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1
Turer, Ahmet. "The Impact of Sincerity of Terrorists on Committing Terrorist Activities in Turkey." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2875.
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This study explores the impact of sincerity of terrorists on committing terrorist activities in Turkey. The researcher is a Chief of Police in Turkey and has worked in the Anti-terror Department for a considerable part of his professional career. His professional experience has shown that the more sincere a terrorist is the more violent or heedless the terrorist activity is. Thus this research academically and statistically examines this observation and finds that sincerity affects level of violence. Attachment and adherence to the terrorist organization turn even the characteristically non-violent people into blood seeking terrorists.
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Ekici, Siddik. "Needs and Membership in Terrorist Organizations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12070/.
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One key to reducing terrorism may be to understand why individuals join terror groups, and to find ways to meet their needs through alternatives to discourage membership in terrorist organizations. The study introduces the hierarchy of needs framework to capture all previous pieces of explanations on why individuals join terror groups under one big umbrella, in order to see the big picture. It does not do a meta-analysis, but rather tests the framework. This study is designed to find out what perceived needs commonly motivate individuals to join terror groups in general and specific terror groups in particular. The research uses Turkey's terrorism experience as a case study which is supported with data from real terrorist in Turkey. Findings of the descriptive analyses show that majority joined a terror group due to social and affiliative needs. The remaining analyses (bivariate, cross-tabulation and binary logistic regression) show that confitents who perceived esteem and recognition were more likely to become members of other/leftist terror groups, and that rightist terror group members in Turkey tend to have higher education. Education mainly affects a confitent's perception of two needs: social and affiliation and self-actualization. Other demographic variables (age group, region of birth, marital status) die not yield any significant relation with membership in terror groups.
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Cinoglu, Huseyin. "An Analysis of Established Terrorist Identity in Political and Military Wings of Turkish Hizbullah." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9114/.
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The influence of the role identity expectations of Turkish Hizbullah's leadership on actual members' terrorist identities was documented in this dissertation. This study explored the leadership's identity expectations from members through content analyses of four books written by major figures of Hizbullah. Those books were selected following comments of the literature and expert suggestions. Eleven identity features stood out. These content analyses also revealed that leadership had different expectations from political wing members and military wing members. The following six identity features were listed as expected more from military wing members: belief in jihad and resistance, desire for martyrdom, embracing the hierarchical structure, depersonalization, hatred against enemies of God, and aloneness. Whilst cemaat (religious congregation), being religiously educated, patience (gradualism), dedication to a Muslim brotherhood, and being politically active were listed as expected identity attributes of political wing members. Qualitative analyses investigated these identity features using the available literature and 144 handwritten reports of actual Hizbullah members. To confirm the findings of content and qualitative analyses, quantitative analyses were conducted on the relatively representative sample (144 reports). The results of cross-tabulation and logistic regression demonstrated that two (out of 6) military wing and two (out of 5) political wing identity expectations were not manifested on actual members' Hizbullah identities.
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Kayaoglu, Mustafa. "Terrorism and strain: An exploratory analysis of the impact that individual strain and negative affect have on violent behavior among trained Turkish Hezbollah members." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9076/.
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This study attempts to explore the strains that terror organization members experience prior to the training process in the organization. The primary goal of this research is to understand the relationship between the earlier experienced strains of terrorists and their violent behaviors. In the study a Turkish Hezbollah terror organization sample (N = 144) was utilized in the frame of Agnew's (1992) general strain theory. Initially, quantitative methods, such as bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis, were utilized to identify the cumulative effect of strains on the violent behaviors of terrorists. Later, by utilizing case studies with a qualitative approach the mediating effect of negative emotions (anger, frustration, depression and fear) were identified. This study found that among Turkish Hezbollah members, prior to joining the terrorist organization, individuals who experience higher levels of strain are more likely to perform violent acts when compared to individuals who experience lower levels of strain. This study affirmed earlier studies on strain-crime relationship. Moreover, utilized case studies support that negative emotions -specifically anger- mediate between strains and violent actions. In sum, this research retests and builds on Agnew's theory and argues that general strain theory can help terrorism studies to understand the sources of strains of terrorists and the effect of strains on their violent behavior.
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Teymur, Samih O'Connor Brian C. "A conceptual map for understanding the terrorist recruitment process observation and analysis of DHKP/C, PKK, and Turkish Hezbollah terrorist organizations /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3914.
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Teymur, Samih. "An Analysis of Terrorist Recruitment by Observing DHKP/C (Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front) Terrorist Organization in Turkey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4569/.
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Terrorism has been claimed to be a major problem by hundreds of thousands of people in the international arena for years. Either it has been very difficult to determine and understand the reasons for terrorism, or those reasons have never been studied because of the immediate threat of terrorism. This research analyzed the recruitment process of terrorists by studying the DHKP/C terrorist organization and by answering the following questions. The first is "What factors are correlated with joining a terrorist organization?" And the second is "What is the recruitment process of the DHKP/C?" IN the course of this research, I used specific reports written by DHKP/C members and personal experience to come to better understanding of the motivation behind terrorism and the process by which people are recruited in the terrorist organizations.
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Teymur, Samih. "A Conceptual Map for Understanding the Terrorist Recruitment Process: Observation and Analysis of Turkish Hezbollah Terrorist Organizations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3914/.
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Terrorism is a historical problem; however, it becomes one of the biggest problems in 21st century. September 11 and the following Madrid, Istanbul and London attacks showed that it is the most significant problem threatening world peace and security. Governments have started to deal with terrorism by improving security measurements and making new investments to stop terrorism. Most of the governments' and scholars' focus is on immediate threats and causes of terrorism, instead of looking at long-term solutions such as root causes and underlying reasons of terrorism, and the recruitment style of terrorist organizations If terrorist recruitment does not stop, then it is safe to say terrorist activities cannot be stopped. This study focused on the recruitment process by observing two different terrorist organizations, DHKP/C and Turkish Hezbollah. The researcher brings 13 years of field experience and first-person data gathered from inside the terrorist organizations. The research questions of this study were: (i) How can an individual be prevented from joining or carrying out terrorist activities?; (ii) What factors are correlated with joining a terrorist organization?; (iii) What are the recruitment processes of the DHKP/C, PKK, and Turkish Hezbollah?; (iv) Is there any common process of being a member of these three terrorist organizations?; and (v) What are the similarities and differences these terrorist organizations? As a result of this analysis, a terrorist recruitment process map was created. With the help of this map, social organizations such as family and schools may be able to identify ways to prevent individuals from joining terrorist organizations. Also, this map will also be helpful for government organizations such as counterterrorism and intelligence to achieve the same goal.
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Cinoglu, Huseyin Williamson David A. "An analysis of established terrorist identity in political and military wings of Turkish Hizbullah." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9114.
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Kayaoglu, Mustafa Williamson David A. "Terrorism and strain an exploratory analysis of the impact that individual strain and negative affect have on violent behavior among trained Turkish Hezbollah members /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9076.
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Gok, Ozkan. "Structural Disadvantage, Terrorism, and Non-terrorist Violent Crime in Turkey." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258729259.
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Zehni, Tevfik. "Turkey and PKK terrorism." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483606.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Russell, James ; Baylouny, Anne Marie. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 25, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-69). Also available in print.
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de, Vale Filippa, and Eden Zekarias. "Turkiet efter det senaste politiska kaoset : Har detta påverkat svenskturkarnas resmönster till hemlandet?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Turismvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-33195.
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Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka om Turkiets nuvarande politiska situation påverkar svensk-turkars vilja att åka till sitt ursprungsland. Den metod som har använts i denna undersökning är både en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ metod. De teorier som författarna har använt inkluderar bland annat Maslows behovspyramid, Hsu et al.s Hierarchy of destination selection model och Simpson och Siguaws teorier om turism och risk. En enkätundersökning har genomförts med trettio svensk-turkar samt med representanter från Ving och TUI. Frågorna som ställdes till svensk-turkarna handlade om varför de valde eller inte valde att resa till Turkiet med tanke på landets politiska instabilitet. Vi frågade också om bristen på säkerhet i Turkiet är något som oroar dem eller betyder något när de väljer resmål. Författarna undrade också om informanternas etniska bakgrund påverkat valet att resa till Turkiet. Den analys som utförts är byggd på fem teman som hittats i den empiriska studien. De har kopplats till de teoretiska utgångspunkterna med syfte att undersöka hur det senaste politiska kaoset i Turkiet har påverkat svensk-turkars resvanor till landet. Vi har kunnat konstatera att våra svensk-turkiska respondenters resvanor till Turkiet inte har påverkats så mycket av den politiska instabiliteten. De flesta har i någon mån, på grund av den politiska instabiliteten, börjat tänka mer på vilka delar av Turkiet de reser till men har inte minskat frekvensen på sina resor i någon större utsträckning. Det var endast nio av trettio respondenter som helt slutat åka till Turkiet på grund av den politiska instabiliteten i landet. En av respondenterna skrev att anledningen till att han slutat åka till Turkiet beror på att han inte vill bidra ekonomiskt till landet eftersom han är emot dess regerings politik. Åtta av trettio svenskturkar i vår undersökning tycker att media på ett alltför negativt sätt skildrat den politiska instabiliteten i Turkiet och att de därför inte låtit det påverka sina resvanor.The purpose of this thesis has been to investigate whether Turkey's current political situation affects swedish-turks willingness to travel to their country of origin. A qualitative and a quantitative method have been used in this study. The theories used include, among others, B. Maslow's hierarchy of needs pyramid, Hsu et al.s Hierarchy of destination selection model and Simpson and Siguaw's theories about tourism and risk. Surveys sent by e-mail have been carried out with thirty swedish-turks and representatives from Ving and TUI. Some of the questions that were asked to the swedish-turks regarded if they still chose to travel to Turkey even though they are aware of the country's political instability. We also asked if the lack of security in Turkey is something that concerns them or matters when choosing a destination. The authors also wondered if their ethnic background influenced the choice to travel to Turkey. The analytical part of the thesis is based on five themes found in the empirical study linked to the theoretical starting points with the purpose of investigating how the latest political chaos in Turkey has affected the swedish-turks travel habits. We have found that the swedish-turks travel habits to Turkey have not been affected in a greater scale by the political instability. Although because of the political instability, some of them have begun to be more careful about which parts of Turkey they visit but they have not reduced the frequency of their travels to any significant extent. Only nine out of thirty swedish-turks have completely ceased to travel to Turkey and one of the survey respondents mentioned that the reason he stopped traveling there is because he does not want to contribute financially to the Turkish government as he is against their policies. Eight out of thirty of the swedish-turks found that the media portrayed the political instability in Turkey in an excessively negative way and therefore they have not let this affect their travel habits.
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Seloom, Muhanad. "The label 'terrorist' : PKK in Turkey." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31146.
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This thesis examines how the ‘terrorist’ label affects those that are labelled by this designation, particularly with reference on a subsequent choice to use violence in the context of an ethno-nationalist conflict. Drawing on the PKK as a case study, the study asks: what effect did the labelling of the PKK as a ‘terrorist organisation’ by the Turkish government have on the use of violence by Kurds in the Turkish-Kurdish ethno-nationalist conflict? The invocation of the label terrorist in any conflict often means both the labeller and the labelled are predisposed to use violence. This study argues that this process of labelling leads the labeller and the labelled to frame one another as an existential threat. To date, the effects of using the label ‘terrorist’ in an ethno-nationalist conflict context remain relatively understudied in both social and political sciences. The period under analysis extends from 1992 to 2015, corresponding to the period during which the Turkish government continuously designated the PKK as ‘terrorist’. In conflict discourse, belligerents use demeaning labels against each other to gather support, legitimacy or simply to increase combatants’ morale. The study argues that the label terrorist is a constituent element of the conflict. The Turkish government uses the label terrorist as a tool to securitise the Kurdish-Turkish ethno-nationalist conflict. The Turkish government’s labelling of the PKK as ‘terrorist’ places the Kurdish issue in the broader framework of securitisation, a theory in International Relations. While securitising the Kurdish issue has bestowed more powers to the Turkish government to combat violence described as ‘terrorist’, the resolution of the ethno-nationalist conflict became increasingly more complex leading to protracted waves of violence. Analysing data collected through semi-structured qualitative interviews with Kurds from Turkey, the study reveals that the impact of the label terrorist is far more complex than previously assumed in the existing academic literature. The specific effects of the label terrorist on any given conflict, however, are the subject of an empirical question to be settled through rigorous research. Drawing on the Labelling Theory of Deviance fathered by Howard S. Becker and complemented by discourse analysis, this study finds that the application of the label terrorist against the PKK increases the perception of victimization among its wider Kurdish community. Secondly, the research demonstrates that the invocation of the label terrorist against the PKK places the group’s actors and sympathizers in a situation that makes it harder for them to engage in peaceful means of resolving the conflict. The interplay between these two consequential effects of victimisation and political exclusion leads to the conclusion that there is an indirect relationship between designating an ethno-nationalist armed group ‘terrorist’ and the choice to use violence.
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Koseli, Mutlu. "Poverty, Inequality & Terrorism Relationship in Turkey." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/974.
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Poverty, Inequality & Terrorism Relationship in TurkeyUsing empirical evidence criminological studies have identified a relationship between poverty and crime and many studies have concluded that a high crime rate is associated with a higher poverty rate. Other studies indicate that inequalities are a better determinant of crime than absolute poverty. Social disorganization theory, anomie strain theory and Marxist theory have been used to explain the phenomenon. Guided by the aforementioned theories and previous literature on crime, this study looks at the terrorism issue and explores whether a relationship exists between poverty, inequality and terrorist incidents. The main hypothesis of this study indicates that higher poverty and higher inequalities are related to higher number of terrorist incidents. This study examines Turkey's terrorism problem in depth and identifies some factors that are related to the formation of terrorism. It is believed that this may assist help policy makers to develop new policies that can eliminate fertile ground where terrorism easily finds support. The researcher uses secondary data analysis; data for number of terrorist incidents are derived from the Turkish National Police's database, and other demographic and economic variable data are derived from Turkish Statistical Institute, and Government Planning Office. A multiple regression analysis technique is used to identify the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, number of terrorist incidents. The results of the statistical analysis show that there is a statistically significant relationship between the percentage of population living below the poverty line, unequal distribution of some government resources, such as unequal distribution of education services, and unequal distribution of public investment. Findings also show that higher populated provinces may experience greater terrorist incidents. Additionally, the percentage of young in the population is also found to be related to the number of terrorist incidents.
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Duman, Gokhan. "Political Terrorism: The case of Turkey and Spain, Similarities and Differences." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401814.
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Este estudio pretende analizar el problema del terrorismo separatista en España y en Turquía con el fin de loner de relieve las similitudes y diferencias. El estudio comparativo de estos dos fenómenos idiosincrásicos terroristas plantea el debate sobre la question de que, incluso en territorios diferentes y con diferentes antecedentes históricos, pueden darse problemas similares. El enfoque de la tesis esta basado en el estudio de dos problemas históricos tras los cuales surgieron más tarde las dos organizaciones terroristas armadas objeto de estudio comparado. También incluye un breve análisis de la cuestión de IRA en Irlanda del Norte con el fin de analizar y comparar el proceso de resolución del conflicto en Reino Unido en relation con el Ulster y cotejandolo con los casos de Turquía y España. La tesis estudia la situación actual de los dos conflictos así como las perspectivas de futuro en los dos países.This study aims to analyze the separatist terrorism problem of Spain and Turkey in order to highlight the similarities and differences. The countries different as Spain and Turkey have been affected by the separatist terrorist attacks. The comparative study of these two terrorist idiosyncratic phenomena puts the debate on the argument that even in different territories and with different historical backgrounds, similar problems could occur. The focus of the thesis based on the study of two historical problems, which later emerged the armed terrorist organizations. It also includes a brief analyze of the issue of IRA in Northern Ireland in order to see what had been done in the United Kingdom to solve the terrorism problem, which have taken into account as a reference point for the cases of Turkey and Spain. The thesis studies the actual situations of the problems and their possible future in both countries.
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Simsek, Yilmaz. "Impact of Terrorism on Migration Patterns in Turkey." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/652.
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This study is among the first studies that evaluate the social impacts of terrorism in a specific country for a 10 year period. It tests the effects of terrorism on domestic net-migration in Turkey, especially in the terror infected provinces of the Eastern and South Eastern regions of the country between the years 1992 and 2001. Terrorism has impacted people not only physically, but also psychologically. When faced with "future uncertainty" or the "fear of terrorism," it is natural for people to leave their home towns, and to migrate to somewhere else where they feel safe. In order to explore the real impact of terrorism on immigration, this study used "terrorism incident rate" per 10,000 people and the "rate of people and security forces killed" per 10,000 people as independent variables. It also examined the major economic effects of migration; unemployment rate and the GDP were used as control variables. In addition, the rate of killed terrorists, population density, and the distance to Istanbul and to Mersin were also added to the models. A control-series regression analysis was performed to relate the terrorist incidents' impact on the citizens' inclinations to leave their home towns in all provinces and in high terrorism incident provinces of East and Southeast regions of Turkey. Results show that the net-migration in high terrorism incident provinces is higher than the net-migration in other provinces. Findings also confirm that there was a positive relationship between net-migration and terrorist incidents and that relationship was higher during 1992-1995, when the number of terrorist incidents hit its all time highest level. Other than terrorist incidents, results moreover confirm that net-migration is positively related to the number of "people and security forces killed".In addition, results also confirm that population density and distance were related to net-migration. Economic variables, such as GDP and unemployment also related to net migration. However, their impacts varied from model to model. While the GDP was negatively related to net-migration in the models with all the provinces; unemployment was positively related to net-migration in the models with only high terrorism incident provinces.
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Yayla, Ahmet. "A Case Study of Leftist Terrorism in Turkey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2826/.
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Change in government has characterized the development of most nations. Sometimes this change has been marked by continued evolution, in a peaceful attempt to move forward. Other times, change has been fraught with violent revolution and terrorism. This process has been the subject of much debate by political scientists and economic philosophers. Today, Turkey suffers from continued threats to its government through violent acts of terrorism conducted by various groups, expressing ideologies of leftist and rightist organizations, as well as ethnic and religious extremists. This thesis examines DHKP/C as the primary leftist revolutionary group effecting Turkey, exploring its historical background in Europe and the Middle East, as well as its philosophical link to Marxism. Further, this treatise discusses the implication of revolution and terrorism expressed by DHKP/C; and explores innovative and peaceful solutions, strategies, and techniques to be used by the police forces of Turkey in combating this group
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Başibüyük, Oğuzhan Williamson David A. "Social (dis)organization and terror related crimes in Turkey." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9796.
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Başıbüyük, Oğuzhan. "Social (Dis)organization and Terror related Crimes in Turkey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9796/.
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The primary focus of this study is to explore the relationship between structural factors of a specific society and occurrence of terror related crimes. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to examine how or to what extent social disorganization theory, which is the basic theoretical foundation of this study, can explain terrorism related crimes in Turkey. Although several previous studies investigated the social and structural dimensions of terrorism in a country, many of those studies did not go beyond investigating the impacts of traditional structural factors such as poverty, inequality, and education on terrorism. This study goes a step further by adding the mediating factors between those primary social disorganization variables and terror related crimes. Direct, indirect and, total effects of structural variables on terrorism through the mediating variables, that is prevalence of voluntary associations and religious institutions, are examined. Findings obtained from multivariate and mediation analyses show that while some structural variables such as education and poverty are directly related to distribution of terror related crimes, this relationship became indirect through the mediating variables for other structural variables such as residential mobility and unemployment. Results suggest that rather than overreliance on traditional antiterrorism strategies which are mostly depending on the public level control such as law enforcement process, programs supported by other levels of social control, that is, parochial and private levels must be encouraged.
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Koçak, Murat. "The Application of Q Methodology to Generate A Functional Typology of Terrorist Organizations in Turkey." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1286681075.
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Burke, Emily A. "Historical roots of terrorism and challenges to Turkey�s territorial sovereignty." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43883.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis thesis examines the historical roots and significance ofTurkey‘s decades-long struggle with terrorism. It argues that current perceptions of terrorism inTurkey are due to historical challenges to the country‘s territorial sovereignty. These challenges are rooted in the aborted Treaty of Sèvres at the end of World War I. Framed as a historical survey, this thesis concludes that terrorism inTurkey has been perceived as a threat to the territorial integrity of the state due to the legacy of territorial loss during the end of the Ottoman Empire and the nationalist separatist movements during the early Republican period. Although significantly different from early separatist movements, the threats posed by the Kurdistan Workers‘ Party (PKK) and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) have been interpreted as an outgrowth of the irredentism and imperialism embedded in the Treaty of Sèvres. AsTurkey encounters new threats from religiously-motivated terrorism, policymakers continue to view separatist terror as the foremost threat and a continuation of this historical trend.
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Bal, Ihsan. "Prevention of terrorism in liberal democracies : a case study of Turkey." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30117.
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This study analyses the effects and threats posed by revolutionary and ethnic terrorism to the Turkish democracy and also explores possible solutions to the problem within a framework of democratic pluralism. In doing so, this thesis intends to contribute to general debates on prevention of terrorism in democratic countries as well as to the position of the Kurdish Community in Turkish society. It first explores these issues by way of a conceptual and structural analysis of terrorism and democracy, playing particular emphasis to the causes of terrorism. The analysis establishes the following hypotheses: that democracies can accommodate the religious, political and ethnic differences which terrorists seek to exploit; that a participative form of democracy has a greater chance of success because the general population would be more willing to contribute and co-operate with anti-terrorist government programs; and that the approach any country takes in response to terrorism will depend, in part, on its own peculiar socio-cultural and economic history. The thesis then proceeds to examine these hypotheses in the light of the Turkish state's experience of and dealing with ideological and ethnic-separatist terrorists, in particular the PKK. The author submits that the hard-line and uncompromising approach of the Turkish state to terrorism has been generally unsuccessful. This has been due to its limited understanding of democracy, which has limited democratic participation to all but the ruling elite, and its insensitivity towards the reasons and motives behind terrorist actions. As a result, the thesis offers a new approach - the third way - which takes into account the multi-dimensional nature of terrorism, by stressing participation, co-ordination, co-operation rather than domination, as a means of dealing with the problem. It submits that an anti-terrorist package that has popular backing, which is gradually implemented, and which works in conjunction with social and economic reform, is more likely to be successful in combating terrorism in Turkey, and perhaps, in combating terrorism further afield.
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Nikbay, Ozgur. "An Application of Anomie and Strain Theories to Terrorism: Suicide Attacks in Turkey." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1918.
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A suicide attack is an extreme modus operandi of terrorism. This research examines the application of two similar sociological theories to terrorism and specifically, to suicide terrorism. Three models are built to test if Merton‘s strain theory can explain the propensities of provinces to produce terrorists and suicide bombers in the first phase. Next, in Phase 2 one model is built on a combination of altruistic and fatalistic type variables to test if Durkheim‘s anomie theory can explain the probability of a terrorist to become suicide bomber or not. The analyses of models 1, 2, and 3 are performed in Phase 1 using aggregate secondary data and the analysis of model 4 is performed in Phase 2 using individual level secondary data. While models 1 and 2 are employing multiple regression, models 3 and 4 use logistic regression analyses. Model 1 tests the propensity of a province to produce terrorists relative to six strain variables, while model 2 develops an optimum model, testing the same associations by using only three significant independent variables. Model 3 tests the probability of a province to produce a suicide bomber(s) using the same six indicators. Model 4 tests the probability of a terrorist to become a suicide bomber relative to anomie theory driven by seven indicators. The results reflect support for the overall model 1, while only the indicators of unemployment rate and political representation in the legislative assembly significantly contribute in explaining the propensity score of a province to produce a terrorist. However, the optimum model (2) includes three statistically significant indicators of unemployment rate, political representation in the legislative assembly, and quality of life. Although model 3 also emerged significant in its overall effect, only educational opportunity significantly contributes to explaining the probability of a province to produce a suicide bomber. Model 4 is also supported. The individual effects reveal that the indicators of age group, income level, and hierarchical position in the organization statistically contribute to explaining the probability of a terrorist to become a suicide bomber. In general, the research provides partial support for the application of strain and anomie theories to terrorism and suicide attacks.
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Yayla, Ahmet. "Terrorism as a social information entity: A model for early intervention." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4800/.
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This dissertation studies different social aspects of terrorists and terrorist organizations in an effort to better deal with terrorism, especially in the long run. The researcher, who also worked as a Police Captain at Turkish National Police Anti-Terrorism Department, seeks solutions to today's global problem by studying both literature and a Delphi examination of a survey of 1070 imprisoned terrorists. The research questions include questions such as "What are the reasons behind terrorism?", "Why does terrorism occur?", "What ideologies provide the framework for terrorist violence?, "Why do some individuals become terrorists and others do not?" and "Under what conditions will terrorists end their violence?" The results of the study presents the complexity of the terrorism problem as a social experience and impossibility of a single solution or remedy for the global problem of terrorism. The researcher through his examination of the findings of the data, presented that terrorism is a social phenomenon with criminal consequences that needs to be dealt by means of two dimensional approaches. The first is the social dimension of terrorism and the second is the criminal dimension of terrorism. Based on this, the researcher constructed a conceptual model which addresses both of these dimensions under the titles of long-term solutions and short-term solutions. The long-term solutions deal with the social aspects of terrorism under the title of Proactive Approach to Terrorism and the short-term solutions deal with the criminal aspects of terrorism under the title of The Immediate Fight against Terrorism. The researcher constructed this model because there seems to be a tendency of not asking the question of "Why does terrorism occur?" Instead, the focus is usually on dealing with the consequences of terrorism and future terrorist threats. While it is essential that the governments need to provide the finest security measures for their societies, at the same time they need to address the reasons behind terrorism. This research, from stated perspective, offered a conceptual model to address both aspects of terrorism for a more complete fight against today's most painful problem.
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Yilmaz, Bulent. "THE EFFECT OF BELIEF IN BECOMING A MEMBER OF A TERRORIST ORGANIZATON AND THE IMPACT OF THAT BELIEF ON THE LEVEL OF VIOLENCE EXERTED BY THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION MEMBERS IN TURKEY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1377000529.
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Gergin, Nadir. "The Nexus between the Ballot and Bullet: Popular Support for the PKK and Post-election Violence in Turkey." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/426.
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This study examines the relationship between popular support for the Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK), which is an ethnic insurgent and terrorist organization mainly operating in Turkey, and its terrorist activities during the pre-and post-election periods in Turkey . Popular support has been measured through popular votes for the political party affiliated with the PKK in 1999 general, 2004 local and 2007 general elections. Two leading theories of social movements, Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) and Relative Deprivation Theory (RD), were used as theoretical approach. The study uses secondary data and constructs a longitudinal design. An advanced statistical analysis technique, a generalized hierarchical linear model: time nested within subjects (or GHLM repeated measures) was employed in this study. Findings indicate that popular support is positively related to terrorist attacks of the PKK in Turkey. More popular support for the insurgent leads to more terrorist attacks. Furthermore, terrorist attacks gradually increased over the pre-election period of general elections. However, terrorist attacks abruptly increased upon the election but then subsequent terrorist attacks decline over the post-election periods.
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Hallberg, Arvid. "Expecting the Unexpected : The Marginal Effect of Unanticipated Terrorist Attacks on Foreign Direct Investment in Israel and Turkey." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-297402.
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The paper examines if and to what to extent unanticipated terrorist attacks affect Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) net inflow in Israel and Turkey between 1975 and 2014. The paper utilises two new conceptualisations and operationalisations to determine what makes a year contain unanticipated terrorist attacks and applies them using linear regression on the change in FDI between given years. Using this new operationalisation 10 out of 40 years in Israel and 13 out of 40 years in Turkey were deemed to have experienced unanticipated terrorist attacks. Two models, one controlling for changes in GDP growth, market size, exchange rates and inflation, and one without control variables are used to examine the effect of unanticipated attacks on FDI. The results indicate that unanticipated terrorist attacks had a statistically significant negative effect on FDI into Israel but no discernible effect in Turkey. The reason for this discrepancy between the two countries is likely because of the geographic location of terrorist activity in each country, global political pressures, and the type of terrorist activity.
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Cengiz, Ilyas. "Legal responses to 'terrorist speech' : a critical evaluation of the law in Turkey in light of regional and international standards." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/60750/.
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Much scholarly attention has focused on the incremental extension of criminal liability for ‘terroristic speech’ (reflecting the widely acknowledged preventive turn in criminal law). This thesis examines the case law of Turkey's Yargıtay (Court of Cassation) and Constitutional Court on 'terroristic speech' in the light of regional (the European Court of Human Rights), and international (Human Rights Committee and CERD) standards. While this corpus of human rights law has obtained some positive traction in Turkey (resulting, for example, in the passage of a number of progressive Constitutional amendments), it is argued that the modern day regulation of 'terroristic speech' resembles in many ways the now outmoded offence of 'sedition' for silencing political dissent. It must of-course be recognized that Turkey has experienced a protracted conflict, and that recent ‘terror’ attacks in European capital cities have reinvigorated the international ‘War on Terror’. At a deeper level, however, this observation evidences a troubling state of affairs, for, even in this ‘human rights era’, the imposition of far-reaching restrictions on speech continues seemingly without contradiction. Indeed, in many cases, the relevant criminal law offences, especially those pertaining to indirect incitement, were themselves been introduced at the behest of international instruments such as the UN Security Council Resolution 1624 (2005); the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, 2005; and the European Union Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism, 2008. It is argued that the regulation of ‘terroristic speech’ epitomizes the state-centricity of human rights norms; (a phenomenon which Leigh and Lustgarten colourfully describe as assigning ‘the safekeeping of children in a school playground to a pit-bull terrier’). Moreover, it also reflects the fundamental inability of the international community to agree upon a definition of ‘terrorism’. The thesis thus draws on recent scholarship (Stampnitzky) to chart the ‘invention’ of ‘terrorism’ as a fundamentally political term involving moral judgment. It is argued that the infusion of this political concept into legal reasoning is inherently problematic. The binary nature of ‘terrorism’ belies the more spectral nature of ‘political violence’, and it is the latter which ought to inform a more nuanced judicial response to ‘terroristic speech’.
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Yilmaz, Ismail. "Patterns of Differential Involvement in Terrorist Activities: Evidence from DHKP/C and Turkish Hezbollah." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1917.
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This study examines the patterns of involvement in terrorist activities for the Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) and Turkish Hezbollah members. The study is based on the assumption that terrorists differ in terms of their involvement in terrorist activities. In this sense, there are full-time and part-time terrorists. Full-time terrorists act professionally and do the assignments given by their commanders. Part-time terrorists, on the other hand, act on a non-professional basis and have their own motivations to participate in terrorist activities. For part-timers, there are various factors that may have an effect on their degree of involvement in terrorist activities. Their decisions regarding whether to participate in a specific terrorist act can be influenced by individual factors as well as the instructions and assignments given to them. In this study, these factors are categorized under four different headings; demographic, relative deprivation, frustration, and social learning. Data regarding the involvement in terrorist activities (as measured by arrest records) and demographics (age, gender, marital status, social class), relative deprivation (education, work status), frustration (school dropout, loss of a loved one in a counter-terrorism operation, family arrest), and social learning (family association to a terrorist group and recruitment method) was collected from terrorists’ autobiographies. Research hypotheses were tested using bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The findings indicated that relative deprivation, frustration, and social learning models can explain the differences in the degree of involvement in terrorism for DHKP/C members, but not for Turkish Hezbollah members (controlling for demographic variables). The results showed that these three models may account for some of the differences in involvement in terrorist activities.
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Myers, Matthew K. "A tale of two countries why some British Muslims turned to terrorism and French Muslims did not." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FMyers.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Hafez, Mohammed ; Siegel, Scott. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Terrorism, Radicalization, Britain, France, Social Movement Theory Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-79). Also available in print.
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Ucak, Hursit. "Law Enforcement Intelligence Recruiting Confidential Informants within “Religion-Abusing Terrorist Networks”." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2717.
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This study examines the motivation factors that make some individuals (terrorists) confidential informants. The study is based on the assumptions of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theories. Accordingly, main assumption of the present study is that some individuals with unsatisfied needs in religion-abusing terrorist (RAT) networks choose to become confidential informants to satisfy their predominant needs. The main hypothesis for the purpose of this study is “The individuals’ decision-making processes to cooperate with law enforcement intelligence (LEI) as a confidential informant is affected by some motivation factors during recruitment process.” The present study tests 27 hypotheses in order to answer two main research questions. To meet its objectives the present study uses quantitative research methodology, constructs a cross-sectional research design, and employs secondary data analysis to test the hypotheses of the research questions. A dataset was formed based on official records of Turkish National Police by including all confidential informants within eight different RAT networks in Turkey. First, individual effect of each motivation factor on being a confidential informant is tested and discussed in detail. Then two group specific multivariate models for being an informant in Al-Qaeda and Turkish-Hezbollah are illustrated, compared and contrasted. Both bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses not only revealed the extent of individual effects of motivations among RAT groups, but also helped us to build fitting multivariate models that explain the probability of being informants in certain RAT networks. By doing so, the present study aims to make contributions to the literature and practice on this relatively unexplored phenomenon. Findings indicate that while some motivation factors are common among all RAT networks, the strength and direction of their effects vary among different RAT networks.
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Sandin, Emelie. "Countering the foreign fighter threat : Turkey's role as a key transit country." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-49302.
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Eren, Yunus. "The impact of land border security on terrorism financing: Turkey's Southeast land border and the PKK." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38924.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Terrorism has become the one of the major threats facing many states. Understanding the potential sources of and preventing the financial support of terrorist organizations takes an important place in countering terrorism. This thesis focuses on the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) financing activities through the land border of Turkey. In doing so, this study mainly examines how the Turkish border security system can stop the trans-border financial activities of PKK along its land borders with Iran, Iraq and Syria. This thesis also takes the U.S. as a case study in terms of border security measures, and within that framework, makes recommendations for safeguarding Turkeys land borders to prevent financial activities of the PKK terrorist organization without affecting free trade and the economic flow of services. Presently, the Turkish border security system is fragmented and poorly coordinated. Border management is currently split between the army, gendarmerie, police and coast guard. Moreover, international and interdepartmental collaborations are extremely limited. The prevention of cross-border financial activities of the PKK might be accomplished by forming an independent border security agency, adopting modern international standards and the latest technological innovations, and sustaining international and interdepartmental cooperation.
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Erendor, Mehmet Emin. "An analysis of threat perceptions : combating cyber terrorism : the policies of NATO and Turkey, evaluated using game theory in the context of international law." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/404985/.
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In 2007 Estonia faced a series of cyber-attacks on its cyber infrastructure, which caused widespread damage to the country’s economy, politics and security. However, despite this series of cyber-attacks, NATO did not apply Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty due to lack of consensus on applying Article 5 in the Estonian case. Although various approaches have been developed by scholars, there is no common application of international law in the United Nations Charter regarding cyber threats or attacks. Moreover, whilst there has been no common definition of ‘cyber terrorism’ by the international community, some scholars regard ‘cyber-attacks’ as acts of war. There is a paucity of literature dealing with the application of international law on cyber threats. A new Strategic Concept was adopted in 2010. Its most important development was to identify the significance of cyber threats to all NATO body members. When updating its own technology, the organisation needs to be ready to defend itself against all kinds of asymmetrical warfare, whether from within or beyond its operational range. At the same time, cyber terrorism and cyber threats have continued to affect all societies within its purview, damaging, threatening, destroying and influencing many states, such as Estonia in 2007, Georgia in 2008, Iran in 2010 and international organisations belonging to NATO in 1999. However, the terms of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty were imprecise as to whether cyber-attacks can be regarded as a form of threat; for this reason, NATO accepted the case-by-case concept on cyber threats/attacks in terms of the application of Article 5 by the Wales Summit in 2014. Despite the fact that the Charter of the United Nations has not been revised, if its Articles are broadly evaluated, cyber-attacks would be accepted as a threat or use of force against the territorial integrity of a state. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate what has been carried out regarding NATO’s operational arrangements and its Cyber Defence approach, and, secondly, to explain this in the lens of Game Theory. Furthermore, it will demonstrate why the web is paramount to NATO’s system-driven operations, and why it requires a Cyber Defence arrangement. In particular, the research endeavours to analyse Turkey in this regard. The cyber-attack on Estonia in 2007 will be used by way of a case study to explain the development of threat perceptions, risks, international law, cyber security policies and application of Game Theory.
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Uyar, Elif Sabahat. Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608577/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the Turkish press coverage of the bombings in Istanbul on November 15 and 20, 2003. The general tendencies of the Turkish press in presenting the events are analyzed and comparisons between the coverage by a number of selected Turkish dailies that are known to be affiliated with different political views are made. The specific presentations of the Istanbul bombings by different dailies is analyzed in the context of the political debates in Turkey as these are reflected by papers of varying political views. Moreover, the analysis of the press was used to interpret Turkish politics on such issues as anti-Americanism, attitudes towards the AKP government and Islamism with reference to the specific positioning of the different political camps in Turkey, on the issue of the November 2003 Istanbul bombings.