Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Territory'

Traditionally, the essence and spirit of place dictated its use. Harmoniously intertwined, physical and mythical attributes were looked to in order to preserve the spirit of place (Genius loci). Today, such a place is the Atteridgeville fresh water reservoirs. Providing an opportune site to reclaim the spirit of place for the contemporary resident. Understanding that the shack typology is not of place but of circumstances - this dissertation searches for an architecture of place in the scene of a democratic South Africa. This study focuses on the provision of cultural, public spaces, based on an approach that recognises established townships as aspiring suburbs rather than dormitory towns.<br>Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Architecture<br>MArch (Prof)<br>Unrestricted

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Pensar o espaço urbano da cidade do Rio de Janeiro remete, num primeiro momento, a pensamentos de violência e medo. Destarte essa cidade vem assistindo a um forte e intenso processo de fragmentação de seu tecido sociopolítico-espacial. Compondo esse violento cenário emergem as facções criminosas de compra e venda de entorpecentes, que dominam grande parte das favelas cariocas, as forças do estado, via de regra apenas o braço policial, e a população comum que assiste abismada e amedrontada, a intensos conflitos armados, mormente a população localizada em favelas. O poderio sociopolítico-econômico alcançado pelas facções criminosas na metrópole do Rio de Janeiro é bastante influente, a ponto de se tornar legitimado nas unidades de internação de jovens infratores e nas unidades prisionais de adultos. Dessa forma esses locais de clausura em associação com as favelas se configuram em territórios de intensa disputa política e bélica, assumindo papel crucial no desenrolar da dinâmica cotidiana da cidade. Essa correlação é percebida e analisada através de um estudo transescalar, que permite enxergar o espaço não só em sua feição territorial - de contenção, de cárcere - mas também sob a forma de lugar, lugar de vida e lugar de clausura, simultaneamente. Portanto assiste-se à formação e a consequente interligação transescalar de diferentes territórios do cárcere em locais fechados, como as unidades de internação para jovens infratores, e em locais de residência, como as favelas e os condomínios exclusivos. Esta constatação tem importância vital para o desenvolvimento da rotina narcotraficante, influenciando diretamente a vida da população carioca.<br>Think about urban space in Rio de Janeiro first refers to thoughts of violence and fear. Thus the city has been through a strong and intense process of fragmentation of its socialpolitical and spatial dimensions. Compounding this violent scenary emerge the drug dealers factions that dominates most of Rio’s favelas, the state forces – in fact just the police – and ordinary people who watch terrified and afraid, the intense armed conflict, especially the population living in favelas. The sociopolitical and economic power reached by criminal gangs in metropolis of Rio de Janeiro is so influent that legitimates itself at young offenders internment units and adult prisons. Thus these places of confinement connected with the favelas configured territories of intense political and war dispute and play a crucial role in the conduct of the daily dynamics of the city. This correlation is perceived and analyzed through a trans-scalar study which allows us to see the space not only in their territorial feature - as a contention, a prison - but also as a place of life and place of confinement simultaneously. Therefore we are witnessing the formation and its subsequent transescalar interconnection of different prison territories such as young offenders internment unities and places of residence like the favelas and exclusive condominiums. This finding is vital for the drug dealers faction routine development , directly influencing the lives of people in Rio.

La recerca realitzada com a tesi doctoral ha estudiat el parc de la Ciutadella com a espai urbà privilegiat en la configuració de concepcions de la natura i d'un estil determinat de popularització de les ciències naturals als públics urbans de principis del segle XX. Ha analitzat els règims d’exhibició vinculats a la història natural que s’hi van desplegar per a situar-los en el context polític i social de l’època. L’estudi s’ha centrat en un període acotat de la història del parc, que comença l’any 1906 amb la creació de la Junta autònoma de Ciències Naturals, la qual posà en marxa un ambiciós programa de popularització de les ciències naturals al parc de la Ciutadella. Per tal d'assolir els objectius, s’ha centrat la recerca a mirar de comprendre l'abast i significació de tres exposicions científiques endegades com part d’aquell programa: l’escultura del mamut a escala natural que s’instal·là al parc a finals de 1907 i que avui encara es conserva al parc; la col·lecció de grans blocs de roca que s’inicià aquell mateix any i que en el curs de tres anys assolí més d’un centenar d’exemplars, els quals romangueren exposats davant del Museu Martorell fins al 1929; i la gran exposició de piscicultura i pesca que s’organitzà, l’any 1912, a l’interior i als voltants del Castell dels Tres Dragons, que fou el precedent que marcà el vincle amb les ciències naturals, ara ja centenari, de l’edifici que havia sigut antic Cafè-Restaurant de l’Exposició Universal de 1888. L’examen dels tres projectes expositius vol comprendre, d’una banda, la concepció de natura que imbuïa el programa de la Junta, analitzar-ne l’estat de les respectives disciplines científiques i la seva traducció en termes de la museografia i de la recepció pública. Aquestes exposicions eren elements de diàleg entre experts i profans, un lloc on es podia escoltar la veu de l’autoritat, però també les veus dels públics i d’altres actors, en un moment d’institucionalització de la ciència a la ciutat. Per tot això, l’anàlisi de les instal·lacions s’ha fixat tant en les motivacions, interessos i desitjos dels qui les promovien com en les recepcions i reaccions que tingueren els públics d’aquelles iniciatives.<br>La investigación realizada como tesis doctoral ha estudiado el parque de la Ciutadella como espacio urbano privilegiado en la configuración de concepciones de la naturaleza y de un estilo determinado de popularización de las ciencias naturales a los públicos urbanos de principios del siglo XX. Ha analizado los regímenes de exhibición vinculados a la historia natural que se desplegaron para situarlos en el contexto político y social de la época. El estudio se ha centrado en un período acotado de la historia del parque, que comienza en 1906 con la creación de la Junta Autónoma de Ciencias Naturales, que puso en marcha un ambicioso programa de popularización de las ciencias naturales en el parque de la Ciutadella. Para alcanzar los objetivos, se ha centrado la investigación en tratar de comprender el alcance y la significación de tres exposiciones científicas emprendidas como parte de ese programa: la escultura del mamut a escala natural que se instaló en el parque a finales de 1907 y que hoy todavía se conserva en el parque; la colección de grandes bloques de roca que se inició ese mismo año y que en el curso de tres años alcanzó más de un centenar de ejemplares, los cuales permanecieron expuestos frente al Museo Martorell hasta el 1929; y la gran exposición de piscicultura y pesca que se organizó, en 1912, en el interior y alrededores del Castell dels Tres Dragones, que fue el precedente que marcó el vínculo con las ciencias naturales, ahora ya centenario, del edificio que había sido antiguo Café-Restaurante de la Exposición Universal de 1888. El examen de los tres proyectos expositivos quiere comprender, por un lado, la concepción de naturaleza que imbuía el programa de la Junta, analizar el estado de las respectivas disciplinas científicas y su traducción en términos de la museografía y de la recepción pública. Estas exposiciones eran elementos de diálogo entre expertos y profanos, un lugar donde se podía escuchar la voz de la autoridad, pero también las voces de los públicos y otros actores, en un momento de institucionalización de la ciencia en la ciudad. Por todo ello, el análisis de las instalaciones se ha fijado tanto en las motivaciones, intereses y deseos de quienes las promovían como en las recepciones y reacciones que tuvieron los públicos de aquellas iniciativas.<br>The research carried out as a doctoral thesis has studied the Parc de la Ciutadella as a privileged urban space in the configuration of conceptions of nature and a certain style of popularization of natural sciences in the urban public of the early twentieth century. It has analyzed the exhibition regimes linked to the natural history that were deployed so as to situate them in the political and social context of the time. The study focused on a period of the history of the park, which began in 1906 with the creation of the Autonomous Board of Natural Sciences, which launched an ambitious program of popularization of natural sciences in the parc de la Ciutadella. In order to achieve the objectives, the research has focused on trying to understand the scope and significance of three scientific exhibitions under way as part of that program: sculpture of the mammoth on a natural scale that was built up in the park at the end of 1907 and which today is still preserved there; the collection of large blocks of rock that began in the same year and that in the course of three years reached more than one hundred samples, which were exposed in front of the Martorell Museum until 1929; and the great exhibition of fish farming and fisheries that was organized in 1912 in the interior and around the building known as Castell dels Tres Dragons, which was the precedent that marked the link with the natural sciences, now centenary, of the building that had been former Café-Restaurant of the Universal Exhibition of 1888. The analysis of the three exhibition projects is aimed at to understand, on the one hand, the conception of nature that imbued the program of the Board, to analyze the state of the respective scientific disciplines and their translation in terms of museography and the public reception. These exhibitions were elements of dialogue between experts and profans, a place where the voice of the authority could be heard, but also the voices of the public and other actors, at a time when science of the city was institutionalized. For this reason, the analysis of the exhibition projects has been focused so much in the motivations, interests and desires of the promoters as well as in the receptions and reactions that the public of those initiatives had.

This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages [66]-[67]).<br>This thesis argues that traditional architectural practice is insufficient to respond to the instabilities of rapid informal urbanization in Latin America. Traditional practice has mostly focused on designing objects, but informal territories instead need architects able to embrace complex social agendas, environmental risks, the lack of infrastructure and constant migration. Under these circumstances, this thesis proposes four new design protocols that constitute a new design process: 1. architects start by building trust and empathy with the community, 2. architects' responsibility extends beyond designing objects to designing systems, 3. architects rethink the use of materials and get involved in their projects' production process and 4. architects acknowledge that design is by necessity incomplete.<br>These protocols result from my experience working in an informal settlement surrounded by swampland in Cartagena, Colombia, where I worked hand in hand with the community and a local foundation. From a deep understanding of the place, I envisioned an informal water-based mobility system. The system considers alternative material sources such as plastic waste and explores 3D printing's potential to facilitate local production. The system joins actors who will economically support the project and identifies programs that enhance people's livelihoods while promoting the swamp's ecological restoration. Acknowledging that design is incomplete, the work presents possible "design hacks" or reinterpretations that result from the informal settlers' agency. Ultimately, these design hacks can become catalysts for design upgrading and innovation. These new architectural protocols present a paradox. They expand architects' agency by requiring them to assume additional responsibilities.<br>At the same time, these protocols require architects to relinquish some of their traditional responsibility for full control over the design. Even if paradoxical, this new approach can motivate future forms of architectural pedagogy and practice that envision new tools and adjust methods and agency consistent with informal urbanization.<br>by Manuela Uribe Buitrago.<br>S.M.<br>S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture

Le territoire est porté dans le débat public depuis les années quatre vingt à l'aune de la mise en place des politiques de décentralisation. Cependant depuis les années quatre vingt dix, les mutations des politiques publiques ont fait émerger un territoire tantôt support, tantôt outil de rationalisation de l'action collective au niveau local. Le territoire est appréhendé comme une construction (Gosse et Sprimont, 2008) au titre de laquelle l'appel à des acteurs multiples aux légitimités variées voire potentiellement conflictuelles (Mendez et Mercier, 2006) constitue un défi pour l'action collective territorialisée. Ainsi, la prévalence d'une lecture actantielle du territoire donne lieu à une interpénétration des espaces d'action où s'entrecroisent des enjeux économiques (avec l'emploi comme objectif privilégié), politiques (distribution des pouvoirs au niveau de l'espace local) et organisationnels (recherche d'une coordination optimale).Il en résulte qu'une forme d'hybridation [Berthet et al, 2002] est érigée comme modèle dans la conduite de l'action collective territorialisée en conviant à une action conjuguée les acteurs privés et publics avec la gouvernance comme méthode de conduite et de gestion des ressources territorialisées. La recherche d'un territoire " efficace " par le recours aux outils de gestion remet à jour la question territoriale dans un contexte de complexification de la démocratie et d'une visée performative de l'action publique. A ce titre, le projet de territoire constitue l'un des instruments emblématiques de la recherche de la mobilisation des acteurs territoriaux et de raffermissement démocratique dans une république désormais décentralisée. L'entreprise se trouve également au centre des parties prenantes conviées sur la scène territoriale.Cette imbrication posée entre la gestion et le politique, s'illustre par l'appel au management comme " allié naturel " pour mobiliser les nombreux acteurs convoqués. Il n'en demeure pas moins qu'une approche conceptuelle de la transposition au plan territorial du management, met en exergue des particularités, des points de tension. Ainsi, le management comme levier d'action collective territorialisée s'inscrit dans des registres paradoxaux qui contrarient la mise en compatibilité des espaces de la gestion et du politique.En nous appuyant sur l'exemple de la Guadeloupe, et recourant à la sociologie de la traduction, nous recherchons à montrer dans quelle mesure le projet peut être posé comme instrument de mobilisation et se déployer dans un cadre non hiérarchique.

This thesis examines the politics of post-Soviet Russia's internal borders. The central argument is that the dynamics of center-regional relations in Russia can best be understood by examing borders as social and political institutions. Borders configure interests, distribute resources, and regulate identity. While the institutional qualities of borders often lay hidden, they are laid bare by conflicts over their status and content. This thesis takes advantage of the centralization processes initiated by Russian President Vladimir Putin to examine the relationship of Russia's internal borders to the dynamics of federal reform, democratization, and state building. The bulk of the thesis compares four Russian regions - the Republic of Kareliia, the Republic of Buriatiia, Perm oblast', and Tiumen oblast' - in their responses to state centralization along several dimensions: the creation of the Federal Districts and Putin's reform of the institution of Presidential Representatives; the revision of regional charters and republican constitutions; the conduct of gubernatorial elections; and the push for regional enlargement. The analysis reveals that Putin's centralization found willing accomplices insofar as it opened up opportunities for regional elites to exploit the discourse and repertoires of centralization within their own regions. The politics of centralization demonstrate how the multiple linkages of internal borders to territory, regional identity, and federal status, established the parameters for political contestation on the regional level and regulated the directionality of center-regional relations. The thesis makes use of qualitative data gathered through extensive fieldwork in Russia, primarily consisting of interviews and regional press archives. It makes an original contribution to the general political science literature in developing and applying the theoretical notion of borders as social and political institutions. It further makes a substantive contribution in suggesting why Russia's governors willingly gave up the autonomy gained in the 1990s when confronted with state centralization in Putin's first term.

<p> The field of artists' books is a realm in which a phenomenon is mapped and territorialized. This is based on the human necessity to map the world and have a better grasp of it. Additionally, it is constructed on the understanding of the history of the book&rsquo;s physicality as an important emblem in civilization. An artist&rsquo;s book is an isolated realm, both a map and a territory. It is closed in itself, and has its own rules and dynamics, yet carries varied affinities with the outside world.</p>

This thesis explores the interaction between natural and urban life through mutual recognition, viewing the clash of territorial borders as dynamic conditions rather than exclusion zones. Gir area in India has been investigated as a unique case where humans and lions for centuries have lived together and established a mutual respect. Rasulpara village is used as a local situation to analyze the relationship between humans and animals with the intention to understand how such relationship can be maintained. It has led to the recognition of the in-between as intermediate zones mediating exchange between the two systems. With humans relating to settled form as territorial constrains, the language of architecture becomes a messenger of a respect playing with a time-based system; mediating the balance between safe and unsafe. Learning from the existing relationship of mutual understanding aims to extract lessons for how to intervene in the context and other mediation areas between human and wild. Exploring these attributes through design has shown that built form can act as solid borders to classify and preclude, but also to invite cohabitation by respecting means of existence. Territorial conflicts can then be dealt with more sensitively, thus obtaining the equilibrium within a changing world anchored in traditional knowledge.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a geochemical characterization of the Seehausen territory (a neighborhood) of Bremen, Germany. In this territory it is hosted a landfill of dredged sediments coming both from Bremerhaven (North See) and Bremen harbor (directly on the river Weser). For this reason this work has been focused also on possible impacts of the landfill on the groundwaters (shallow and deep aquifer). The Seehausen landfill uses the dewatering technique to manage the dredged sediments: incoming sediments are put into dewatering fields until they are completely dried (it takes almost a year). Then they are randomly sampled and analyzed: if the pollutants content is acceptable, sediments are treated with other materials and used instead of raw material for embankment, bricks, etc., otherwise they are disposed in the landfill. During this work it has been made a study of the natural geology and hydrogeology of the whole area of interest, especially because it is characterized by ancient natural salt deposits. Then, together with the Geological Survey of Bremen and the Harbor Authority of Bremen there have been identified all useful piezometers for a monitoring net around the landfill. During the sampling campaign there have been collected data of the principal anions and cations, physical parameters and stable water isotopes. Data analysis has been focused particularly on Cl, Na, SO4 and EC because these parameters might be helpful to attribute geochemical trends to the landfill or to a natural background. Furthermore dataloggers have been installed for a month in some piezometers and EC, pressure, dissolved oxygen and temperature data have been collected. Finally there has been made a deep comparison between current and historical data (1996 – 2011) and between old interpolation maps and current ones in order to see time trends of the aquifer geochemistry.

This thesis examines the construction of Aboriginality in recent public policy reasoning through identifying representations deployed by architects and supporters of the Commonwealth’s 2007 Northern Territory Emergency Response (the intervention). Debate about the Northern Territory intervention was explicitly situated in relation to a range of ideas about appropriate Government policy towards Indigenous people, and particularly about the nature, role, status, value and future of Aboriginality and of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders. This project involves analysis of constructions of Aboriginality deployed in texts created and circulated to explain and justify the policy program. The aim of the project is to identify the ideas about Aboriginality deployed by the intervention’s architects and supporters, and to examine the effects and implications of these discourses for political relationships between Indigenous people and settlers in Australia. This thesis will argue that advocates of the Northern Territory intervention construct Aboriginality in a range of important ways that reassert and reinforce the legitimacy of the settler colonial order and the project of Australian nationhood, and operate to limit Aboriginal claims. Specifically, it is argued that in linking Aboriginality to the abuse of Aboriginal children, the intervention’s advocates and supporters establish a political debate about the nature and future of Aboriginality within a discursive terrain in which the authority and perspectives of Indigenous people are problematised. Aboriginality is constructed in this process as both temporally and spatially separated from settler society, and in need of coercive integration into mainstream economic and political arrangements. Aboriginality is depicted by settler advocates of intervention as an anachronism, with Aboriginal people and cultures understood as primitive and/or savage precursors to settlers who are represented as modern and civilised. As such, the communities seen as the authentic home or location of Aboriginality represent a threat to Aboriginal children as well as to settlers. These constructions function to obscure the violence of the settler order, provide justification or moral rehabilitation for the colonising project, and reassert the sovereignty of the settler state. The resolution offered by the intervention’s advocates is a performance or enactment of settler sovereignty, representing a claim over and through both the territory of Aboriginal people and the discursive terrain of nationhood.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de définir un nouveau concept : celui de Territoire Transfrontalier Maritime (TTM) qui se différencie du concept de territoire transfrontalier terrestre par la présence de la mer qui modifie la dialectique ouverture/fermeture propre à ces territoires, du concept de territoire « inter-côtier » puisque la dialectique frontalière vient se superposer à la distance instaurée par la mer et des concepts de méditerranée dans la mesure où les territoires transfrontaliers maritimes se définissent par leur proximité à la frontière alors que les méditerranées comprennent des espaces distants de plusieurs milliers de kilomètres de la frontière.Pour y parvenir, la première partie de la thèse se décompose en trois chapitres. Le premier mène une réflexion autour de la territorialisation de la mer puisque les TTM sont centrés tant géographiquement qu’humainement sur la mer. Or si cette mer s’apparente à un no man’s land il semble inconcevable de parler de TTM. Le second chapitre revient sur la définition de ce concept et les questions qu’il soulève. Une réflexion autour de l’association des termes « mer et proximité » y est conduite : la mer éloigne-t-elle ou rapproche-t-elle les populations riveraines ? Enfin le troisième chapitre présente l’espace transmanche, retenu car il permet de produire des données empiriques inédites tout en testant les hypothèses. Il dévoile aussi le protocole méthodologique élaboré pour l’analyse des TTM, inspiré de la FSS de Di Méo et adapté aux spécificités de ces territoires. La seconde partie expose les résultats obtenus dans le cadre du terrain tout en conservant une démarche comparative afin de bien différencier conceptuellement les TTM des concepts cités précédemment. Le quatrième chapitre est en lien avec les pratiques de l’espace : Observe-t-on des spécificités dans ces pratiques ? La proximité les explique-t-elle ? En quoi les motifs de ces flux contribuent-ils à la territorialisation de l’espace ? Le cinquième chapitre analyse les représentations de l’espace puisque la thèse se positionne dans le champ de la géographie sociale et culturelle. Nous questionnons l’altérité des résidents transmanche : les résidents français et anglais de cet espace ont-ils des visions communes d’un espace partagé ? Enfin le dernier chapitre est dédié à l’institutionnalisation de l’espace. En effet les TTM n’ayant pas d’existence politico-administrative il est nécessaire que leurs acteurs coopèrent et partagent une vision commune de l’espace. Ainsi les concepts de coopération transfrontalière et de gouvernance transfrontalière maritime sont mobilisés. Une étude particulière est menée autour des jumelages transfrontaliers et des relations qu’ils entretiennent avec la territorialisation des espaces. Tout au long de notre travail, l’étude des interactions entre la matérialité, l’immatérialité et l’institutionnalisation de l’espace est au centre de la réflexion. Le questionnement général de la thèse intègre aussi l’incidence de la maritimité sur la constitution d’un TTM. Enfin en raison de notre territoire d’étude il est important de réfléchir sur le concept d’insularité<br>This PHD has for objective to define a new concept: that of The maritime Cross-border Territory (MCBT) who differs from the concept of ground cross-border territory by the presence of the sea which modifies the dialectic opening/closure appropriate to these territories, the concept of "inter-coastal" territory because the border dialectic comes to overlap at the distance established by the sea and the concepts of Mediterranean as far as the maritime cross-border territories define themselves by their closeness on the border while the Mediterranean include distant spaces of more than thousands of kilometers of the border.To reach there the first part of the PHD decomposes into three chapters. The first one is dedicated to a reflection around the territorialisation of the sea because the MCBT is centered so geographically as humanely on the sea. Yet if this sea is similar to a no-man's-land it seems inconceivable to speak about MCBT. The second chapter returns to the definition of this concept and the questions which it lifts. A reflection around the association of the terms "sea and closeness" is led there : does the sea take away or does it move closer to the waterside populations? Finally the third chapter presents the cross-Channel, reserved space because it allows to produce new empirical data while testing the hypotheses. It also reveals the methodological protocol developed for the analysis of the MCBT, inspired by DI MÉO'S FSS and adapted to the specificities of these territories.The second part exposes the results obtained within the framework of the ground while keeping a comparative approach to differentiate well conceptually the MCBT of the concepts quoted previously. The fourth chapter is in connection with the practices of the space: observe Tone of specificities in these practices? Does closeness explains them? In what the motives for these flows contribute to the territorialisation of the space. The fifth chapter analyzes the representations of the space because the PHD positions itself in the field of the social and cultural geography. We question the otherness of the cross-Channel residents: have the French and English residents of this space seen in common a shared space? Finally the last chapter is dedicated to the institutionalization of the space. Indeed, the MCBT having no politico-administrative existence it is necessary that their actors cooperate and share a common vision of the space. So the concepts of cross-border cooperation and maritime cross-border governance were mobilized. A particular study was led around the cross-border twinnings and the relations which they maintain with the territorialisation of spaces.Throughout our work, the study of the interactions between the materiality, the immateriality and the institutionalization of the space was in the center of the reflection. The general questioning of the PHD also integrates the incidence of the maritimity on the constitution of a MCBT. Finally because of our territory of study it is important to think about the concept of insularity

Aucune loi, aucun décret ne propose de définition de la continuité territoriale. L'expression apparaît dans certains textes législatifs et réglementaires, elle est utilisée par le juge en certaines occasions, mais parce qu'elle interfère en des domaines différenciés, elle demeure indéterminée. L'appréhension de la notion de continuité territoriale dérive de ces textes juridiques et de ces quelques décisions de justice qui lui attribuent plusieurs fonctions dans le système administratif.Suivant les dispositifs législatifs, la notion de continuité territoriale renvoie, en premier lieu, à des modes de fonctionnement du service public, notamment pour ce qui concerne l'organisation et le financement de la desserte de la collectivité territoriale de Corse en vertu d'une convention initiale de 1976 relative aux transports maritimes vers l'île, désormais codifiée à l'article L. 4425-4 du Code général des collectivités territoriales.En deuxième lieu, elle ressort des interprétations de la formule « d'un seul tenant et sans enclave », présente aux articles L. 5214-1, L. 5215-1 et L. 5216 du CGCT, par le juge administratif dans le contentieux de l'intercommunalité .En un troisième temps, la notion de continuité territoriale s'inscrit dans l'objectif de continuité du service public sur l'ensemble du territoire à travers l'article 4 de la loi n°2007-309 du 5 mars 2007 relative à la modernisation de la diffusion audiovisuelle et à la télévision du futur, ce qui justifierait l'extension de la notion dans les discours administratifs relatifs à l'aménagement numérique du territoire.Ces applications distinctes d'une idée de continuité territoriale inviteraient à s'interroger sur les modes d'appréhension de la notion de continuité comme de la notion de territoire dans les domaines du droit administratif<br>No law, no decree proposes definition of territorial continuity. The expression appears in certain legislative texts and lawful, it is used by the judge on certain occasions,it interferes differentiated fields into cubes, it remains unspecified.The apprehension of the concept of territorial continuity derives from these legal texts and these some legal decisions which allot several functions in the administrative system

Historiquement, les animaux sauvages ont toujours représenté une ressource pour les hommes, assurant la sécurité alimentaire des sociétés locales et traditionnelles. L'exploitation touristique de la faune implique dès lors une évolution dans les modes de vie, la culture et les identités locales. L'objectif de cette recherche doctorale est d'analyser le récréotourisme faunique. Les activités récréotouristiques autour de la faune sauvage traduisent une requalification de la ressource faune, ce qui a des impacts à la fois sur les espaces humains et non-humains, les jeux de construction territoriale et sur les rapports développés à la faune sauvage. Ce travail analyse les rapports que les sociétés entretiennent avec la faune sauvage à travers les activités récréotouristiques de chasse et de vision. Ces deux formes de tourisme sont généralement opposées car le tourisme de vision est présenté comme un usage non-consomptif de la ressource alors que le tourisme de chasse est reconnu comme un usage consomptif de la ressource. Dépassant certaines idées reçues sur les pratiques de la chasse et une approche manichéenne entre ces différentes activités, il convient d'interroger les distinctions et / ou le rapport dialogique entre ces pratiques. Afin de conduire cette recherche, le choix d'une analyse comparative a été retenu, laquelle se propose de mettre en perspective différentes études de cas en France (massif des Bauges) et au Canada (Gaspésie et Nunavut). Ce travail comparatif permet de mieux comprendre les enjeux touristiques et territoriaux associés à la gestion de la faune sauvage et de penser la transférabilité des processus observés entre différents terrains d'études. D'un point de vue méthodologique, ce travail doctoral s'appuie sur un cadre analytique organisé autour de quatre entrées croisant des (i) aspects conceptuels, (ii) l'analyse d'archives, (iii) des méthodes d'observation ainsi que (iv) des outils d'analyse des rapports homme / faune via l'analyse de discours des populations touristiques. La première partie de ce travail présente le contexte théorique de l'étude et la démarche systémique de cette recherche (chapitres 1, 2 et 3). En termes de résultats, ces présupposés méthodologiques et théoriques ont permis d'analyser comment les dynamiques du récréotourisme faunique agissent, réagissent et rétroagissent sur l'ensemble du système territorial. Ainsi, la deuxième partie interroge l'organisation socio-spatiale des activités récréotouristiques de chasse et de vision (chapitres 4 et 5). Ces différentes formes de tourisme sont analysées en prenant en compte l'implantation de ces activités au sein des territoires, les attentes touristiques de la part des visiteurs, et les effets des différentes pratiques sur les populations fauniques. La troisième et dernière partie s'intéresse à l'évolution des rapports hommes / faune sauvage dans le temps et l'espace au regard des activités récréotouristiques développées. Le chapitre 6 s'intéresse aux rapports dialectiques entre processus de patrimonialisation et les usages acceptés ou non de la ressource faunique, alors que le chapitre 7 propose une réflexion sur les rapports hommes / animaux à l'échelle de l'individu en interrogeant l'éthique de chacun dans ses usages, ses comportements et ses pratiques développés autour de la faune sauvage<br>Historically, wildlife has always been a resource for mankind by ensuring food safety to local and traditional societies. Wildlife tourism represents an evolution in the use of wildlife and affects livelihoods, culture and the local identities. The aim of this PhD research is to have a better understanding of what is wildlife tourism. This specific tourism causes a requalification of the resource, which has some impacts on human and non-human spaces, on the territorial building processes and on the relationship between men and animals. This research focuses particularly on these issues by studying wildlife viewing tourism and sport hunting tourism. These two kinds of tourism are usually in conflict because wildlife tourism is viewed as a non-consumptive tourism whereas hunting tourism is viewed as a consumptive tourism. Going beyond some common preconceptions on these different tourisms, we question the differences and/or the dialogical relationship between these practices. To conduct this research, we chose to lead a comparative analysis putting into perspective different case studies in France and in Canada. This comparative work allows a better understanding of tourism and territorial stakes linked to wildlife tourism and it allows to reflect on the transferability of processes observed between different fieldworks. From a methodological point of view, we have defined a framework to analyse wildlife tourism. This framework is based on conceptual aspects, analysis of archives, observation methods and discourse analysis. The first part of this work presents the theoretical context and introduces the systemic approach of this research (chapter 1, 2 and 3). These methodological and theoretical presuppositions are used to analyse how wildlife tourism dynamics act, react and retroact on the whole territorial system. The second part questions the socio-spatial organisation of wildlife viewing and hunting tourisms (chapters 4 and 5). These forms of tourisms are studied taking into account the settlement of these activities on space, the visitors' expectations and the impacts on wildlife populations. The third and last part discusses the evolution of the relationship between humans and wildlife in time and space according to the tourism activity. Chapter 6 looks at the dialectical link between heritage processes and the uses of wildlife resource that are accepted or not, whereas chapter 7 suggests a reflection on human / animal interaction at the individual level questioning the people's ethic in their use, behaviour and habits developed around wildlife

The author analyzes the land tenure and size of the territory and the different perspectives of understanding the property, starting with the western angle of private property, with the individualistic nuance, through public ownership with its nuance of State resources, and finally by the idea of communal property with the collectivist hue, whose ownership lies not with the individual, or the state, but on a group previously identified as culturally consolidated.<br>El autor realiza un análisis sobre la tenencia de la tierra y la dimensión del territorio, así como de las diferentes perspectivas de entender la propiedad, empezando por el ángulo occidental de la propiedad privada, con el matiz individualista, pasando por la propiedad pública con su matiz de recurso estatal, y, finalmente, por la idea de propiedad comunal con el matiz colectivista, cuya titularidad no recae sobre el individuo, o sobre el Estado, sino sobre un colectivo previamente identificado como culturalmente consolidado.

This dissertation examines the problems associated with the restrictive interpretation of Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as UN Charter) to the threat or use of force. This restrictive approach appears no longer helpful in furthering the maintenance of international peace and security. Equally, it does not adequately protect the entire territory of States for the following two reasons. Firstly, the UN member States shelter in the first limb of Article 2(4) to engage in conducts that violate the territory of other States while claiming subservience to the provision of Article 2(4). This occurs through mere frontier incidents, covert and overt support of the activities of the non-State actors. However, the State practice shows that such conducts are always resisted by the victim State no matter how insignificant the breach might be. Secondly, the UN member States have asserted their jurisdiction in cyberspace by adopting appropriate legislation to regulate the cyberspace activities and to curb cybercrimes. To legislate is an exercise of the sovereign power which is by nature, territorial. Thus, it is difficult to equate the non-kinetic character of the cyberspace activities to physical armed attack if Article 2(4) were narrowly construed. Because of these developments, this dissertation advocates for a broad interpretation of Article 2(4), which is respect for the inviolability of State territory. The fact that State practice is repugnant to mere frontier incidents indicates that the restrictive approach is unacceptable. Moreover, Article 2(7) of the UN Charter which prohibits intervention in the internal affairs of a State supports a broad approach. This dissertation adds to the scholarly debate as to whether Article 2(4) applies in cyberspace. It answers in the affirmative if the international community accepts the broad interpretation it proposes. Otherwise, the answer would be negative given the non-kinetic nature of the cyberspace activities.

Implicit in any urban design is a negotiation between public and private interests. Such a negotiation is articulated and made legible in the facades, fences and even more subtle edges separating this from that. A complex variety of spatial situations are produced depending on how spaces are framed, how interfaces are materialized. In the city, the interplay of open space, building and boundary produces a patchwork of subspaces, which we can consider as potential urban territories. Most of us are familiar with the results of territorial production and recognize that fences, furniture or plantings are claims to space by an individual or group. However, the reason to conceive of this process as a territorial production may not be immediately apparent. Consequences of territorial production on percep-tions and behavior are rather under-analyzed, especially in the context of the city. This thesis looks specifically at territorial responses to urban form in the potential social arenas of shared yards in multifamily housing schemes. Drawing on territoriality- and commons-theory as a basis for morphological studies using spatial analysis (e.g. GIS), the thesis proposes that territorial uses of space are in part connected to characteristics of urban form. The thesis explores these spatial underpinnings of claims on space, examining historical, sociological and architectural perspectives and implications on current planning praxis. Parallels are drawn with the role of excludability and rivalry in the production of goods as per commons-theory. Recognizing that even territories like yards perform differently depending on built form characteristics is a step to designing open space with greater social utility. Most notably, the findings that spatial enclosure supports sense of ownership while spaciousness and size support frequency of use is knowledge useful to the practitioner with a role in the production of urban environments, whether in planning, design or construction. With increasing focus on sustainability in urbanism, factoring in social sustainability in land use means recognizing what makes yards inviting to use and elicit feelings of stewardship. Moreover, the importance of legibility at the interface of public and private has implications for design of public space as well. What appears to have been insufficiently problematized in the past are the non-excludable, rivalrous yards which appear to be parks, but do not perform as such territorially. The thesis suggests how a theoretical basis may support design inter-ventions and even densification to resolve such “territorial instability.”<br><p>QC 20160310</p>

Because of the removal policy of the American government, Indian Territory was made the new home of over thirty Indian nations, including the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast. In an effort to stabilize and maintain peaceful and helpful relations between these immigrant nations over fifty international councils were called throughout the history of this territory. During the 1870's, the delegates of the nations attending the Okmulgee Council also attempted to form a confederacy. These circumstances provide an excellent microcosm of Native American internationalism, and by analyzing the nature of the diplomacy that occurred among these nations this thesis will propose a pattern or model that will hopefully be useful in understanding the international relations that occurred between the indigenous nations over the last 500 years.

En el context actual de societat global i del coneixement, la universitat ha intensificat la seva col·laboració en el territori fins a obtenir un paper destacar en el desenvolupament socioeconòmic. Actualment, la universitat contribueix al desenvolupament local a partir de la influència que aquesta té en els diferents aspectes de la realitat socioeconòmica. Davant d’aquest context, la universitat forma part de la societat i, com a tal, ha de trobar i propiciar nous espais emergents on es consolidin les relacions amb altres institucions i organismes. Noves relacions que fan emergir una nova tercera missió dirigida al compromís directe de la universidad amb el seu entorn social i econòmic. Davant d’aquesta nova lògica territorial, la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), com universitat campus, ubicada a la perifèria de la Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB), no ha estat aliena a aquests canvis. La UAB pot jugar un paper de node del coneixement metropolità, amb un rol en la xarxa territorial de centres i subcentres, i en la lògica dels actors de la RMB. La consolidació d’aquest rol, que es defineix com territori del coneixement, depèn, entre altres coses, de la capacitat de la Universitat d’integrar-se funcionalment en el territori, del qual forma part, en relació a la seva vinculació amb la resta d’actors del territori. Amb aquests condicionants de partida, l’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és analitzar, des del context de la societat i els territoris del coneixement, la UAB com a pol metropolità, amb capacitat de lideratge i amb una alta sinergia amb el seu entorn local. Això es concreta en un anàlisi de la relació existent entre la universitat i el territori, caracteritzat per unes geografies variables i límits canviants en una realitat metropolitana que adopta uns models urbans en forma de xarxa. Per a assolir aquest objectiu, la investigació es dissenya des d’una perspectiva multimetodológica que combina la tècnica quantitativa, a partir d’un tractament estadístic descriptiu del subjecte d’estudi i la delimitació de la seva àrea de influència; i la tècnica qualitativa a partir d’entrevistes realitzades a informants clau del territori.<br>En el contexto actual de sociedad global y del conocimiento, la universidad ha intensificado su colaboración en el territorio hasta obtener un papel destacado en el desarrollo socioeconómico. Actualmente, la universidad contribuye al desarrollo local a partir de la influencia que ésta tiene en los diferentes aspectos de la realidad socioeconómica. Ante este contexto, la universidad forma parte de la sociedad y, como tal, tiene que encontrar y propiciar nuevos espacios emergentes donde se consoliden las relaciones con otras instituciones y organismos. Nuevas relaciones que hacen emerger una nueva tercera misión dirigida al compromiso directo de la universidad con su entorno social y económico. Ante esta nueva lógica territorial, la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), como universidad campus, ubicada en la periferia de la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB), no ha sido ajena a estos cambios. La UAB puede jugar un papel de nodo del conocimiento metropolitana, con un rol en la red territorial de centros y subcentros, y en la lógica de los actores de la RMB. La consolidación de este rol, en el que se define como territorio del conocimiento, depende, entre otras cosas, de la capacidad de la Universidad de integrarse funcionalmente en el territorio del cual forma parte, en relación a su vinculación con el resto de actores del territorio. Con estos condicionantes de partida, el objetivo de esta tesis es analizar, desde un contexto de la sociedad y los territorios del conocimiento, la UAB como polo metropolitano, con capacidad de liderazgo y con una alta sinergia con su entorno local. Esto se concreta en un análisis de la relación existente entre la universidad y el territorio, caracterizado por geografías variables y límites cambiantes en una realidad metropolitana que adopta unos modelos urbanos en forma de red. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, la investigación se diseña desde una perspectiva multimetodológica que combina la técnica cuantitativa, a partir de un tratamiento estadístico descriptivo del sujeto de estudio y la delimitación de su área de influencia; y la técnica cualitativa a partir de entrevistas a informantes clave del territorio.<br>In the current context of global and knowledge society, the university, as higher education institution, has intensified its collaboration in the territory until an important role in the social and economic development. Currently, the university contributes to local development through its influence in different aspects of the socioeconomic reality. In this context, the university is part of the society and, as such, it has to find and promote emergent spaces where its relations consolidate with other institutions and organisms. New relations, which make emerge a new third mission related to the university compromise with its social and economic environment. In front of this new territorial logic, The Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), as university campus, located in the periphery of the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (RMB), not least on these transformations. The UAB can play a role as metropolitan knowledge node, with a role in the territorial net of centers and subcenters, in the actor’s logic of the RMB. The consolidation of this role, which defines as knowledge territory, depends, on the other things, on the university capacity to integrate in the territory, as regards linkages to other territorial actors. Under these constraints, the objective of this thesis is to analyze, from the social context and knowledge territories, the UAB as metropolitan pole, with leadership capacity and with a high relation with its local environment. This is made concrete in the analyze about the exist relation between the university and the territory, characterized by variable geographies and changeable limits in a metropolitan reality which adopt an urbans models in the shape of net. To obtain this objective, the investigation is designed from a multimethodological perspective, which combines the quantitative technique, from a descriptive statistical processing, about the study subject, and the delimitation of its influence area; and the qualitative technique from interviews to key informants of the territory.

El objetivo de nuestro trabajo ha sido abordar la relación entre los militares y el territorio en la provincia Citerior a través del estudio de sus monumentos epigráficos. Ya desde el principio hemos sido conscientes de la limitación que constituían la escasez de epigrafía militar con respecto al conjunto total de inscripciones romanas disponibles en España y la ausencia de contextos arqueológicos y espaciales definidos para abordar la cuestión. En efecto, de la mayor parte de la epigrafía militar atestiguada en la Península Ibérica se desconocen las circunstancias de hallazgo de las piezas, su localización en tiempos remotos (con la consecuente falta de información sobre el lugar y las propias circunstancias), o la reutilización del monumento en estructuras posteriores (con la consecuente modificación de su forma original); a ello hemos de añadir la dificultad que supone la pérdida y estado fragmentario de un número muy considerable de textos que conlleva otro tipo de dificultades como las de lectura e interpretación. El análisis individualizado de los epígrafes y de sus avatares históricos permite situarlos, en la mayor parte de los casos, en el territorio de manera general, y en algunos de los lugares capitales de la geografía militar provincial, de manera concreta, asumiendo las precauciones precisas derivadas de las limitaciones ya expuestas. Así las cosas, el resultado central de nuestro estudio se sustenta en la aplicación de un modelo analítico para esbozar una topografía epigráfica del ejército romano de la Hispania alto-imperial, a pesar de la escasez de fuentes epigráficas disponibles y los problemas ya mencionados respecto al análisis y contextualización de las mismas. La obtención de una imagen aproximada de esta topografía militar, de manera sistematizada y enfocada desde de la perspectiva del espacio, es la aportación metodológica de nuestro trabajo a lo mucho ya hecho en estudios de tema militar romano en España. El tratamiento minucioso de cada expediente (entendido como la inscripción y la historia que rodea al monumento) y la combinación de una cantidad importante de materiales y datos sobre ellos suple parcialmente la falta de contextos concretos y definidos para las piezas. No obstante, estos dos elementos no bastan por sí solos para emprender esta labor. Los progresos en materia de arqueología urbana y militar romanas proporcionan marcos de referencia indispensables para entender y reconstruir parcialmente el paisaje epigráfico en la provincia tanto a escala global, como desde la perspectiva de sectores específicos del territorio y lugares puntuales en los que el ejército tuvo una presencia más o menos prolongada. En estos términos, que formulamos bajo la premisa “entre epigrafía y arqueología”, se define el eje central de nuestro trabajo, en la línea de otras investigaciones que se están llevando a cabo en historia militar romana para otras partes del Imperio. Ahora bien, la imagen que obtenemos del estudio de las fuentes y sus contextos resulta muy fragmentaria y compleja en su análisis; no se puede concebir de manera uniforme ni en el tiempo ni el espacio, dado que está sujeta a los aspectos antes expuestos y a los condicionamientos de la historia del Imperio Romano y de sus provincias, como son las transformaciones y articulación del territorio de Hispania y de la provincia Citerior tras la fase final de su conquista, la explotación y administración de los nuevos recursos adquiridos, o los acontecimientos políticos y bélicos generales, como las guerras civiles en los siglos I d. C. y III d. C. Todo ello propició diferentes fases y modelos de implantación militar romana en Hispania, especialmente en la provincia sometida a estudio.<br>Our work has discussed the relation between the military and the landscape within the Hispania Citerior province through the remaining epigraphic evidence. We were very aware of the limitation that is the amount of military epigraphy compared to the global number of roman inscriptions available in Spain. We accounted for the lack of archaeological and spatial contexts as well. It is a fact that the majority of the military epigraphy known to date in the Iberian Peninsula was found in unknown circumstances, in remote times (resulting in unavailable information) or was even re-used for subsequent structures (which usually transforms the original form). Moreover, many of the known pieces are in a fragmentary or partially lost state which in time increases the difficulty of reading and interpreting texts. Analysing and tracing the individual history of epigraphs it is possible to locate them on the territory and eventually in some capital locations within the military provinces. That is if we assume the abovementioned precautions. The main goal is therefore to apply an analytic model to outline an epigraphic topography of the early imperial Roman army in Hispania, taking into account the scarce amount of available epigraphic sources and the above-mentioned issues regarding analysis and context. Our methodological contribution to the subject of the Roman military in Spain is thus to obtain an approximate, systematic and spatial image of said military topography. A meticulous approach to each file (understood as the inscription and the history of the monument together) and the combination of other materials and data on them partially makes up for the scarcity of specific contexts for the pieces. In any case, these two elements do not suffice to successfully resume this task. Roman urban archaeology and military archaeology contribute with referential frames that are key to understand and reconstruct an epigraphic landscape. That is both from a global perspective as well as from the perspective of specific areas in the territory and specific locations where the military had a prolonged stay. ‘Between Epigraphy and Archaeology’ refers to the central aim of our work which is in line with many other scholarly reviews of the Roman military history in other parts of the Empire. On the other hand, we obtain a rather complex and fragmentary image from studying sources and contexts. It cannot be conceived as a uniform entity in time and space as it is subject to the history of the Roman Empire and its provinces. The different phases of the Roman establishment in Hispania, especially in the studied province, were influenced by events such as: the articulation of the territory of Hispania and the Citerior province after the conquest, the exploitation and administration of the newly acquired resources, or the civil wars in the 1st and 3rd centuries A.D. Considering the size of this subject, we believe we have outlined a detailed image of the relationship between the roman military and the occupied Iberian territories. Our perspective has been social rather than event-driven as we have encountered numerous examples of interaction between soldiers and the territory on which they served. Our work refutes the idea of an exercitus Hispanicus that is ‘secon-class’ in comparison to other early imperial Roman armies, which is usually justified by shifting the focus towards more conflictive areas of the Empire. The specific circumstances of Hispania shaped an specific military approach characterised by unique elements that resulted in the development of an active, busy and dynamic army. An army that was involved in infrastructure works to extend the imperial authority’s reach in the Citerior province. It evolved to become an agent of Romanization in times of peace and thus helped to define the early-imperial identity of Hispania.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la sensibilité de l’entreprise au Tissu Economique Local. Le chapitre préliminaire présente un cheminement aboutissant à trois questions de recherche ciblant trois aspects de cette relation, au niveau, local, européen et mondial. Le premier article pose la question suivante : quelle est la perception, par les dirigeants d’entreprise, de la sensibilité de leur entreprise au Tissu Economique Local (TEL), et de son impact sur sa performance ? Cette étude porte sur 25 entretiens semi-directifs effectués auprès de dirigeants dans les départements des deux Savoie (France). Les résultats montrent une difficulté pour les dirigeants à lier sensibilité au TEL et performance, et font émerger les déterminants de la sensibilité. Le second article traite la question suivante : quel est l’impact de la sensibilité de l’entreprise au Tissu Economique Local sur sa performance ? L’échantillon d’étude est composé de 252 entreprises européennes cotées et notées par l’agence de notation extra financière VIGEO entre 2004 et 2011. Les résultats mettent en lumière un effet convexe, d’abord négatif puis positif, de la sensibilité au TEL sur la performance comptable. Il est donc nécessaire pour les entreprises d’investir fortement sur le marché local pour déceler une amélioration de leur performance. Concernant la performance boursière à l’horizon de trois ans, les entreprises peu sensibles surperforment les entreprises très sensibles et le marché. Enfin, le troisième article répond à la question suivante : comment a évolué la concentration géographique des investissements en capital-risque et quels en sont les déterminants ? L’échantillon étudié retrace les investissements au sein des pays de l’OCDE et les BRICS sur la période 1970 - 2013. Les résultats mettent en exergue quatre tendances pour quatre groupes de pays, ainsi qu’un effet positif de la quantité d’investissement sur la concentration, en particulier durant la période précédant la crise internet. A l’inverse, le niveau de développement financier des pays réduit la concentration géographique<br>This thesis investigates the firm’s sensitivity to the Local Economic Fabric. A first analysis allows one to build three questions of research focusing on three aspects of this relation, at local, European and worldwide levels. The first paper answers the following question: What is corporate chiefs’ perception of their sensitivity to Local Economic Fabric (LEF) and its impact on firm performance? The sample being analyzed contains 25 interviews with corporate chiefs in the two departments of Savoie (France). The results highlight a difficulty for corporate chiefs to link sensitivity and firm performance. These qualitative interviews also show the determinants of sensitivity. The second paper answers to the next question: What is the actual effect of sensitivity to LEF on firm performance? This study uses the rating agency VIGEO dataset, which contains 252 European firms noted between 2004 and 2011. Results show a convex effect, first negative then positive, of the sensitivity to LEF on accounting performance. In other words, it is important for firms to invest at a minimum level on local markets to get better performance. About stock performance, for the three-years horizon, the lowest sensitive firms have better performance than the highest sensitive firms and market. The third paper provides an answer to the following questions: How has the geographical concentration of venture capital investments evolved from 1970 to 2013? What are the macro determinants of this evolution? Data involve all the investments of countries belonging to the OECD and the BRICS groups. Results show four evolutionary paths representing four groups of countries. The quantity of investment deals and the dot-com crisis increase the geographical concentration of venture capital while the level of financial development decreases it

La tesi és una nova aportació a l'estudi del territori rural, paisatge que ha rebut menys atencions per part de l'Urbanisme, i que actualment esta experimentant una forta transformació, deguda entre altres coses a una forta activitat edificatòria. Objecte d'aquest treball és l'estudi del territori de l'illa d'Eivissa, un territori "no urbà", construït principalment per !'agricultura. Més que la imatge visible d'un paisatge, el territori rural es considera a partir d'una sèrie d'elements construïts sobre el relleu natural, com a relació entre construcció i naturalesa, com una estructura física composta per lògiques "urbanes" (més geomètriques) i lògiques de construcció de l'espai agrícola, (mes vinculades a la geografia, a la topografia), com una arquitectura construïda al llarg del temps, que ha general uns sistemes continus que han mticulat i donat forma a territoris sencers. Mitjançant l'estudi d'un àrea concreta, la tesi proposa una anàlisi, basada en el dibuix, dels criteris, les formes, les estructures, els traçats i els models d'ordre que han guiat la construcció del territori rural de l'illa d'Eivissa. L'estudi es basa en un treball de camp i en una anàlisi del paisatge rural que comença amb els aixecaments a escala 1:100, 1:500, 1:1.500 de les cases rurals més significatives de les vendes de Morna, Atzaró i Balafi, i arriba per zooms progressius fins a una lectura general del territori de l'illa. Aquest mètode de lectura del territori per ampliacions successives a partir de la casa rural, desplaça l'atenció de la casa com a edifici a la casa com a element de construcció d'un lloc, element que per agregació dóna forma a un territori sencer, demostra el paper de la casa com cèl•lula de construcció del territori i al mateix temps permet una lectura de l'espai rural en la qual desapareix la separació entre les escales de !'arquitectura, del paisatge i del territori. El concepte de territori com a construcció física global desenvolupada al llarg del temps, i la definició d'una manera de llegir i representar l'espai rural, adequada a la descripció i comprensió de les seves característiques formals i de les seves regles constructives, es proposa com a tema central de la tesi. L'anàlisi del teixit rural de l'illa d'Eivissa, l'estudi dels elements que ho composen (habitatges, camins, murs de pedra, cultius, parcel•lari...) i de les relacions que han establert amb els elements geogràfics (relleu, drenatges, vegetació...) no s'ha realitzat tant amb una visió arqueològica, patrimonial, de protegir enfront de destruir; el descobriment, mitjançant el dibuix, de les línies de força del teixit, de les persistències que han construït i articulat el territori rural d'Eivissa i en particular la vall de Labritja al llarg dels anys, ha evidenciat la trama estructural del territori, que estructura i articula el paisatge rural, el caràcter abstracte del qual ho converteix en un element de control formal i de projecte que permet una actitud projectual cap al territori, la seva arquitectura i la seva transformació. Com tots els territoris rurals, el d'Eivissa és un paisatge construït, estructural mitjançant un sistema continu i complex, un model d'escala i d'ordre basat en les tècniques agrícoles, que amb sorprenent naturalitat articula tot el territori insular, l'estudi del qual, acompanyat de la lectura de les transformacions actuals, es proposa com a camp de reflexió sobre l'arquitectura, l'urbanisme i el paisatgisme contemporanis.<br>La tesis es una nueva aportación al estudio del territorio rural, paisaje que ha recibido menos atenciones por parte del Urbanismo, y que actualmente está experimentando una fuerte transformación, debida entre otras cosas a una fuerte actividad edificatoria. Objeto de este trabajo es el estudio del territorio de la isla de Ibiza, un territorio "no urbano", construido principalmente por la agricultura. Mas que la imagen visible de un paisaje, el territorio rural se considera a partir de una serie de elementos construidos sobre el relieve natural, como relación entre construcción y naturaleza, como una estructura física compuesta por lógicas "urbanas" (más geométricas) y lógicas de construcción del espacio agrícola, (mas vinculadas a la geografía, a la topografía), como una arquitectura construida a lo largo del tiempo, que ha generado unos sistemas continuos que han articulado y dado forma a enteros territorios. Mediante el estudio de un área concreta, la tesis propone un análisis, basado en el dibujo, de los criterios, las formas, las estructuras, los trazados y los modelos de orden que han guiado la construcción del territorio rural de la isla de Ibiza. El estudio se basa en un trabajo de campo y en un análisis del paisaje rural que empieza con los levantamientos a escala 1 :100, 1 :500, 1:1.500 de las casas rurales más significativas de las vendas de Morna, Atzaró y Balafi, y llega por zooms progresivos hasta una lectura general del territorio de la isla. Este método de lectura del territorio por ampliaciones sucesivas a partir de la casa rural, desplaza la atención de la casa como edificio a la casa como elemento de construcción de un lugar, elemento que por agregación da forma a un territorio entero, demuestra el papel de la casa cómo célula de construcción del territorio y al mismo tiempo permite una lectura del espacio rural en la que desaparece la separación entre las escalas de la arquitectura, del paisaje y del territorio. El concepto de territorio como construcción física global desarrollada a lo largo del tiempo, y la definición de una manera de leer y representar el espacio rural, adecuada a la descripción y comprensión de sus características formales y de sus reglas constructivas, se propone como tema central de la tesis. El análisis del tejido rural de la isla de Ibiza, el estudio de los elementos que lo componen (viviendas, caminos, muros de piedra, cultivos, parcelario...) y de las relaciones que han establecido con los elementos geográficos (relieve, drenajes, vegetación...) no se ha realizado tanto con una visión arqueológica, patrimonial, de proteger frente a destruir; el descubrimiento, mediante el dibujo, de las líneas de fuerza del tejido, de las persistencias que han construido y articulado el territorio rural de Ibiza y en particular el valle de Labritja a lo largo de los años, ha evidenciado la trama estructural del territorio, que estructura y articula el paisaje rural, cuyo carácter abstracto lo convierte en un elemento de control formal y de proyecto que permite una actitud proyectual hacia el territorio, su arquitectura y su transformación. Como todos los territorios rurales, el de Ibiza es un paisaje construido, estructurado mediante un sistema continuo y complejo, un modelo de escala y de orden basado en las técnicas agrícolas, que con sorprendente naturalidad articula todo el territorio insular, cuyo estudio, acompañado de la lectura de las transformaciones actuales, se propone como campo de reflexión sobre la arquitectura, el urbanismo y el paisajismo contemporáneos.<br>This thesis is a new contribution to the study of rural territory, a landscape that has received less attention by Urbanism and is currently undergoing an important transformation, partly due to a strong building activity. Subject of this work is the study of the territory of the island of Ibiza, a "non urban" territory, mainly embossed by agriculture. More than the visible image of a landscape, the rural territory is considered as a number of elements built upon the natural relief, as a relationship between building and nature, as a physical structure composed of "urban" (more geometric) logics, and of agricultural construction logics (more related to geography, topography), as an architecture built over time, which generated continuous systems that have articulated and shaped whole territories. By studying a particular area, the thesis proposes an analysis, based on drawing, of the criteria, forms, structures, tracings and models of order that have guided the construction of rural territory of the island of lbiza. The study is based on a fieldwork and a rural landscape analysis that begins with surveys at l:1 00, 1:500, 1:1500 scales of the most significant rural houses of the area of Moma, Balafi and Atzaró, and arrives by progressive zooms to a general reading of the territory of the island. This method of reading of the territory by successive enlargements from the rural house scale shifts the focus of the house as a building to the house as an element that constructs a place, element that through aggregation shapes an entire territory, demonstrating the role of the rural house as a cell of construction of the territory, and at the same time allows a reading of rural space in which the separation between the scales of architecture, landscape and territory, disappears. The concept of territory as a physical construction developed overtime, and the definition of a way to read and represent rural areas, appropriate to the description and understanding of their formal characteristics and their construction rules, is proposed as a central theme of the thesis. The analysis of the rural structure of the island of Ibiza, the study of the component parts (houses, roads, stone walls, crops, plot ...) and of relationships that they have established with geographic features (relief, drainage, vegetation ...) has not been undertaken so much with an archaeological aim or the wish to protect it against destruction; the discovery, by the drawing, of the lines of force of the tissue, the persistences that have constructed and articulated the rural territory of lbiza and in particular the valley of Labritja over the years, has shown the structure of the territory, which articulates rural landscape, whose abstract nature makes it an element of formal control and project, that allows a projectual attitude towards territory, its architecture and its transformation. Like all rural areas, Ibiza is a man built landscape, structured by a continuous and complex system, a model of scale and order based on agricultural techniques, which articulates with surprising ease all the island landscape, whose study, accompanied by the reading of current transformations, is proposed as a field of reflection on contemporary architecture, urbanism and landscape.

Solifluction lobe process and morphology were studied on an alpine slope (1800 m a.s.l) above Kluane Lake, south-western Yukon Territory. Contemporary rates of surface movements, measured by theodolite survey, were found to be greatest in the first two weeks of spring thaw, and movements were consistently faster on lobe treads than on lobe risers. Precise monitoring of thaw-consolidation parameters on a lobe indicated that most thaw-settlement occurred when the soil was saturated to the surface. At the slope scale, surface rates increased downslope in response to gradients in soil moisture, while long-term rates of lobe advance, inferred from 14C dating of buried organic horizons, were found to be similar among 12 dated lobes. The internal stratigraphy and age distribution of these lobes together suggest periodic advance of the fronts. Observations of lobe stratigraphy with the age distribution of buried humus points towards a conceptual model of lobe development involving the slow accumulation of soliflucted material behind a rigid riser, the progressive steepening of the riser and build-up of stress, and finally the rupture of the front and its extensive collapse on to the slope. The period for this developmental cycle was estimated to be about 600 years. This internal cycle of lobe development constitutes a serious buffer to climatic influence and must be taken into account when using solifluction lobes as paleoclimate sources.

The thesis recognises the countryside as a specific social, cultural and political construct rather than as ancillary to the city. It challenges current strategies of rural regeneration in China, which heavily rely on models of urbanisation, as well as the prevailing mentality that views the countryside as not just economically but also culturally and intellectually under-developed. The key research question is thus: what does being rural mean socio-spatially? Structured by three main studies of the rural-urban relationship, the cross-scalar framework and research by design, the thesis explores ‘rurality’ as a spatial question at the levels of territory, settlement and household. In the studies, the case study method, fieldwork and drawing play essential roles. Based on the understanding of rurality as an elastic form of association in both social and spatial terms and across scales, the thesis advocates a shift in design thinking for the rural and proposes the integration of planning, urban design and architecture, in order to create one synthetic design discipline capable of facilitating an alternative multi-scalar rural regeneration model. The aim of this discipline is to create opportunities of change in the recognised and established field of power and is in this sense political. Furthermore, the thesis calls for integrating the spatial, social and cultural history and the transformations of rural China into a larger economic and political debate in order to transcend the conceptual limitations of the current rural discourse and to rethink rural development as a socio-cultural process. Given that a self-organised support system underpinned by associational relationships in rural society embodies a rooted cultural unity in China, the thesis argues that rurality, or an elastic form of association, transcends the simple divide between urban and rural development by providing a distinct form of living arrangement and social organisation. In this sense, rurality is ultimately about how people organise themselves and associate with others.

Cette thèse examine le rôle de l'aménagement du territoire dans le bouleversement de la géographie industrielle en France d'après-guerre. En associant une perspective nationale et des cas d'étude, elle étudie une tension fondamentale : la décentralisation des usines a apporté de nouveaux emplois à des régions pauvres, mais a également miné le pouvoir de la classe ouvrière parisienne et créé un kaléidoscope de nouvelles inégalités géographiques. Trois chapitres analysent les rapports entre les projets de « containment » urbain, de préservation rurale et de modernisation keynésienne de 1934 à 1955. Nous examinons la décentralisation des industries de guerre, les plans gouvernementaux pour désindustrialiser la région parisienne et les conflits autour de la main-d’œuvre provinciale. Un chapitre aborde ensuite les bases institutionnelles et discursives du vaste programme de redistribution régionale entamé en 1955, et le suivant interroge le rôle de la décolonisation dans les débats sur les inégalités régionales en France. La nouvelle industrialisation rurale est traitée à travers l'étude du cas de l'usine Citroën de Rennes, depuis l'effort d'expansion municipale, jusqu'au recrutement d'anciens paysans et la dénonciation dans la communauté d'une direction autoritaire. La conclusion analyse trois mutations industrielles : la décroissance parisienne, l'industrialisation tayloriste en province et les nouvelles économies métropolitaines. Ce travail se situe au carrefour de recherches en sciences sociales - sur la géographie industrielle et la gouvernance territoriale - et en histoire de l'industrie, du travail, de l'urbanisme et des politiques économiques<br>This thesis shows how government intervention shaped the remapping of industry and population in postwar France. C6mbining a national perspective with local case studies, it analyzes the regional development programs organized around the new conceptual framework of aménagement du territoire. I address a core tension: industrial decentralization was a Keynesian social policy, which brought new jobs to impoverished areas, but it also undercut the power of Parisian labor and created a kaleidoscope of new regional inequalities. Three chapters trace the complex relationship between projects of urban "containment," rural preservation, and new ideals of Keynesian modernization from 1934 to 1955. I examine the decentralization of defense industries, programs to deindustrialize Paris, and battles to control provincial labor markets during new development. The following two chapters address, respectively, the institutional and discursive bases of redistributive regional policies and the role of decolonization in shaping debates on inequalities in France. Next, I take the Citroën car factory built in Rennes, Brittany, as a case study of new rural industrialization from Rennes' pro-growth municipal politics to the company's recruitment of peasant workers and the community's contestation of its new employer. A concluding chapter covers key shifts in French industry during the 1960s: Parisian contraction, branch-plant expansion, and new high-tech metropolises. This dissertation is at the junction of social science research-on industrial geography and territorial governance-and the history of French industry and labor, urban policy, and state economic intervention

Cette recherche interroge l’existence des nouvelles formes de ruralité émergentes dans le bassin métropolitain du delta du Yangzi. En opposition à l’écart croissant entre patrimoine infrastructurel et société on réaffirme la priorité du territoire comme principe théorique et paradigme naturel. L’analyse des processus historiques d’aménagement du territoire agricole à partir des réformes foncières et des pratiques autochtones de « Guangxi » (réseaux sociaux), a révélé une restructuration des ressources stratégiques du territoire du delta avant la réorganisation des espaces ruraux bâtis : la nature du sol et le réseau de l’eau. En même temps dispositif de contrôle politique et de développement social, la modification de l’infrastructure territoriale jusqu’ à la fin du maoïsme, peut être interprétée comme un investissement sur le long terme du capital humain et environnemental. Notre hypothèse est que la diffusion des petites et moyennes entreprises dans les zones rurales représente une forme de capitalisation des matrices sociales et organisationnelles du tissu agricole plus ancien. Ces transformations ont amené à la formation de nombreux espaces hybrides et clusters des entreprises dispersées dans la campagne qui s’appuient de façon complémentaire aux réseaux environnementaux préexistants. En conséquence, ce mode de production a à son tour, remodelé la relation entre l'économie, les communautés et l'environnement naturel locaux donnant lieu à des formes du développement sans fractures, plus ductiles et résilientes où la relation entre l'espace construit et l'espace agricole n'est plus de nature opposée. Ce qui émerge est un réseau de “milieux” dont chaque élément rend compte de la conception d’un paysage, de matériaux propres, de méthodes et procédures de construction. L’organisation morphologique qui en résulte montre un modèle d'urbanisation capillaire dans ces zones conventionnellement définies « non-urbaines ». Interroger ces formes émergentes de ruralité veut dire réviser la façon de conceptualiser la notion du « territoire métropolitain », et notamment de ce que on définis l’ « urbain ». On fait valoir, finalement, pour un besoin urgent de reconsidérer la séquence programmatique qui sous-tendent la morphologie spatiale de régions mégalopolitaines, par la prise en compte des rapports de continuité entre « milieux » et « communauté » et par le biais d'un examen des interactions entre ces réalités souvent, disjoints<br>The territorial scale and the form of the territory are fundamental basis to understand metropolitan processes and the changes occurred in its spatial, economic and social structure. The centrality of landforms and of their dynamics inspires more situated approaches, in which the agency of natural elements is integrated. This research investigates the existence of new forms of emerging rurality in the metropolitan basin of the Yangtze Delta. In opposition to the growing gap between infrastructural heritage and society, the priority of the territory is reaffirmed as a theoretical tool and environmental paradigm. The research hypothesis is that the spread of small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas represents a form of capitalization of the spatial reorganization occurred in the Commune's period. The preliminary factor which originated the process of rural industrialization is based on the restructuring of two strategic territorial resources: the soil structure and the water network. These transformations have led to the formation of numerous hybrid spaces and clusters of small and micro enterprises dispersed over the countryside. As a result, this mode of production has, in turn, reshaped the relationship between the local economy, communities and natural environment giving rise to forms of urban development without fractures, where the relationship between the built space and the agricultural area is no longer of an opposite nature. What emerges is a network of "milieu” where the resulting socio-spatial organization shows a pattern of capillary urbanization in these conventionally defined "non-urban" areas. The notion of urban is changing and ecological rationality can offer fundamental opportunities to analyse, intersect and integrate the various territorial layers

Arsenic Ridge is located in the northwestern part of the Lost Horses batholith, Syenite Range, Yukon Territory. This area is within the Omineca Crystalline Belt of the Canadian Cordillera. North American miogeoclinal rocks of the upper Precambrian to Lower Cambrian Grit Unit were northwardly thrust onto Ordovician to Silurian Road River Formation during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic arc-continent collision. Small mid-Cretaceous (83 to 100 Ma, K-Ar on biotite), epizonal felsic intrusions were emplaced in radiogenic Sr-enriched metasedimentary rocks of the ancient continental margin (pericratonic sedimentary prism). The mid-Cretaceous (syenite phase, 87+3 Ma, K-Ar on biotite; granite phase, 95+3 Ma, K-Ar on biotite) Lost Horses batholith is a circular, S-type, composite pluton within the Selwyn Basin. The Selwyn Basin is an epicontinental trough partially bounded on the west by the Cassiar Platform and on the east and northeast by carbonate rocks of the MacKenzie Platform. S-type plutons are a product of Hercynotype arc-continental collisional tectonics. The zoned intrusive rocks along Arsenic Ridge, from core to rim, have been classified as tourmaline orbicular granite, granite, quartz syenite and syenite. With increasing SiO₂ : (1) the major elements--Al₂O₃ , FeO, MgO, CaO, TiO₂, MnO and P₂O₅--tend to decrease,(2) trace elements--Zr, V, Sr, Ni, and Ba--are characterized by extreme depletions, and (3) the trace element, Rb, is slightly enriched. The syenite is alkaline whereas the quartz syenite, granite, granite dyke, and tourmaline orbicular granite are sub-alkaline. Magmatic differentiation of the pluton is demonstrated by a decreasing trend of (Na₂O + K₂O) and TiO₂ with increasing SiO₂, and by an increasing Rb content with a decrease in Ba and Sr. The estimated partial pressure of water during formation of the Lost Horses granite melt is broadly estimated as >10 kbar. Electron microprobe traverses across orthoclase megacryst cores and rims identified a concentration of albite lamellae in the rim and barium, strontium and calcite rich cores. The latter is indicative of a melt undergoing progressive depletion of barium by fractional crystallization. The age of the batholith is early Late Cretaceous, approximately 97 Ma. This was determined from early Late Cretaceous dates of 95+3 Ma from K-Ar on biotite and 88+4 Ma from K-Ar on a hornblende, and a late Early Cretaceous date of 101+6 Ma from a whole rock-mineral (biotite, hornblende, total feldspar) Rb-Sr isochron. Initial strontium ratios for the granitic rocks along Arsenic Ridge are about 0.712 suggesting that radiogenic strontium was derived mainly from melting and/or assimilation of old sialic crust during magma genesis. The model Rb-Sr age, TUR, for the granitic rocks on Arsenic Ridge is 238 Ma. This indicates that a dominantly upper mantle source is unlikely. Pb-Pb isotope ratios for the zoned plutonic rocks, the surrounding sediments and the ore mineral separates plot between the pericratonic and Bluebell curves (from 0 Ma to 140 Ma mixing lines) indicating that the lead is a mix of upper crust and lower crust sources. Lead sulphide analyses from the Zeta prospect, Tombstone Range and the Keno-Galena Hill areas are indistinguishable from the feldspar rock lead. This shows that the lead source for these vein deposits is the surrounding plutons and not the surrounding sedimentary rocks. The least radiogenic lead has a model age of about 100 Ma. Nd/Sm and Nd analyses indicate that Arsenic Ridge granitic rocks were derived from, or assimilated, old crustal rocks whose Sm/Nd had been lowered at the time of separation from CHUR. Nd ratios for the granite and the feldspar megacrysts are all very close to 0.51210. The model Sm-Nd age, TDM , for a granite along Arsenic Ridge is 1.26 Ga. Approximate percentages of continental crust and mantle incorporated in the melt were calculated. If the contamination is upper crustal in origin then there was a maximum of 30% mantle incorporated in the melt. No mantle component is needed if the contamination source is lower crust. However, since granite ¹⁴³Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios are close to the average continental crust ratio, the origin is upper crust with a small mantle component. ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios for the granitic rocks from the Lost Horses batholith plot in the Phanerozoic quadrant of Faure (1986) and are similar to values from the Sierra Nevada batholith. Epsilon values of Nd and Sr suggest the granite is S-type which agrees with the field, petrographic and chemical evidence. The granite plots within the field for miogeoclines as determined by Farmer and DePaolo (1983 ). The Zeta tin - silver greisen vein prospects lie in both the Ordovician - Silurian metasediments of the Road River Group at the northeastern contact, and in the zoned, mid-Cretaceous Lost Horses batholith. Mineralization on the property occurs in two forms: (1) cassiterite bearing greisen veins in hornfelsed quartzite, and (2) greisen veins (sulphide and quartz with minor tourmaline, and tourmaline and quartz with minor sulphide in granitic rocks). K-Ar muscovite dating of the sericitic cassiterite greisen (87.0+3.0 Ma), indistinguishable from the K-Ar biotite date for the syenite phase of the batholith (86.8+2.7 Ma), establishes a genetic relationship between the two. The following four-stage model describes the evolution of the Lost Horses batholith: stage 1, initial melting, stage II, melt accumulations and assimilation, stage III, diapiric rise and chemical differentiation (fractional crystallization), and stage IV, magmatic hydrothermal. This last stage generated tin-silver vein and greisen mineralization. The source for this lithophile mineralization and associated S-type granitic rock is dominantly from a sialic clastic wedge with upper crustal geochemical characteristics.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of<br>Graduate

El objetivo central de la tesis doctoral es investigar la importancia de las bases territoriales del nacionalismo catalán, y sobre todo el proceso a través del cual la nación viene a ser definida en términos territoriales. Se puede referir a este proceso como la producción y reproducción territorial de la nación, o la socialización nacional territorial. Así, la tesis propone un estudio cronológico de este proceso en el caso del nacionalismo catalán, desde su inicios en el siglo XIX hasta la actualidad, caracterizada por lo que podemos llamar la globalización. <br/>Dentro de este objetivo general, la tesis define el nacionalismo como movimiento e ideología que promueve reivindicaciones en nombre de la nación. Una de las reivindicaciones más importantes es que la nación debe tener o su propio estado o al menos un alto grado de autonomía política. Ya que el ejercicio de tal poder político es necesariamente territorial, el nacionalismo está obligado a controlar o reivindicar un territorio. <br/>Sin embargo, la hipótesis principal postula que el nacionalismo no solamente controla o reivindica un territorio concreto, sino que invierte en él un significado especial para convertirlo en territorio nacional. A partir de aquí, para el nacionalismo, la nación viene a ser definida en términos del propio territorio nacional, de modo que la identidad nacional se deriva del territorio. Cómo consecuencia de ello, el control por parte de los nacionalistas sobre territorio y los recursos y personas que contiene queda perfectamente justificado: sus reivindicaciones político-territoriales en nombre de la nación son justificados por el hecho de que la propia nación nace del territorio. <br/>En un segundo término, de la hipótesis general, se deriva una segunda hipótesis, construida sobre dos premisas básicas. En primer lugar, la construcción del territorio nacional inevitablemente implica la unificación de lugares distintos dentro de una jerarquía especial, en cuyo punto más alto normalmente se encuentra la capital. Al mismo tiempo, y en segundo lugar, la identidad nacional es una mezcla de identidades procedentes de lugares y zonas concretos que son ampliados para convertirse en componentes de una identidad nacional del territorio entero. La hipótesis es que la identidad nacional resultante de este proceso reflejarán las relaciones existentes en la sociedad. <br/>Para avanzar los argumentos con el fin de justificar las hipótesis planteadas, la tesis se divide en dos partes, cada una de cuatro capítulos, además de la introducción y las conclusiones. La primera trata cuestiones generales, sobre el nacionalismo, las bases territoriales de su relación con la nación a través de la identidad nacional, y los posibles cambios que la globalización pueda suponer para esta relación. La segunda parte, desarrolla estos debates en el contexto del nacionalismo catalán y analiza cómo éste ha producido y reproducido la nación catalana territorialmente a lo largo de los últimos dos siglos.<br/>En términos generales, se puede concluir que las hipótesis planteadas en la primera parte se confirman en el caso del nacionalismo catalán. Efectivamente, éste reivindica el control sobre un territorio en nombre de la nación. Al mismo tiempo, la nación es producida y reproducida en términos del mismo territorio. Este proceso es una constante en el nacionalismo catalán, desde sus inicios hasta el presente. Además, en el caso del nacionalismo conservador, se realiza un esfuerzo muy claro para situar geográficamente la esencia de la nación catalana en ciertos lugares y zonas rurales del país. En el contexto actual, caracterizado por la compresión del espacio y del tiempo, las bases territoriales del nacionalismo catalán no se han visto alteradas considerablemente, aunque ciertas tendencias podrían minar la primacía de la identidad nacional a largo plazo.<br>The main objective of the thesis is to investigate the importance of the territorial bases of Catalan nationalism, and, above all, the process by which the nation comes to be defined in territorial terms. We might refer to this process as the territorial production and reproduction of the nation, or national territorial socialisation. Thus, the thesis offers a chronological study of this process in the case of Catalan nationalism, from its beginnings in the 19th century until present times, characterised by what we might call globalization.<br/>Within this overall objective, the thesis defines nationalism as a movement and ideology that makes claims in the name of the nation. One of the most important claims is that the nation must either have its own state or a high degree of political autonomy. Given that the exercise of such political power is necessarily territorial, nationalism is obliged to control o claim a territory.<br/>The main hypothesis makes the case that rather than merely controlling or seeking to control a given territory, nationalism attaches special meaning to it so that it becomes the national territory. From here, for nationalism, the nation itself comes to be defined in terms of the national territory, so that national identity is derived from that territory. Consequently, nationalist control over territory and the resources and persons contained therein is perfectly justified: the politico-territorial claims in the name of the nation are justified because the nation itself stems from the territory. <br/>On a second plain, from this overall hypothesis, we might derive a second that is based on two premises. Firstly, the construction of the national territory inevitably involves the unification of different places within the overall national spatial hierarchy, which is generally dominated by the capital. At the same time, the resulting national identity is a mixture of identities from different places and areas, that are subsequently amplified to become elements of the national identity of the whole territory. The hypothesis here is that the resulting national identity will reflect existing relations of power within the society in question.<br/>With the aim of putting forward arguments to validate the hypotheses, the thesis is divided into two parts, each one with four chapters, along with an introduction and conclusions. The first part is concerned with general-level questions regarding nationalism, the territorial bases of its relationship with the nation through national identity, and the possible changes that globalization might imply for this relationship. The second part develops theses questions in the context of Catalan nationalism and analyses how the latter has produced and reproduced the Catalan nation territorially throughout the last two centuries.<br/>By way of conclusions, the hypotheses developed in the first part are confirmed in the case of Catalan nationalism. In effect, it claims control over a territory in the name of the nation, while at the same time the nation is produced and reproduced in terms of the territory itself. This process is a constant in Catalan nationalism, from its beginnings until the present day. In addition, in the case of conservative nationalism, there is a clear attempt to situate geographically the essence of the Catalan nation in certain rural places and areas of the country. In the present context, characterised by time-space compression, the territorial bases of Catalan nationalism have not be substantially altered, although certain tendencies associated with globalization might undermine the primacy of national identity in the long run.

In group living animals where natal dispersal is delayed, prospecting allows individuals to asses their future dispersal and breeding opportunities and, in males of some species, may minimize the costs of delaying dispersal by enabling extra-group breeding while still resident in the natal group. While evidence of prospecting is widespread, comparatively little is known about the development of this behaviour and few studies have investigated the factors that may affect investment in prospecting, as it is typically difficult to monitor such mobile individuals. Prospectors typically encounter neighbouring groups during extraterritorial forays and resident individuals in these groups respond aggressively to approaches by extra- group males, given the potential loss in direct and indirect fitness that prospectors may inflict. As with prospecting behaviour, few studies have investigated the causes of individual differences in investment in repelling prospectors and measured the costs of such territory defence. In this dissertation, I exploit our ability to closely monitor prospecting males in meerkats, to investigate the causes of individual variation in extraterritorial prospecting effort and aggressive responses to prospector intrusions. In Chapter 3, I show that, as adults, heavier males invest more in prospecting than lighter ones, and that males time their forays in order to maximize their chances of dispersal, while minimizing the associated costs by prospecting when neighbouring groups are in close proximity to their own. In Chapter 4, I demonstrate that males that are heavier in early life start prospecting at a younger age and contribute less to helping later in life, than lighter males. In Chapter 5, I show that the threats posed by prospectors towards residents are associated with high investment by resident males in repelling intruders, which has measurable costs in terms of weight gain and cooperative contributions to offspring care. Finally, in Chapter 6, the experimental presentation of scent cues reveals that meerkats discriminate between resident and extra-group male scent cues, and that resident dominant males exhibit stronger responses to indirect evidence of prospectors than other group members.

Who or what is a bear in Ontario? This thesis explores which knowledges matter in provincial resource management policies about black bears. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in traditional Algonquin territory in Ontario, this thesis explores categorizations of black bears and how those categories are used to justify actions with, for, and to bears. This is done through a discussion of provincial policy, as well as focusing on harvesting bears, living with bears and learning from bears. This thesis contributes to scholarship against the separation of nature from culture, and advocates for the recognition of the value of lived experience.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Anthropology, Department of<br>Graduate

The thesis is primarily an attempt to provide a better understanding on how territorial conflicts influenced infrastructural development in British Columbia between the years 1952 and 1972. Primary emphasis is placed upon exploring the territorial component of province-building in British Columbia. The major theme which emerges is that the spatial pattern of economic development witnessed in the province during these years was not merely the product of societal pressure, but instead, reflected the dreams, and ambitions of the W.A.C. Bennett government. Bennett's efforts to build a better integrated provincial society played a major role in strengthening the provincial government's control over the provincial territory. Six case studies on infrastructural development are investigated: railway transportation, oil and gas development, hydro development, ferry transportation, port development, and highway transportation. The thesis analyzes infrastructural development because it is assumed that the state-centred paradigm is much more useful for explaining provincial expansionism within this policy context. The thesis has four sections. The first section provides a review of province-building, and assesses how territorial conflicts influence state infrastructure development. The second section includes a review of the political setting. The third section presents the case studies. The final section provides a summary of the findings and concludes that the Bennett government's desire to exploit infrastructure for the purpose of building a more integrated and united territory had a major impact upon the spatial pattern of economic development in British Columbia.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Political Science, Department of<br>Graduate

Neoglacial Lake Alsek has formed many times during the last 3000 years when Lowell Glacier has blocked the flow of Alsek River. Although the basin is now empty, evidence for former lakes includes: valley-side beaches, driftwood strandlines, ice-rafted erratics, vegetation discontinuities, and unusually large (outburst-flood related) bedforms. The largest fillings covered approximately 463.0 km² of the valley bottom and were approximately 28.37 km³ in volume. The associated outburst floods produce instantaneous peak discharges estimated at 1.09 x 10⁵ m³ s⁻¹. Alsek valley sediments were examined for a record of past fillings and drainings. Physical, stratigraphic, and lithofacies analyses were conducted on sediment cores. Five facies assemblages are defined and used to interpret depositional environments: (1) matrix supported diamicton interpreted as a deposit of iceberg-rafted sediment, (2) sands interpreted as tractive current deposits, (3) massive muds interpreted as rapidly deposited lake margin derived sediment, (4) laminated muds interpreted as distal glaciolacustrine deposits, and (5) carbonaceous muds interpreted as eutrophic pond organic detritus deposits. Facies sequence analysis indicates non-randomly ordered sedimentary sequences. Cyclic sedimentation is not indicated. Many occurrences of erosional unconformities indicate either depositional hiatuses or an unknown amount of missing sediment. A single radiocarbon date of 2840 ¹⁴C years B.P. underlies 1.04 m of Lake Alsek sediment. This dated material overlies approximately 1.5 m of sediment presumably associated with Lake Alsek. The potential for absolute dating of the Lake Alsek stratigraphy has been shown to be quite high.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Geography, Department of<br>Graduate

This thesis describes a geostatistical analysis of the Venus deposit in the Yukon Territory. The Venus Mine is located on Tagish Lake, approximately 1.5 miles north of the Yukon/B.C. border. It is a gold, silver, lead, zinc bearing quartz vein of late Cretaceous to early Tertiary age occurring in porphyritic andesite of the Mount Nansen Group volcanics. Three companies have attempted to mine Venus since its discovery in the late 1890's. In all three cases the operating company could not profitably mine the deposit and was forced to shut down. Overestimation of the ore reserves and problems with grade control were the main problems encountered by the failed operations. The study reported here applied a well-established geostatistical methodology to the Venus deposit. Over 3500 chip samples of the vein, collected at regular intervals along all development drifts and raises, were used in this analysis. Semi-variograms were calculated of 3 variables: vein thickness, gold accumulation and silver accumulation. After fitting semi-variogram models to the calculated curves the 3 variables were kriged and the results were plotted on maps showing the kriged estimates in each of the 2039 blocks. The maps illustrate clearly the size, location and orientation of the ore zones. The ore reserves of the Venus mine were calculated using the kriged block estimates. The proven and probable reserves above a cut-off of $130/ton (Cdn), assuming gold and silver prices of $520/oz (Cdn) and $7.80/oz (Cdn) are 108,577 tons grading 0.3 oz Au/ton (+/- 1.18%) and 6.05 oz Ag/ton (+/- 1.29%). Interpretation of the maps and the ore reserve estimates led the author to make several recommendations for future mining of the Venus deposit.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of<br>Graduate

This study sets out to describe the current situation in the Home Tutor Scheme in the Australian Capital Territory, and to evaluate the Scheme's effectiveness in achieving its goals as listed in the Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs Review (1980). These stated goals were: to improve the students' English language proficiency, to encourage integration of the students into the wider community, and to prepare them to attend more formal English language classes. The writer also considered a further question in evaluating the Scheme, whether it satisfied the needs and expectations of the tutors and the students. There were two sections to the investigation: the main study, in which the progress of eighteen tutors and their students was followed for a period of up to six months, and a subsidiary study that was designed to assess the generalisability of the data elicited in the main study. A range of instruments were employed. In the main study, findings were derived principally from interviews, and from lesson reports written by tutors. In the subsidiary study, data were collected by means of questionnaires issued to a greater number of tutors and to students from the Scheme's four major language backgrounds. The introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the study and explains its relevance in the current Australian context. This is followed, in Chapter 2, by a review of the relevant literature and previous research. The design of the study is set out in Chapter 3, where details are given of the procedures and instruments employed to gather data. In Chapters A, 5 and 6, the results of the study are presented. Discussion of these results and a consideration of their implications may be found in Chapter 7. In the final chapter, Chapter 8, the findings are summarised and recommendations are made for future developments in the Scheme. In summary, the study found that in the ACT the Scheme was achieving some success in its language teaching and social objectives, and in satisfying its student clientele. It was also found, however, that the Scheme's operational efficiency was hampered by the low level of staffing and that a significant number of tutors withdrew from the Scheme after a short period because they were not experiencing a high level of satisfaction. The recommendations made would, it is thought, lead to greater efficiency of organisation and could raise the level of tutor satisfaction.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University, 2008.<br>Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Aug. 4, 2008). Advisor: Carolyn Kenny. "A dissertation submitted to the Ph. D. in Leadership and Change program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October, 2007"--The title page. Keywords: consciousness, leadership, poetry, aesthetics, emotion, group consciousness, poetic consciousness, theory. Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-208).

This work was initially launched to study the synthesis of low-valent group 13 compounds bearing the bis(imino)pyridine ligand framework. Since its inception, this project has grown beyond the boundaries of group 13 to include low valent tin, silver, and rhenium. Alongside the reports of novel coordination compounds, we utilized computational chemistry to uncover unprecedented interactions which challenge conventional concepts of bonding. Synthesis, characterization, and complimentary computational studies are presented herein. Chapter 1 presents a historical overview of the bis(imino)pyridine ligand as well as our synthetic methodology and characterization of new ligand variants we have contributed to the literature. Chapter 2 presents the synthesis of a series of In(I) and In(III) bis(imino)pyridine complexes with varied sterics. Ligand-metal interaction and effect of ligand steric bulk on complex stability, as well as computational studies highlighting weak covalent interactions will be discussed. Chapter 3 presents the synthesis of Ga(III) bis(imino)pyridine complexes. Reactivity with “GaI” synthon as well as varied-stoichiometry one-pot synthesis attempts to generate low valent Ga-bis(imino)pyridine complexes will be discussed. Chapter 4 presents the synthesis of a series of Tl(I) bis(imino)pyridine complexes with varied sterics analogous to the approach taken with indium(I). Unprecedented weak ligand-metal as well as Tl-arene interactions will be discussed. Chapter 5 presents the synthesis of a series of Sn(II) bis(imino)pyridine complexes with varied sterics and halide substituents. Preferential cation-anion pair formation and attempted reactivity will be discussed. Chapter 6 presents the synthesis of a series of Ag(I) bis(imino)pyridine complexes with varied sterics. Resulting ligand-metal interactions as well as reactivity towards Lewis basic donor ligands will be discussed. Chapter 7 presents the synthesis of first crystallographically authenticated examples of rhenium(I) pincer complexes utilizing the bis(imino)pyridine ligand. Chapter 8 presents a general conclusion to the work.

The rapid change in climate currently being recorded in the Western Canadian Arctic is projected to have a major influence on the permafrost ground that underlies more than half of Canada's landmass. The isolation of this vast landscape has inhibited scientific research consequently limiting the body of knowledge on sub-surface permafrost features. Specifically, there is limited information about massive ground ice units, large tabular bodies of ice with a gravimetric moisture content greater than 250% (percent dry weight). Massive ground ice bodies originate from the burial of surface ice, such as glaciers or snowbanks or from the in-situ freezing of groundwater, termed intrasedimental ice. The environmental history held within the ice provides valuable information on the progression of past climates and the high water content frozen within this ice can cause widespread changes on the topography, infrastructure and ultimately the people of this region who use the land. Located in the headwalls of retrogressive thaw slumps on Herschel Island, Yukon, natural exposures of massive ground ice provided an ideal setting for studying ice units with uncertain origins. Within this study, seventeen distinct massive ice units, observed in four different exposures, were sampled for laboratory analysis. The aim of this research is to resolve the origin of these less understood massive ice bodies with a recently developed tool that analyzes the molar ratios of atmospheric gases occluded within the ice units. This is supported with the recognized method of cryostratigraphy, O-H stable isotopes analysis and geochemical measurements. The results of these tests, presented in two manuscripts, reveal a complicated cryotic history that identifies massive ice units with atmospheric and intrasedimental characteristics. An isolated unit of white ice observed in the upper portion of a retrogressive thaw slump exhibits a strong atmospheric signature with low atmospheric gas ratios of N2/Ar and δD vs. δ18O regression line that closely parallels the local meteoric water line (LMWL). An atmospheric origin for this unit of ice is further supported by low conductivity values measured within the ice unit. These chemical investigations combined with an equally conclusive cryostratigraphic examination suggest that this massive ice unit is a recently buried snowbank. A proposed model of snowbank burial is also presented to clarify and support this conclusion. A distinctive unit of blue coloured ice exposed at an ocean bluff contained occluded gasses with molar ratios of N2/Ar and O2/Ar gas that were strongly correlated to the same gas ratios measured in the current atmosphere. A vertical transect within a large retrogressive thaw slump on the south shore of the island distinguished seven separate massive ice units in addition to an ice wedge. Two of the units measured revealed intrasedimental ice origins due to low N2/Ar atmospheric gas ratios and high conductivity values. A third isolated unit of white ice, confined by unconformities, reflected a molar gas ratio of N2/Ar that strongly correlated with the N2/Ar ratio of the current atmosphere measured during the study. An atmospheric source for this ice was further supported by a δD vs. δ18O regression line similar to that of the LMWL. These findings provide a new layer of interpretation adding to the previously established body of knowledge and produce a more decisive explanation to the origin of massive ice units on Herschel Island. This work is relevant for understanding the origin and nature of the massive ice units, the geomorphic response to past climates and providing important information for the responsible development and management of this landscape in the future both on Herschel Island Territorial Park and throughout the Western Canadian Arctic.<br>Le changement rapide du climat actuellement observé dans l'Arctique de l'Ouest Canadien devrait avoir une influence majeure sur le pergélisol représentant plus de la moitié de la masse continentale du Canada. L'isolement de ces vastes étendues a limité les efforts de recherche scientifique à leur sujet et par conséquent le niveau de connaissances des caractéristiques du pergélisol. Plus particulièrement, peu d'information existe au sujet des unités massives de glace de sol, c'est-à-dire de grands corps tabulaire de glace avec une teneur en humidité gravimétrique supérieure à 250% (pour cent en poids sec), que l'on retrouve dans ces régions. Ces glaces de sol peuvent provenir de l'enterrement d'étendue de glace en surface, tels que des glaciers, des bancs de neige, ou encore de la congélation in situ d'eaux souterraines, autrement nommées glaces intrasedimental. La glace de sol peut fournir de précieuse information sur l'historique et l'évolution des climats passés. La haute teneur en eau congelé dans la glace peut causer d'importants changements dans la topographie, pour les infrastructures et ultimement pour les habitants de cette région qui font usage du sol.Situé dans le mur de tête de glissements de dégel rétrogressif de l'île Herschel au Yukon, des affleurements de glace souterraine fournissent un cadre idéal pour étudier des unités de glace ayant des origines incertaines. Pour la présente étude, dix-sept unités de glace massive distinctes, observée dans quatre expositions différentes, ont été échantillonnés pour l'analyse en laboratoire. Le but de cette recherche est de comprendre l'origine de ces unités de glace massive moins bien connues en faisant usage d'un outil récemment développé permettant d'analyser les rapports molaires entre differents gaz atmosphériques occlus à l'intérieur des unités de glace. Cette approche repose sur la méthode reconnue de cryostratigraphy, sur l'analyse d'isotopes stables O-H ainsi que sur des mesures géochimiques. Les résultats de ces tests, présentés en deux manuscrits, révèlent une histoire cryotique complexe identifiant des unités de glace massive avec des caractéristiques atmosphériques et intrasedimental.Une unité isolée de glace blanche ayant été observée dans la partie supérieure d'un glissements de dégel rétrogressif présente une signature atmosphérique forte avec de faibles ratios de gaz atmosphériques N2/Ar ainsi qu'une droite de régression δD vs. δ18O qui se rapproche étroitement de la ligne d'eau locales météorique. L'hypothèse d'une origine atmosphérique pour cette unité de la glace est soutenu par de faibles valeurs de conductivité mesurées à meme l'unité de la glace. Ces études chimiques combinées à un examen cryostratigraphique tout aussi concluant suggèrent que cette unité massive de glace est en fait un banc de neige récemment enterré. Un modèle d'enterrement de banc de neige est également présenté à clarifier pour appuyer cette conclusion.Une unité distincte de glace de couleur bleue exposée par un bluff océanique contient des gaz occlus avec des ratios molaires de N2/Ar et de O2/Ar fortement corrélées aux mêmes ratios mesurées dans l'atmosphère actuel. Deux des unités mesurées révélé une origines de glace intrasedimental en raison du faible taux de N2/Ar gaz atmosphériques et d'une conductivité élevée. Une troisième unité de glace blanche isolée et confinée reflète un ratio molaire des gaz N2/Ar fortement corrélée avec le ratio N2/Ar de l'atmosphère actuel. Une origine atmosphérique pour cette unité de glace est aussi soutenue par une ligne de régression δD vs. δ18O similaire à celle de l'LMWL.Ces résultats fournissent une nouvelle couche d'interprétation qui s'ajoute aux connaissances précédemment établies et fournissent une explication plus robuste quant à l'origine des unités de glace massive sur l'île Herschel.

The explosive growth of the electric streetlight across cities in Europe and America at the beginning of the 20th century signified an immense social, cultural and technological leap forward for the Westernised World. With the emergence of 24-hour society photographers turned their attention to the skyline, recording the evolution of these new social spaces. This research study tracks the growth of 20th century nocturnal landscape through examining photographic data that developed with the emergence of this new territory . Primary visual analysis indentifies a persistent visual rhetoric in the representation of the city at night. Regardless of location, social 'otherness' and spectacle created by light are the dominant visual themes. In response the research begins its primary line of questioning. seeking to define the specificity of night. Using Northern Ireland as a case study. the research interrogates the relationships between night and place. Through closely reviewing photographic work created in Northern Ireland from the 1960s onwards the research clearly situates a number of unique visual disco~rses that have emerged throughout the documentation of 'the troubles' . This line of questioning is extended and interpreted through practical fieldwork methods. Photographing in the field is employed as a form of questioning and data testing. applying and scrutinising the approaches practitioners developed over the course of fifty years of documenting Northern Ireland at night. By situating and examining the concept of the specificity of night in Northern Ireland the research seeks to distinguish the relationships and patterns that have manifested between night and place as a result of intensive photographic investigations.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>O objetivo principal deste trabalho dissertativo é tentar provar que a implantação de cursos superiores na modalidade de ensino à distância tem a capacidade de promover a existência de novos territórios e, conseqüentemente, territorialidades. Para tal, foi feito um resgate histórico, com ênfase no século XX, no intuito de verificarmos o quanto a difusão do meio técnico-científico informacional contribuiu para que o ensino à distância proliferasse no Brasil, e mais precisamente, a partir de três instituições de ensino superior que oferecem tal modalidade, de modo a gerar novos territórios. Assim, tento demonstrar que a técnica possui relevante papel na efetivação dos mesmos. O conceito de territorialidade utilizado no embasamento teórico foi a definição de Robert Sack, que as considera como sendo estratégias de controle e influência sobre pessoas e objetos através do controle de um território, conjugada com a definição ofertada por Rogério Haesbaert como as formas e as relações políticas, culturais, sociais e econômicas produzidas e reproduzidas por um grupo ou grupos sociais no território. Isso possibilitou concluir que: sendo a oferta deste tipo de serviço o resultado de um conjunto de políticas públicas e privadas, é possível que diferentes estratégias sejam traçadas a partir do ensino superior à distância por cada uma das instâncias já citadas com igualmente diferentes objetivos, gerando novas relações de poder e, como conseqüência, novos territórios.<br>The main objective of this work reported and try to prove that the establishment of courses in distance learning mode has the ability to promote the existence of new territories and, consequently, territorialities. To this end, it was made a historical review, with emphasis on the twentieth century, in order to verify how the diffusion of technical means and scientific informational contributed to distance learning proliferated in Brazil, and more specifically, from three institutions higher education that offer such a mode, to generate new territories. So I try to demonstrate that the technique has significant role in attaining them. The concept of territoriality used in the theoretical framework was the definition of Robert Sack, who considers them as strategies to control and influence over people and objects through the control of a territory, coupled with the definition offered by Rogerio Haesbaert as the forms and relations political, cultural, social and economic produced and reproduced by a group or social groups in the territory. This led us to conclude that: being the provision of such service, the result of a combination of public and private policies, it is possible that different strategies are drawn from higher education at a distance by each of the aforementioned instances also with different goals, generating new power relations and, consequently, new territories.