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1
Nideffer, Robert M. "Use of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) in Sport." Sport Psychologist 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.3.285.
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Over the past 15 years the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) has become increasingly popular in the sport psychology area. More recently, investigators factor-analyzing the six TAIS attentional scales and the information processing scale have raised serious questions about the independence of these measures. Specifically, they have suggested that the six attentional scales measured by the TAIS can be collapsed into two scales, one reflecting scanning (BET, BIT, INFP) and one reflecting the focusing of attention (NAR, OET, OIT). All of the studies reported on can be shown to have methodological flaws and to have drawn inappropriate conclusions from their analyses. Evidence is provided in the paper demonstrating the independence of the TAIS scales. Suggestions are made for avoiding the methodological and interpretive problems that have permeated the literature.
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Summers, Jeffery J., Kerryn Miller, and Stephen Ford. "Attentional Style and Basketball Performance." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, no. 3 (September 1991): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.3.239.
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The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) has been used to examine the attention-performance relationship in sport with mixed results. However, sport-specific versions of the TAIS attentional subscales appear to provide improved measurement of attentional processes in sport. The present study farther evaluated the utility of a sport-specific TAIS. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between attentional style and competitive trait anxiety. The TAIS and a basketball-specific form (BB-TAIS) were administered to 110 basketball players classified into three skill-level groups. Both instruments were psychometrically similar. The bandwidth dimension was supported, although it appeared to be multidimensional. The validity of the direction dimension, however, remains inconclusive. Neither instrument was able to reliably discriminate between basketball players of different skill levels. Predicted relationships, however, were obtained between the BB-TAIS subscales and measures of competitive trait anxiety. The use of the TAIS as a research instrument for examining attentional styles in sport is questioned.
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Wada, Yuichi, Syoichi Iwasaki, and Takayoshi Kato. "Validity of attentional-style subscales for the Japanese version of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS)." Japanese journal of psychology 74, no. 3 (2003): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.74.263.
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Ford, Stephen K., and Jeffery J. Summers. "The Factorial Validity of the TAIS Attentional-Style Subscales." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 14, no. 3 (September 1992): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.14.3.283.
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The factorial validity of the attentional-style subscales of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) have recently been questioned, although the evidence is only indirect. This study aimed to examine, directly, the factorial validity of these scales and to cross-validate the results. Two samples of 210 first-year psychology students responded to the 52 items comprising the attention-related subscales of the TAIS. A multidimensional confirmatory factor analysis (MCFA) was conducted on the interitem covariance matrix to test the measurement model underlying the six subscales. The MCFA results failed to support the model. Furthermore, internal consistency coefficients and item-total coefficients also supported the view that many of the subscales have insufficient factorial validity. Of the 52 items, 44% correlated better with at least one subscale other than their own, which indicates poor discriminant validity. Analysis of item content reveals some explanation for the poor discriminant validity. All results were cross-validated with the second sample.
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Summers, Jeffery, and David Maddocks. "Attentional Style Profiles and Sport Performance." Behaviour Change 3, no. 2 (June 1986): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900009256.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between attentional style profiles of cricketers as measured by Nideffer's (1977) Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) and a performance component, playing level. A method of scoring and comparing attentional style profiles was developed. Cricket players (N = 68) at three different skill levels served as subjects. Results revealed that higher level players exhibited a higher proportion of profiles predicted to be associated with superior performance in fast-ball games, and lower proportions of inappropriate profiles, than the lowest playing levels subjects. The present results provide support for the use of attentional profile scores as a predictor of sport performance.
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Albrecht, Richard R., and Deborah L. Feltz. "Generality and Specificity of Attention Belated to Competitive Anxiety and Sport Performance." Journal of Sport Psychology 9, no. 3 (September 1987): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.3.231.
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The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) was developed as an objective measure by which an individual's attentional predisposition could be identified and used to predict performance on a variety of tasks. The present study had three purposes: (a) to construct a baseball/softball batting (B-TAIS) version of each TAIS attentional subscale, (b) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS reliability, and (c) to compare TAIS and B-TAIS validity. Both instruments were administered to 29 intercollegiate baseball and softball players. The B-TAIS demonstrated slightly higher test-restest reliability on five of the six attentional subscales and was higher than the TAIS in internal consistency on all subscales. Batting performance was positively related to all B-TAIS subscales assessing effective attentional deployment and negatively related to all subscales assessing ineffective attention. Significant positive correlations also existed between B-TAIS ineffective subscale scores and competitive trait anxiety. However, these relationships were not found with the general TAIS.
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Nideffer, Robert M. "Issues in the Use of Psychological Tests in Applied Settings." Sport Psychologist 1, no. 1 (March 1987): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.1.18.
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This study examined the effects that varying subjects’ response sets on the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) had on predictive validity. Fifteen elite divers took the TAIS under two response conditions. Initially they answered the items without a specific set or comparison group in mind. The second time they were instructed to compare themselves with other elite divers. It was hypothesized that by telling divers who to compare themselves to and by providing them with a situation-specific response set, this would increase the correlations between performance and TAIS scores. The implications and consequences of response set manipulations are discussed.
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Maynard, Ian W., and Bruce L. Howe. "Attentional Styles in Rugby Players." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 1 (August 1989): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.1.283.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between scores on the attentional subscales of Nideffer's Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) and playing standard, age, and position played within the sport of rugby. 144 male volunteer rugby players from the Vancouver Island Rugby Union were tested. The sample included 72 above average rugby players and 72 of average playing standard who were further classified by age: 24 under 19 yr. (U.19), 24 under 23 yr. (U.23), and 24 senior. Four specific positional groups were identified within the sample: Tight Five ( n = 56), Backrow ( n = 24), Halfbacks ( n = 20), and Outside Backs ( n = 44). A series of two-way multivariate analyses of variance gave no significant differences between the two different playing standards except for age. The senior group differed from both the U.19 and U.23 groups on narrowing. In addition, significant differences were also observed between the Halfbacks and the remaining positional groups (Tight Five, Backrow, and Threequarters) on two of the six measures, they demonstrated greater broad-external focus and less internal overload. It was concluded that the Halfbacks, who are the decision makers within the team, reflected most closely Nideffer's concept of an effective attentional style and the attentional subscales did discriminate minimally between rugby players of different ages and playing position.
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Solomon, Ruth, John Solomon, Lyle J. Micheli, John J. Saunders, and David Zurakowski. "A Personality Profile of Professional and Conservatory Student Dancers." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2001.3015.
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The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), a 144-item personality inventory developed by sport psychologist Robert Nideffer, was used for the first time with dancers in this study to explore (1) what it would divulge about the shared personality traits of elite-level dancers and (2) whether it might be useful as a teaching/counseling tool to enhance the performance of under-achieving dance students. Two sets of subjects were tested: group 1 (n = 41: 22 females, 19 males) was composed of professional dancers from the Boston Ballet Company, while the subjects in group 2 (n = 42: 38 females, 4 males) were all dance majors at the Boston Conservatory. A composite profile was developed for each group by averaging the scores recorded on each of the 18 scales used in the TAIS analysis, and the two profiles were then compared in accordance with standard testing procedures. Both groups were found to be characterized by an internally focused attentional style, but the professionals were clearly more skilled in adapting this style to the elimination of internal and external distractions. This finding was reinforced by a contrast in the personality traits relating to interpersonal style, which again portrayed the student dancers as relatively vulnerable to distraction as a result of higher levels of extroversion and impulsivity, and greater ambivalence in their response to external authority. It is concluded that elite dancers do share certain traits in common, and that identifying personality characteristics that are important to success in dance may provide both students and their teachers with insight for enhancing performance.
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Calmels, Claire, Christelle Berthoumieux, and Fabienne Fabienne d’Arripe-Longueville. "Effects of an Imagery Training Program on Selective Attention of National Softball Players." Sport Psychologist 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 272–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.3.272.
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This study examined the effectiveness of an imagery training program in improving national softball players’ selective attention. A multiple-baseline design across individuals was used. There were four participants. One remained at baseline, while the other three spent 10 min a day practicing an audio-taped imagery program composed of 28 sessions. Measures of selective attention were collected via a baseball/softball batting specific version stemming from Nideffer’s (1976) Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS). The results demonstrated that the imagery training program generally enhanced the ability of softball players to integrate external stimuli without being overloaded with them and to narrow attention. Results were discussed in relation to the usefulness of multiple-baseline designs for investigating individual differences among elite athletes. Practical pedagogical considerations for coaching are proposed.
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Christensen, Todd, Frances Cacho, and Timothy Baghurst. "Attentional Style and Pace Monitoring on Rate of Perceived Exertion and Run Performance." Journal of Sport Pedagogy & Research 7, no. 4 (July 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47863/wwwv9694.
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Run-tracking devices are used by athletes and exercisers to monitor various metrics of human locomotion such as pace and distance. This study sought to determine the effects of pace monitoring on run performance and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). Participants were 41 (17 male, 24 female) recreationally fit runners, age 19-40 years (M = 22.4, SD = 4.4), who completed the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS) to determine individual attentional focus. They then completed an associative condition (AC) 1-mile time trial and a dissociative condition (DC) 1-mile time trial 24-36 hours apart. Individual, independent t-tests compared completion time means between conditions. The internalizers group (AC) performed significantly faster in the associative condition (M = 496.10, SD = 105.05 seconds) than in the dissociative condition (M = 525.00, SD = 109.67 seconds), t(20) = 5.79, p < .001. The externalizers group (DC) performed significantly faster in the dissociative condition (M = 522.70, SD = 97.37 seconds) than in the associative condition (M = 556.90, SD = 116.62), t(19) = -4.92, p < .001. Results support the value of identifying an individual’s preferred attentional focus to place them in the optimal environment for success. While the study showed no significant difference in RPE scores between conditions, there may be practical implications of similar RPE scores when accompanied by significant changes in performance.
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Bergandi, Thomas A., Marsha G. Shryock, and Thomas G. Titus. "The Basketball Concentration Survey: Preliminary Development and Validation." Sport Psychologist 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.2.119.
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The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a sport-specific version of Nideffer’s (1976a) Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), specifically in regard to the sport of basketball. Collegiate basketball players (N = 43) participated in the research, 20 males and 23 females. The subjects were administered two instruments, the original TAIS and the Basketball Concentration Survey (BCS). The items contained in the BCS were a conversion of the 59 pertinent items contained in the original. The instruments were administered early in the season and the results were correlated with nine seasonal performance variables ranging from field-goal percentage to total number of steals. The results show the BCS to have significant reliability as well as significantly accounting for performance variability. The BCS had highly significant correlations with seven of the nine performance variables.
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Wilson, Vietta, and Gretchen Kerr. "Attentional Style and Basketball Shooting." Perceptual and Motor Skills 73, no. 3 (December 1991): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.73.3.1025.
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Nideffer in 1976 predicted chat athletes with particular predisposing attentional styles will be better able to “concentrate” or “focus” in the sport setting. This study tested whether the attention scales of the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style were correlated with the percentage of field goals and free throws made during a season by 12 male, varsity basketball players. The analysis supports Nideffer's prediction of a significant correlation ( r = .62) between players' ability to narrow their focus of attention and their ability to shoot field goals during actual competition.
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Hijazi, Mona Mohamed Kamal. "Attention, Visual Perception and their Relationship to Sport Performance in Fencing." Journal of Human Kinetics 39, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0082.
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Abstract Attention and visual perception are important in fencing, as they affect the levels of performance and achievement in fencers. This study identifies the levels of attention and visual perception among male and female fencers and the relationship between attention and visual perception dimensions and the sport performance in fencing. The researcher employed a descriptive method in a sample of 16 fencers during the 2010/2011 season. The sample was comprised of eight males and eight females who participated in the 11-year stage of the Cairo Championships. The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style, which was designed by Nideffer and translated by Allawi (1998) was applied. The test consisted of 59 statements that measured seven dimensions. The Test of Visual Perception Skills designed by Alsmadune (2005), which includes seven dimensions was also used. Among females, a positive and statistically significant correlation between the achievement level and Visual Discrimination, Visual-Spatial Relationships, Visual Sequential Memory, Narrow Attentional Focus and Information Processing was observed, while among males, there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between the achievement level and Visual Discrimination, Visual Sequential Memory, Broad External Attentional Focus and Information Processing. For both males and females, a positive and statistically significant correlation between achievement level and Visual Discrimination, Visual Sequential Memory, Broad External Attentional, Narrow Attentional Focus and Information Processing was found. There were statistically significant differences between males and females in Visual Discrimination and Visual-Form Constancy.
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Savoy, Carolyn. "A Yearly Mental Training Program for a College Basketball Player." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 2 (June 1993): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.2.173.
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The purpose of this case study was to assess the characteristics, prescribe a collaborative mental training program, and evaluate the performance progress of a NCAA Division I female basketball player across a season of play. The assessment of the player included Nideffer’s (1981) Test for Attentional and Interpersonal Style and an interview with the athlete using Kroll’s (1979) Competitive Athletic Stress Scale. Based on this assessment, a psychological skills training program was developed for the athlete during the off-season. The athlete was monitored from preseason to the end of postseason through observation and interviews. The collaborative mental training program which was employed included imagery, centering, focusing, and energizing. The evaluation of the athlete indicated a decrease in pregame anxiety, and an improvement in game performance statistics, practice performance, and the coach’s overall evaluation of the athlete.
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Biscaia, Paula, Eduarda Coelho, Paulo Vicente João, Diogo Monteiro, António Hernandez-Mendo, and José Alves. "Which cognitive and perceptual skills best discriminate elite female handball players." Kinesiology 53, no. 1 (2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.1.13.
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The purpose of this study was to identify which cognitive and perceptual skills best discriminate elite female handball players according to the age group to which they belong to. The sample consisted of 73 Portuguese national teams’ female handball players, aged between 11 and 29 years, with an average of 7.5 (± 3.7) years of practice. The following tests were applied: Thurstone Identical Figures Test, Toulouse-Piéron Concentrated Attention Test, and the Nideffer Attentional and Interpersonal Style Inventory to evaluate perceptual skills, the polyreactiometer for Windows – PRWin to evaluate information processing, and an evaluation protocol for precision in anticipation using the temporal occlusion paradigm. The interpretation of the obtained discriminant function was based on the structure of the coefficients greater than |0.30|. The Seniors’ age group is discriminated from that of Talents by their better reaction, perception, and attention times, namely, by the ability to integrate several stimuli simultaneously and by a better capacity to anticipate future events more accurately. This discriminating model can help coaches recruit players as well as improve psychological training programmes.
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Tietema, Yvette. "Hoe houden werknemers hun aandacht erbij in een 'activity-based' werkomgeving? Een neurowetenschappelijk perspectief op selectieve en duurzame aandacht." Gedrag & Organisatie 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/2019.032.003.003.
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Het vermogen om te focussen wordt steeds belangrijker voor werknemers in 'activity-based' werkomgevingen. Het doel van deze studie is om een overzicht te geven van cognitieve neurowetenschappelijke kennis met betrekking tot selectieve en duurzame aandacht en te onderzoeken welke principes uit de 'organizational cognitive neuroscience' werknemers gebruiken in de werkomgeving. Deze studie bestaat uit een uitgebreide literatuurstudie en interviews met werknemers (N = 31) van vier organisaties in activity-based werkomgevingen. Deze werknemers zijn geselecteerd op basis van hun scores op de Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (Nideffer, 1976) uit een groep van N = 61. Uit het onderzoek is gebleken dat werknemers zich slechts in beperkte mate bewust zijn van wat er nodig is voor het opbrengen en vasthouden van selectieve en duurzame aandacht en hoe hun aandacht hersteld kan worden na afleiding. De grootste afleiders tijdens het werk zijn volgens de ondervraagde werknemers mensen die praten, mobiele telefoons en het internet. Verder bleek dat individuele verschillen in aandachtscapaciteiten slechts een beperkte invloed hadden op selectieve en duurzame aandacht. Op organisatieniveau waren de verschillen aanzienlijk groter. Deze bevindingen wijken af van wat op basis van de literatuur op individueel vlak werd verwacht.