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1

HEINICKE, MATTHEW P., WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN, LINDA TRUEB, D. BRUCE MEANS, ROSS D. MacCULLOCH, and S. BLAIR HEDGES. "A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny." Zootaxa 2211, no. 1 (2009): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2211.1.1.

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Three frogs of a new species found in cloud forests on two nearby mountains in Guyana were included in a molecular phylogeny of 17 nuclear and mitochondrial genes (10,739 aligned sites) that revealed that their closest relative is Terrarana (Brachycephalidae, Craugastoridae, Eleutherodactylidae, and Strabomantidae) and their next-closest relative is Hemiphractidae (marsupial frogs). We place these frogs in a new family, genus, and species which is strongly supported as the basal clade within Terrarana: Ceuthomantidae n. fam., Ceuthomantis smaragdinus n. gen, n. sp. Morphological evidence suppo
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2

Martins, Itamar A., and Célio F. B. Haddad. "A new species of Ischnocnema from highlands of the Atlantic Forest, Southeastern Brazil (Terrarana, Brachycephalidae)." Zootaxa 2617 (December 31, 2010): 55–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.197955.

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Martins, Itamar A., Haddad, Célio F. B. (2010): A new species of Ischnocnema from highlands of the Atlantic Forest, Southeastern Brazil (Terrarana, Brachycephalidae). Zootaxa 2617: 55-65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197955
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3

Barrio-Amorós, César L., Fernando Rojas-Runjaic, and Tito R. Barros. "Two new Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantidae) from the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuela." Zootaxa 2329 (December 31, 2010): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.275435.

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Barrio-Amorós, César L., Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando, Barros, Tito R. (2010): Two new Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantidae) from the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuela. Zootaxa 2329: 1-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.275435
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4

Berneck, Bianca V. M., Mariane Targino, and Paulo Christiano De Anchietta Garcia. "Rediscovery and re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Terrarana: Brachycephalidae)." Zootaxa 3694, no. 2 (2013): 131–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3694.2.2.

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Berneck, Bianca V. M., Targino, Mariane, Garcia, Paulo Christiano De Anchietta (2013): Rediscovery and re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Terrarana: Brachycephalidae). Zootaxa 3694 (2): 131-142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3694.2.2
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Rodriguez, Lily O., and Alessandro Catenazzi. "Four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Río Abiseo National Park, Peru." Zootaxa 4273, no. 3 (2017): 381–406. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4273.3.4.

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Rodriguez, Lily O., Catenazzi, Alessandro (2017): Four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Río Abiseo National Park, Peru. Zootaxa 4273 (3): 381-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4273.3.4
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6

Barrio-Amorós, César L., Javier Mesa Charles Brewer-Carías, and Roy W. Mcdiarmid. "A new Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from Churi-tepui in the Chimanta massif, Venezuelan Guayana." Zootaxa 2483 (December 31, 2010): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.195474.

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Barrio-Amorós, César L., Brewer-Carías, Javier Mesa Charles, Mcdiarmid, Roy W. (2010): A new Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from Churi-tepui in the Chimanta massif, Venezuelan Guayana. Zootaxa 2483: 35-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.195474
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7

Goldberg, Javier, Florencia Vera Candioti, and Mauricio Sebastián Akmentins. "Direct-developing frogs: ontogeny of Oreobates barituensis (Anura: Terrarana) and the development of a novel trait." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 2 (2012): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853812x638527.

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Within Anura, direct development involves ontogenetic changes of the biphasic ancestral pattern. The recent partitioning of the genus Eleutherodactylus, along with the proposition of the unranked taxon Terrarana, has renewed an interest to the morphological and ecological diversity among direct-developing frogs. The morphological changes during embryonic development of Oreobates barituensis is similar to those of other Neotropical direct-developing species, including the reduction or absence of several larval and embryonic characters (e.g., external gills and adhesive glands), heterochronic ch
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8

Hedges, S. Blair, William E. Duellman, and Matthew P. Heinicke. "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation." Zootaxa 1737, no. 1 (2008): 1–182. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1.

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Hedges, S. Blair, Duellman, William E., Heinicke, Matthew P. (2008): New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa 1737 (1): 1-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1
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9

Barrio-Amorós, César L., Matthew P. Heinicke, and S. Blair Hedges. "A new tuberculated Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from the Venezuelan Andes, redescription of Pristimantis pleurostriatus, and variation within Pristimantis vanadisae." Zootaxa 3647, no. 1 (2013): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.1.2.

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Barrio-Amorós, César L., Heinicke, Matthew P., Hedges, S. Blair (2013): A new tuberculated Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from the Venezuelan Andes, redescription of Pristimantis pleurostriatus, and variation within Pristimantis vanadisae. Zootaxa 3647 (1): 43-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3647.1.2
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10

Pombal, José P., Carla C. Siqueira, Thiago A. Dorigo, Davor Vrcibradic, and Carlos Frederico D. Rocha. "A third species of the rare frog genus Holoaden (Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from a montane rainforest area of southeastern Brazil." Zootaxa 1938 (December 31, 2008): 61–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.184994.

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Pombal, José P., Siqueira, Carla C., Dorigo, Thiago A., Vrcibradic, Davor, Rocha, Carlos Frederico D. (2008): A third species of the rare frog genus Holoaden (Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from a montane rainforest area of southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 1938: 61-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184994
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11

Heinicke, Matthew P., William E. Duellman, Linda Trueb, Bruce Means, Ross D, and Blair Hedges. "A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny." Zootaxa 2211 (December 31, 2009): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.189873.

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Heinicke, Matthew P., Duellman, William E., Trueb, Linda, Means, Bruce, D, Ross, Hedges, Blair (2009): A new frog family (Anura: Terrarana) from South America and an expanded direct-developing clade revealed by molecular phylogeny. Zootaxa 2211: 1-35, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.189873
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Valencia, Jorge H., Francisco Valladares-Suntasig, Luis Tipantiza-Tuguminago, and Manuel R. Dueñas. "A new species of terrestrial-breeding frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from the eastern Andean slopes of the southern Ecuador." Zootaxa 4658, no. 3 (2019): 509–25. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.4.

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Valencia, Jorge H., Valladares-Suntasig, Francisco, Tipantiza-Tuguminago, Luis, Dueñas, Manuel R. (2019): A new species of terrestrial-breeding frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from the eastern Andean slopes of the southern Ecuador. Zootaxa 4658 (3): 509-525, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.4
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13

Chávez, Germán, Roy Santa-Cruz, Daniel Rodriguez, Edgar Lehr Abstract.-We, Peru. One, and La Libertad. "Two new species of frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from the Peruvian Andes." Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 9, no. 1 (2015): 15–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13270172.

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Chávez, Germán, Santa-Cruz, Roy, Rodriguez, Daniel, Abstract.-We, Edgar Lehr, One, Peru., Libertad, La (2015): Two new species of frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from the Peruvian Andes. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation (e105) 9 (1): 15-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13270172
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14

Heinicke, Matthew P., César L. Barrio-Amorós, and S. Blair Hedges. "Molecular and morphological data support recognition of a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Anura: Terrarana) from an under-sampled region of South America." Zootaxa 3986, no. 2 (2015): 151–72. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3986.2.1.

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Heinicke, Matthew P., Barrio-Amorós, César L., Hedges, S. Blair (2015): Molecular and morphological data support recognition of a new genus of New World direct-developing frog (Anura: Terrarana) from an under-sampled region of South America. Zootaxa 3986 (2): 151-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3986.2.1
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15

Siqueira, Sérgio, Odair Aguiar Jr, Christine Strüssmann, Maria Lúcia Del-Grande, and Shirlei Maria Recco-Pimentel. "Chromosomal analysis of three Brazilian "eleutherodactyline" frogs (Anura: Terrarana), with suggestion of a new species." Zootaxa 1860, no. 1 (2008): 51–59. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1860.1.4.

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Siqueira, Sérgio, Jr, Odair Aguiar, Strüssmann, Christine, Del-Grande, Maria Lúcia, Recco-Pimentel, Shirlei Maria (2008): Chromosomal analysis of three Brazilian "eleutherodactyline" frogs (Anura: Terrarana), with suggestion of a new species. Zootaxa 1860 (1): 51-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1860.1.4, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1860.1.4
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16

Padial, José Manuel, Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher, and Ignacio De la Riva. "The phylogenetic relationships of Yunganastes revisited (Anura: Terrarana)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52, no. 3 (2009): 911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.006.

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17

Amaro, Renata C., Ivan Nunes, Clarissa Canedo, et al. "A molecular phylogeny recovers Strabomantis aramunha Cassimiro, Verdade and Rodrigues, 2008 and Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Terrarana) as sister taxa." Zootaxa 3741, no. 4 (2013): 569–82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.7.

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Amaro, Renata C., Nunes, Ivan, Canedo, Clarissa, Napoli, Marcelo F., Juncá, Flora A., Verdade, Vanessa K., Haddad, Célio F. B., Rodrigues, Miguel T. (2013): A molecular phylogeny recovers Strabomantis aramunha Cassimiro, Verdade and Rodrigues, 2008 and Haddadus binotatus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Terrarana) as sister taxa. Zootaxa 3741 (4): 569-582, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3741.4.7
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18

Valencia, Jorge H., Manuel R. Dueñas, Paul Székely, Diego Batallas, Francisco Pulluquitín, and Santiago R. Ron. "A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region." Zootaxa 4353, no. 3 (2017): 447–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.3.

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Valencia, Jorge H., Dueñas, Manuel R., Székely, Paul, Batallas, Diego, Pulluquitín, Francisco, Ron, Santiago R. (2017): A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region. Zootaxa 4353 (3): 447-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4353.3.3
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19

Almeida-Santos, Marlon, Carla C. Siqueira, Monique Van Sluys, and Carlos Frederico D. Rocha. "Ecology of the Brazilian Flea Frog Brachycephalus didactylus (Terrarana: Brachycephalidae)." Journal of Herpetology 45, no. 2 (2011): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/10-015.1.

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20

Ryan, Mason J., Karen R. Lips, and J. Tomasz Giermakowski. "New Species of Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantinae) from Lower Central America." Journal of Herpetology 44, no. 2 (2010): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/08-280.1.

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Barrio-Amorós, César Luis. "A New Ceuthomantis (Anura: Terrarana: Ceuthomantidae) from Sarisariñama Tepui, Southern Venezuela." Herpetologica 66, no. 2 (2010): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/09-00006.1.

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HEDGES, S. BLAIR, WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN, and MATTHEW P. HEINICKE. "New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation." Zootaxa 1737, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1737.1.1.

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New World frogs recently placed in a single, enormous family (Brachycephalidae) have direct development and reproduce on land, often far away from water. DNA sequences from mitochondrial and nuclear genes of 344 species were analyzed to estimate their relationships. The molecular phylogeny in turn was used as the basis for a revised classification of the group. The 882 described species are placed in a new taxon, Terrarana, and allocated to four families, four subfamilies, 24 genera, 11 subgenera, 33 species series, 56 species groups, and 11 species subgroups. Systematic accounts are provided
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23

Catenazzi, Alessandro, Luis Mamani, Edgar Lehr, and Rudolf von May. "A New Genus of Terrestrial-Breeding Frogs (Holoadeninae, Strabomantidae, Terrarana) from Southern Peru." Diversity 12, no. 5 (2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050184.

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We propose to erect a new genus of terrestrial-breeding frogs of the Terrarana clade to accommodate three species from the Province La Convención, Department of Cusco, Peru previously assigned to Bryophryne: B. flammiventris, B. gymnotis, and B. mancoinca. We examined types and specimens of most species, reviewed morphological and bioacoustic characteristics, and performed molecular analyses on the largest phylogeny of Bryophryne species to date. We performed phylogenetic analysis of a dataset of concatenated sequences from fragments of the 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA genes, the protein-coding gene
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BARRIO-AMORÓS, CÉSAR L., FERNANDO ROJAS-RUNJAIC, and TITO R. BARROS. "Two new Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Strabomantidae) from the Sierra de Perijá, Venezuela." Zootaxa 2329, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2329.1.1.

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Two new species of Pristimantis are described from Cerro Las Antenas, on the Venezuelan versant of the Sierra de Perijá, a region that is being rapidly destroyed by extensive cultivation and civil unrest. The first species (P. lassoalcalai sp. nov.) has dirty-white spots surrounded by black in the groin and on the hidden surfaces of the hind limbs—a characteristic shared by members of the "lentiginosus" group (Rivero 1982) from the Cordillera de Mérida—and marbled to reticulated venter. The second species (P. rivasi sp. nov.) is currently the largest member of the genus known from Perijá, and
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25

Chávez, Germán, Luis Alberto García Ayachi, and Alessandro Catenazzi. "A new species of frog (Terrarana, Strabomantidae, Phrynopus) from the Peruvian Andean grasslands." PeerJ 8 (June 24, 2020): e9433. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9433.

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We describe a new, medium-sized species of terrestrial frog of the genus Phrynopus from a single locality in the central Andes of Peru (Departamento de Huánuco) at 3,730 meters of elevation. Phylogenetic analyses supported Phrynopus remotum sp. nov. as an independent lineage, sister to most of its congeners. The new species is morphologically distinguishable by the presence of small tubercles on upper eyelids and heels, an areolate venter, and the absence of dorsolateral folds or ridges. This species inhabits the highlands adjacent to the Marañón Dry valley. The only sympatric amphibian specie
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Taboada, Carlos, Taran Grant, John D. Lynch, and Julián Faivovich. "New Morphological Synapomorphies for the New World Direct-Developing Frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Terrarana)." Herpetologica 69, no. 3 (2013): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/herpetologica-d-13-00019.

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Chávez, Germán, Luis A. García-Ayachi, and Alessandro Catenazzi. "A new species of frog (Terrarana, Strabomantidae, Phrynopus) from the Peruvian Andean Grasslands." Evolutionary Systematics 7, no. 1 (2023): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.96258.

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We describe a new terrestrial frog from the puna grasslands adjacent to the Mantaro dry valley in southern Peru. Phrynopus apumantarumsp. nov. is similar in appearence to P. bufoides but is differentiable by lacking discoidal fold and enlarged warts on dorsum, lacking a prominent post ocular fold and having canthal and post ocular stripe. Lastly, we propose to place the new species under the Vulnerable (VU) category of the IUCN Red List, due its small distribution and habitat loss recorded at the type locality.
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Chávez, Germán, Luis A. García-Ayachi, and Alessandro Catenazzi. "A new species of frog (Terrarana, Strabomantidae, Phrynopus) from the Peruvian Andean Grasslands." Evolutionary Systematics 7 (March 16, 2023): 105–16. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.96258.

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We describe a new terrestrial frog from the puna grasslands adjacent to the Mantaro dry valley in southern Peru. Phrynopus apumantarum sp. nov. is similar in appearence to P. bufoides but is differentiable by lacking discoidal fold and enlarged warts on dorsum, lacking a prominent post ocular fold and having canthal and post ocular stripe. Lastly, we propose to place the new species under the Vulnerable (VU) category of the IUCN Red List, due its small distribution and habitat loss recorded at the type locality.
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29

ROJAS-RUNJAIC, FERNANDO J. M., LOURDES Y. ECHEVARRÍA, ADRIANA C. BECERRA-RONDÓN, and EDWIN E. INFANTE-RIVERO. "Tachiramantis lassoalcalai (Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic & Barros, 2010) (Anura, Craugastoridae): a new combination revealed by molecular evidence, with a description of its advertisement call." Zootaxa 4778, no. 2 (2020): 372–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4778.2.8.

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Pristimantis lassoalcalai Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic & Barros, 2010 is a poorly known terrarana, endemic to the eastern slope of Sierra de Perijá in Venezuela. Although a close relationship of this species with Tachiramantis has been suspected based on its overall morphological similarity, this relationship had not been tested so far. On the basis of molecular data (two fragments of the 12S and 16S mtDNA genes) obtained from the type series, we reconstruct its evolutionary relationships and establish its phylogenetic position as a member of Tachiramantis. Based on this phylogenetic hypot
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BARRIO-AMORÓS, CÉSAR L., JAVIER MESA, CHARLES BREWER-CARÍAS, and ROY W. MCDIARMID. "A new Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from Churi-tepui in the Chimanta massif, Venezuelan Guayana." Zootaxa 2483, no. 1 (2010): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2483.1.3.

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A new species of the genus Pristimantis is described from Churi tepui, in the Chimanta massif, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. The new species was discovered during the Muchimuk Expedition 2009, an ongoing speleological exploration of the Charles Brewer cave system, the largest sandstone cave on Earth. The species is known from only one female, collected near the mouth of the Muchimuk cave, in “non-gramineous tubiform meadows”. The new species can be distinguished from other Pristimantis on the highlands of the Guiana Shield by its unique coloration, indistinct tympanum, dorsal and ventral skin smo
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MARTINS, ITAMAR A., and CÉLIO F. B. HADDAD. "A new species of Ischnocnema from highlands of the Atlantic Forest, Southeastern Brazil (Terrarana, Brachycephalidae)." Zootaxa 2617, no. 1 (2010): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2617.1.2.

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A new species of Ischnocnema is described from Serra da Mantiqueira, Municipality of Campos do Jordão, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The new species is a member of the Ischnocnema lactea Species Series. The new species differs from other species in the Ischnocnema lactea Species Series by its small size, snout sub-elliptical in dorsal view and acuminate-rounded in lateral view, and advertisement call. Descriptions of the dorsal coloration, advertisement call, and natural history are presented.
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SIQUEIRA, SÉRGIO, ODAIR AGUIAR JR., CHRISTINE STRÜSSMANN, MARIA LÚCIA DEL-GRANDE, and SHIRLEI MARIA RECCO-PIMENTEL. "Chromosomal analysis of three Brazilian "eleutherodactyline" frogs (Anura: Terrarana), with suggestion of a new species." Zootaxa 1860, no. 1 (2008): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1860.1.4.

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The karyotypes of four Brazilian “eleutherodactyline” samples were analyzed aiming to provide additional cytogenetic data for future understanding of the evolutionary and systematic relationships of this large anuran group. The populations consisted of Pristimantis dundeei (Chapada dos Guimarães and Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso), Pristimantis aff. dundeei (Aripuanã, Mato Grosso) and Ischnocnema paulodutrai (Ilhéus, Bahia). The data revealed that P. dundeei and P. aff. dundeei have 2n=28 chromosomes, whereas I. paulodutrai has 2n=30. All pairs of chromosomes were telocentric, except for the subtel
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33

Siqueira, Sérgio, Odair Aguiar Jr., André Pansonato, et al. "The karyotype of three Brazilian Terrarana frogs (Amphibia, Anura) with evidence of a new Barycholos species." Genetics and Molecular Biology 32, no. 3 (2009): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572009005000044.

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34

Siqueira, Sérgio, Odair Aguiar, Moisés B. Souza, Albertina P. Lima, and Shirlei M. Recco-Pimentel. "Unusual intra-individual karyotypical variation and evidence of cryptic species in Amazonian populations ofPristimantis(Anura, Terrarana)." Hereditas 146, no. 4 (2009): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.2009.02104.x.

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35

BERNECK, BIANCA V. M., MARIANE TARGINO, and PAULO CHRISTIANO DE ANCHIETTA GARCIA. "Rediscovery and re-description of Ischnocnema nigriventris (Lutz, 1925) (Anura: Terrarana: Brachycephalidae)." Zootaxa 3694, no. 2 (2013): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3694.2.2.

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36

Acosta-Galvis, Andrés R., Ana M. Saldarriaga-Gómez, Beatriz Ramírez, and Mario Vargas-Ramírez. "A new Terrarana frog of genus Pristimantis from an unexplored cloud forest from the eastern Andes, Colombia." ZooKeys 961 (August 19, 2020): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.51971.

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A new species of Pristimantis (Craugastoridae, subgenus Pristimantis) is described from a relict and unexplored cloud forest in the western slope from Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. The specific name was chosen by consensus expert scientists and local people. Pristimantis chamezensissp. nov. is easily distinguished from congeneric species by having a gray iris with black reticulations in life, subconical tubercles on the upper eyelid, the chin edged with irregular, dark-brown blotches, and conical heel tubercles. The phylogenetic analyses suggest that the origin and radiation of i
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Acosta-Galvis, Andrés R., Ana M. Saldarriaga-Gómez, Beatriz Ramírez, and Mario Vargas-Ramírez. "A new Terrarana frog of genus Pristimantis from an unexplored cloud forest from the eastern Andes, Colombia." ZooKeys 961 (August 19, 2020): 129–56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.51971.

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A new species of Pristimantis (Craugastoridae, subgenus Pristimantis) is described from a relict and unexplored cloud forest in the western slope from Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. The specific name was chosen by consensus expert scientists and local people. Pristimantis chamezensis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from congeneric species by having a gray iris with black reticulations in life, subconical tubercles on the upper eyelid, the chin edged with irregular, dark-brown blotches, and conical heel tubercles. The phylogenetic analyses suggest that the origin and radiation of
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Ahumada-Carrillo, Iván Trinidad, José Carlos Arenas-Monroy, Fedra Alethia Fernández-Nava, and Octavio Vázquez-Huizar. "Nuevos registros de distribución para la rana ladrona pigmea Craugastor pygmaeus (Terrarana: Craugastoridae) en el occidente de México." Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84, no. 4 (2013): 1338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7550/rmb.35774.

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PALACIOS-RODRÍGUEZ, PABLO, JUAN M. DAZA, LUIS A. MAZARIEGOS-H., UBIEL RENDÓN, and ADOLFO AMÉZQUITA. "A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) with a colourful venter from the cloud forests of Colombian western Andes." Zootaxa 5092, no. 1 (2022): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5092.1.3.

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The Terrarana frogs of the genus Pristimantis are acknowledged for their direct development into froglets and for their astonishing species richness, which renders it the anuran genus with the highest number of species. We describe a new species of Pristimantis from the northwestern Andes of Colombia. The species is distributed from an area between 2750-2900 m.a.s.l. in the Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve. Pristimantis postducheminorum sp. nov. differs from other, phylogenetically related, or similar resembling Pristimantis taxa by a striking yellow coloration in the ventral area, dark grey c
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POMBAL JR., JOSÉ P., CARLA C. SIQUEIRA, THIAGO A. DORIGO, DAVOR VRCIBRADIC, and CARLOS FREDERICO D. ROCHA. "A third species of the rare frog genus Holoaden (Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from a montane rainforest area of southeastern Brazil." Zootaxa 1938, no. 1 (2008): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1938.1.4.

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A new species of the rare anuran genus Holoaden is described from a montane rainforest area in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. The new species is characterized by its large body size, large head, moderately bulging dorsal glands, limbs long and slender, a deeply dark dorsal coloration, and dark ventral surface with a light abdominal blotch of variable size. The new species expands the range of the genus 200 km eastward in Brazil.
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Pie, Marcio R., Andreas L. S. Meyer, Carina R. Firkowski, Luiz F. Ribeiro, and Marcos R. Bornschein. "Understanding the mechanisms underlying the distribution of microendemic montane frogs (Brachycephalus spp., Terrarana: Brachycephalidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest." Ecological Modelling 250 (February 2013): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.10.019.

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42

Stuart, Yoel E., Jonathan B. Losos, and Adam C. Algar. "The island–mainland species turnover relationship." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (2012): 4071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0816.

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Many oceanic islands are notable for their high endemism, suggesting that islands may promote unique assembly processes. However, mainland assemblages sometimes harbour comparable levels of endemism, suggesting that island biotas may not be as unique as is often assumed. Here, we test the uniqueness of island biotic assembly by comparing the rate of species turnover among islands and the mainland, after accounting for distance decay and environmental gradients. We modelled species turnover as a function of geographical and environmental distance for mainland (M–M) communities of Anolis lizards
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Canedo, Clarissa, and Célio F. B. Haddad. "Phylogenetic relationships within anuran clade Terrarana, with emphasis on the placement of Brazilian Atlantic rainforest frogs genus Ischnocnema (Anura: Brachycephalidae)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 65, no. 2 (2012): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.016.

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RODRIGUEZ, LILY O., and ALESSANDRO CATENAZZI. "Four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs of the genus Phrynopus (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Río Abiseo National Park, Peru." Zootaxa 4273, no. 3 (2017): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4273.3.4.

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We describe four new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs belonging to the genus Phrynopus from specimens collected on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental (2800–3850 m) near and within Río Abiseo National Park, Provincia Mariscal Cáceres, Departments of San Martín and La Libertad, northeastern Peru. All four species lack a visible tympanum and inhabit the upper ridges and slopes within or adjacent to the Park. Phrynopus anancites sp. nov. and P. capitalis sp. nov. inhabit the wet montane grasslands on the upper ridges and valleys from 3600 to 3850 m. Phrynopus anancites (SVL = 25.3
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Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando, and Juan Guayasamin. "First record of the rain frog Pristimantis myersi (Goin & Cochran, 1963) (Anura, Craugastoridae) for Ecuador." Check List 11, no. (1) (2015): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1542.

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<em>Pristimantis myersi</em> is a small Andean frog that inhabits paramos, sub-paramos and upper Andean forests at elevations between 2,900–3,275 m. It is known from about a dozen localities in the southern end of the Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes. Herein, we report for the first time the presence of this species in Ecuador, based on ten specimens from three localities in the provinces of Imbabura and Sucumbíos. The species' range is extended and a distribution map with the Ecuadorian records is provided.
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Chávez, Germán, Wilmar Aznaran, Ivan Wong, et al. "Over the top: Three new species of terrestrial breeding frogs (Anura, Terrarana, Pristimantis) from the highlands of the Cordillera de Huancabamba, northwestern Peru." Evolutionary Systematics 9, no. 1 (2025): 145–66. https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.9.148522.

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We describe three new species of Pristimantis frogs from northwestern Peru on the basis of morphological and genetic differences. Pristimantis chinguelassp. nov. is similar in appearance to P. wagteri but it differs by having a longer supratympanic fold, head rounded in profile, groins and posterior surfaces of thighs in a different color pattern. Pristimantis nunezcortezisp. nov. may be confused with P. cryptomelas, but it is differentiable by having heels with a single low tubercle, skin on flanks areolate, and by lacking prominent postorbital ridges. Pristimantis yonkesp. nov. is externally
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Anganoy-Criollo, Marvin, and Juan Ramírez. "New records of Pristimantis carranguerorum (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia." Check List 13, no. (3) (2017): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.15560/13.3.2138.

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<em>Pristimantis carranguerorum</em> (Lynch, 1994) is a poorly-known species of frog, endemic to the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, which is known only from a few localities in the Boyacá and Casanare departments. Herein, we provide the first records of this species from Cundinamarca Department; these are the southernmost and highest altitude records for this species. We summarize the distribution of this species based on all known records and including additional unreported localities from Boyacá and Cundinamarca departments.
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Ortega, Jhael A., Jorge Brito, and Santiago R. Ron. "Six new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Llanganates National Park and Sangay National Park in Amazonian cloud forests of Ecuador." PeerJ 10 (October 17, 2022): e13761. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13761.

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We describe six new species of rainfrogs of the genus Pristimantis (Strabomantidae) from Amazonian cloud forests in Ecuador. We also present a phylogeny showing the relationships of the new species. The phylogeny is based on mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA (16S), 12 rRNA (12S), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (ND1) and the nuclear gene recombination-activating 1 (RAG1). We also describe the osteology of two of the new species using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography. The new species belong to two clades. The first clade is sister to the subgenus Huicundomantis and includes P. tamia
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BARRIO-AMORÓS, CÉSAR L., MATTHEW P. HEINICKE, and S. BLAIR HEDGES. "A new tuberculated Pristimantis (Anura, Terrarana, Strabomantidae) from the Venezuelan Andes, redescription of Pristimantis pleurostriatus, and variation within Pristimantis vanadisae." Zootaxa 3647, no. 1 (2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3647.1.2.

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VALENCIA, JORGE H., FRANCISCO VALLADARES-SUNTASIG, LUIS TIPANTIZA-TUGUMINAGO, and MANUEL R. DUEÑAS. "A new species of terrestrial-breeding frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from the eastern Andean slopes of the southern Ecuador." Zootaxa 4658, no. 3 (2019): 509–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.4.

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A new frog of the genus Pristimantis is described from a montane cloud forest at 9 de Octubre (2°14’52” S, 78°16’37” W; 1778 m) province of Morona Santiago in the upper basin of the Upano River, southeastern Ecuador. The description of the new species is based on the examination of eleven adult males and three adult females. The new taxon can be readily distinguished from other congeneric species that inhabit the eastern Andes of Ecuador by the unique combination of the following characters: small body (adult males SVL 12.0–17.0 mm, adult females SVL 18.5–21.7 mm); skin of dorsum finely shagre
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