Journal articles: 'Terrain laser scanner'

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CAMPBELL, JACOB, MAARTEN UIJT DE HAAG, and FRANK VAN GRAAS. "Terrain-Referenced Positioning Using Airborne Laser Scanner." Navigation 52, no. 4 (December 2005): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-4296.2005.tb00362.x.

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Yokoyama, H., and H. Chikatsu. "AUTOMATIC TREE DATA REMOVAL METHOD FOR TOPOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT RESULT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-659-2017.

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Recently, laser scanning has been receiving greater attention as a useful tool for real-time 3D data acquisition, and various applications such as city modelling, DTM generation and 3D modelling of cultural heritage sites have been proposed. And, former digital data processing were demanded in the past digital archive techniques for cultural heritage sites. However, robust filtering method for distinguishing on- and off-terrain points by terrestrial laser scanner still have many issues. In the past investigation, former digital data processing using air-bone laser scanner were reported. Though, efficient tree removal methods from terrain points for the cultural heritage are not considered. In this paper, authors describe a new robust filtering method for cultural heritage using terrestrial laser scanner with "the echo digital processing technology" as latest data processing techniques of terrestrial laser scanner.

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Gollob, Christoph, Tim Ritter, and Arne Nothdurft. "Comparison of 3D Point Clouds Obtained by Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Personal Laser Scanning on Forest Inventory Sample Plots." Data 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5040103.

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In forest inventory, trees are usually measured using handheld instruments; among the most relevant are calipers, inclinometers, ultrasonic devices, and laser range finders. Traditional forest inventory has been redesigned since modern laser scanner technology became available. Laser scanners generate massive data in the form of 3D point clouds. We have developed a novel methodology to provide estimates of the tree positions, stem diameters, and tree heights from these 3D point clouds. This dataset was made publicly accessible to test new software routines for the automatic measurement of forest trees using laser scanner data. Benchmark studies with performance tests of different algorithms are welcome. The dataset contains co-registered raw 3D point-cloud data collected on 20 forest inventory sample plots in Austria. The data were collected by two different laser scanning systems: (1) A mobile personal laser scanner (PLS) (ZEB Horizon, GeoSLAM Ltd., Nottingham, UK) and (2) a static terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) (Focus3D X330, Faro Technologies Inc., Lake Mary, FL, USA). The data also contain digital terrain models (DTMs), field measurements as reference data (ground-truth), and the output of recent software routines for the automatic tree detection and the automatic stem diameter measurement.

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Lau, C. L., S. Halim, M. Zulkepli, A. M. Azwan, W. L. Tang, and A. K. Chong. "TERRAIN EXTRACTION BY INTEGRATING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER DATA AND SPECTRAL INFORMATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W4 (October 19, 2015): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w4-45-2015.

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The extraction of true terrain points from unstructured laser point cloud data is an important process in order to produce an accurate digital terrain model (DTM). However, most of these spatial filtering methods just utilizing the geometrical data to discriminate the terrain points from nonterrain points. The point cloud filtering method also can be improved by using the spectral information available with some scanners. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of using the three-channel (red, green and blue) of the colour image captured from built-in digital camera which is available in some Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) for terrain extraction. In this study, the data acquisition was conducted at a mini replica landscape in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai campus using Leica ScanStation C10. The spectral information of the coloured point clouds from selected sample classes are extracted for spectral analysis. The coloured point clouds which within the corresponding preset spectral threshold are identified as that specific feature point from the dataset. This process of terrain extraction is done through using developed Matlab coding. Result demonstrates that a higher spectral resolution passive image is required in order to improve the output. This is because low quality of the colour images captured by the sensor contributes to the low separability in spectral reflectance. In conclusion, this study shows that, spectral information is capable to be used as a parameter for terrain extraction.

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Dalmolin, Quintino, John Alejandro Fierro Sanhueza, Edson Aparecido Mitishita, and Daniel Rodrigues Dos Santos. "Photogrammetric control points from airborne laser scanner." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 198-199 (April 21, 2014): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2012.70.

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Cet article présente une méthodologie d’extraction semi-automatique de points d’appui pour la phototriangulation à partir d’images d’intensité laser. Les points d’appui sont déterminés par l’intersection de facettes planes reconstruites à partir des points d’un levé laser aéroporté. L’objectif est de vérifier la possibilité de substituer les points ainsi obtenus à des points qui seraient mesurés directement sur le terrain, par exemple au moyen d’un récepteur GPS. Les points laser sont traités de manière à permettre la reconstrtruction des facettes places correspondant aux toits des maisons, édifices et autres constructions, par une méthode semi-automatique. L’identification et l’extraction de cette facettes se sont appuyées sur une triangulation de Delaunay et sur l’analyse des vecteurs normaux des triangles qui la constituent. Pour tester cette méthode, on a réalisé une photo-triangulation avec une compensation par faisceaux basée sur les points issus du relevé laser, des points mesurész sur le terrain par GPS servant de points de contrôle. Un bloc photogrammétrique constitué de 6 images acquises par une caméra non métrique a été utilisé pour ces tests. L’analyse et la comparaison des résultats permettent de recommander cette méthode.

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TAKATO, Michihito. "Case study of terrain measurement using terrestrial laser scanner and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle mounted laser scanner." Journal of the Japan society of photogrammetry and remote sensing 57, no. 2 (2018): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4287/jsprs.57.70.

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Reddy, Satish Kumar, and Prabir K. Pal. "Segmentation of ordered point cloud using a novel measure of terrain unevenness." Sensor Review 37, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-04-2016-0078.

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Purpose This paper aims to present object or feature segmentation from an ordered 3D point cloud range data obtained from a laser scanner for the purpose of robot navigation. Design/methodology/approach Rotating multi-beam laser scanners provide ordered 3D range data. Differences between consecutive ranges in radial direction are used to compute a novel measure of terrain unevenness at each data point. Computed over a complete rotation, an unevenness field is formed surrounding the scanner. A part of this field staying below a threshold is recognized as ground and removed. Remaining non-ground points are segmented into objects by region growing with points whose unevenness lies within pre-specified limiting values. Findings The proposed unevenness attribute is simple and efficient for segmenting distinct objects or features. The fineness of surface features can be regulated by adjusting the threshold value of difference in unevenness between neighbouring points that triggers an onset of new segments. Research limitations/implications The angles between neighbouring laser range data are assumed to be known. Practical implications Segmented objects or features can be used for scan registration, object tracking and robot navigation. Social implications The method may find use in autonomous robots and driverless cars. Originality/value Differences between consecutive range data are used imaginatively to derive a novel measure of terrain unevenness, which in turn, is used for efficient segmentation of objects and features.

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Hollaus, M., W. Wagner, and K. Kraus. "Airborne laser scanning and usefulness for hydrological models." Advances in Geosciences 5 (December 16, 2005): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-5-57-2005.

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Abstract. Digital terrain models form the basis for distributed hydrologic models as well as for two-dimensional hydraulic river flood models. The technique used for generating high accuracy digital terrain models has shifted from stereoscopic aerial-photography to airborne laser scanning during the last years. Since the disastrous floods 2002 in Austria, large airborne laser-scanning flight campaigns have been carried out for several river basins. Additionally to the topographic information, laser scanner data offer also the possibility to estimate object heights (vegetation, buildings). Detailed land cover maps can be derived in conjunction with the complementary information provided by high-resolution colour-infrared orthophotos. As already shown in several studies, the potential of airborne laser scanning to provide data for hydrologic/hydraulic applications is high. These studies were mostly constraint to small test sites. To overcome this spatial limitation, the current paper summarises the experiences to process airborne laser scanner data for large mountainous regions, thereby demonstrating the applicability of this technique in real-world hydrological applications.

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Achmad, M. S. Hendriyawan, Mohd Razali Daud, Dwi Pebrianti, and Saifudin Razali. "Laser-Inertial Aided 3D Scanner Using Geometric Invariant for Terrain Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.957.

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Researchers in robotic vision technology are facing larger challenges, where the 2D technology has flaws in complex robot navigation in 3D space. Using 3D scanner, the robot is able to get a more detailed terrain construction, making it easier to carry out its tasks. The 3D image is obtained by fusing the Hokuyo URG-04LX and the 6-DOF IMU that consists of acceleration sensor and gyro sensor. IMU sensor outputs are the angle, speed, and position in 3D. Nevertheless, just the value of the angle is used in this study to construct 3D images based on geometric invariant. To reduce the interference in the sensor output, two types of filter are applied; the Gaussian filter used on the output of 2D LRF, while the complementary filter is applied to the output of the IMU sensor. Angle measurement plays an important role in term of geometric invariant for terrain construction. The complementary filter has provided the best angle measurement results with the lowest error on time constant (τ) = 0.475s and sampling time (dt) = 10ms. Thus, the proposed systems have successfully made an obvious 3D image of the terrain in the indoor testing.

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Lauterbach, H. A., D. Borrmann, A. Nüchter, A. P. Rossi, V. Unnithan, P. Torrese, and R. Pozzobon. "MOBILE MAPPING OF THE LA CORONA LAVATUBE ON LANZAROTE." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W5 (May 29, 2019): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w5-381-2019.

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Abstract. Planetary surfaces consist of rough terrain and cave-like environments. Future planetary exploration demands for accurate mapping. However, recent backpack mobile mapping systems are mostly tested in structured, indoor environments. This paper evaluates the use of a backpack mobile mapping system in a cave-like environment. The experiments demonstrate the abilities of an continuous-time optimization approach by mapping part of a lavatube of the La Corona volcano system on Lanzarote. We compare two strategies for trajectory estimation relying either on 2D or 3D laser scanners and show that a 3D laser scanner substantially improved the final results.

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Trochta, Jan, Kamil Král, David Janík, and Dušan Adam. "Arrangement of terrestrial laser scanner positions for area-wide stem mapping of natural forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 4 (April 2013): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0347.

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With the development of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and its applications in forestry, the question arises as to how the scanners should be ideally placed for the best possible data acquisition. We searched for an optimal scanning distance for recognition of stems in natural beech-dominated forests, focusing particularly on the shading effect of tree stems and terrain. Recognised tree stems in TLS point clouds were compared with reference stem maps. A GIS-based visibility simulation was carried out to enhance the quantitative assessment and generalizability of results. The analyses also include the additive effect of multiple scanning positions. Single scans only have a tree recognition rate above 80% up to a distance of 15 m from the scanner; using at least three scanning positions a comparable recognition rate was attained up to 20–25 m. A simulated coverage of a beech-dominated natural forest by laser beams using a 40 m square grid of scanning positions captured at least half of the stem perimeter for more than 90% of trees with a DBH ≥ 10 cm. In sites with rough terrain, the relief configuration has a more significant effect of occlusion than present tree stems.

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Xie, Yangmin, Yujie Tang, Rui Zhou, Yukun Guo, and Hang Shi. "Map merging with terrain-adaptive density using mobile 3D laser scanner." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 134 (December 2020): 103649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2020.103649.

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Zhang, Ying, Hang Chen, and Zhi Qiang Du. "3D Modeling of Underground Geological Park Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanner." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 1119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.1119.

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The main idea of this paper is to describe the application of Terrestrial Laser Scanner in 3D modeling. Considering the special terrain structure of underground geological park, a 3D modeling procedure based on Terrestrial Laser Scanner is designed. The graphs of vertical cross-section and horizontal cross-section are achieved after model optimization. Experiments show that the method can work better than Ground-based measurements in 3D modeling of underground geological park. The 3D model of underground geological park can be used to monitor the amount of mining and get the graphs of vertical cross-section and horizontal cross-section, which will be applied widely in future.

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Bremer, M., V. Wichmann, M. Rutzinger, T. Zieher, and J. Pfeiffer. "SIMULATING UNMANNED-AERIAL-VEHICLE BASED LASER SCANNING DATA FOR EFFICIENT MISSION PLANNING IN COMPLEX TERRAIN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W13 (June 5, 2019): 943–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w13-943-2019.

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Abstract. In complex mountainous terrain the mapping efficiency is a crucial factor. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based laser scanning (ULS) has the capability for efficient mapping, as it allows realizing higher flight velocities, higher flying altitude above ground level (AGL) and larger distances between neighbouring flight strips, compared to image based techniques. However, fully utilising the efficiency of the system in mission planning (especially for complex terrain projects, where occlusions and differently inclined surfaces are present) is prone to miss the project requirements in terms of point density and strip overlap. Therefore, the numerical simulation of point densities is a helpful tool for realizing a reliable planning of scan coverage. We implemented a ray-tracing-based ULS-simulator, specifically designed for emulating the mechanism of a Riegl VUX-1LR laser scanner carried by a Riegl RiCOPTER. The simulator can consider copter and scanner motion, which makes it possible to generate synthetic scan data excluding or including the aircraft movement due to aerodynamics by using either planned trajectories from a flight planning software or recorded and post-processed trajectories from an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Laser shots are simulated by intersecting rays from the virtual scanner with a mesh-based digital surface model (DSM). The results show that the tool generates plausible synthetic laser point distributions. However, this is only the case, when aircraft aerodynamics are considered, as the effect of striping due to flight control corrections during the flight is very prominent. It can be shown that applying the presented tool for mission planning (without knowing the actual flight movements) has to consider an error margin of &plusmn;50pts/m2 in order to guarantee a compliance with the planned project requirements. Nevertheless, the consideration of terrain by a high resolution DSM, especially in complex terrain, improves the correlation between simulated and real point densities significantly.

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Fan, L. "A COMPARISON BETWEEN STRUCTURE-FROM-MOTION AND TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING FOR DERIVING SURFACE ROUGHNESS: A CASE STUDY ON A SANDY TERRAIN SURFACE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W10 (February 8, 2020): 1225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w10-1225-2020.

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Abstract. Structure-from-motion (SfM) is a useful technique for acquiring the topographic information of terrain surfaces for a wide range of geoscience applications. Due to its easy mobilization and cost-effective implementation, the SfM technique may be considered as a favourable alternative to the laser scanning technique in some applications. To this end, it is essential to understand how point cloud data derived using these two different surveying techniques affect the geographic information system (GIS) outputs such as local surface roughness of a terrain surface. In this case study, a small sandy terrain surface was surveyed using a terrestrial laser scanner and the digital camera of a mobile phone, respectively. Analyses were carried out to check the measurement quality of the SfM-derived point cloud and to explore the differences in local surface roughness calculated using the SfM-derived point cloud and that from the scanner, respectively. In addition, it looked into how those differences were affected by different surface roughness descriptors and the associated input parameters (mainly window sizes). Two commonly used methods for describing local surface roughness were considered, consisting of root mean square height and standard deviation of slope.

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del-Campo-Sanchez, Ana, Miguel Moreno, Rocio Ballesteros, and David Hernandez-Lopez. "Geometric Characterization of Vines from 3D Point Clouds Obtained with Laser Scanner Systems." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 12, 2019): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202365.

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The 3D digital characterization of vegetation is a growing practice in the agronomy sector. Precision agriculture is sustained, among other methods, by variables that remote sensing techniques can digitize. At present, laser scanners make it possible to digitize three-dimensional crop geometry in the form of point clouds. In this work, we developed several methods for calculating the volume of vine wood, with the final intention of using these values as indicators of vegetative vigor on a thematic map. For this, we used a static terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), a mobile scanning system (MMS), and six algorithms that were implemented and adapted to the data captured and to the proposed objective. The results show that, with TLS equipment and the algorithm called convex hull cluster, the volumes of a vine trunk can be obtained with a relative error lower than 7%. Although the accuracy and detail of the cloud obtained with TLS are very high, the cost per unit for the scanned area limits the application of this system for large areas. In contrast to the inoperability of the TLS in large areas of terrain, the MMS and the algorithm based on the L1-medial skeleton and the modelling of cylinders of a certain height and diameter have solved the estimation of volumes with a relative error better than 3%. To conclude, the vigor map elaborated represents the estimated volume of each vine by this method.

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Kraus, K., and N. Pfeifer. "Determination of terrain models in wooded areas with airborne laser scanner data." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 53, no. 4 (August 1998): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-2716(98)00009-4.

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Szwarkowski, Dariusz, and Magdalena Moskal. "Assessment of deformations in mining areas using the Riegl VZ-400 terrestrial laser scanner." E3S Web of Conferences 36 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183602009.

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The article discusses the use of terrestrial laser scanning to assess deformations in mining areas. Using the terrestrial laser scanning Riegl VZ-400, control measurements within the historical location of the underground coal mine in Zabrze were made. Two laser scanning measurements were taken over the course of one year. The research made it possible to determine changes in surface deformation on the shallowly located mining excavations. Differences in the terrain may be due to subsidence associated with the influence of underground mining and pose a threat to the adjacent road infrastructure and structures.

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Parente, C., and M. Pepe. "UNCERTAINTY IN LANDSLIDES VOLUME ESTIMATION USING DEMs GENERATED BY AIRBORNE LASER SCANNER AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W4 (March 6, 2018): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w4-397-2018.

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Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to identify an approach able to estimate the uncertainty related to the measure of terrain volume generated after a landslide. The survey of the area interested of landslide can be performed by Photogrammetry &amp; Remote Sensing (PaRS) techniques. Indeed, depending on the method and technology used for the survey, a different level of accuracy is achievable. The estimate of the quantity of the terrain implicated in the landslide influences the type of geological and geotechnical approach, the civil engineering project on the area and of consequence, the costs to sustain for a community. According to the experiences and recommendations reported in the ASPRS guidelines, an example of the approach used to estimate volumetric accuracy concerning one of the most important landslide in Europe is shown in this paper. In this case study, the dataset is constituted by a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) obtained by photogrammetric (stereo-images) method (pre-landslide) and another by Airborne Laser Scanner (after-landslide). By the comparisons of Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) and photogrammetry DEMs obtained from successive surveys, it has been possible to produce maps of differences and of consequence, to calculate the volume of the terrain (eroded or accumulated). In order to calculate the uncertainty of volume, a procedure that takes in account even the different accuracy achievable in the vegetation area is explained and discussed.

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Schadler, Mark, Jörg Stückler, and Sven Behnke. "Rough Terrain 3D Mapping and Navigation Using a Continuously Rotating 2D Laser Scanner." KI - Künstliche Intelligenz 28, no. 2 (April 11, 2014): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13218-014-0301-8.

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Marotta, Federica, Simone Teruggi, Cristiana Achille, Giorgio Paolo Maria Vassena, and Francesco Fassi. "Integrated Laser Scanner Techniques to Produce High-Resolution DTM of Vegetated Territory." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132504.

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The paper presents the first part of a research project concerning the creation of 3D terrain models useful to understand landslide movements. Thus, it illustrates the creation process of a multi-source high-resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) in very dense vegetated areas obtained by integrating 3D data coming from three sources, starting from long and medium-range Terrestrial Laser Scanner up to a Backpack Indoor Mobile Mapping System. The point clouds are georeferenced by means of RKT GNSS points and automatically filtered using a Cloth Simulation Filter algorithm to separate points belonging to the ground. Those points are interpolated to produce the DTMs which are then mosaicked to obtain a unique multi-resolution DTM that plays a crucial role in the detection and identification of specific geological features otherwise visible. Standard deviation of residuals of the DTM varies from 0.105 m to 0.176 m for Z coordinate, from 0.065 m to 0.300 m for X and from 0.034 m to 0.175 m for Y. The area under investigation belongs to the Municipality of Piuro (SO) and includes both the town and surrounding valley. It was affected by a dramatic landslide in 1618 that destroyed the entire village. Numerous challenges have been faced, caused both by the characteristics of the area and the processed data. The complexity of the case study turns out to be an excellent test bench for the employed technologies, providing the opportunity to precisely identify the needed direction to obtain future promising results.

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Oude Elberink, S. J. "SMART FUSION OF MOBILE LASER SCANNER DATA WITH LARGE SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-2-2020 (August 3, 2020): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-2-2020-251-2020.

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Abstract. The classification of Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS) data is challenging due to the combination of high variation in point density with a high variation of object appearances. The way how objects appear in the MLS data highly depends on the speed and orientation of the mobile mapping platform and the occlusion by other vehicles. There have been many approaches dealing with the geometric and contextual appearance of MLS points, voxels and segments to classify the MLS data. We present a completely different strategy by fusing the MLS data with a large scale topographic map. Underlying assumption is that the map delivers a clear hint on what to expect in the MLS data, at its approximate location. The approach presented here first fuses polygon objects, such as road, water, terrain and buildings, with ground and non-ground MLS points. Non-ground MLS points above roads and terrain are further classified by segmenting and matching the laser points to corresponding map point objects. The segmentation parameters depend on the class of the map points. We show that the fusion process is capable of classifying MLS data and detecting changes between the map and MLS data. The segmentation algorithm is not perfect, at some occasions not all the MLS points are correctly assigned to the corresponding map object. However, it is without doubt that the proposed map fusion delivers a very rich labelled point cloud automatically, which in future work can be used as training data in deep learning approaches.

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O’Banion, Matthew S., Michael J. Olsen, Jeff P. Hollenbeck, and William C. Wright. "Data Gap Classification for Terrestrial Laser Scanning-Derived Digital Elevation Models." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120749.

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Extensive gaps in terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud data can primarily be classified into two categories: occlusions and dropouts. These gaps adversely affect derived products such as 3D surface models and digital elevation models (DEMs), requiring interpolation to produce a spatially continuous surface for many types of analyses. Ultimately, the relative proportion of occlusions in a TLS survey is an indicator of the survey quality. Recognizing that regions of a scanned scene occluded from one scan position are likely visible from another point of view, a prevalence of occlusions can indicate an insufficient number of scans and/or poor scanner placement. Conversely, a prevalence of dropouts is ordinarily not indicative of survey quality, as a scanner operator cannot usually control the presence of specular reflective or absorbent surfaces in a scanned scene. To this end, this manuscript presents a novel methodology to determine data completeness by properly classifying and quantifying the proportion of the site that consists of point returns and the two types of data gaps. Knowledge of the data gap origin can not only facilitate the judgement of TLS survey quality, but it can also identify pooled water when water reflections are the main source of dropouts in a scene, which is important for ecological research, such as habitat modeling. The proposed data gap classification methodology was successfully applied to DEMs for two study sites: (1) A controlled test site established by the authors for the proof of concept of classification of occlusions and dropouts and (2) a rocky intertidal environment (Rabbit Rock) presenting immense challenges to develop a topographic model due to significant tidal fluctuations, pooled water bodies, and rugged terrain generating many occlusions.

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Altyntsev, Maxim A., and Hamid Majid Saber Karkokli. "TECHNIQUE OF AUTOMATIC MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA FILTERING." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, no. 3 (2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-3-5-19.

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The result of laser scanning is an array of laser points. The generation of a single point cloud in a given coordinate system is carried out during the registration process at the stage of preliminary field data processing. At this stage it is also often necessary to filter the data. Laser points with an erroneous position are eliminated during the data filleting. The number of erroneous laser points is determined by the of the laser scanner characteristics, surveyed area peculiarities and weather conditions. The devel-opment of methods and algorithms for filtering laser scanning data is carried out based on the analysis of the laser point spatial position and a certain set of additional characteristics, such as intensity value, echo signal, color value. The technique of mobile laser scanning data filtering for the territory of the road passing among the forest and close to individual industrial facilities and building. The main goal of the proposed filtration technique is to obtain data for automatic generation of an accurate digital terrain model. The filtration technique was developed for data acquired under the least favorable con-ditions – in wet weather. Accuracy estimation of generating digital terrain model based on filtered data was carried out.

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Bühler, Y., M. Marty, L. Egli, J. Veitinger, T. Jonas, P. Thee, and C. Ginzler. "Spatially continuous mapping of snow depth in high alpine catchments using digital photogrammetry." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 23, 2014): 3297–333. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-3297-2014.

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Abstract. Information on snow depth and its spatial distribution is crucial for many applications in snow and avalanche research as well as in hydrology and ecology. Today snow depth distributions are usually estimated using point measurements performed by automated weather stations and observers in the field combined with interpolation algorithms. However, these methodologies are not able to capture the high spatial variability of the snow depth distribution present in alpine terrain. Continuous and accurate snow depth mapping has been done using laser scanning but this method can only cover limited areas and is expensive. We use the airborne ADS80 opto-electronic scanner with 0.25 m spatial resolution to derive digital surface models (DSMs) of winter and summer terrains in the neighborhood of Davos, Switzerland. The DSMs are generated using photogrammetric image correlation techniques based on the multispectral nadir and backward looking sensor data. We compare these products with the following independent datasets acquired simultaneously: (a) manually measured snow depth plots (b) differential Global Navigation Satellite System (dGNSS) points (c) Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and (d) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) datasets, to assess the accuracy of the photogrammetric products. The results of this investigation demonstrate the potential of optical scanners for wide-area, continuous and high spatial resolution snow-depth mapping over alpine catchments above tree line.

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Kogut, Janusz P. "Landslide formation modelling and surveying of the slope in unsaturated and saturated ground conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 133 (2019): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913301010.

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The terrestrial laser scanner enables site remote sensing of the slopes in a simple and automated manner. Regular measurements with multiple scanner positioning might be applied in long term landslide monitoring. A detailed geological structural model allows for hazard assessment, and then for a slope stability assessment. Numerical model, along with the subsoil parameters, introduced into the Finite Element Method (FEM) software enables an estimation of landslide susceptibility and the possible displacements of the terrain in longer period of time, as well as, due to different loading cases. In this paper the formation of landslides and stability of the slope after the retaining structure establishment is analysed. Two analysed landslides have different origin and may be a threat even after stabilization works already maintained.

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Droeschel, David, Max Schwarz, and Sven Behnke. "Continuous mapping and localization for autonomous navigation in rough terrain using a 3D laser scanner." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 88 (February 2017): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2016.10.017.

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Lipecki, Tomasz, Hanna Ligarska, and Małgorzata Zawadzka. "The influence of mining activities on the Church of St. Cross in Bytom-Miechowice." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 105, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0002.

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Abstract The paper presents an analysis of the influence of multiannual coal exploitation on the church situated in Bytom–Miechowice. The objects has been monitored for many years by classic measurement methods as well as by the laser scanner. The measurements performed in 2015 allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the geometrical state of the construction. Laser scanning method enabled creating a model of the current state of the building and comparing with theoretical dimensions and dependents. The article focuses on the specific of conducting spatial analysis, which must take into account not only geometry of the construction, but also the kinematics of terrain deformations as well.

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Mikita, Tomáš, Martin Klimánek, and Miloš Cibulka. "Evaluation of airborne laser scanning data for tree parameters and terrain modelling in forest environment." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 5 (2013): 1339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361051339.

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The aim of this article is to analyse possibilities of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data utilization in forestry, especially for the purposes of terrain modelling and for forest inventory (determination of forest height, diameter breast height and volume – DBH). The accuracy of ALS data in forestry was tested on the area of 1.5 ha. On this area the topography and location of all trees as well as their heights were surveyed in detail by means of total station. Firstly, the altitudinal accuracy of ALS for the creation of digital elevation model (DEM) was evaluated, based on the comparison with relief measurement. The research also evaluated different data sources from various types of scanners with a different point density per m2. Further, we compared tree heights determined from ALS data by different ways of interpolation into canopy height model (CHM) with the surveyed data, following calculations of DBH (diameter breast height) and tree volume based on the regressions. The results show sufficient data accuracy for the creation of DEM. Concerning tree height determination, the data is also useful although the accuracy is slightly lower, there is a slight undervaluation of the tree heights. Concerning using high point density data at full waveform scanner it is also possible to detect skidding tracks and micro-relief details. Anyway we did not find sufficient accuracy for DBH and tree volume at the scale of individual trees, but ALS data still gives better results for tree height, DBH and timber volume for larger forest stands than usual inventory.

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Kogut, Janusz P., and Ievgen Tymoshenko. "Remote sensing of Carpathian flysch landslides with the use of terrestrial laser scanner." E3S Web of Conferences 66 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186601019.

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Terrestrial laser scanning helps us to detect unstable subsurface behaviour, assessing the slope stability and potential landslide failure modes. If the slopes are regularly observed, the risk of slope movement and subsequent consequences may be considerably reduced. This allows for optimum land use conditions that are economically justified. Landslides in the Carpathian flysch have a peculiar susceptibility to activation due to the region’s geological structure. This work addresses the problem of monitoring and analysing the effects of landslides associated with the operation of routes (roads and railway lines) running through the slopes of the Carpathian flysch. The terrestrial laser scanner enables site remote sensing in a simple and automated manner. Regular measurements with multiple scanner positions may be used for long term slope monitoring. A detailed geological structural model allows for risk assessment with regards to failure modes, and it allows for a slope stability assessment. The model, along with the substrate parameters, introduced into the Finite Element Analysis package enables an analysis of the effects of landslide susceptibility and the displacements of the terrain surface in time, as well as due to different loading cases.

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Kucharczyk, Maja, Chris H. Hugenholtz, and Xueyang Zou. "UAV–LiDAR accuracy in vegetated terrain." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 212–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2017-0030.

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We examined the horizontal and vertical accuracy of LiDAR data acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) at a field site with six vegetation types: coniferous trees, deciduous trees, short grass (0–0.3 m height), tall grass (>0.3 m height), short shrubs (0–1 m height), and tall shrubs (>1 m height). The objective was to assess positional accuracy of the ground surface in the context of digital mapping standards, and to determine how different vegetation types affect vertical accuracy. The data were acquired from a single-rotor vertical takeoff and landing UAV equipped with a Riegl VUX-1UAV laser scanner, KVH Industries 1750 IMU, and dual NovAtel GNSS receivers. Reference measurements of ground surface elevation were acquired with conventional field surveying techniques. Accuracy was evaluated using methods in the 2015 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Positional Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data. Results show that horizontal accuracy and vegetated vertical accuracy at the 95% confidence level were 0.05 and 0.24 m, respectively. Median vertical errors significantly differed among 10 of 15 vegetation type pairs, highlighting the need to account for variations of vegetation structure. According to the 2015 ASPRS standards, the reported errors fulfill the requirements for mapping at the 2 and 8 cm horizontal and vertical class levels, respectively.

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Reddy, Satish Kumar, and Prabir K. Pal. "Detection of traversable region around a mobile robot by computing terrain unevenness from the range data of a 3D laser scanner." International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems 4, no. 2 (April 18, 2016): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijius-08-2015-0009.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to detect traversable regions surrounding a mobile robot by computing terrain unevenness using the range data obtained from a single 3D scan. Design/methodology/approach – The geometry of acquiring range data from a 3D scan is exploited to probe the terrain and extract traversable regions. Nature of terrain under each scan point is quantified in terms of an unevenness value, which is computed from the difference in range of scan point with respect to its neighbours. Both radial and transverse unevenness values are computed and compared with threshold values at every point to determine if the point belongs to a traversable region or an obstacle. A region growing algorithm spreads like a wavefront to join all traversable points into a traversable region. Findings – This simple method clearly distinguishes ground and obstacle points. The method works well even in presence of terrain slopes or when the robot experiences pitch and roll. Research limitations/implications – The method applies on single 3D scans and not on aggregated point cloud in general. Practical implications – The method has been tested on a mobile robot in outdoor environment in our research centre. Social implications – This method, along with advanced navigation schemes, can reduce human intervention in many mobile robot applications including unmanned ground vehicles. Originality/value – Range difference between scan points has been used earlier for obstacle detection, but no methodology has been developed around this concept. The authors propose a concrete method based on computation of radial and transverse unevenness at every point and detecting obstacle edges using range-dependent threshold values.

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Yoo, Hyun-Seok, Ji-Woon Park, Youn-Nyung Choi, and Young-Suk Kim. "Object Detection From 3D Terrain Data Gener Ated by Laser Scanner of Intelligent Excavating System(IES)." Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 12, no. 6 (November 30, 2011): 130–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.6106/kjcem.2011.12.6.130.

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Kobler, Andrej, Norbert Pfeifer, Peter Ogrinc, Ljupčo Todorovski, Krištof Oštir, and Sašo Džeroski. "Repetitive interpolation: A robust algorithm for DTM generation from Aerial Laser Scanner Data in forested terrain." Remote Sensing of Environment 108, no. 1 (May 2007): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.10.013.

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Lu, Hao, Yong Pang, Zengyuan Li, and Bowei Chen. "An Automatic Range Ambiguity Solution in High-Repetition-Rate Airborne Laser Scanner Using Priori Terrain Prediction." IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 12, no. 11 (November 2015): 2232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2015.2461441.

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Pilecka, Elżbieta, and Karolina Tomaszkiewicz. "Stability analysis of the Kosciuszko Mound using terrestrial laser scanner and numerical modelling." E3S Web of Conferences 66 (2018): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186601018.

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Landslides which form in anthropogenic soils are complicated from a geological engineering and geotechnical point of view. Each case requires a detailed investigation and the selection of effective reinforcements is a difficult project issue. The study presents the problem of the stability analysis of landslides occurring in the anthropogenic soils of the Kosciuszko Mound in Cracow. The previously performed protections are discussed to highlight their ineffectiveness and the current technical condition of the mound is also presented. By overlapping the results of displacement measurements made with a terrestrial laser scanner, a differential model of the terrain was created which made it possible to determine the size and direction of the deformation of the slopes of the mound and the tendencies for the development of landslide movements in this area. A cross-section, selected on the basis of the model, was numerically analysed using the finite element method (FEM) in the Midas GTS NX program. As a result of the analysis, the values of the displacements and strains occurring in the Mound were calculated. On the basis of the value of the safety factor obtained, it was also possible to assess the risk of landslide movements.

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Labelle, Eric, Joachim Heppelmann, and Herbert Borchert. "Application of Terrestrial Laser Scanner to Evaluate the Influence of Root Collar Geometry on Stump Height after Mechanized Forest Operations." Forests 9, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9110709.

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The height of tree stumps following mechanized forest operations can be influenced by machine-, tree-, terrain-, and operator-related characteristics. High stumps may pose different economic and technical disadvantages. Aside from a reduction in product recovery (often associated with sawlog potential), leaving high stumps can complicate future entries if smaller equipment with low ground clearance is used, particularly in the case where new machine operating trails are required. The objective of this exploratory study was to examine if correlations existed between the height of tree stumps following mechanized harvesting and the shape of the above-ground root collar, stump diameter, and distance to the machine operating trail. In total, 202 sample stumps of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and the surrounding terrain were scanned with a terrestrial laser scanner. The collected data was processed into a 3D-model and then analyzed. Stump height was compared with different characteristics such as stump diameter at the cut surface, distance to the machine operating trail, number of visible root flares per stump, and the root collar. The number of root flares per stump had a positive influence on stump diameter and height, showing a general trend of increasing diameter and height with the increasing number of root flares. Root angles also had an influence on the stump diameter. The diameter of a stump and the shape of the root collar at the cut surface together had a significant effect on stump height and the model reported explained half of the variation of stump heights. Taken together, these findings suggest that other factors than the ones studied can also contribute in influencing stump height during mechanized harvesting operations. Further investigations, including pre- and post-harvest scans of trees selected for removal, are warranted.

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Tyagur, N., and M. Hollaus. "DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS FROM MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA IN MORAVIAN KARST." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b3-387-2016.

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During the last ten years, mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems have become a very popular and efficient technology for capturing reality in 3D. A 3D laser scanner mounted on the top of a moving vehicle (e.g. car) allows the high precision capturing of the environment in a fast way. Mostly this technology is used in cities for capturing roads and buildings facades to create 3D city models. In our work, we used an MLS system in Moravian Karst, which is a protected nature reserve in the Eastern Part of the Czech Republic, with a steep rocky terrain covered by forests. For the 3D data collection, the Riegl VMX 450, mounted on a car, was used with integrated IMU/GNSS equipment, which provides low noise, rich and very dense 3D point clouds. The aim of this work is to create a digital terrain model (DTM) from several MLS data sets acquired in the neighbourhood of a road. The total length of two covered areas is 3.9 and 6.1 km respectively, with an average width of 100 m. For the DTM generation, a fully automatic, robust, hierarchic approach was applied. The derivation of the DTM is based on combinations of hierarchical interpolation and robust filtering for different resolution levels. For the generation of the final DTMs, different interpolation algorithms are applied to the classified terrain points. The used parameters were determined by explorative analysis. All MLS data sets were processed with one parameter set. As a result, a high precise DTM was derived with high spatial resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 m. The quality of the DTMs was checked by geodetic measurements and visual comparison with raw point clouds. The high quality of the derived DTM can be used for analysing terrain changes and morphological structures. Finally, the derived DTM was compared with the DTM of the Czech Republic (DMR 4G) with a resolution of 5 x 5 m, which was created from airborne laser scanning data. The vertical accuracy of the derived DTMs is around 0.10 m.

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Hyyti, Heikki, and Arto Visala. "Feature Based Modeling and Mapping of Tree Trunks and Natural Terrain Using 3D Laser Scanner Measurement System." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 10 (June 2013): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130626-3-au-2035.00065.

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López-Cuervo Medina, Pérez-Martín, Herrero Tejedor, Prieto, Velasco, Conejo Martín, Ezquerra-Canalejo, and Aguirre de Mata. "Assessment of DSMs Using Backpack-Mounted Systems and Drone Techniques to Characterise Ancient Underground Cellars in the Duero Basin (Spain)." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 4, 2019): 5352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245352.

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In this study, a backpack-mounted 3D mobile scanning system and a fixed-wing drone (UAV) have been used to register terrain data on the same space. The study area is part of the ancient underground cellars in the Duero Basin. The aim of this work is to characterise the state of the roofs of these wine cellars by obtaining digital surface models (DSM) using the previously mentioned systems to detect any possible cases of collapse, using four geomatic products obtained with these systems. The results obtained from the process offer sufficient quality to generate valid DSMs in the study area or in a similar area. One limitation of the DSMs generated by backpack MMS is that the outcome depends on the distance of the points to the axis of the track and on the irregularities in the terrain. Specific parameters have been studied, such as the measuring distance from the scanning point in the laser scanner, the angle of incidence with regard to the ground, the surface vegetation, and any irregularities in the terrain. The registration speed and the high definition of the terrain offered by these systems produce a model that can be used to select the correct conservation priorities for this unique space.

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Salach, Adam, Krzysztof Bakuła, Magdalena Pilarska, Wojciech Ostrowski, Konrad Górski, and Zdzisław Kurczyński. "Accuracy Assessment of Point Clouds from LiDAR and Dense Image Matching Acquired Using the UAV Platform for DTM Creation." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7090342.

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In this paper, the results of an experiment about the vertical accuracy of generated digital terrain models were assessed. The created models were based on two techniques: LiDAR and photogrammetry. The data were acquired using an ultralight laser scanner, which was dedicated to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms that provide very dense point clouds (180 points per square meter), and an RGB digital camera that collects data at very high resolution (a ground sampling distance of 2 cm). The vertical error of the digital terrain models (DTMs) was evaluated based on the surveying data measured in the field and compared to airborne laser scanning collected with a manned plane. The data were acquired in summer during a corridor flight mission over levees and their surroundings, where various types of land cover were observed. The experiment results showed unequivocally, that the terrain models obtained using LiDAR technology were more accurate. An attempt to assess the accuracy and possibilities of penetration of the point cloud from the image-based approach, whilst referring to various types of land cover, was conducted based on Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS-RTK) measurements and was compared to archival airborne laser scanning data. The vertical accuracy of DTM was evaluated for uncovered and vegetation areas separately, providing information about the influence of the vegetation height on the results of the bare ground extraction and DTM generation. In uncovered and low vegetation areas (0–20 cm), the vertical accuracies of digital terrain models generated from different data sources were quite similar: for the UAV Laser Scanning (ULS) data, the RMSE was 0.11 m, and for the image-based data collected using the UAV platform, it was 0.14 m, whereas for medium vegetation (higher than 60 cm), the RMSE from these two data sources were 0.11 m and 0.36 m, respectively. A decrease in the accuracy of 0.10 m, for every 20 cm of vegetation height, was observed for photogrammetric data; and such a dependency was not noticed in the case of models created from the ULS data.

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Haase, D., and K. Frotscher. "Topography data harmonisation and uncertainties applying SRTM, laser scanner and cartographic elevation models." Advances in Geosciences 5 (December 16, 2005): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-5-65-2005.

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Abstract. Only a few studies have attempted to quantify topography-depending water fluxes, to evaluate retention and reservoir capacities and surface run-off paths within large river basins because data availability and data quality are critical issues to face this objective. It becomes most relevant if water balance has to be calculated in large or transboundary river basins. The advance of space based earth observation data offers a solution to this information problem. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on weaknesses and strengths analyzing topography with SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) digital height data and thus provides techniques for their improved application in river network derivation, floodplain analysis, watershed hydrology in large as well as in large river basins (>1000 km2). In the analysis different types of digital elevation models (DEM), terrain models (DTM) and land cover classification data (biotope map, Corine Land Cover 1994) have been used. The DHMs are generated from Airborne Laser Scanning (0.5 m), topographic maps (10.0/50.0 m) and SRTM at 30.0 m and 90.0 m spatial resolution. SRTM digital height models are generated by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and show a high spatial variance in urban areas, regions of dense vegetation canopy, floodplains and water bodies. As study area serve the Elbe basin (Czech Republic, Germany) with its sub-basins and the Saale river basin (Germany, different federal countries Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia).

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43

Tyagur, N., and M. Hollaus. "DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS FROM MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA IN MORAVIAN KARST." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b3-387-2016.

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During the last ten years, mobile laser scanning (MLS) systems have become a very popular and efficient technology for capturing reality in 3D. A 3D laser scanner mounted on the top of a moving vehicle (e.g. car) allows the high precision capturing of the environment in a fast way. Mostly this technology is used in cities for capturing roads and buildings facades to create 3D city models. In our work, we used an MLS system in Moravian Karst, which is a protected nature reserve in the Eastern Part of the Czech Republic, with a steep rocky terrain covered by forests. For the 3D data collection, the Riegl VMX 450, mounted on a car, was used with integrated IMU/GNSS equipment, which provides low noise, rich and very dense 3D point clouds. The aim of this work is to create a digital terrain model (DTM) from several MLS data sets acquired in the neighbourhood of a road. The total length of two covered areas is 3.9 and 6.1 km respectively, with an average width of 100 m. For the DTM generation, a fully automatic, robust, hierarchic approach was applied. The derivation of the DTM is based on combinations of hierarchical interpolation and robust filtering for different resolution levels. For the generation of the final DTMs, different interpolation algorithms are applied to the classified terrain points. The used parameters were determined by explorative analysis. All MLS data sets were processed with one parameter set. As a result, a high precise DTM was derived with high spatial resolution of 0.25 x 0.25 m. The quality of the DTMs was checked by geodetic measurements and visual comparison with raw point clouds. The high quality of the derived DTM can be used for analysing terrain changes and morphological structures. Finally, the derived DTM was compared with the DTM of the Czech Republic (DMR 4G) with a resolution of 5 x 5 m, which was created from airborne laser scanning data. The vertical accuracy of the derived DTMs is around 0.10 m.

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Motyka, Zbigniew, and Bjørn Petter Jelle. "System model for spatial mapping of anthropogenic sinkholes and subsidence basins in mining areas applying 2D laser scanner technique." E3S Web of Conferences 106 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910601007.

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The model of a remote measurement system suitable for use on mobile unmanned aerial platforms is discussed in order to provide data for mapping spatial parameters of anthropogenic landscape forms, mainly outcrops, sinkholes, subsidence basins around urbanized industrial areas, especially those covered by past and ongoing mining activities. The results of the tests carried out with the use of a prototype model of such system are presented. These show that for the model forming small depression in terrain, its visualization was possible enabling obtaining its true geometrical characteristics.

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Parent, Jason R., and John C. Volin. "Assessing species-level biases in tree heights estimated from terrain-optimized leaf-off airborne laser scanner (ALS) data." International Journal of Remote Sensing 36, no. 10 (May 18, 2015): 2697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1047047.

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Kogut, Janusz P., Elżbieta Pilecka, and Dariusz Szwarkowski. "Analysis of landslide effects along a road located in the Carpathian flysch." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (September 18, 2018): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0041.

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Abstract Landslides in the Carpathian flysch have a peculiar susceptibility to activation. This is due to the geological structure of the flysch. This study addresses analysing the effects of a landslide, particularly in regards to the operation of a transportation route that runs through the Carpathian flysch. The studies include both field work and laboratory testing of basic geotechnical parameters. The field work comprises surveys made by a terrestrial laser scanner. The study also includes a number of 2–D and 3–D numerical models. Subsequently, survey results and an analysis of the effects of landslide susceptibility and the behaviour of the road and terrain surface, due to the different loading conditions, are shown.

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Peterson, S., J. Lopez, and R. Munjy. "COMPARISON OF UAV IMAGERY-DERIVED POINT CLOUD TO TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER POINT CLOUD." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W5 (May 29, 2019): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w5-149-2019.

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Abstract. A small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with survey-grade GNSS positioning is used to produce a point cloud for topographic mapping and 3D reconstruction. The objective of this study is to assess the accuracy of a UAV imagery-derived point cloud by comparing a point cloud generated by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). Imagery was collected over a 320&thinsp;m by 320&thinsp;m area with undulating terrain, containing 80 ground control points. A SenseFly eBee Plus fixed-wing platform with PPK positioning with a 10.6&thinsp;mm focal length and a 20&thinsp;MP digital camera was used to fly the area. Pix4Dmapper, a computer vision based commercial software, was used to process a photogrammetric block, constrained by 5 GCPs while obtaining cm-level RMSE based on the remaining 75 checkpoints. Based on results of automatic aerial triangulation, a point cloud and digital surface model (DSM) (2.5&thinsp;cm/pixel) are generated and their accuracy assessed. A bias less than 1 pixel was observed in elevations from the UAV DSM at the checkpoints. 31 registered TLS scans made up a point cloud of the same area with an observed horizontal root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.006m, and negligible vertical RMSE. Comparisons were made between fitted planes of extracted roof features of 2 buildings and centreline profile comparison of a road in both UAV and TLS point clouds. Comparisons showed an average +8&thinsp;cm bias with UAV point cloud computing too high in two features. No bias was observed in the roof features of the southernmost building.

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Paleček, V., and P. Kubíček. "MULTIPARAMETER CORRECTION INTENSITY OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING DATA AS AN INPUT FOR ROCK SURFACE MODELLING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b3-367-2016.

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A large increase in the creation of 3D models of objects all around us can be observed in the last few years; thanks to the help of the rapid development of new advanced technologies for spatial data collection and robust software tools. A new commercially available airborne laser scanning data in Czech Republic, provided in the form of the Digital terrain model of the fifth generation as irregularly spaced points, enable locating the majority of rock formations. However, the positional and height accuracy of this type of landforms can reach huge errors in some cases. Therefore, it is necessary to start mapping using terrestrial laser scanning with the possibility of adding a point cloud data derived from ground or aerial photogrammetry. Intensity correction and noise removal is usually based on the distance between measured objects and the laser scanner, the incidence angle of the beam or on the radiometric and topographic characteristics of measured objects. This contribution represents the major undesirable effects that affect the quality of acquisition and processing of laser scanning data. Likewise there is introduced solutions to some of these problems.

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Paleček, V., and P. Kubíček. "MULTIPARAMETER CORRECTION INTENSITY OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING DATA AS AN INPUT FOR ROCK SURFACE MODELLING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B3 (June 9, 2016): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b3-367-2016.

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A large increase in the creation of 3D models of objects all around us can be observed in the last few years; thanks to the help of the rapid development of new advanced technologies for spatial data collection and robust software tools. A new commercially available airborne laser scanning data in Czech Republic, provided in the form of the Digital terrain model of the fifth generation as irregularly spaced points, enable locating the majority of rock formations. However, the positional and height accuracy of this type of landforms can reach huge errors in some cases. Therefore, it is necessary to start mapping using terrestrial laser scanning with the possibility of adding a point cloud data derived from ground or aerial photogrammetry. Intensity correction and noise removal is usually based on the distance between measured objects and the laser scanner, the incidence angle of the beam or on the radiometric and topographic characteristics of measured objects. This contribution represents the major undesirable effects that affect the quality of acquisition and processing of laser scanning data. Likewise there is introduced solutions to some of these problems.

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Resop, Jonathan P., Laura Lehmann, and W. Cully Hession. "Drone Laser Scanning for Modeling Riverscape Topography and Vegetation: Comparison with Traditional Aerial Lidar." Drones 3, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3020035.

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Lidar remote sensing has been used to survey stream channel and floodplain topography for decades. However, traditional platforms, such as aerial laser scanning (ALS) from an airplane, have limitations including flight altitude and scan angle that prevent the scanner from collecting a complete survey of the riverscape. Drone laser scanning (DLS) or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based lidar offer ways to scan riverscapes with many potential advantages over ALS. We compared point clouds and lidar data products generated with both DLS and ALS for a small gravel-bed stream, Stroubles Creek, located in Blacksburg, VA. Lidar data points were classified as ground and vegetation, and then rasterized to produce digital terrain models (DTMs) representing the topography and canopy height models (CHMs) representing the vegetation. The results highlighted that the lower-altitude, higher-resolution DLS data were more capable than ALS of providing details of the channel profile as well as detecting small vegetation on the floodplain. The greater detail gained with DLS will provide fluvial researchers with better estimates of the physical properties of riverscape topography and vegetation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Terrain laser scanner'

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