Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Terre – Manteau supérieur – Chine'
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Xu, Yigang. "Hétérogénéïté du manteau supérieur sous l'est de la Chine : faille de Tanlu et régions adjacentes : les enclaves de péridotites dans les basaltes cénozoïques." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077107.
Full textChen, Huan. "The rôle of the Pacific subduction in the genesis of Cenozoic basalts in eastern China : New constrains from water content and oxygen isotope composition." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10019/document.
Full textThis work is focused on the role of the Pacific subduction on the genesis of the Cenozoic continental basalts in eastern China, based on the approaches of the water contents (analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)) and oxygen isotope compositions ( analyzed by Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)).The δ18O values of cpx phenocrysts in the Shuangliao basalts range from 4.10‰ to 6.73‰, which provides a strong evidence for the contribution of recycled oceanic crust (ROC) in the mantle source. Combined with the high H2O content and H2O/Ce ratios of the “primary” magma (0.90-3.06 wt.%, 158-737), the contribution of water-rich sediment component has also been suggested. Unlike the Shuangliao basalts, the Wulanhada basalts have lower H2O contents (0.21-0.69 wt.%). The high oxygen isotope compositions (5.49-7.38 ‰) and the correlations of H2O/Ce with 87Sr/86Sr, Ba/Th, Nb/La, Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios indicate that the contributions of a significantly dehydrated sediments and ROC to the mantle source. In Chaihe-aershan basalts, the δ18O values of cpx phenocrysts and the H2O contents of “primary” magmas vary widely (4.27-8.57‰, 0.23-2.70 wt.%).Three components (altered upper oceanic crust and marine sediments, altered lower gabbroic oceanic crust, ambient mantle) have been identified in the mantle source based on the relations between δ18O values of the cpx phenocrysts, H2O/Ce and Ba/Th ratios and the Eu anomaly of bulk rock. For the Xiaogulihe ultrapotassic volcanic rocks, the estimated H2O contents and H2O/Ce ratios are low (0.36-0.50 wt%, ~15). Combined with the high δ18O values of olivine phenocrysts, the low 206Pb/204Pb ratios and moderately high 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the bulk rock, we concluded that highly dehydrated ancient sediments could be a most likely candidate for the K-rich component in the mantle source
Counil, Jean-Louis. "Contribution du géomagnétisme à l'étude des hétérogénéités latérales de la croûte et du manteau supérieur." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077284.
Full textInsergueix, Delphine. "Modélisation numérique de la lithosphère en subduction dans le manteau supérieur terrestre." Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112268.
Full textNolasco, Maria Rita. "Sondages éléctromagnétiques en domaine océanique appliqués à l'étude du manteau supérieur en contexte de point chaud intraplaque." Brest, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BRES2038.
Full textLévêque, Jean-Jacques. "Etude du manteau supérieur de la terre par inversion anisotrope des ondes de surface et de leurs harmoniques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13028.
Full textGranet, Michel. "Tomographie de la croûte et du manteau supérieur déduite des signaux sismologiques courtes périodes et algorithmes de traitement des données ReNaSS." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13018.
Full textGibert, Benoit. "Etude expérimentale de la diffusion thermique dans les monocristaux d'olivine et dans les roches du manteau supérieur." Montpellier 2, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007214.
Full textBollinger, Caroline. "Rhéologie de l’olivine polycristalline aux conditions du manteau supérieur : étude en D-DIA." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10038/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents an experimental investigation of the effect of pressure on the rheology of olivine and forsterite. Indeed, the geodynamics of the Earth’s interior is not always well understood and needs input for experimental data. The movements of materials in the Earth mantle induce plastic deformation of the constitutive minerals and, particularly, are connected to the rheology of olivine, the main constituent of the upper mantle. Polycristalline olivine and forsterite are deformed in D-DIA at pressure-temperature conditions of the upper mantle, from 3 to 8 GPa and 1373-1673 K. Coupled with synchrotron radiations, applied stresses and developed lattice preferred orientations are measured in situ, with the addition of transmission electron microscopy observations on the run products. From these experimental data, rheological laws have been determined in dislocation-creep regime, under “wet” conditions and below 8GPa for both of these minerals. Pressure effect is observed with an activation volume of 12.8 ± (5) cm3.mol-1 for olivine. For forsterite, this parameter is 12.5 ± 5 cm3.mol-1, with a stress-exponent of n’= 2.35 (0.6). The water influence is apparently not significant compared to the pressure effect, and the iron-bearing olivine is more ductile than iron-free olivine.Developed textures show a dominant slip-system along the (010) plane below 8 GPa. Above, textures are weaker, leading to the conclusion that others slip-systems and/or deformation mechanisms take a part in the plasticity of the olivine. This transition is well correlated with the decreasing of the observed seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle below -200 km
Mocquet, Antoine. "Structure tri-dimensionnelle du manteau supérieur sous l'océan atlantique d'après l'étude des ondes de Rayleigh longue période." Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN10136.
Full textLévy, Florence. "Deux aspects de l'influence des continents sur le manteau terrestre : initiation de la subduction : effet thermique des racines continentales." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077209.
Full textThis thesis presents two effects of continents on the terrestrial mantle. In a first part, we present a model of subduction initiation where the sinking of the lithosphere starts at passive margins. The continental crust is less dense and thicker than its oceanic counterpart, and is therefore elevated with respect to the oceanic floor. Lateral stresses associated with this topography difference are large enough to induce an extension of the continental crust, which spreads over the adjacent oceanic lithosphere. The latter deflects and in certain conditions, it may subduct. We study this process with laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations. The oceanic lithosphere is modelled by an elastic plate, and the continent and asthenosphere by viscous fluids. We find that the transition from a passive to an active margin depends on the properties of both the oceanic lithosphere and the adjacent continental crust. Our model also has implications for some characteristics of passive margins. In a second part, we study the thermal effect of continental roots. We present new surface heat flux determinations in the northern part of the Canadian Shield, which define a large zone of low heat flux. A joint modelling of heat flux data and tomographic data at the scate of the Shield shows variations of the heat flux at the base of the lithosphere, associated with changes of lithospheric thickness. It also indicates that potential temperature beneath the Shield is comparable to the one estimated in oceanic domains. The basal heat flux is consistent with small-scale convection for a mantle deforming by wet dislocation
Sieminski, Anne. "Tomographie du manteau supérieur antarctique par les ondes de surface multimodes : Etude en théorie des rais et apport d'une théorie de propagation à fréquence finie." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/SIEMINSKI_Anne_2005.pdf.
Full textSeismic tomography is a crucial tool to understand mantle dynamics particularly because it is a good way to image the convection motions. The first part of this work is a S-wave velocity tomography of Antarctica upper mantle by the analysis of multimode surface waves. Using these data insures a high vertical resolution down to at least the transition zone. The lateral resolution is also better than in previous studies. We have imaged deeply-rooted low-velocity anomalies beneath West Antarctica that are new and important elements to discuss the origin of the regional volcanism. This study is also part of the building of a global upper mantle model. However, these images are not accurate enough to detect narrow objects like mantle plumes. With the usual data set, the size of such structures is actually close to the theoretical limit of the lateral resolution in ray theory, commonly used in tomography. To improve the accuracy of the images, in the second part of this work, we therefore propose a tomography method including a finite frequency wave propagation deduced from first-order scattering theory, more precise than ray theory. Applied to synthetic data, this finite frequency tomography indeed succeeds in producing more precise images. When applied to the real antarctic data set, the results are not however convincing. An improvement of the imaging is even hardly observed. From these first results, improving the propagation theory as we have done here thus does not appear to be the conclusive solution to make tremendous progress in seismic imaging of the mantle from surface waves, at least with the quality of the present data sets. Other aspects of wave propagation should now be explored
Amiguet, Élodie. "Déformation expérimentale de diopside dans les conditions de pression et température du manteau supérieur." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10001/document.
Full textThe plasticity of mineraIs under Earth's upper mantle conditions plays a major role in the processes that affect the dynamics of the Earth's interior. The properties of mantle mineraIs are still not weIl constrained. The purpose of this work is to study the deformation of clinopyroxenes (taking diopside as a proxy) under pressure since they are a major constituent of the upper mantle. Oriented single-crystals as weIl as polycristals of diopside were deformed under upper mantle pressures and temperatures. Deformation experiments have been conducted using a D-DIA multi-anvil press coupled with synchrotron radiation in order to perform in situ stress and strain measurements. The microstructures of deformed samples were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Mechanical data have enabled us to determine the high-pressure rheological law for 1/2 <110>{110} glide systems. At high pressure and temperatures, 1/2 <110> and [001] slips are dominant while [100] and [010] slips remain the hardest slip systems. VPSC modeIling based on our experimental results agree weIl with the textures observed in our experimentaIly deformed polycrystals as weIl as those in naturaIly deformed samples. We conclude that clinopyroxenes tend to reduce the upper mantle seismic anisotropy
Cadio, Cécilia. "Le volcanisme intraplaque dans le Pacifique central : apport de la gravimétrie spatiale." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077188.
Full textThe origin of intraplate volcanism is a controversial topic. We especially question on the purely thermal or thermochemical origin of the involved geodynamical processes and on their origin depth. Moreover, the lithosphere may influence the volcanism and make tough the interpretation of surface observations in term of the mantle activity. In this thesis, we study, in a first part, the deep mantle structure under the Central Pacific, area marked by numerous volcanic structures. To that aim, we mainly use new high-quality satellite gravity data from the GRACE mission and the thermochemical oscillating dome models resulting from laboratory experiments. A multi-scale analysis, which allows us to unfold the different components of the geoid signal, underline two large-scale anomalies : the first, well-known, is negative and recovers the French Polynesia, the second, is positive and located 600 km east of the Line Islands chain. We also apply it on calculated geoid from the thermochemical oscillating dome models. The comparison, scale by scale, between the observed and synthetic geoid evidence that these thermochemical instabilities are consistent with the geoid anomalies and constitute a good candidate to explain the volcanism occurring in the Pacific, now (French Polynesia) and in the past (Line Islands, Shatsky Rise and Darwin Rise). We also bring constraints on the density and the upper bound of the domes. In a second part, we study the interaction between a mantle plume and the oceanic lithosphere, and focus on the example of Hawai. We develop a new method to compute wavelet admittance and wavelet coherence, which allows us to access the space-frequency variations of the geoid-to-topography ratio on the hawaiian swell. Our results, which are consistent with a recent seismic study, evidence a gradual lithospheric thinning moving along the island chain to the northwest. These observations, together with basic fluid-mechanical principles, suggest a hybrid model for the origin of the Hawaiian swell: the swell as a whole is supported dynamically, but small-scale secondary convection currents within the hottest central part of the swell cause the lithosphere to thin
Zaroli, Christophe. "Global multiple-frequency S-wave tomography of the Earth’s mantle." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ZAROLI_Christophe_2010.pdf.
Full textFor better constraining the structure of the Earth's interior, new theoretical developments on seismic wave propagation have emerged in recent years, and received increasing attention in tomography. One of these new methods is the multiple-frequency tomography, which aims at exploiting the frequency-dependency of body wave travel times related to diffraction effects. In this thesis, we have applied this method in order to obtain a ``high-resolution'' 3-D shear-wave tomographic model of the mantle, that could contribute to a better understanding of the Earth's dynamics
Ghorabi, Moncef. "Vitesses de groupe mesurée en deux stations du réseau GEOSCOPE et régionalisation de la structure globale du manteau supérieur." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F056.
Full textZagrtdenov, Nail R. "Interaction entre le manteau supérieur serpentinisé et le magma basaltique : implication pour l'évolution basaltique et l'origine des chromitites dans la zone de transition manteau-croûte." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30291.
Full textThis work is devoted to kinetic and thermodynamic investigation of processes happening during basaltic (mid-ocean ridge basalt, MORB and ocean island basalt, OIB) magma genesis and evolution in the lithosphere, in particular, during the magma interaction with the serpentinized lithosphere. In this work, we tested hypothesis that the chromitite genesis at the Moho transition zone may be consequence of interaction of basaltic magma with serpentinized mantle protolith. Detailed field investigation of the nodular chromitites ore body in the host dunite at Maqsad area of the Oman ophiolite has been performed. In the petrologic investigation, we have demonstrated close genetic relationship between the host dunites and the nodular and disseminated chromitites during non-equilibrium crystallization of chromites based on investigation of chromite-hosted inclusions. Equilibrium experiments on chromite and magnesiochromite saturation in basaltic and haplobasaltic melts as function of oxygen fugacity (from ΔFMQ(-2) to ΔFMQ(+2)) were performed at a constant temperature of 1450 C and pressure of 0.1 MPa. For the first time, chromium concentrations in basaltic melts at magnesiochromite saturation were determined. The Cr contents at magnesiochromitre saturation are from ~6800 ppm at FMQ(-2), ~4500 ppm at FMQ and 3500 ppm at ΔFMQ(+2), that are higher compared to those (~ 6300 ppm at ΔFMQ(-2), 2900 ppm at ΔFMQ and 2000 ppm at ΔFMQ(+2)) of chromite saturation in Fe-bearing system. This fact has an important implication for serpentinized mantle assimilation by basaltic magmas. Based on all available data on chromite saturation in mafic and ultramafic melts, we created a new predictable model of chromite and magnesiochromite solubility depending on temperature, oxygen fugacity and the melt optical basicity: [X liq Cr tot]/[X Chr Cr2O3] = exp(a+b*lambda+c/T)*(1+fO2^(-0.25)*exp(d+k/T+g*lambda)), where [X liq Cr tot] is molar fraction of chromium in the silicate liquid, [X Chr Cr2O3] is molar fraction of the chromium oxide in the chromite, T is temperature in Kelvins and fO2 is oxygen fugacity (in bars), lambda is optical basicity, a (-7.01), b (13.72), c (-12404.92), d (24.46), k (24394.65), g (-23.59) are constants. Kinetic experiments on serpentinite-basalt interaction have been performed at temperatures of 1200 - 1300 C and pressure range from 0.2 to 1.0 GPa. The data imply that the reaction is controlled by multi-stage mechanism: (i) prograde metamorphic transformation of serpentinite to Cr-rich spinel-bearing harzdurgite (Fo92-95 mol.%) (ii) progressive dissolution of harzburgite assemblage with formation of hydrous basaltic to andesite melts and (iii) the final assimilation of the harzburgite association by basalt with formation of hydrous depleted basaltic melts at 0.5 - 1.0 GPa (51 wt% of SiO2, 12 - 13 wt.% of MgO contents). We experimentally demonstrate that serpentinite assimilation by basaltic melt at 0.5 - 1.0 GPa happening at average rate of 4.3 × 10-10 m2/s at 1300°C is controlled by silica diffusion in hydrous basaltic melt. Our experimental work provides incontestable evidence that depleted MORB melts, depleted high-Mg-Cr cumulates, and oceanic andesites can be routinely produced from "normal" mid-ocean ridge melts by chemical reaction with serpentinized lithospheric mantle. Our study prevents routine interpretation of depleted and primitive oceanic melts (MORB and OIB) as uniquely derived from a deep mantle. The data obtained in this work confirm that serpentinites, which may have been important constituents of the Hadean crust as a whole were possibly involved in the generation of the first continental crust
Dantas, Céline. "Caractérisation du manteau supérieur patagonien : les enclaves ultramafiques et mafiques dans les laves alcalines." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163376.
Full textBillien, Magali. "Hétérogénéités de vitesse et d'atténuation du manteau supérieur à l'échelle globale par modélisation du mode fondamental des ondes de surface." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR13035.
Full textNicolle, Marie. "Mise en place et chimie des magmas dans le manteau supérieur de l'ophiolite d'Oman." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0025/document.
Full textThe Oman ophiolite offers the possibility to study mantle rocks which are inaccessible at mid-ocean ridges. The presence of five on-axis diapirs and an off-axis diapir allows comparison of magmatic processes occurring in these different settings. The Moho Transition Zone is dominated by dunite in both cases, but off-axis includes massive pyroxenites instead of layered gabbro. The off-axis diapir is surrounded by gabbroic intrusions in the crust and mantle, which are not found elsewhere in the ophiolite. While the on-axis samples have εNd values similar to those of MORB, all of the off-axis rocks have less radiogenic Nd suggesting a larger contribution from melting of pyroxenite veins in the off-axis source. The abundance of clinopyroxene in the off-axis MTZ results from the reaction between the pyroxenite-derived melts and the depleted harzburgite of the lithosphere, which explains the highly depleted incompatible trace element compositions of the clinopyroxenes. The presence of water from the hydrated lithosphere favors the crystallization of clinopyroxene instead of plagioclase, which should normally appear at this depth in the MTZ, as is the case on-axis. The gabbroic intrusions in the mantle and crust surrounding the off-axis diapir crystallized from the residual magma produced by the interaction between the pyroxenite-derived melts and the harzburgite. The off-axis diapir could be viewed as an analog to seamounts currently found near fast-spreading ridges, and could provide information on their internal structure. More generally, this study provides compelling evidence for the existence of pyroxenite veins in the asthenospheric mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges
Meyzen, Christine. "Pétrogenèse des MORB dans les zones froides du manteau supérieur indien : la ride sud-ouest indienne et la discordance australo-antarctique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPL019N.
Full textHiggie, Katherine. "Deformation in a partially molten mantle; observations from natural settings : constraints from natural systems." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20070/document.
Full textDeformation in a shallow partially molten mantle: constraints from natural systemsWe analysed the interactions between melts and deformation in the upper mantle through detailed microstructural studies in two settings: a 100m section in the Moho Transition Zone (MTZ) of the Oman Ophiolite and plagioclase-rich lherzolites from the Lanzo massif (Alps). The MTZ section is characterized by a cm to m-scale layering; compositions range from dunites to gabbros à olivine. Parallelism between the layering and the foliation, diffuse layers limits, and alignment of mm-scale plagioclase-rich lenses in intermediate composition layers imply shear-controlled layering. All phases have crystal-preferred orientations (CPO), but olivine CPO varies depending on the layer composition. Layers with <70% olivine show strong [100] maxima parallel to the lineation (axial-[100] pattern). Layers with <50% olivine have [100] dispersed in the foliation and concentration of [010] normal to it (axial-[010] pattern). These changes occur repeatedly on the mm-scale, at the layers limits, providing strong evidence for deformation in presence of variable melt fractions. CPO in olivine-rich layers is consistent with high-temperature dislocation creep. Axial-[010] olivine CPO patterns imply transpression or sliding along preferentially-wetted (010) grain boundaries in melt-rich layers; they are accompanied by increased activity of [001] glide. Since the change in CPO symmetry is not associated with dispersion, instantaneous melt fractions must have remained <30-40%. The continuous variation in olivine CPO symmetry with decreasing olivine content implies therefore that the CPO depends on the strain cumulated in presence of melt rather than on the instantaneous melt fraction.Plagioclase-rich lherzolites in Lanzo are characterized by an anastomozed network of plagioclase-rich layers, which locally grades into a diffuse cm-scale planar compositional layering. Olivine and orthopyroxene show evidence for deformation by dislocation creep under high temperature conditions: undulose extinction, subgrains or kinks, sutured grain boundaries, but plagioclase forms elongated aggregates of crystals with interstitial shapes. All major phases (except clinopyroxene) show clear CPO, independent of the layer composition. The olivine CPO has an orthorhombic symmetry, with [100] parallel to the lineation and [010] normal to the foliation (and to the layering), but [010] maxima are stronger than [100] ones. These olivine CPO are intermediate between the two patterns observed in the Oman MTZ, consistently with the less developed segregation in Lanzo. Together these data imply that melts tend to concentrate in bands aligned in the shear plane, forming an anastomosed network that may grade with increasing shear into a planar layering. Instantaneous melt fractions remain below the solid matrix disruption threshold; the deformation is still essentially accommodated by dislocation creep in the solid matrix. Deformation in presence of melt results, however, in different olivine CPO with axial–[010] patterns and hence in a different seismic anisotropy. Shear-controlled compositional layering may also create a mechanical anisotropy, with a directional reduction of the shear viscosity parallel to the bands
Ferot, Anaïs. "Etude expérimentale à haute pression et à haute température du stockage et de la distribution de l'eau dans le manteau supérieur terrestre." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00749581.
Full textPapadimitriou, Panayotis. "Etude de la structure du manteau supérieur de l'Europe et modélisation des ondes de volume engendrées des séismes égéens." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077133.
Full textLi, Pei. "Water contents and lithium isotope compositions of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic lithospheric mantle of eastern North China Craton : constraints from peridotite xenoliths." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0415/document.
Full textIn order to investigate the geodynamic cause for destruction of the North China Craton (NCC), the role of mantle fluids is examined. The aim of the PHD work is to clarify H2O contents and lithium isotopic compositions of the NCC lithospheric mantle by studying peridotite xenoliths hosted by Mesozoic-Cenozoic basalts across eastern NCC. A temporal variation of H2O content has been revealed, and it has deep implications for processes of craton destruction. The Cenozoic lithospheric mantle was featured by low H2O content, interpreted to be the relict mantle that survived the lithospheric thinning and has been dewatered by reheating from upwelling asthenospheric flow. The late-Mesozoic lithospheric mantle showed relatively high H2O content, a hydrous status intermediate between the Cretaceous hydration and the Cenozoic dryness, indicating the dehydration of the NCC mantle with time during NCC destruction. The dehydration, facilitated by thinning of weak mantle pieces at bottom, is one way by which the lithosphere strengthens itself to survive in the convecting mantle. Extreme Li and isotopic disequilibria were observed intra- and inter-mineral in the peridotites. With numerical simulations, we demonstrate two superimposed Li enrichment events occurring at the mantle: a limited Li enrichment (< 5 ppm) and large delta7Li depletion (-20~-10[per 1000]) of the mantle domain, followed by a recent and transient infiltration of high Li and delta7Li (up to +20 [per 1000]) melts/fluids. The anomalous Li isotopic compositions of mantle metasomatic agents call upon the same of their mantle sources, and we assume recycled components, both Li isotopically heavy and light, in the mantle beneath the eastern NCC
Radu, Ioana Bogdana. "Xenolites éclogitiques cratoniques - Origine et évolution du manteau lithosphérique sous-continental." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES004/document.
Full textThis study is based on the most complete existing collection of cratonic eclogites (> 180 nodules), from the Siberian and South African cratons. Non-metasomatized Type IIA eclogites are typically more magnesian, LREE-enriched, with δ18O values of 3.7-7.5 ‰, positive Sr anomalies and corresponding to a low pressure-temperature (PT) layer. The whole-rock composition is consistent with a basaltic protolith. Type IIB eclogites are morsodic and aluminous, LREE-depleted, with δ18O values of 2.3-3.6‰, corresponding to equilibrium at high-PT. The whole-rock trace element composition is consistent with a pyroxenitic protolith. Coesite, kyanite and corundum-bearing eclogites ypically have jadeite-rich clinopyroxenes witlpositive Eu and Sr anomalies and grossular-rich gamets with corresponding positive Eu and negative Sr anomalies. PT-estimates indicate coe-kycor-bearing eclogites equilibrated in the lowermost part of the cratonic keel and reconstructed whole-rock trace element composition corresponds to a very depleted gabbroic protolith. This is consistent with the subduction of a hydrothermally altered, basaltic to websteritic sequence of an incompatible-element-depleted oceanic crust.Calculated water content of omphacite is a minmum estima te of ~930-1410 ppm by weight H2O and reconstructed estimates for whole-rock watercontent ~310-890 ppm HO) for the Obnazhennaya eclogites are significantly higher than those of the surrounding peridotites. Thus, mantle eclogite may be an important water reservoir at the base of the cratonic root, with major consequences for cratonic keel, longevity mantle rheology and global water cvcle
Ferot, Anaïs Nathalie. "Etude expérimentale à haute pression et à haute température du stockage et de la distribution de l'eau dans le manteau supérieur terrestre." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF22126/document.
Full textTrace amounts of hydrogen dissolved as defects in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) in the mantle are believed to play a key role in physical and chemical processes in the Earth’s upper mantle. Hence the estimation of water storage in mantle phases and solubility mechanisms are important in order to better understand the effect of water. Experimental data on water solubility in NAMs are available for upper mantle minerals such as olivine, pyroxenes and garnet. However, the majority of studies are based on single phases, and at temperatures or pressures that are too low for the Earth’s upper mantle. The aim of this study was to constrain the combined effects of pressure, temperature and composition on water solubility in olivine and pyroxene under upper mantle conditions. The solubility of water in coexisting pyroxene and olivine was investigated by simultaneously synthesising the two phases at high pressure and high temperature in a multi-anvil press. Experiments were performed under water-saturated conditions in the MSH systems with Fe and Al at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 9 GPa and temperatures between 1175 and 1400°C. Integrated OH absorbances were determined using polarized infrared spectroscopy on doubly-polished thin sections of randomly-oriented crystals. Al is incorporated in pyroxene and olivine via the Tschermak substitution and decreases rapidly as pressure increases in both phases. Addition of Al3+ into the system enhances water solubility notably in pyroxene and also in olivine. However, this effect tends to vanish as pressure and temperature increase. Under these conditions, water solubility in both phases is controlled by water activity in the fluid due to dissolution of silicate component. The main mechanism responsible for water incorporation in olivine is 2H+ substituting for metal sites, which indicates that water solubility in olivine is directly proportional to water fugacity. Water partitioning between pyroxene and olivine is always lower than unity except at low pressure and temperature, in which case Al favours water incorporation into pyroxene rather than into olivine. In the conditions of the deep convective mantle, water preferentially goes into olivine. The effect of temperature on water partitioning between the two phases is negligible. The newly collected data allowed the construction of a water storage capacity model in olivine at all pressures and temperatures in the MFASH system. Combining this model with the newly measured partitioning of water between olivine and pyroxene, as well as previous data on solubility in clinopyroxene and garnet, we are able to build a model of the water saturation curve in the upper mantle. This model predicts that the low velocity layer reported by seismic observations at a depth of 350 km depth can be explained by partial melting triggered by the rise of a hydrated mantle-transition-zone material containing 750 wt ppm H2O
Martinek, Loïs. "Effet de la fugacité d'oxygène sur le stockage des fluides C et H dans le manteau terrestre." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC108.
Full textThe study of the water content of nominally anhydrous minerals and the parameters influencing solubilities is an active research field because of its effects on the physical and chemical properties of the mantle. This study aims to experimentally constrain the water storage capacities of olivine and wadsleyite at a depth around 410 km (14 GPa) under water-saturated conditions, from 1200 °C to 1400 °C, with three different ƒO2 buffers (FeFeO, NiNiO et ReReO2) and two different fluid compositions (H2O et H2O+C2H2O4). Experiments have been conducted in the multi-anvil press, with sealed double capsules to preserve fluids. Samples were polished and analyzed by SEM and electron microprobe to study their composition. The water contents of minerals were measured by Raman spectroscopy with a method initiated for olivine by Bolfan-Casanova et al. (2014) continued here and extended to wadsleyite (Martinek & Bolfan-Casanova, 2019). Errors related to this method have been quantified and identified with the study of two olivine and wadsleyite single-crystals with Raman spectra acquired as a function of the mineral's orientation. The goal was distinguishing the various measurement error sources from the natural anisotropy of the minerals, and observe the effect of two different measurement method on the errors. The conversion factors connecting the OH/Si measured by Raman spectroscopy to the water content are 93108±24118 for olivine, 250868±53827 for Fo89 wadsleyite, and 57862±12487 for Fo100 wadsleyite (factors in ppm weight of water).A significant effect of ƒO2 on the melting temperature has been observed in the carbon-free experiments (decreasing of 30 to 40 °C by ƒO2 log unit). The measured water contents for both olivine and wadsleyite increase with increasing temperature or ƒO2, but drop in the presence of carbon or melting, which benefits from higher temperature and ƒO2. The observed water contents vary from 4600 to 18800 ppm for wadsleyite and 350 to 2400 ppm for olivine in carbon-free experiments, and from 1800 to 10900 ppm for wadsleyite and 135 to 1030 ppm for olivine in carbon-bearing experiments. This study points out that even under reducing conditions and in the presence of carbon, the water content at the bottom of the upper mantles remains significant
Précigout, Jacques. "La localisation de la déformation dans le manteau sous-continental:origine à travers l'étude du massif de Ronda (Espagne) et implications sur la résistance de la lithosphère." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365303.
Full textRemai͏̈di, Malika. "Etude pétrologique et géochimique d'une association péridotites réfractaires - pyroxénites dans le massif de Ronda (Espagne) : Implications pour les mécanismes de circulation des magmas dans le manteau supérieur." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20236.
Full textMahendran, Srinivasan. "Modélisation numérique des propriétés de coeurs de dislocations dans l’Olivine (Mg2SiO4)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R014/document.
Full textIt is widely accepted that the dissipation of heat from the core to the surface of the Earth through a thermally insulating mantle is only possible by convection process. Mantle convection is responsible for a large number of geological activities that occur on the surface of the Earth such as plate tectonic, volcanism, etc. It involves plastic deformation of mantle minerals. In Earth’s interior, the outer most layer beneath the thin crust is the upper mantle. One of the most common mineral found in the upper mantle is the olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. Knowledge of the deformation mechanisms of olivine is important for the understanding of flow and seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. The experimental studies on the plastic deformation of olivine highlighting the importance of dislocations of Burgers vector [100] and [001]. In this work, we report a numerical modelling at the atomic scale of dislocation core structures and slip system properties in forsterite, at pressures relevant to the upper mantle condition. Computations are performed using the THB1 empirical potential and molecular statics. The energy landscapes associated with the dislocation mobility are computed with the help of nudge elastic band calculations. Therefore, with this work, we were able to predict the different possible dislocation core structures and some of their intrinsic properties. In particular, we show that at ambient pressure [100](010) and [001]{110} correspond to the primary slip systems of forsterite. Moreover, we propose an explanation for the “pencil glide” mechanism based on the occurrence of several dislocation core configurations for the screw dislocation of [100] Burgers vector
Freitas, Damien. "The transport properties of Earth’s upper mantle materials : insights from in situ HP-HT experiments." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC058.
Full textThe transport properties of mantle rocks are key parameters to qualitatively and quantitatively interpret direct and indirect geophysical information such as seismic velocities, heat fluxes and electromagnetic profiles across Earth’s and planetary interiors. The origins of upper mantle geophysical anomalies such as the Low Velocity Zone (70-150 km deep) and the Low Velocity Layer (350-410 km deep) are poorly known and require experimental constraints. In this PhD thesis, we have explored the electrical, seismic and thermal properties of realistic solid and partially molten peridotites via the development of geophysical in situ techniques. Performed at high pressures and temperatures in multi-anvil apparatus, our experiments allowed the characterization of the effect of melting on these different physical properties at mantle conditions. We performed the first experimental combination of electrical conductivity and sound wave velocity in a single multi-anvil experiment. Thanks to this technique, we reconciled electrical and seismic estimations of the melt fraction implied in the LVZ with 0.3-0.8 Vol.% of partial melting. The textural equilibration between melt and solid phases was found to be crucial for the comparison of laboratory estimations. We then realized the first reproduction of the dehydration melting process during the ascend of hydrous peridotites from the mantle transition zone to the upper mantle, between 12 and 14 GPa. Measurements during partial melting gave acoustic and electrical signals comparable to geophysical observations favoring partial melting explanation of the LVL anomaly. The implied melt fractions at upper mantle base were quantified to be moderate (<2 Vol.%). The chemical composition of produced melts confirmed the role of chemical filter of this melt layer located between upper and deep mantle. The calculated density confirmed the neutral buoyancy of the melt layer, making it a stable feature over geological times. Volatiles analyses and hydrogen transfer modeling confirmed this layer as a potential deep water reservoir and favored a bottom-up hydration of Earth’s upper mantle. Thermal diffusivity characterization techniques (Angström and pulse heating methods) were adapted to the LMV multi-anvil apparatus. Improved treatment procedures were elaborated for thermal transfer characterization under HP and HT conditions. The first thermal diffusivity characterization of glasses and melts at realistic mantle conditions were performed. In addition, thermal diffusivities of various samples (periclase, olivine, peridotite) were investigated with different structures (solid, solid+melt etc.) using Angström method
Créon, Bocquet Laura. "Effets thermodynamiques de l'extension de la lithosphère sur les roches du manteau : modélisation et quantification des flux de carbone mantelliques vers la croûte." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066528/document.
Full textThis work presents a quantitative investigation of the CO2 in the lithospheric mantle by the study of peridotite xenoliths brought up to the surface by alkaline volcanism in the Pannonian Basin (Central Europe). Textural and geochemical studies of mantle xenoliths highlight a polyphased metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle. The last metasomatic event is related to the percolation of silicate melts of adakite-like compositions, originated from slab melting. During metasomatism, primary fluids reacted with metasomatic amphiboles to form parental melts of the calc-alkaline series observed at the surface of the Pannonian Basin. The CO2 budget of adakite-like magmas and of the mantle below the Pannonian Basin was then constrained by an innovative approach on mantle xenoliths using (1) synchrotron X-ray microtomography, (2) NanoSIMS, Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry, and (3) thermodynamic models. The CO2 concentrations in adakite-like melts were estimated between 9.0 and 25.4 wt. %, in agreement with a fluid-rich source. CO2 concentrations of ~2000 ppm were determined as representative of the Pannonian lithospheric mantle. This significant CO2 lithospheric reservoir is probably tapped by the major shear zone of the Mid Hungarian Zone, resulting in the omnipresence of mantle CO2 in the Pannonian basin
Cabanes, Nelly. "Contribution à l'étude de zones de cisaillement dans le manteau supérieur : analyse texturale, pétrologique et géochimique de deux gisements de péridotites en enclaves dans les basaltes alcalins, Montferrier (Hérault, France) et San Quintin (Baja California, Mexique)." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20016.
Full textMehouachi, Fares. "Nature of Oceanic Lithosphere across the Equatorial fracture Zones in the Atlantic Ocean." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC014.
Full textLAB channel has a low viscosity that would allow the mechanical decoupling between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere, yet the LAB would require a large amount of volatiles, mainly water, to preserve its sub-solidus melt content (1.4%). The total amount of water trapped inside the LAB channel is very large (>> 100 ppm), yet it is surprisingly age independent despite the depth and thickness variation which suggests that a horizontal flux of volatiles originating probably from the ridge is feeding the LAB with its water content that gets focused and preserved inside the thinning LAB channel. The LAB is also potentially imaged across the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) area, near the Chain transform fault using a state of the art imaging method, named as the Offset Continuation Dip Move-Out (OC-DMO), developed specifically to handle dipping structure in low SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) environments. Plate boundaries and particularly Transform Faults (TF) are a unique setting in which the three-dimensional temperature profile could greatly affect the depth and the location of the LAB. A relatively shallow single reflector is reported underneath the MAR which deepens on both sides of the Ridge within an age range from 0 to 6 Myr but seems to flatten in the area closest to the Chain TF at ~20 km depth from the sea-surface at an age ranging from 6 to 18 Myr. This flattening stops around the edge of the TF and a rapid increase of depth is observed from ~20 km at 18 Myr to ~45 km at 22 Myr. The flattening cannot be explained by the thermal effect induced by the TF, which suggests the presence of different mechanism at play and potentially a lithospheric age anomaly. This age anomaly hypothesis is further confirmed by the lack of seafloor subsidence in the same area where the flattening is occurring. The lithosphere around the MAR near the Chain TF cannot be considered as a normal oceanic lithosphere, yet seems to confirm the correlation between the depth variation of the upper bound of the LAB and the lithospheric age, already observed in the St. Paul area
Crépisson, Céline. ""Missing Xenon" : experimental and theoretical study of Xe storage in crustal and upper mantle minerals." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS095.
Full textStorage of Xe in silicate minerals has been proposed to explain the ‘Missing Xenon’ issue, i.e. the low Xe abundance in the Earth’s and Mars’ atmospheres compared to other noble gases and chondrites. However, data about Xe incorporation in minerals remain scarce due to high Xe volatility preventing studies at ambient conditions. Xe incorporation in silicates has been proposed based on experimental evidences at high pressures (P) and temperatures (T). In this PhD thesis we bring new constraints on Xe incorporation in major Earth minerals of the continental crust (quartz and feldspar) and upper mantle (olivine). Xe-bearing samples have been synthesized, characterized ex situ and investigated in situ at high P-T conditions. Theoretical calculations have been performed to propose Xe incorporation sites able to reproduce experimental observations. In olivine and quartz, a Xe for Si substitution is likely, with the formation of at least partially covalent Xe-O bonds of 1.98-2.09 Å. Up to 0.4 at% Xe could be stored in olivine at depth, and in quartz a phase transition toward a new (Xe,Si)O2 phase is evidenced at high T. In presence of Fe and Xe, a phase separation is observed between a Fe-rich phase and a Fe-poor phase for feldspars and olivine, with Xe and Fe stabilizing each other. In presence of excess water, Xe is going into the fluid phase for olivine, while it is retained in a feldspathic melt. Eventually Kr and Xe reactivity in feldspathic glass and melt is evidenced with the observation of Kr oxidation and Kr-O short bonds (2.49 ± 0.1 Å). These constraints on Xe incorporation in silicate melts and minerals at depths could be crucial in the ‘Missing Xenon’ issue
Morino, Précillia. "L'enregistrement Eoarchéen des systèmes 146,147Sm-142,143Nd et 176Lu-176Hf : implications pour les mécanismes de différenciation et l'évolution géodynamique de la Terre Hadéenne." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0213/document.
Full textThe Earth is a telluric planet that formed by collision with and accretion of multiple differentiated proto-planetary bodies. The latest of these collisions, the Moon-forming impact, occurred between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized impactor ~4.35-4.55 Ga ago. Kinetic energy released during impact likely induced global melting of the silicate Earth over depths of thousands of kilometers. Crystallization of this magma ocean then resulted in the differentiation of primordial crustal and mantle reservoirs that were subsequently rehomogenized by convective stirring. The aim of this project is constrain the timing and differentiation mechanisms of the early silicate Earth (>4 Ga ago), using a multi-isotopic approach combining coupled 146,147Sm-142,143Nd chronometry and 176Lu-176Hf systematics. These isotopic tools were used to study well-preserved mafic to ultramafic rocks from the Nulliak assemblage (3.78 Ga, Saglek block, Labrador) and from the Ukaliq Supracrustal Belt (3.75 Ga, Superior Province, Quebec). Application of coupled 147Sm-143Nd and 146Sm-142Nd systematics to Archean rocks from this study provides a precise differentiation age of 4.40±0.03 Ga for the early silicate Earth. This event predates the final stage of magma ocean solidification on the Moon by <50 Ma, consistent with near synchronous cooling of terrestrial and lunar mantles in the aftermath of the giant impact. Furthermore, the similarity of 142,143Nd signatures between the Eoarchean Nulliak metakomatiites and Neoarchean lavas from Theo's flow (2.7 Ga, Abitibi) suggests that their parent magmas were derived from a common mantle source. This depleted mantle reservoir differentiated 4.4 Ga ago and remained isolated from mantle mixing on a billion year timescale. Application of 176Lu-176Hf systematics to Nulliak metakomatiites indicates extraction from a source with both suprachondritic ratios of Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd, consistent with prior depletion at shallow depth in the garnet stability field (P=3-25 GPa). Collectively, Eo- and Meso-Archean komatiites define an ε176Nd-ε143Nd array with a slope of ~4, significantly distinct from that of the modern mantle array (~1.5). This signature requires differentiation in the presence of garnet and cannot be attributed to crystallization of a perovskitic assemblage in a deep magma ocean (P>25 GPa). We interpret our observations to reflect differentiation of shallow cumulates during the final stage of magma ocean crystallization, followed by overturn and foundering of these dense cumulates in the deep mantle. The Archean 142Nd record may thus primarily reflect episodic sampling of these primordial heterogeneities by hot mantle plumes rather than progressive mixing of highly depleted Hadean reservoirs
Franken, Thijs. "Analysing partial melting in the Réunion mantle plume." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7129.
Full textPartial melting in the upper mantle is prevalent in areas of mantle upwelling such as rifts, mid-ocean ridges and hotspots. The presence of low shear-wave velocity zones in the shallow mantle (∼ 80km) are often associated with these locations, revealing velocity anomalies of −4 to −5% which are generally attributed to the presence of melt. However, studies on the quantity of melt responsible for the velocity reduction are divided, where experimental results from petrology, geochemical observations and geodynamical models suggest melt retention of < 1%, whereas seismic interpretations call for 1 > %. In this thesis I attempt to resolve the disagreement on melt retention in the asthenosphere by combining forward modelling of melt production and seismic wave propagation to relate geodynamic condition of partial melting directly to seismic observations of the Réunion mantle plume. I developed a 1D model of melt production that approximates melt retention for a range of permeability coefficients, initial mantle temperatures and upwelling velocities through a set of modified Stokes equations assuming porous flow. 210 melting model scenarios are converted to anharmonic seismic P- and S-wave velocities using a mineral parameter database, which are embedded into the ak135 earth reference model to generate synthetic seismograms of the melting scenarios for 21 source events using the Direct Solution Method for a laterally homogeneous and spherically symmetrical Earth. I explore the effect of melt presence on the radial, transverse and vertical wave component for the P, S, Pdiff and SKS phase arrivals, band-pass filtered to upper corner frequencies of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 Hz. Through an automated cross-correlation procedure I compute relative traveltime differences between the observed seismograms and the 210 synthetic model traces for each iteration of the 21 source events, 4 phase arrivals, 3 wave components, and 4 band-pass filter frequencies. I analyse 70,896 relative traveltime datapoints to reach a solution for the minimised relative traveltimes between the model traces and the seismic observations, in order to discover which melting model scenario describes the upper mantle beneath Réunion. The solution to the best-fit model scenario is non-unique, since several combinations of the permeability coefficient, temperature and upwelling velocity give the same solution. By seperately analysing the parameter distribution of the free model parameters over the minimised relative traveltime solution of the 70,896 datapoints for the different phase arrivals and wave components, two likely regimes of upper mantle conditions can be constrained that can resolve the seismic observations. These regimes indicate that mantle conditions beneath Réunion are either in the 1300−1350 °C temperature range with melt fractions of ∼ 1%, or in the 1400−1450 °C temperature range with melt fractions of < 0.3%. Constraints from studies on upper mantle temperature, permeability and melt transportation velocities correspond to the latter case, showing that low retention of melt in the shallow mantle beneath Réunion simultaneously satisfy seismic observations and the expected geodynamic conditions
Proietti, Arnaud. "Rhéologie d'agrégats olivine-orthopyroxène sous haute pression." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30171/document.
Full textThis thesis presents our work on the rheology of two of the main minerals of the upper mantle: olivine and orthopyroxene. First, fined-grained polycrystalline aggregates (with grain sizes between 100 nm and 5 &m) of olivine and pyroxene were synthesized by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) and vacuumsintering. The samples were then deformed at pressures between 2 and 6 GPa in D-DIA presses installed on synchrotrons X-ray beamlines at NSLS and ESRF so thatmeasurements of the differential stress and strain could be obtained in situ. The influence of pressure on low-temperature plasticity of olivine was studied at room temperature (ID06 beamline, ESRF synchrotron, Grenoble). High-temperature deformation mechanisms of olivine and orthopyroxene were also studied between 900 and 1200°C (X17B2 beamline, NSLS synchrotron, New York). Mechanical results and microstructural analysis by EBSD suggest a deformation by diffusion creep. Rheological laws including the effect of pressure, temperature, differential stress and grain size were determined for each mineral. Under these conditions, orthopyroxene appears less viscous than olivine. Finally, two-phase aggregates (Ol/Px volume ration of 80/20 and 70/30) were also deformed. Differential stress, estimated in each phase, indicates the contribution of a second deformation mechanism, in agreement with microstructural observations
Wei, Wei. "Characteristics of the late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the South China block and geodynamic implications : Multi-approach study on the Qingyang-Jiuhua, Hengshan and Fujian coastal granitic massifs." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058791.
Full textAgrinier, Pierre. "L'evolution de la croute oceanique vue par les rapports isotopiques de l'oxygene, du carbone et de l'hydrogene." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077176.
Full textSATSUKAWA, Takako. "Interactions magma-roche, déformation à haute température et anisotropie sismique dans le manteau de la transition continent-océan et dans la lithosphère océanique." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795505.
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