mapping. In contrast with conventional susceptibility mapping, however, the terraced function is a true step function, which cannot be depicted by means of contour lines. Magnetic or gravity fields calculated from the physical‐property model do not, in general, produce an exact fit to the observed data. By intent, the terraced map is more closely analogous to a geologic map in that domains are separated by hard‐edged domain boundaries and minor within‐domain variation is neglected. The terracing operator was applied separately to aeromagnetic and gravity data from a 136 km × 123 km area in eastern Kansas. Results provide a reasonably good physical representation of both the gravity and the aeromagnetic data. Superposition of the results from the two data sets shows many areas of agreement that can be referenced to geologic features within the buried Precambrian crystalline basement. The emerging picture of basement geology is much better resolved than that obtained either from the scanty available drill data or from interpretation of the geophysical data by inspection.

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12

Grove, A. T., and J. E. G. Sutton. "Agricultural Terracing South of the Sahara." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 24, no. 1 (January 1989): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00672708909511402.

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13

Zhou, Ping, Wenhua Zhuang, Nan Zhao, Ke Fang, and Dan Zhang. "Exploring Soil Particle Size Fraction and Spatial Redistribution of 137Cs in Sloping Landscapes with Different Lynchet Heights of Terracing Hedgerows in the Remote Mountain Region of Southwestern China." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043532.

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Soil erosion is a global environmental problem related to anthropogenic activities which are influenced by natural factors. The sloping cultivated lands, with serious soil erosion, constitute a significant proportion of the landscape in the remote mountain regions of southwestern China. The traditional soil conservation strategy, involving a certain height of lynchets on the edge of the terracing hedgerows of the sloping lands, plays an effective part in soil and water conservation. A typical sloping landscape with a lynchet of terracing hedgerows was chosen in this study. The objective of this study was to explore soil particle size fraction and spatial redistribution of 137Cs in sloping landscapes with different lynchet heights of terracing hedgerows. The results showed that fine-grained sediments were deposited in front of the lynchet of terracing hedgerows, especially particle sizes grouped at <0.002 mm clay and 0.002–0.02 mm silt. The 137Cs concentration profiles of the lynchet from the upper to the lower sloping landscape showed first increasing and then decreasing trends when the soil depth increased. 137Cs inventory generally increased along with the whole sloping landscapes. Moreover, the results suggested that the mean 137Cs inventory and erosion rate could be represented by the average value of the middle slope position. The highest value of annual erosion modulus reached 4917.06 t km−2 a−1 on the upper site of the sloping lands. Moreover, the annual erosion modulus was synchronously reduced from the upper to the lower sloping landscape and the erosion rate had a similar trend. Meanwhile, the K values of soil erodibility changed from 0.0338 t hm2 h (hm−2 MJ−1 mm−1) to 0.0375 t hm2 h (hm−2 MJ−1 mm−1) along the slope length. There was a logarithmic relationship between the K value and the 137Cs inventory. Therefore, it is useful to study spatial patterns of soil erosion in different slope positions with different heights of lynchet of terracing hedgerows of the whole sloping landscape. Moreover, it is important to implement a soil conservation strategy in the remote mountain regions of China.

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14

Florio, Giovanni, and Davide Lo Re. "Terracing of potential fields by clustering methods." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): G47—G58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0140.1.

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We have applied clustering techniques to the terracing of potential field data. We found out how [Formula: see text]-means clustering or a simple reclassification of the field values based on the minimum Euclidean distance from a set of cluster centers can produce a nicely terraced potential field map, with the degree of simplification of the original map controlled by the number of clusters. We developed a method to automatically define the number and the center value of these clusters. The gravity or magnetic maps terraced by clustering techniques are transformed and present no smooth transitions, and each terrace has a constant field value. Such a terraced map is thus suitable for computing an apparent physical property distribution. To obtain even better results, it is possible to combine clustering techniques with edge-preserving filters. We tested our method on simple and complex synthetic fields and finally applied it to the real gravity data of a mining region in Canada, finding good correspondence between the resulting apparent density distribution and a simplified geologic map.

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15

Reed, Douglas P., and Gary Hilderbrand. "Ordering and Terracing in the Leventritt Garden." Arnoldia 62, no. 2 (2003): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.251395.

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16

Li, Xiong. "Terracing gravity and magnetic data using edge-preserving smoothing filters." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): G41—G47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0409.1.

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One major purpose of gravity and magnetic transformations is to produce a result that can be related to geology. The terracing operator achieves this purpose by converting gravity and magnetic data into a geologic map-like field wherein homogeneous domains with sharp domain boundaries are defined. Edge-preserving smoothing filters developed in image processing have the same capability. I have applied the Kuwahara, mean of least variance, and symmetric nearest neighbor filters to gravity and magnetic data. Synthetic and field data examples suggest that these edge-preserving smoothing filters produce terraced effects cleaner than the terracing operator, and the mean of least variance filter often produces the cleanest and sharpest result.

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17

Martins, Martinho A. S., Ana I. Machado, Dalila Serpa, Sergio A. Prats, Sílvia R. Faria, María E. T. Varela, Óscar González-Pelayo, and J. Jacob Keizer. "Runoff and inter-rill erosion in a Maritime Pine and a Eucalypt plantation following wildfire and terracing in north-central Portugal." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2013-0033.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess how terracing affected overland flow and associated sediment losses, at the micro-plot scale (0.25 m2), in recently burnt stands of the two principal forest types in north-central Portugal, i.e. mono-specific stands of Maritime Pine and Eucalypt. Terracing is an increasingly common practice of slope engineering in the study region but its impacts on runoff and erosion are poorly studied. Non-terraced plots at the Eucalypt and the Pine site revealed similar median runoff coefficients (rc: 20-30%) as well as comparable median sediment losses (15-25 g m-2) during the first seven months following wildfire. During the ensuing, slightly wetter 18-month period, however, non-terraced plots at the Pine site lost noticeably more sediments (in median, 90 vs. 18 g m-2), in spite the runoff response had remained basically the same (median rc: 33 vs. 28%). By contrast, terraced plots at the same Pine site lost hugely more sediments (in median, 1,200 g m-2) during this 18-month period. Terraced plots at the Eucalypt site even lost three times more sediments (in median, 3,600 g m-2). Ground cover and resistance to shear stress seemed to be key factors in the observed/inferred impacts of terracing.

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18

Wang, Huaiyu, Sushil Pandey, and Lu Feng. "Econometric Analyses of Adoption and Household-Level Impacts of Improved Rice Varieties in the Uplands of Yunnan, China." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176873.

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Higher-yielding rice varieties adapted to the upland conditions of Yunnan were developed and disseminated during the late 1990s. Using cross-sectional farm-level data of 448 households collected from five prefectures in Southern Yunnan, this paper carries out an econometric analysis of the determinants of variations in the adoption of improved varieties among households and assesses the impact of adoption on rice income and total household income. The two major determinants of adoption were found to be the government programs for extension of improved upland rice varieties and for terracing of sloping fields. The presence of government programs for extension and for terracing contributed to increased adoption of improved varieties. Household-specific factors such as land and labor endowments were less important as these variables had a statistically insignificant impact on adoption. The adoption of improved rice varieties increased both rice income and the average household income. About half of the household income difference observed between the full adopters and non-adopters of improved rice varieties with comparable household characteristics can be attributed directly to the adoption. The results imply that increased investments in promoting improved rice varieties and terracing will generate additional income growth in the uplands of Yunnan.

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19

Mesfin, Almeida Oliveira, Yazew, Bresci, and Castelli. "Spatial Variability of Soil Moisture in Newly Implemented Agricultural Bench Terraces in the Ethiopian Plateau." Water 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2019): 2134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102134.

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In arid areas prone to desertification and soil erosion, the effectiveness of radical bench terracing in reducing drought risk is dependent on its correct implementation. However, the relationship between proper terracing implementation and the landscape capacity of holding soil moisture is still not understood. Moreover, spatial patterns of Soil Water Content (SWC) within the same terraced hillslope are weakly studied. The present paper analyses SWC variations in four newly implemented terraced sites in Tigray Region, Ethiopia. In all sites, terraced areas show SWC significantly higher than non-terraced ones, with the lower part of the terraced hillslope more humid than the others. A Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis highlighted significant dependency of SWC from the date of analysis, the position in the terraced slope, and its significant positive correlation with the percent of Water Stable Aggregates (WSA) analyzed at the study sites. Since high soil disturbance induces low soil aggregates stability, this result shows how low soil disturbance can significantly increase SWC of radical terraces. Overall, the results of the present paper testify the good performances of bench terraces in Northern Ethiopia in terms of soil water conservation, and can represent a benchmark study informing future terracing implementation in some arid and semi-arid agricultural areas of the world.

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20

Fernández-Raga, María, Martinho A. S. Martins, Elena Marcos Porras, Roberto Fraile, and Jan Jacob Keizer. "Splash Erosion on Terraces, Does It Make a Difference If the Terracing Is Done before or after a Fire?" Hydrology 8, no. 4 (December 8, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040180.

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Terraces are a common Mediterranean feature influencing soils, slopes and subsurface hydrology; however, little is known about their impact on erosion processes, especially in humid regions. The purpose of this study was to assess how terracing after a fire affected erosion processes such as splash erosion. For 8 months, the study monitored splash erosion in three terraced plots, one plot under pre-fire conditions and the other two under post-fire conditions. Assessment of the impact of the terracing treatment in such plots was carried out by the installation of two different splash erosion quantitative systems: cups and funnels. An analysis of the splash data obtained in 17 rainfall events and meteorological data collected during each one of those periods was then performed. A significant positive correlation between the amount of rainfall and the splash erosion was observed. The two splash sampling systems show a high degree of concordance; however, the funnel-type model seems to be the most appropriate when it comes to preventing loss of splashed soil samples. The post-fire treatment with terracing leads to a smaller stability of surface soil aggregates, causing higher splash erosion rates. Sampling using the funnel system collects three times the amount of splashed soil than that collected by the cup system, although both systems correlate appropriately with the meteorological parameters.

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21

Deng, Chuxiong, Guangye Zhang, Yaojun Liu, Xiaodong Nie, Zhongwu Li, Junyu Liu, and Damei Zhu. "Advantages and disadvantages of terracing: A comprehensive review." International Soil and Water Conservation Research 9, no. 3 (September 2021): 344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.03.002.

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22

Berčič, Tomaž, and Lucija Ažman-Momirski. "Parametric Terracing as Optimization of Controlled Slope Intervention." Water 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030634.

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With the introduction of mechanization in agriculture, the area of terraced slopes has increased. However, in most cases, the planning of terracing in practice remains experience-based, which is no longer effective from an agricultural, geological, and hydrological point of view. The usual method of building terraces, especially terraces with earth risers, is therefore outdated, and a new method must be found for planning and building terraced areas. In addition to geographical information system (GIS) tools, parametric design tools for planning terraced landscapes are now available. Based on the design approaches for a selected plot in the Gorizia Hills in Slovenia, where we used a trial-and-error method, we improved previous results by defining a model using a computer algorithm that generates a terraced landscape on a selected slope depending on various input parameters such as the height of the terrace slope, the inclination of the terrace slope, the width of the terrace platform, and the number of terraces. For the definition of the algorithm we used the visual program tool Grasshopper. By changing the values of the input data parameters, the algorithm was able to present combinatorial simulations through a variety of different solutions with all the corresponding statistics. With such results it is much easier to make a conscious decision on which combination of parameters is optimal to prevent landslides, plan adequate drainage, and control soil movements when building terraces. The controlled slope intervention is further optimized by the introduction of a usage index (Tx), defined as the quotient of the sum of all flat areas (terrace platforms) and the total area of the plot.

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23

Cooper, G. R. J. "An improved terracing algorithm for potential-field data." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): G109—G113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0129.1.

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Although the boundaries between geologic units with different physical properties are usually quite distinct, the potential-field anomalies associated with them are relatively smooth, particularly for deeper bodies. The terracing filter has been introduced to sharpen anomaly edges and to produce regions of constant amplitude between them, mimicking geologic units on a geologic map. The boundaries between the pseudogeologic units are defined by the zero contour of the Laplacian function. Unfortunately, this can result in the domains of terraced anomalies extending far from the original location of the causative body, producing an image that poorly represents the geology. I have determined that the use of the mathematical shape index of the anomalies, rather than their Laplacian, produces a much more geologically realistic result. The effect can be controlled as desired using a threshold parameter. I evaluate the benefits of the method on gravity and magnetic data from southern Africa.

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24

Parker, S. G., D. F. Weirauch, and D. Chandra. "Terracing in HgCdTe LPE films grown from Te solution." Journal of Crystal Growth 86, no. 1-4 (January 1988): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0248(90)90714-v.

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25

Craster, R. V., O. K. Matar, and K. Sefiane. "Pinning, Retraction, and Terracing of Evaporating Droplets Containing Nanoparticles." Langmuir 25, no. 6 (March 17, 2009): 3601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la8037704.

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26

Dananto, Mihret, Alemu O. Aga, Petros Yohannes, and Lamiso Shura. "Assessing the Water-Resources Potential and Soil Erosion Hotspot Areas for Sustainable Land Management in the Gidabo Watershed, Rift Valley Lake Basin of Ethiopia." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 5262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095262.

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For development of a comprehensive sediment management plan, it is crucial to categorize watersheds on the basis of soil erosion hotspot areas to extend the useful life of water bodies (e.g., Gidam reservoir). The goal of this study was to assess the surface water potential and identify erosion hotspot areas of the Gidabo watershed in Ethiopia using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The SUFI-2 (Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Version 2) program was used to calibrate the model, and the model’s performance was evaluated. According to the catchment prioritization analysis, some of the sub-basins with similar land use, land cover, and soil type but with higher slope would generate higher sediment yield. Furthermore, the soil conservation scenarios were developed in SWAT, and the model result showed that average annual sediment yield could be reduced by the application of grassed waterway, filter strips, terracing, and contouring by 49%, 37.53%, 62.32%, and 54.6% respectively. It was concluded that sediment yield reduction by applying terracing was more effective than other conservation measures for affected sub-basins. The surface water potential of the watershed varies spatially from sub-basin to sub-basin, and the mean monthly surface water potential of the watershed is 33 million cubic meters. These findings can help decision-makers to develop appropriate strategies to minimize the erosion rate from erosion hotspot areas and to allocate the watershed water potential for different types of water demands. Strip planting, terracing, or contour farming may be necessary on chosen hotspot erosion sites to reduce the effect of slopes on surface runoff flow velocity and sediment transport capacity.

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27

Schild, Johanna E. M., Luuk Fleskens, Michel Riksen, and Sameer Shadeed. "Economic Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting Applications in the West Bank, Palestine." Water 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15061023.

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Freshwater resources are uncertain in Palestine and their uncertainty is expected to intensify due to climate change and the political situation. Yet, in this region, a stable freshwater supply is vital for domestic and agricultural uses. Rainwater harvesting could help to increase freshwater availability. This study investigates the economic feasibility of two rainwater harvesting applications in the West Bank, with eyebrow terracing in olive groves in rural areas and domestic rooftop harvesting in urban areas. Cost-effectiveness is estimated using a spatially explicit cost–benefit analysis. Three land zones varying in suitability for the implementation of eyebrow terracing in olive groves are analyzed. The potential increase in olive yield is estimated with a crop–water balance model. The potential amount of rainfall that can be harvested with domestic rooftop harvesting is calculated based on the average rooftop area for each of the 11 governorates individually. Costs and benefits are considered at the household level to calculate the economic feasibility of these two applications. Although eyebrow terracing enlarges soil moisture availability for olive trees and thereby increases olive yield by about 10–14%, construction costs are too high to make implementation cost-effective. Similarly, rooftop harvesting can harvest about 30% on average of the annual domestic water demand and is worthwhile in the northern and southern governorates. Yet, in this case, construction costs are generally too high to be cost-effective. This obstructs more widespread adoption of rainwater harvesting in the West Bank, which is urgently needed given the large impacts of climate change. Providing subsidies for rainwater harvesting could help to make adoption more attractive for households.

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28

Breuß, M. "An analysis of discretisations of inverse diffusion equations." Computing Letters 2, no. 3 (March 6, 2006): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157404006778330861.

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We discuss some important issues arising when approximating numerically stabilised inverse diffusion processes. We prove rigorously the necessity of a minmod-type stabilisation. Furthermore, we give rigorously verified assertions concerning the occurence of undesirable staircasing aka terracing artefacts. The theoretical results are supplemented by numerical tests.

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29

Jarray, Fathia, Taoufik Hermassi, Mohamed Mechergui, Claudio Zucca, and Quang Bao Le. "Long-Term Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Soil Erosion in a Tunisian Semi-Arid Watershed." Land 12, no. 8 (August 3, 2023): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12081537.

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Understanding and long-term assessment of the efficacy of soil and water conservation (SWC) techniques is essential for sustainable watershed management. There have been few studies measuring the long-term impact of SWC on soil erosion at the catchment scale due to a lack of historical data. This research aims to measure and analyze the impact of SWC interventions on sediment yield using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in the Wadi Rmel watershed between 2000 and 2020. The study approach has simultaneously three main aspects: (i) long-term and temporally dynamic, (ii) large-scale landscape distribution, and (iii) empirical evidence of impacts induced by terracing measures. Historical data on SWC in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were used for running the model. The monthly calibration (2001–2014) using the SUFI2 algorithm was implemented with 22 input parameters and displayed a good model performance, with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.61 for daily runoff and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.66. A satisfactory result was obtained for the monthly validation process (2015–2020) with NSE value equal to 0.83 and R2 value of 0.85. The result showed the increase in terracing areas led to a cumulative decrease in watershed sediment yield in long-term, i.e., the reduced erosion per one hectare of the expanded terracing area after 10–20 years were about 9–33 times higher than those in the first 5 years. This finding suggests that maximal benefits of SWC should be expected in the long-term, i.e., beyond a decade. Additionally, the study revealed variations in sediment yield contribution among sub-basins, with the southwestern region being the degradation hotspot areas (having erosion exceeding tolerable thresholds) needing prioritization for erosion controls. These findings enable stakeholders to plan effective management in semi-arid wheat-based agricultural areas with scarce data.

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Vogel, Sebastian, and Marco Conedera. "Effects of land use-induced vegetation and topography changes on soil chemistry in the Southern Alps (Ticino, Switzerland)." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 2 (February 28, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/633/2019-pse.

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Effects of land use changes on chemical soil properties were studied in a southern alpine valley of Ticino, Switzerland by analysing three different land cover-topography units: (i) natural forested slopes (NFS); (ii) deforested, cultivated terraces (DCT), and (iii) reforested, abandoned terraces (RAT). Whereas NFS represents the natural reference state with negligible anthropogenic influence, DCT corresponds to intense agricultural utilization, and RAT refers to a post-cultural natural evolution after terrace cultivation. Land use-induced changes in vegetation cover and topography (i.e., terracing) had a clear influence on chemical soil properties. The presence or absence of the European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), one of the main soil acidifying agents in the study area, clearly affected soil acidity, soil organic matter (SOM), and nutrient status. Compared to the vegetation change, terracing has a less obvious effect on soil chemistry. A greater effective rooting depth and a flat microtopography on terraces lead to a rapidly increased SOM accumulation due to better growing conditions for trees. Thus, the reforested, abandoned terraces develop peculiar soil chemistry conditions after 36 to 46 years of abandonment only.

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Sobral, JM, TW Clyne, R. Rezk, and AE Markaki. "Nano-terracing on polycrystalline palladium induced via simple heat treatment." Scripta Materialia 130 (March 2017): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.11.007.

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32

Fedick, Scott L. "Ancient Maya Agricultural Terracing in the Upper Belize River Area." Ancient Mesoamerica 5, no. 1 (1994): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001073.

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AbstractRecent archaeological surveys in the upper Belize River area have documented high overall settlement densities, albeit with an uneven distribution. Analyses have defined clear relationships between the distribution of land resources of varying agricultural capability and the density of ancient residential sites. However, these investigations did not provide direct physical evidence for cultivation techniques, particularly for the intensive methods that were probably employed in areas of prime land resources and high settlement density. The discovery in 1991 of terracing in direct association with a residential site prompted further investigations into the distribution of terrace systems throughout the area. The development of a computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) facilitated the prediction of terrace distributions on the basis of slope, soil type, and the parent material from which soils form. Initial field testing of the terrace-distribution model in 1992 resulted in the identification of 13 terrace systems, all situated on low slopes in soils developed on consolidated limestone. A variety of terrace systems were identified, including small, intricate patterns of “box terraces,” contour terraces, and cross-channel terraces. Locational data on these systems were used to modify the terrace-distribution model in anticipation of further field investigations. The results allow new insights into the structure of ancient Maya land use and settlement in the area, while illustrating a method that can be used to quantify landscape characteristics, thereby facilitating comparisons between local areas within a regional context.

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Li, Xiong. "Terracing gravity and magnetic data using edge-preserving smoothing filters." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 2 (February 18, 2016): G37—G43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo-2015-0409.1.

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Tucci, Grazia, Erica Parisi, Giulio Castelli, Alessandro Errico, Manuela Corongiu, Giovanna Sona, Enea Viviani, Elena Bresci, and Federico Preti. "Multi-Sensor UAV Application for Thermal Analysis on a Dry-Stone Terraced Vineyard in Rural Tuscany Landscape." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020087.

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Italian dry-stone wall terracing represents one of the most iconic features of agricultural landscapes across Europe, with sites listed among UNESCO World Heritage Sites and FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). The analysis of microclimate modifications induced by alterations of hillslope and by dry-stone walls is of particular interest for the valuation of benefits and drawbacks of terraces cultivation, a global land management technique. The aim of this paper is to perform a thermal characterization of a dry-stone wall terraced vineyard in the Chianti area (Tuscany, Italy), to detect possible microclimate dynamics induced by dry-stone terracing. The aerial surveys were carried out by using two sensors, in the Visible (VIS) and Thermal InfraRed (TIR) spectral range, mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), with two different flights. Our results reveal that, in the morning, vineyard rows close to dry-stone walls have statistically lower temperatures with respect to the external ones. In the afternoon, due to solar insulation, temperatures raised to the same value for each row. The results of this early study, jointly with the latest developments in UAV and sensor technologies, justify and encourage further analyses on local climatic modifications in terraced landscapes.

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Filothei, Mela, and Ganatsas Petros. "Effect of land preparation methods on restoration success of degraded oak forest ecosystems." Dendrobiology 89 (March 29, 2023): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12657/denbio.089.006.

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Estimation of the success of ecosystem restoration through different methods is essential of planning restoration projects, especially nowadays when the world community has declared the target for an effective restoration of 25% of degraded ecosystems in the next years. In the present study, we introduce the results of the application of two land preparation methods – soil ripping and land terracing - on ecosystem restoration success twenty years after restoration actions. The study concerns two reforested areas with the species Quercus pubescens, a deciduous oak species. In both reforested areas an estimation of the ecological conditions was carried out as well as stand growth and volume data, based on the following field measurements: soil fertility data, vegetation analysis, tree morphological characteristics, and tree volumetric characteristics. The analysis of the results showed that the land preparation method “soil ripping”, greatly improved all the studied ecosystem parameters as well as oak stand characteristics, comparing to the “terracing” method. More specifically, it improved the physical and chemical properties of the soils, the coverage and the composition of flora species, and enhanced the existence of more woody species. It privileged the growth of Quercus pubescens trees contributing to a higher stand volume.

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Dunning, Nicholas P., and Timothy Beach. "Soil Erosion, Slope Management, and Ancient Terracing in the Maya Lowlands." Latin American Antiquity 5, no. 1 (March 1994): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971902.

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A puzzling aspect of Prehispanic soil erosion and sedimentation in the Maya Lowlands is the variation noted between different regions. In the Petexbatún region of Guatemala, recent investigations indicate great variation in sedimentation rates between watersheds of different sizes. In some places, soil erosion was slowed by stone terraces, possibly in conjunction with other conservation methods. A review of the surficial geology and other data on terraces from across the Maya Lowlands indicates that variations in the form and distribution of ancient agricultural terracing was probably the result of environmental variability and population pressure largely during the Late Classic period.

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Wei, Wei, Die Chen, Lixin Wang, Stefani Daryanto, Liding Chen, Yang Yu, Yonglong Lu, Ge Sun, and Tianjiao Feng. "Global synthesis of the classifications, distributions, benefits and issues of terracing." Earth-Science Reviews 159 (August 2016): 388–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.010.

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Rozas, Lawrence P., and Thomas J. Minello. "Marsh terracing as a wetland restoration tool for creating fishery habitat." Wetlands 21, no. 3 (September 2001): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0327:mtaawr]2.0.co;2.

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Kullmann, Karl. "Towards topographically sensitive urbanism: re-envisioning earthwork terracing in suburban development." Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 8, no. 4 (March 17, 2014): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014.896395.

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Guillet, David, David L. Browman, Terence N. D'Altroy, Robert C. Hunt, Gregory W. Knapp, Thomas F. Lynch, William P. Mitchell, et al. "Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands [and Comments and Reply]." Current Anthropology 28, no. 4 (August 1987): 409–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/203546.

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Mustefa, Mahmud, Fekadu Fufa, and Wakjira Takala. "GIS estimation of annual average soil loss rate from Hangar River watershed using RUSLE." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 2 (January 2, 2019): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.181.

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Abstract Currently, soil erosion is the major environmental problem in the Blue Nile, Hangar watershed in particular. This study aimed to estimate the spatially distributed mean annual soil erosion and map the most vulnerable areas in Hangar watershed using the revised universal soil loss equation. In this model, rainfall erosivity (R-factor), soil erodibility (K-factor), slope steepness and slope length (LS-factor), vegetative cover (C-factor), and conservation practice (P-factor) were considered as the influencing factors. Maps of these factors were generated and integrated in ArcGIS and then the annual average soil erosion rate was determined. The result of the analysis showed that the amount of soil loss from the study area ranges from 1 to 500 tha−1 yr−1 with an average annual soil loss rate of 32 tha−1 yr−1. Considering contour ploughing with terracing as a fully developed watershed management, the resulting soil loss rate was reduced from 32 to 19.2 tha−1 yr−1. Hence, applying contour ploughing with terracing effectively reduces the vulnerability of the watershed by 40%. Based on the spatial vulnerability of the watershed, most critical soil erosion areas were situated in the steepest part of the watershed. The result of the study finding is helpful for stakeholders to take appropriate mitigation measures.

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Plekhov, Daniel, Parker VanValkenburgh, Paul Abrams, Amanda Cutler, Justin Han, Alexis Jair Reátegui Díaz, Bryn Sullivan, and Steven Wernke. "Linking Past and Present Land-Use Histories in Southern Amazonas, Peru." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 2274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122274.

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This paper analyzes remotely sensed data sources to evaluate land-use history within the Peruvian department of Amazonas and demonstrates the utility of comparing present and past land-use patterns using continuous datasets, as a complement to the often dispersed and discrete data produced by archaeological and paleoecological field studies. We characterize the distribution of ancient (ca. AD 1–1550) terracing based on data drawn from high-resolution satellite imagery and compare it to patterns of deforestation between 2001 and 2019, based on time-series Landsat data. We find that the patterns reflected in these two datasets are statistically different, indicating a distinctive shift in land-use, which we link to the history of Inka and Spanish colonialism and Indigenous depopulation in the 15th through 17th centuries AD as well as the growth of road infrastructure and economic change in the recent past. While there is a statistically significant relationship between areas of ancient terracing and modern-day patterns of deforestation, this relationship ultimately explains little (6%) of the total pattern of modern forest loss, indicating that ancient land-use patterns do not seem to be structuring modern-day trajectories of land-use. Together, these results shed light on the long-term history of land-use in Amazonas and their enduring legacies in the present.

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Querejeta, José I., Antonio Roldán, Juan Albaladejo, and Victor Castillo. "The Role of Mycorrhizae, Site Preparation, and Organic Amendment in the Afforestation of a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Site with Pinus halepensis." Forest Science 44, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/44.2.203.

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Abstract A factorial field experiment was conducted in a degraded semi-arid site of southeastern Spain to test the effectiveness of mycorrhization and several soil preparation techniques on afforestation with Pinus halepensis. The mycorrhizal treatments were nursery inoculation with Pisolithus arhizus and forest soil addition to the planting holes. The soil preparation treatments were terracing(mechanical and manual) and the addition of an organic amendment (urban solid refuse). One year after planting, the study revealed significant differences in mycorrhization levels, frequency of mycorrhizal species, fine root production and growth between the inoculated seedlings and the noninoculated controls. Inoculation with P. arhizus gave better pine growth and mycorrhization rates than the addition of forest soil. Both mycorrhization treatments were particularly effective in combination with mechanical terracing. The organic amendment had no apparent negative influence on the mycorrhization level of the seedlings and significantly improved pine growth. The beneficial effects of mycorrhization treatments on P. halepensis growth persisted 2 yr after planting. The increase in growth of the seedlings due to the treatments could be attributed to the change in soil conditions (increased fertility and soil aeration) and probably to a mycorrhization effect on water relations, although it has not been clearly demonstrated. FOR. Sci. 43(2):203-211.

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Kullmann, Karl. "Reconceptualizing Suburban Terracing: Topographically Responsive Development Scenarios for a Sandy Coastal Site." Landscape Journal 36, no. 1 (January 2017): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.36.1.15.

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45

Exterkoetter, Ronan, Danilo Eduardo Rozane, Walquiria Chaves da Silva, Aline Theodoro Toci, Gilcelia Aparecida Cordeiro, Simone Frederigi Benassi, and Marcela Boroski. "Potential of terracing to reduce glyphosate and AMPA surface runoff on Latosol." Journal of Soils and Sediments 19, no. 5 (January 3, 2019): 2240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2210-1.

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Al Qudah, Khaldoon, Qasem Abdelal, Catreena Hamarneh, and Nizar Abu-Jaber. "Taming the torrents: The hydrological impacts of ancient terracing practices in Jordan." Journal of Hydrology 542 (November 2016): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.09.061.

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47

Hall, David W. "Effects of Pipe-Outlet Terracing on Ground-Water Quantity Near Churchtown, Pennsylvania." Ground Water 31, no. 1 (January 1993): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00826.x.

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48

Rutebuka, Jules, Aline Munyeshuli Uwimanzi, Olive Nkundwakazi, Desire Mbarushimana Kagabo, Jean Jacques Muhinda Mbonigaba, Pieter Vermeir, and Ann Verdoodt. "Effectiveness of terracing techniques for controlling soil erosion by water in Rwanda." Journal of Environmental Management 277 (January 2021): 111369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111369.

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49

Gibson, Shimon, and Rafael Y. Lewis. "The Origins of Terracing in the Southern Levant and Patch Cultivation/Box Fields." Journal of Landscape Ecology 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2017): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2017-0037.

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Abstract This paper looks at various suggestions relating to what incipient and early forms of terracing might have looked like, and goes on to suggest that some of the earliest terraces in the southern Levant may have emerged from horticultural practices, and more specifically the cultivation of olive trees within sunken patches of soil on rocky hillslopes (referred to as “patch cultivation” or “box fields”). This phenomenon may be traced back to the Chalcolithic period (4th millennium B.C.E), if not to earlier times.

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Măntulescu, M., and I. Tuns. "Studies on sliding stabilization solutions of a built site in a residential area." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1242, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1242/1/012023.

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Abstract The paper presents a case study performed on a site for residential buildings, arranged by terracing on a sloping ground. The built site, subject to investigations, shows an obvious state of degradation downstream, manifested by the development of concentric cracks, penetrated deep, as a result of displacements/rotations produced in the massif of soil susceptible to sliding. The analyzed comparative solutions aim at achieving mechanical barriers developed in dep, taking the tensile efforts through reinforced soil works and improving the shear resistance of the soil.

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