Relevant bibliographies by topics / Terrorism Civil defense

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Terrorism Civil defense'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Terrorism Civil defense"

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Tucker, Jonathan B. "Chemical/Biological Terrorism: Coping with a New Threat." Politics and the Life Sciences 15, no. 2 (September 1996): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073093840002270x.

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In March 1995, Japanese terrorists released nerve gas on the Tokyo subway, causing eleven deaths and more than 5,000 injuries. Although terrorists have sought to acquire chemical/biological (C/B) agents in the past, and a few have employed them on a small scale, the Tokyo attack was the first large-scale terrorist use of a lethal chemical agent against unarmed civilians, weakening a long-standing psychological taboo. This tragic incident has therefore drawn worldwide attention to the emerging threat of chemical/biological terrorism. Despite significant technical hurdles associated with the production and delivery of C/B agents, such weapons are within the reach of terrorist groups that possess the necessary scientific know-how and financial resources. This article proposes a C/B counterterrorism strategy based on preemption and civil defense, and recommends several short-term and longer-term policy options for mitigating this emerging threat.
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Riesgo, Luis García-Castrillo, and Antonio García Merino. "Terrorism in Spain: Emergency Medical Aspects." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000911.

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AbstractA terrorism movement has been active in Spain during the last 20 years, with a painful number of victims. Civil Defense is in charge of the coordination of all the structures that are implicated in a terrorist incident. There are three typical patterns of attacks: (1) individual attacks; (2) group attacks; and (3) mass attacks. The individual attacks are done with guns, usually 9 mm, fired from a short distance; victims die from serious intracranial damage. Collective attacks are done using explosives under vehicles, tramp bombs, or “bomb vehicles;” victims are of different severity with wounds, burns, and blast injuries. With mass attacks with “bomb vehicles” in buildings or crowded public places, the numbers of victims are elevated and produce brutal social consequences.Emergency Medical Services integrated in to “Civil Defense” try to minimize the damage by initializing treatment on-scene and with the rapid provision of definitive care. During the last year, post-traumatic stress disorder treatment groups have been providing care to the victims and personnel. Chemical or biological weapons have not been used, although this is a great concern to the authorities.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000145.

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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000789.

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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Tucker, Jonathan B. "Chemical and Biological Terrorism: How Real a Threat?" Current History 99, no. 636 (April 1, 2000): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2000.99.636.147.

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The potential threat of chemical and biological terrorism is sufficient to warrant an ongoing investment in improved intelligence collection and civil defense as a prudent insurance policy, but not on the massive scale advocated by some publicists and federal officials.
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Castellanos Llanos, Gabriela. "Ética, terrorismo de estado y masculinidad: la vía del terror vista desde la óptica de género." La Manzana de la Discordia 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v2i1.1416.

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Resumen: Este ensayo es una reflexión sobre el terrorismo, mostrando su evolución a través de la historia y su exacerbación actual, señalando además que el terrorismo de Estado, a pesar de ser la forma más mortífera, tiende a ser públicamente aceptada. De igual forma, enfatiza que el ataque a las Torres Gemelas se ha utilizado para justificar ataques preventivos, torturas y hasta la suspensión de la protección legal a prisioneros, y se pregunta cuál debe ser la política pública para combatir el terrorismo de una manera ética, mostrando por qué la solución del mal menor propuesta por Michael Ignatieff es sólo un viejo truco argumentativo y no conduce a cambios reales. Por ello, se insiste en el diálogo como forma de garantizar el reconocimiento de la diversidad, la defensa de los derechos civiles y el fortalecimiento de la democracia. Finalmente, se analizan diversos aspectos del militarismo, mostrando las relaciones de esta tendencia con el género y especí- ficamente con la masculinidad. Palabras clave: ética, terrorismo, militarismo, masculinidad, género Abstract: This essay reflects on terrorism, showing its evolution throughout history and its present-day exacerbation, also pointing out that terrorism on the part of the State, in spite of being the most deadly form, tends to be accepted by the public. Likewise, it stresses the way the 9/11 attack has been used to justify preemptive attacks, torture and even the suspension of political protection to prisoners, and asks what type of public policy must be used to fight terrorism in an ethical manner, showing why Michael Ignatieff’s proposal of the lesser evil is only an old argumentative trick and leads to no real changes. Therefore, there is an insistence on dialogue as the way to guarantee the recognition of diversity, the defense of civil rights and the strengthening of democracy. Finally, diverse aspects of militarism are analyzed, showing the relations between this tendency and gender, specifically with masculinity.Key words: ethics, terrorism, militarism, masculinity, gender
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Lewandowski, Andrzej, Leszek Loroch, and Monika Świech. "Individual Protection of Aircraft as an Essential Factor of Flying in Conflict Zones and Terrorist Threat Areas." Journal of Konbin 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0080-0.

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Individual Protection of Aircraft as an Essential Factor of Flying in Conflict Zones and Terrorist Threat Areas The paper presents ground-to-air weapon threats for aircraft, especially regarding man-portable air-defense systems (MANPADS) and the methods for reducing the threats. Polish participation in military conflicts along with international terrorism result in increasing threats for aircraft. The conducted analysis result in efforts for providing individual protection of aircraft and new countermeasures. Employment of these systems on military aircraft contributes to improved flight safety in threat areas, however expensiveness of individual protection systems make them uncommon on civil aircraft.
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Thränert, Oliver. "Preemption, Civil Defense, and Psychological Analysis: Three Necessary Tools in Responding to Irrational Terrorism." Politics and the Life Sciences 15, no. 2 (September 1996): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400022905.

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Yousafzai, Iftikhar Ahmad, and A. Z. Hilali. "India’s Role as a Determinant in Pakistan-US Relations (2005-2015)." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i1.122.

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The United States adopted a policy of de-hyphenation in its relations with India and Pakistan in the post-09/11 period which continued to be operational in the period 2005-2015. This policy apparently meant that the United States would deal each of the two South Asian adversaries, India and Pakistan. The main reason for this phenomenon was that the policy-makers in the US saw India as a heavy-weight to counter the rising economic, political and military power of China in Asia. Pakistan could not be fitted in this strategic calculus. The United States changed its previous position on Kashmir and instead of calling for resolving this issue according to the United Nations resolutions, it stressed on bilateral negotiations. Similarly, the United States endorsed Indian stance that Pakistan was backing terrorist outfits that perpetrated acts of terrorism in India. Strategic partnership between The US and India extended cooperation in civil nuclear technology, missile defense, space technology and defense production. No such cooperation could be extended to Pakistan. Permanent membership in the UN Security Council for India was endorsed despite Pakistan’s objections.
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Nandy, Debasish. "India-France Relations in the Post-Cold War Era." Khazanah Sosial 2, no. 3 (November 11, 2020): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ks.v2i3.9866.

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India-France relations in the post-Cold War era are very cordial. As early as the 1980s, France wished to give greater scope to its relations with India. Relations between India and France have traditionally been close and friendly. With the establishment of strategic partnerships in 1998, there has been significant progress in all areas of bilateral cooperation through regular high-level exchanges at the Head of State/Head of Government levels and growing cooperation and exchanges including in strategic areas such as defense, counter-terrorism, nuclear energy, and space. France was the first country with which India agreed on civil nuclear cooperation following the waiver given by the Nuclear Suppliers’ Group, enabling India to resume full civil nuclear cooperation with the international community
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Terrorism Civil defense"

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DeVane, John C. "Applicability of unmanned aerial systems to homeland defense missions." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FDeVane.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Secuirty Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Craig Hooper. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-83). Also available in print.
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Olson, Dean T. "The path to terrorist violence : a threat assessment model for radical groups at risk of escalation to acts of terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FOlson.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): David Tucker. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-65). Also available online.
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Soria, Javier C. "Optimizing Ground Based Air Defense in support of homeland defense the cruise missile threat." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2505.

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Since the attacks of September 11th, 2001 involving commercial aircraft used as missiles to attack critical assets located within the United States, the U.S has worked diligently to enhance its military air defense posture. Air defense of critical U.S. assets and National Special Security Events (NSSE) have been enhanced by adding static and proposed deployable Ground Based Air Defense (GBAD) systems designed to provide a [beta]last line[gamma] of defense from air attacks over U.S. soil. Currently this last line of defense is incorporated with the air and maritime military air defense forces providing a [beta]defense in depth[gamma] over critical assets, but does not support the air and maritime air defense over broader ranges of U.S. soil where critical assets do not exist. As the U.S. continues to enhance its air defense posture around critical assets and high priority events against terrorist attacks from the air, it is reasonable to assume that the terrorists may adjust their strategy for air attacks. The terrorists may deem it more beneficial to attack targets which lack a last line defense. It is therefore critical to examine new means and methods to provide GBAD in areas which may be determined to be less lucrative targets. In addition to the proposed alternate terrorist strategy, it is also reasonable to assume that increased security measures in the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) will deter the terrorists from attempting another hijacking event; thus forcing them to seek other means of attack. Cruise missiles (CM) are a cheap and effective means of causing limited destruction. Cruise missiles can be programmed to maneuver and operate at various altitudes and are small enough to be transported with little to no visibility. A cruise missile in the wrong hands could find its way to within miles of the U.S. borders and coastlines. If launched; a cruise missile could engage random targets throughout the U.S., such as malls or schools, and cause a major upset to our national security. Therefore, a defense system should be established which incorporates GBAD that is capable of engaging the CM threat with little to no notice, over the entire U.S. border and coastal regions.
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Jankowski, Thaddeus K. "Planning for success : constructing a first responder planning methodology for Homeland Security /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FJankowski.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Paul Stockton. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-81). Also available online.
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France, Paul. "Preventing terrorism using information sharing networks." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Sep%5FFrance.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Nadav Morag and Robert Simeral. "September 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-78). Also available in print.
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Ditlevson, Jeffery T. "Air base defense different times call for different methods." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/06Dec%5FDitlevson.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Maria Rasmussen. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-109). Also available in print.
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Ovdiienko, Oleksandr. "NATO's role in the protection of the civil population against the consequences of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear terrorist attacks." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FOvdiienko.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-60). Also available online.
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Docobo, Jose M. "Community-policing as the primary prevention strategy for Homeland Security at the local law enforcement level /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FDocobo.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Christopher Bellavita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-81). Also available online.
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Perry, Donnie. "Protecting small communities through domestic policing adopting an information analysis system to recognize potential terrorist activity." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Sep/09Sep%5FPerry.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Rasmussen, Maria ; Simeral, Robert. "September 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on November 5, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Outcome Based Policing, Intelligence Sharing, Terrorism Prevention, Triangle of Terrorism, Public Safety Assessment Triangle, Domestic Preparedness Performance Model Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77). Also available in print.
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Moyer, Shawn P. "Creating a mix of spooks and suits : a new role for intelligence." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FMoyer.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Robert Simeral, Robert Looney. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-111). Also available online.
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Books on the topic "Terrorism Civil defense"

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Terrorism and security. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2012.

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Terrorism and Security. London: Raintree, 2012.

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Minnesota. Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. Statewide terrorism preparedness implementation plan. St. Paul, Minn: Dept. of Public Safety, Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 2003.

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United States. Defense Science Board. Task Force on Strategic Intelligence Needs for Homeland Defense. Defense Science Board Task Force on Intelligence Needs for Homeland Defense: [report]. Washington, D.C: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, 2002.

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Terrorism and homeland security. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012.

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White, Jonathan Randall. Terrorism and homeland security. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012.

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Banks, William C. Combating terrorism: Strategies and approaches. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, 2008.

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Banks, William C. Combating terrorism: Strategies and approaches. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, 2008.

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Guard, United States Coast. Captain of the port: (maritime counterterrorism) TRASIT. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Guard, 1986.

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Guard, United States Coast. Captain of the port: (maritime counterterrorism) TRASIT. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Guard, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Terrorism Civil defense"

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Brown, Cameron S. D. "Cyber-Attacks, Retaliation and Risk." In Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism, 166–203. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8456-0.ch008.

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This chapter examines legal and technical issues that arise when considering strategic retaliatory countermeasures to cyber-attacks. Implications connected with endorsing techniques of active defense for nation-states are viewed alongside challenges faced by private entities. Proactive avenues for tackling cyber-security threats are evaluated and shortcomings within the international system of governance are analyzed. Retributive justice as a legal and philosophical concept is viewed through the lens of customary international law pertaining to use of force and self-defense. Difficulties in adapting rules governing kinetic warfare to instances of cyber-conflict are elucidated. The danger of executing counterstrikes for private entities is explained with reference to cross-border dilemmas, conflict of laws, and risks stemming from civil, criminal, and also administrative liability. Protocols for safeguarding anonymity are observed and the problem of attribution is illustrated. Costs and benefits associated with adopting methods of active defense are presented and solutions to avoid accountability failure are recommended.
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Jones, David Martin. "Surveillance and Resistance." In Advances in Digital Crime, Forensics, and Cyber Terrorism, 122–43. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9661-7.ch007.

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This chapter provides readers with an overview and discussion of the manner in which the Internet and social media has facilitated movements, ranging from Aryan Nations and the various European Defence Leagues, to the Global Jihadist Movement and anarchist groups. As the phenomenon of netwar and online recruitment evolved after 9/11, extremist movements motivated by illiberal and apocalyptic ideologies have found the Internet a congenial space for organization, dissemination, education and radicalization. This chapter examines the difficulty liberal political democracies have in censoring these groups and the ideas they promote. Civil rights organizations immediately condemn state electronic surveillance as an invasion of civil liberties, and present the liberal democrat with an acute moral and political dilemma. This chapter finally considers the tactics democratic states might prudently adopt in order to preserve the national interest.
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"INTERNAL DEFENCE AND DEVELOPMENT: PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS, POPULATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL, CIVIC ACTION." In Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia (RLE: Terrorism and Insurgency), 157–93. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315713854-17.

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Gray, Christine. "20. The Use of Force and the International Legal Order." In International Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198791836.003.0020.

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This chapter examines the law on the use of force. It discusses the UN Charter scheme; the Prohibition of the Use of Force in Article 2(4) of the UN Charter; intervention, civil wars, and invitation; self-defence; the use of force under Chapter VII of the UN Charter; UN peacekeeping; and regional action under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. The UN Charter provisions on the use of force by States, Article 2(4) on the prohibition of force, and Article 51 on self-defence, have all caused fundamental divisions between States. There is disagreement as to whether the prohibition on force should be interpreted strictly or whether it allows humanitarian intervention, as in Kosovo. There is also disagreement over the scope of the right of self-defence. The response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks has led to a fundamental reappraisal of the law in this area.
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Howells, Karen. "Social Media Networking and Tactical Intelligence Collection in the Middle East." In Research Anthology on Military and Defense Applications, Utilization, Education, and Ethics, 369–83. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9029-4.ch020.

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Social media platforms are commonly used as a way to gather intelligence information by intelligence organizations in many countries. The data available from social media networks has been instrumental in aiding the organisation of rebellious activities in a number of Middle East countries. This article features an overview of the use of social media platforms in facilitating civil unrest, leading to an in-depth depiction of the use of such platforms both in Israel and the Palestinian Territories. After analyzing the types of data collected by intelligence agencies in the region, a model for filtering social network data through the use of socialbots is suggested. Using artificial intelligence, it is possible to design, create and build socialbots that can scrutinize enemy or terrorist organisations' data output. Further programming would allow these socialbots to interact with a target and would be able to disseminate propaganda for the intelligence agencies.
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Morlino, Leonardo, and Daniela Piana. "Freedoms." In Equality, Freedom, and Democracy, 60–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813873.003.0003.

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Freedoms include personal dignity, civil rights, and political rights. For personal dignity, when considering violence perpetrated by police, there is a significant improvement until the very beginning of the twenty-first century, with the strengthening of existing institutions and the creation of new ones. Later, the index of Amnesty International displays the growth of State violence, mainly in 2015–17. As regards civil rights, a national movement is less affected than foreign movement. Especially in Poland, freedoms of movement protection have suffered the most from the recent change to some constitutional rules. Moreover, all countries—but especially France and the UK—saw restrictions on freedoms of mobility due to a set of administrative measures aimed at preventing terrorism. The protection of freedom of religion is stable. Finally, citizens continue to experience limitations to economic freedom. As for political rights, they were affected by the decline of the freedom of the press. The right to citizenship was affected by the waves of migration and the rise of international terrorism. These phenomena brought about defensive reactions and paved the way for a broad and easily politicized opposition to the extension of the rights to political participation and citizenship for people with foreign origins. Poland shows the most worrying deterioration, notably in terms of fundamental rights. There is relative stability in all other cases with lower and higher results. However, when considering all the freedoms, the critical aspect of putting at the core of our analysis is timing.
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Cohn, Samuel. "Somalia after the Fall." In All Societies Die, 25–26. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755903.003.0008.

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This chapter focuses on the process of government death in Somalia. As conditions got worse, there was increased political dissent and the government responded with an iron fist. In response, the entire country armed itself in self-defense. This widespread mobilization was enough to force Siad Barre from power, but the opposition was too divided to create a new administration and the whole country splintered along clan lines. The result was a Hobbesian war of all against all. The collapse of a functioning Somali state also meant the collapse of the Somali navy and this led to the rise of Somali piracy. As of 2020, the civil war continues in Somalia. Much of the fighting is between a somewhat restored government and a terrorist group, Al-Shabaab. Interclan violence exists as well. Modest economic growth and some government functioning have returned to Somalia, but its overall prospects are as weak as ever.
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Grasso, Christopher. "Heaven on Earth." In Teacher, Preacher, Soldier, Spy, 380–408. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547328.003.0018.

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In 1886, after moving to Colorado and marrying Etta Dunbar, Kelso described himself, even as he struggled to get a disability pension for the worsening effects of his wartime injuries, as “one of the happiest of men.” But with news of the Haymarket Affair in Chicago, where labor radicals were executed as bomb-throwing terrorists, he plunged into another public crisis. Angrily rethinking some of his core beliefs, he decided that Haymarket had exposed the hopeless rot of the American political and economic system. In his last years, after writing his autobiography, he turned to the story of the nation he had fought and bled for, looking for a better way forward. His last book, Government Analyzed, completed by his wife after his death in 1891, reinterpreted the Civil War and offered a defense of anarchism. His last lectures described Jesus as an anarchistic reformer, hoping for a heaven on earth.
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Stump, Roger W. "Religion and the Geographies of War." In The Geography of War and Peace. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162080.003.0014.

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Religious meanings and concerns have had a prominent role in a wide variety of political conflicts in recent decades. After the Six-Day War in 1967, for example, religious Zionists interpreted Israel’s victory in explicitly religious terms and saw Israeli occupation of the ancient lands of Judea and Samaria in the West Bank and of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem as evidence that the divine redemption of the Jewish people was at hand. Muslims, in contrast, saw Israeli occupation of the Old City of Jerusalem as a threat to al-Haram al-Sharif, the sacred compound atop the Temple Mount and one of Islam’s most revered sites. Radical Islamists have cast many other conflicts in religious terms, including the war against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan during the 1980s, the civil war in Bosnia in the early 1990s, and the conflict between Chechen separatists and Russia that started in the mid-1990s. Interpreting these conflicts as attacks on the global Muslim community, radicals from various Muslim countries took up arms in Afghanistan, Bosnia, and Chechnya in defense of Islam. Out of these contexts, al-Qaeda emerged in the late 1980s and 1990s as a transstate terrorist army that focuses on more dispersed, symbolic targets in its war against Western antagonists. On a regional scale, tensions between India and Pakistan have contained an overt religious dimension since independence, exacerbated by the rising influence of Hindu and Muslim fundamentalisms in the region. This religious dimension found symbolic expression in the late 1980s and 1990s through military nomenclature, with Pakistani missile systems that bore names linked to the early Muslim conquests of northern India (Ghauri, Ghaznavi), and India’s deployment of missile systems named after principal Vedic deities (Agni, Surya) and a Hindu hero in the wars against Muslim conquest (Prithvi). In Africa, political violence has arisen in various states out of postcolonial competition among traditional animists, Muslims, and Christians. In Sudan, for example, conflict between the Muslim majority in the north and animist and Christian minorities in the south has provoked a devastating civil war. These examples illustrate the persistent complexity of the intersection of religious meanings and war.
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10

von Bernstorff, Jochen. "The Battle for the Recognition of Wars of National Liberation." In The Battle for International Law, 52–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849636.003.0003.

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The chapter revisits the third world struggle for a full legal recognition of ‘wars of national liberation’ in the 1960s and 70s. Supported by famous United Nations (UN) resolutions, the growing number of ‘newly independent states’ had managed to confer increasing institutional legitimacy to the still-ongoing struggles for independence by incriminating colonialism and racism, as well as by actively promoting support for third-world self-determination. Armed revolts of independence movements against colonial or racist rule between 1945 and 1975, for example in Indonesia, Vietnam, Algeria, Kenya, Namibia, Angola, Guinea, and Western Sahara, figured as ‘wars of national liberation’ in various UN resolutions. Led from beginning to the victorious end by Georges Abi-Saab, the G77 battle for the full recognition of wars of national liberation framed these wars as ‘defensive’ military actions against continuing foreign ‘aggression’ through colonialism. During the 1960s and early 1970s, this move was strongly opposed by most Western authors, who argued that these conflicts were internal struggles and thus merely ‘civil wars’ or legitimate reactions to ‘terrorist’ activities. The chapter argues that even though the third world could ultimately secure a victory in this legal struggle, it could not prevent that Cold War interventionism of the superpowers and the former metropoles, as well as proxy-wars, nationalism and militarization further destabilized the societies in the ‘newly independent states’. decolonization, international legal transformations, Bandung, hegemony, boundary drawing, Sattelzeit, law of the sea, use of force, humanitarian law, human rights law
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