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Journal articles on the topic 'Test preference'
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Stubager, Rune. "Preference-Shaping: An Empirical Test." Political Studies 51, no. 2 (2003): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00422.
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According to Downs, parties are forced to accommodate the preferences of the voters in order to win elections. However, Dunleavy and Ward argue that it is also possible for a party to use preference-shaping strategies to bring the preferences of the voters in line with the party's position. Using structural equation modelling, preference-shaping theory is tested in relation to the effect of sales of council houses and shares in privatised companies on the electorate's attitudes to economic policies under the 1979–92 Conservative governments in Britain. The analyses provide little support for preference-shaping theory, which seems in need of respecification if it is to be maintained.
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Vormittag, Isabella, Tuulia M. Ortner, and Tobias Koch. "How Test Takers See Test Examiners." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 31, no. 4 (2015): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000232.
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Abstract. We addressed potential test takers’ preferences for women or men as examiners as well as how examiners were perceived depending on their gender. We employed an online design with 375 students who provided preferences for and ratings of examiners based on short video clips. The clips showed four out of 15 psychologists who differed in age (young vs. middle-aged) and gender giving an introduction to a fictional intelligence test session. Employing multivariate multilevel analyses we found female examiners to be perceived as more social competent and middle-aged examiners being perceived as more competent. Data analyses revealed a significant preference for choosing women as examiners. Results were discussed with reference to test performance and fairness.
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DURHAN-AYYILDIZ, Tebessüm, Ferhat KILIÇARSLAN, Serkan KURTİPEK, and Nuri Berk GÜNGÖR. "The effect of recreation experience preference on destination preference." Journal of ROL Sport Sciences 4, no. 3 (2023): 863–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8352567.
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This study, it is aimed to examine the effects of recreation experience preferences of individuals engaged in camping activities on destination preference and to determine how various variables differentiate the measurement tools. The study included 223 individuals participating in camping activities in Kaş region of Antalya province. The data were collected with the "Recreation Experience Preference Scale" and "Destination Preference Scale" as well as the personal data form. Descriptive statistics, independent sample T test, one-way analysis of variance ANOVA, post hoc tests, Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The findings show that the participants' recreation experience preferences levels are high (4.32±0.49) and their destination preferences levels are at an average level (5.60±0.88). It was determined that recreation experience preferences and destination preferences of individuals participating in camping activities differed according to gender, age, field of study, income, marital status variables, but did not differ significantly according to education level. It was determined that there was a positive and moderately significant relationship between Recreation Experience Preference and Destination Preference (r=0.565). The findings of the multiple regression analysis, in which the effect of recreation experience preferences on destination preference was determined to be approximately 40%, show that knowledge and adventure and transportation and activity sub-dimensions are significantly predicted by recreation experience preference.
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Calderón, Eduardo, Alondra Rivera-Quintero, Yixun Xia, Ofelia Angulo, and Michael O’Mahony. "The triadic preference test." Food Quality and Preference 39 (January 2015): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.05.016.
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Šimonová, Ivana. "Learner Preferences and Rejections of Selected Test Formats." International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies in Education 5, no. 1 (2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijicte-2016-0003.
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Abstract The article presents the results of the survey on student preferences and rejections of selected types of tests (test formats) reflecting their learning preferences. The survey was conducted at the Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic in the sample of 203 students of Applied Informatics, Information Management, Financial Management and Tourism&Management study programmes. Data were collected by two questionnaires: (1) Learning Combination Inventory by Johnston, which was exploited to detect learner preferences, and (2) Preference/Rejection of selected types of tests, which enabled learners to express their opinions on seven selected types of tests on 10-level Likert scale. The results clearly showed strong preference of questions and tasks pre-defined before the credit test or exam, both in the oral and written forms. This finding might lead to a conclusion that student flexibility and creative thinking are not sufficiently developed for autonomous work and searching for new solutions, as required by numerous educational documents.
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Christy, Shannon M., Patrick O. Monahan, Timothy E. Stump, Susan M. Rawl, and Victoria L. Champion. "Impact of Tailored Interventions on Receipt of a Preference-Concordant Colorectal Cancer Screening Test." Medical Decision Making 40, no. 1 (2019): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x19890603.
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Background. Individuals at average risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) have multiple test options. Preference for a specific test modality may affect decision making about CRC screening. The current study examined 1) the sociodemographic and health belief characteristics of average-risk participants with a test preference for stool blood test (SBT) versus those with a preference of colonoscopy, and following receipt of a tailored CRC screening intervention, 2) the percentage of participants who completed a preference-concordant CRC screening test, and 3) the sociodemographic, health care experience, and health belief characteristics and intervention group(s) associated with completion of a preference-concordant screening test. Methods. Participants ( N = 603) were female, aged 50 to 75 years, at average CRC risk, not currently up-to-date with CRC screening recommendations, had Internet access, and were randomized to receive 1 of 3 tailored CRC screening promotion interventions. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results. Most women (64%) preferred SBT, whereas 36% preferred colonoscopy. There were significant differences in test preference by age, stage of change for the specific tests, perceived benefits of CRC screening, perceived barriers to both tests, and self-efficacy for colonoscopy. Two hundred thirty participants completed CRC screening at 6 months post-intervention. Of those, most (84%) completed a test concordant with their preference. Multivariable analyses revealed that compared with participants completing a preference-discordant test, those completing a preference-concordant test were older ( P = 0.01), had health insurance ( P < 0.05), and were in the phone counseling–only group ( P < 0.01). Conclusions. High levels of completion of preference-concordant CRC screening can be achieved by educating average-risk patients about the multiple screening test options, soliciting their preferences, and offering testing that is concordant with their preference.
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McDermott, Amber N., and Thomas F. Dell. "Test Review: Vocational Preference Inventory." Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 57, no. 3 (2013): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034355213509856.
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Kim, Min-A., Ye-Jin Lee, Myung-Shin Kim, and Hye-Seong Lee. "Reminder–preference test, affective difference-preference test using reference framing with a brand: 1. Sensitivity comparisons with the same–different difference–preference test." Food Research International 155 (May 2022): 111065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111065.
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Kim, In-Ah, Ji-Young Yoon, and Hye-Seong Lee. "Measurement of consumers’ sensory discrimination and preference: Efficiency of preference-difference test utilizing the 3-point preference test precedes the same-different test." Food Science and Biotechnology 24, no. 4 (2015): 1355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10068-015-0174-0.
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Radoš, Sonja, Marija Zdraveva, and Iris Žeželj. "Status Dynamics in the Classroom: Roma Children’s Implicit and Explicit Preference for Majority Children Across Age Groups." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 50, no. 4 (2019): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119828498.
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Roma children are often segregated within the Serbian education system: They are disproportionally placed in special schools or put in ethnically homogeneous classrooms. Even in nonsegregated environments, they face everyday discrimination—an 80% dropout rate from elementary school testifies to that. Being a stigmatized minority might contribute to negative social identity, manifested in reversed in-group–out-group preferences. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated (a) if Roma children exhibit implicit/explicit preference for the majority group, and compared their preferences with those of majority children; (b) if these preferences differ in two age groups (second/third and seventh-grade elementary school); and (c) if they relate to academic self-efficacy. A total of 89 children completed the implicit associations test (IAT) test, three measures of explicit ethnic preference (semantic differential, feeling thermometer, and social distance), and a measure of academic self-efficacy. While Serbian children showed consistent explicit and implicit in-group preference, in Roma, we found out-group preferences on both sets of measures. Age-wise, the older group of Roma showed less explicit out-group preferences only in social distance, but not in other measures; the older children showed higher implicit out-group preference (Roma), and slightly lower implicit in-group preference (Serbs), in comparison with the younger. Finally, implicit, but not explicit, out-group preference predicted lower academic self-efficacy in Roma. Our findings demonstrate that out-group preference in Roma children is a robust phenomenon, and that implicit preference is stronger with age. This implies that schooling alone will not reduce negative social identity and that the minority children need to be strategically empowered.
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Hicks, Nytasia, Katherine Abbott, Allison Heid, Kendall Leser, and Kimberly Van Haitsma. "Patterns of preference importance ratings among African-American and White nursing home residents." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3063.
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Abstract Background: The Preferences for Everyday Living Inventory (PELI) was developed to assess the psychosocial preferences of older adults receiving home care (PELI-HC) and then revised for nursing home residents (PELI-NH). While the PELI-HC has been tested to identify patterns in preference ratings by race, the PELI-NH has not. We sought to explore whether the PELI-NH tool captures differences in preference ratings of African-American and White NH residents. Methods: Preference assessment interviews were conducted with NH residents (n = 317). Analysis via a Mann-Whitney U test, results show that 46 of 72 (63.88%) a preference importance items were not statistically different between African-American and White NH residents. Additionally, African-Americans reported greater importance than White older adult NH residents in 26 of 72 (36%) preference importance items. Conclusion/Implications: It appears that the PELI-NH can test group differences in preference importance among African-American and White NH residents; implications for practice will be discussed. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Research in Quality of Care Interest Group.
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Birnbaum, Michael H. "A statistical test of independence in choice data with small samples." Judgment and Decision Making 7, no. 1 (2012): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s193029750000187x.
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AbstractThis paper develops tests of independence and stationarity in choice data collected with small samples. The method builds on the approach of Smith and Batchelder (2008). The technique is intended to distinguish cases where a person is systematically changing “true” preferences (from one group of trials to another) from cases in which a person is following a random preference mixture model with independently and identically distributed sampling in each trial. Preference reversals are counted between all pairs of repetitions. The variance of these preference reversals between all pairs of repetitions is then calculated. The distribution of this statistic is simulated by a Monte Carlo procedure in which the data are randomly permuted and the statistic is recalculated in each simulated sample. A second test computes the correlation between the mean number of preference reversals and the difference between replicates, which is also simulated by Monte Carlo. Data of Regenwetter, Dana, and Davis-Stober (2011) are reanalyzed by this method. Eight of 18 subjects showed significant deviations from the independence assumptions by one or both of these tests, which is significantly more than expected by chance.
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Bakker, Theo, and Reto Künzler. "Computer Animations as a Tool in the Study of Mating Preferences." Behaviour 135, no. 8 (1998): 1137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998792913537.
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AbstractThe study of multiple female mating preferences and multiple male signals requires correct and precise measurement of preferences. A review is given of existing preference test paradigms. Non-interactive preference tests using computer animations perfectly fulfil the demands for the study of multiple preferences for visual traits: exclusion of confounding variables, exclusion of variation within and between male pairs, great potential of experimental manipulation of single and combinations of visual traits including behaviour. We give a detailed description for the production of computer animation movies based on commercial software. Finally, we show how computer animations can be properly applied to the testing of mating preferences. In sticklebacks, female mating preferences that were tested in this way agreed with preferences that were measured with other test paradigms.
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Beecher, Hal A., Thom H. Johnson, and John P. Carleton. "Predicting Microdistributions of Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Parr from Depth and Velocity Preference Criteria: Test of an Assumption of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 11 (1993): 2380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-262.
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We tested an assumption of the Physical Habitat Simulation of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) that fish select microhabitats based on the quality of one or several hydraulic conditions. We developed preference curves for juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Morse Creek, Washington, USA, that accounted for availability of depths and velocities and their utilization by steelhead parr. To allow comparison of intervals among preference curves from different studies, we developed preference indices. We then evaluated the relationship between steelhead parr density and preference or preference indices for depth, velocity, and depth and velocity combined using an independent data set from a different year and an adjacent location in Morse Creek; these indices reflected observed densities of steelhead parr. There was a significant rank correlation between steelhead parr density and preferences or preference indices of steelhead parr for velocity alone and for depth and velocity combined, but not for depth alone. Steelhead parr strongly avoided habitat in which depth preference was 0.0, but velocity preference appeared to influence use of habitat where depth preference was not 0.0. Steelhead parr avoided cells with low preference indices and preferred cells with high preference indices. These relationships support an assumption of the IFIM.
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Tudor, Scarlett, and Molly Morris. "Variation in male mate preference for female size in the swordtail Xiphophorus malinche." Behaviour 146, no. 6 (2009): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853909x446172.
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AbstractMale and female mate preferences have the potential to influence one another, and such interactions could help explain variation in female mate preferences. In Xiphophorus malinche, larger females prefer asymmetrical males while smaller females prefer symmetrical males. We used a two-part preference test to determine if there were differences in mate preferences between symmetrical and asymmetrical males for female size that could influence female mate preference. We found no significant difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical male's preferences. A preference for large female size was detected during the time males directly interacted with females and in standard dichotomous choice tests that followed, as long as the males had been isolated less than 30 days. We did detect variation in male preference for female size depending on male size and the amount of time a male was isolated. These results suggest that variation in male mate preference is not likely to have produced the difference in female preference for symmetry between large and small females, but should be considered where females vary in their preference for male size. In addition, our results suggest that males may shift their preferences from large to small females depending on time since last mating opportunity.
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Nightingale, Stephen D. "Risk preference and laboratory test selection." Journal of General Internal Medicine 2, no. 1 (1987): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02596246.
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Brouwer, Roy. "Constructed preference stability: a test–retest." Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy 1, no. 1 (2012): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2011.644922.
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Fleissig, Adrian R., and Gerald Whitney. "A revealed preference test of rationing." Economics Letters 113, no. 3 (2011): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.07.020.
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Suryanto, Michael Edbert, Gilbert Audira, Marri Jmelou M. Roldan, Hong-Thih Lai, and Chung-Der Hsiao. "Color Perspectives in Aquatic Explorations: Unveiling Innate Color Preferences and Psychoactive Responses in Freshwater Crayfish." Toxics 11, no. 10 (2023): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100838.
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Color preference assay is a test for an animal’s innate and adaptive response to differentiate colors and can be used as an endpoint for psychoactive activity evaluation. Several color preference test methods in aquatic animals that can be used to perform behavioral screening have been established. However, the color preference test conditions have yet to be extensively studied and standardized in aquatic invertebrates. This study aimed to replicate and optimize the previously published method to evaluate the potential color preference in freshwater crayfish based on four different approaches: species, life stages, sex, and pharmaceutical exposure. Using the optimized setup, two crayfish species display color preferences to some specific colors. P. clarkii displays more dominant color preference behavior than C. quadricarinatus in terms of color preference ranking and index. P. clarkii prefers the red color compared to other colors (red > green > blue > yellow), while C. quadricarinatus dislikes yellow compared to other colors (blue = green = red > yellow). Since P. clarkii has a more obvious color index ranking and several advantages compared to C. quadricarinatus, we conducted further tests using P. clarkii as an animal model. In the juvenile and adult stages of P. clarkii, they prefer red and avoid yellow. However, the juvenile one did not display a strong color preference like the adult one. Different sex of crayfish displayed no significant differences in their color preference responses. In addition, we also evaluated the potential effect of the antidepressant sertraline on color preference in P. clarkii and found that waterborne antidepressant exposure can significantly alter their color preference. This fundamental information collected from this study supports the crayfish color preference test as a good behavioral test to address environmental pollution.
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Vella, Elizabeth J., and Gregory Mills. "Personality, uses of music, and music preference: The influence of openness to experience and extraversion." Psychology of Music 45, no. 3 (2016): 338–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735616658957.
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The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether uses of music partially mediate the link between personality and music preference. Undergraduate students ( N = 122) completed the following scales: The Brief Big Five Inventory, The Uses of Music Inventory, The Short Test of Music Preference, The Life Orientation Test Revised, The Beck Depression Inventory, and the Perceived Stress Scale. Openness to experience positively predicted preferences for reflective-complex (RC; e.g., jazz/blues) and intense-rebellious (IR; e.g., rock/metal) music and was inversely related to upbeat-conventional (UC; e.g., country/pop) music, whereas extraversion was positively related to preferences for energetic-rhythmic (ER; e.g., rap/soul) and UC genres. A link between trait optimism and ER music preference was fully mediated by the more prominent extraversion trait. The relationship between openness to experience and RC music preference was partially mediated by cognitive uses of music, with a marginally significant analysis indicating partial mediation of emotional uses of music for openness to experience and IR music preference. Trait neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression scores all correlated positively with emotional uses of music. The current findings support studying personality contextually alongside uses of music when investigating music preference and shed light on how negative affect may inform emotional uses of music.
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Karlsson, Rose-Marie, and Heather A. Cameron. "Assessing reward preference using operant behavior in male and female mice." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (2023): e0291419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291419.
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Many different solid food pellets are available as reinforcers for rodents in operant behavior tests. Different reward formulations have not been compared, so it is unclear whether mice show strong preferences for different rewards and whether such preferences are consistent within or across sex and background strain. Here we show that mice have strong preferences for two balanced diet food rewards over sucrose pellets, and preference for one balanced diet pellet formulation over another, in a simultaneous choice test using a low effort fixed ratio operant test. All mice, of both sexes and both CD1 and C57 background strains, showed the same strong preferences among these three types of reinforcers. In contrast, flavorings added to the reward pellets had relatively small and more variable effects on preference. The preference for balanced diet pellets over sucrose pellets was seen also in the total numbers of rewards consumed in low effort tests with food pellets or only sucrose pellets available. However, progressive ratio testing showed that mice worked harder for sucrose pellets than for the preferred balanced diet pellets. These findings indicate that reinforcers with similar and very different preference profiles are readily available and that testing with different rewards can produce different, and sometimes unexpected, results.
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Luo, Mingshi, Xiaoli Zhang, Jiao Li, Peipei Duan, and Shengnan Lu. "User Dynamic Preference Construction Method Based on Behavior Sequence." Scientific Programming 2022 (July 22, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6101045.
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People’s needs are constantly changing, and the performance of traditional recommendation algorithms is no longer enough to meet the demand. Considering that users’ preferences change with time, the users’ behavior sequence hides the evolution and change law of users’ preferences, so mining the dependence of the users’ behavior sequence is extremely important to predict users’ dynamic preferences. From the perspective of constructing users’ dynamic preferences, this paper proposes a users’ dynamic preference model based on users’ behavior sequences. Firstly, the user’s interest model is divided into short-term and long-term interest models. The short-term interest reflects the user’s current preference, and the long-term interest refers to the user’s interest from all his historical behaviors, representing the user’s consistent and stable preference. Users’ dynamic preference is obtained by integrating short-term interest and long-term interest, which solves the problem that the user’s preference cannot reflect the change in the user’s interest in real-time. We use the public Amazon review dataset to test the model we propose in the paper. Our model achieves the best performance, with a maximum performance improvement of 15.21% compared with the basic model (BPR, NCF) and 2.04% compared with the sequence model (GRU4REC, Caser, etc.), which proves that the user’s dynamic preference model can effectively predict the user’s dynamic preference. Users’ dynamic preferences are helpful in predicting users’ real-time preferences, especially in the field of recommendation.
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Bonham, Pamela, Dana Greenlee, Cherly Sue Herbert, et al. "Knowledge of Brand and Preference." Psychological Reports 76, no. 3_suppl (1995): 1297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1297.
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In a test of whether knowledge of brand influenced 74 subjects' preferences for chocolate candy, knowledge of brand name was associated with preference for the brand. Lack of knowledge of the distinction between brand-name and generic candies was associated with no preference. Gender was not a factor. The results are discussed in terms of the role brand names play in the attractiveness of consumer products.
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Wilson, Ashley, and Anjan Chatterjee. "The Assessment of Preference for Balance: Introducing a New Test." Empirical Studies of the Arts 23, no. 2 (2005): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/b1lr-mvf3-f36x-xr64.
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Balance is a central feature that contributes to the organizational structure of aesthetic visual images. Balance gives unity to an otherwise diverse display. Dynamic balance refers to the way in which disparate elements of an image produce visual forces that compensate for each other. Despite the importance of balance on aesthetic perception and production, few tests are designed to assess sensitivity or preference for this important attribute of images. Here, we introduce the assessment of preference for balance (APB) and report a method to derive an objective balance score. In selecting items for this test, we eliminated images that produce local grouping effects and confound assessment of the effects of dynamic balance per se. Our final test constitutes 130 images comprised of circles or hexagon elements. The objective balance scores accounted for 73% and 78% of the variance, respectively, in subjective preferences for these images.
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Álvaro, Leticia, Humberto Moreira, Julio Lillo, and Anna Franklin. "Color preference in red–green dichromats." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 30 (2015): 9316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502104112.
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Around 2% of males have red–green dichromacy, which is a genetic disorder of color vision where one type of cone photoreceptor is missing. Here we investigate the color preferences of dichromats. We aim (i) to establish whether the systematic and reliable color preferences of normal trichromatic observers (e.g., preference maximum at blue, minimum at yellow-green) are affected by dichromacy and (ii) to test theories of color preference with a dichromatic sample. Dichromat and normal trichromat observers named and rated how much they liked saturated, light, dark, and focal colors twice. Trichromats had the expected pattern of preference. Dichromats had a reliable pattern of preference that was different to trichromats, with a preference maximum rather than minimum at yellow and a much weaker preference for blue than trichromats. Color preference was more affected in observers who lacked the cone type sensitive to long wavelengths (protanopes) than in those who lacked the cone type sensitive to medium wavelengths (deuteranopes). Trichromats’ preferences were summarized effectively in terms of cone-contrast between color and background, and yellow-blue cone-contrast could account for dichromats’ pattern of preference, with some evidence for residual red–green activity in deuteranopes’ preference. Dichromats’ color naming also could account for their color preferences, with colors named more accurately and quickly being more preferred. This relationship between color naming and preference also was present for trichromat males but not females. Overall, the findings provide novel evidence on how dichromats experience color, advance the understanding of why humans like some colors more than others, and have implications for general theories of aesthetics.
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Hawley, Sarah T., Bruce Ling, Angela Fagerlin, Sally W. Vernon, and Sandeep Vijan. "Evaluating a preference-tailored decision tool for increasing colorectal cancer screening." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 34_suppl (2012): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.34_suppl.10.
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10 Background: Incorporating patient preferences into CRC screening decisions has been identified as one method for improving informed decision making and increasing screening adherence, yet the impact of tailoring screening recommendations to patients’ preferences on these outcomes has not been evaluated. Methods: We compared the effect of a web-based preference-tailored decision tool (intervention) to a standard information decision tool (control) through an RCT at two VA sites. Eligible subjects were age 50-77, due for CRC screening, with a scheduled primary care visit. Participants arrived 45 minutes early to complete consent and were randomized online. Telephone surveys were conducted 3-5 days post-enrollment and CRC screening adherence was collected from medical charts 6 months later. We evaluated the effect of the tool on adherence and compared stated test preferences to test recevived through Chi-square tests and regression. Results: 468 subjects were enrolled from two VAs. CRC screening adherence 6-months post-enrollment was 38.6% and was not significantly different between groups (37.4% intervention, 39.7% control). Most were adherent with fecal occult blood test (FOBT) (22.4%), followed by colonoscopy (COL) (16.7%). The most commonly recommended test by physicians was COL (59.2% of tests recommended), though veterans most commonly stated a preference for FOBT (60.1%). The features of tests most important to veterans were nature of the test (32.8%), effectiveness (27.1%), and risk of complications (17%). Participants significantly more often adhered to the test that they stated they preferred after the intervention than with a non-preferred test (30.4% adhered to preferred test vs. 7.6% adhered to non-preferred test, P<0.001). Conclusions: CRC screening adherence in this population of veterans was low and the preference-tailored intervention did not significantly improve adherence relative to standard information. Veterans preferred a non-invasive test (FOBT) despite higher rates of recommendation for COL by their physicians. Improving concordance between physician recommendations and patients’ preference may be one method for improving CRC screening adherence in this population.
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Smeds, Karolina, Josefina Larsson, Martin Dahlquist, Florian Wolters, and Petra Herrlin. "Live Evaluation of Auditory Preference, a Laboratory Test for Evaluating Auditory Preference." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 32, no. 08 (2021): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735213.
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Abstract Background Many laboratory tests are performed under unrealistic conditions. Tasks, such as repeating words or sentences, are performed in simple loudspeaker setups. Currently, many research groups focus on realistic audiovisual laboratory setups. Fewer groups focus on the tasks performed during testing. Purpose A semicontrolled laboratory test method focusing on the tasks performed, the Live Evaluation of Auditory Preference (LEAP) was evaluated. LEAP is developed to evaluate hearing-instrument performance in test scenarios that represent everyday listening situations. Research Design LEAP was evaluated in a feasibility study. The method comprises conversations between a test participant and one or two test leaders, enabling evaluation of the test participant's own voice. The method allows for visual cues (when relevant) and introduce social pressure to participate in the conversation. In addition, other everyday listening tasks, such as watching television (TV) and listening to radio, are included. In this study, LEAP was used to assess preference for two hearing aid settings using paired comparisons. Study Sample Nineteen experienced hearing aid users (13 females and 6 males; mean age 74 years), participated in the study. Data Collection and Analysis LEAP was performed at three visits to the laboratory. In addition, participants conducted a field trial where the two hearing aid programs were compared using Ecological Momentary Assessments (EMA). During LEAP testing, six mandatory test cases were used, representing commonly occurring everyday listening situations. Individual test cases were also included, selected from individually experienced listening situations during the field trial. Within- and between-session reliability of the LEAP test was investigated. Validity was investigated by comparing the LEAP and the EMA results. Results For the current signal-processing evaluation, the test was judged to have acceptable reliability and validity. The inclusion of individually selected test cases increased the representativeness of the LEAP test, but it did not substantially alter the results in the current study. Conclusion LEAP in its current implementation seems suitable for investigating signal-processing preference in the laboratory in a way that is indicative of everyday preference. The LEAP method represents one step forward in bringing the real world into the laboratory.
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HATAE, Keiko, and Fujio TAKEUTCHI. "On the Proposed Triangle Test Used as a Preference Test." Japanese Journal of Sensory Evaluation 5, no. 1 (2001): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9763/jjsse.5.29.
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Pritchard, Thomas C., Steve Reilly, Robert B. Hamilton, and Ralph Norgren. "Taste preference of Old World monkeys: I. A single-bottle preference test." Physiology & Behavior 55, no. 3 (1994): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90103-1.
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Angulo, Ofelia, and Michael O’Mahony. "The paired preference test and the ‘No Preference’ option: was Odesky correct?" Food Quality and Preference 16, no. 5 (2005): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2004.08.002.
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PEREVERZEVA, MARIA, and DAVIDA Y. TELLER. "Infant color vision: Influence of surround chromaticity on spontaneous looking preferences." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (2004): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804213086.
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When infants are tested with stimuli of various chromaticities embedded in a dark or achromatic (white) surround, they show maximal preference for stimuli of maximal colorimetric purity, and minimal preference for achromatic stimuli. We investigated how this pattern of preferences changes with changes of surround chromaticity. Sixteen-week-old infants were tested in two experimental conditions. The surrounds in the first condition were red and white; and in the second condition green and white. The three test stimuli varied in colorimetric purity from white to red in the first condition, and from white to green in the second condition. A test stimulus that appeared achromatic to adults when viewed in the chromatic surround was included. Infant spontaneous looking preferences changed with changes of surround chromaticity. The changes were consistent with the conclusion that infant looking behavior is governed by a preference for the stimuli that differ maximally in purity from the surround. The implications of this pattern of results are discussed.
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Korhonen, Hannu, and Paavo Niemelä. "Preferences of farmed blue foxes for platforms, nestbox and cage floor." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 5 (1994): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72718.
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A preference test system was devised to assess the preferences of farm-raised, juvenile blue foxes for six various types of resting platforms, including nestbox roof, and for nestbox and cage floor. The results showed that platform use was low since the test foxes preferred the cage floor. The amount of previous individual platform usage did not affect preference. However, foxes originating from groups with a high amount of previous platform use also had the highest amount of platform usage in the test situation. Of all the platforms, the nestbox roof was preferred the most. Although the location of the platform in the present test situation was found to affect preference, it was difficult to finally separate the real effects of platform location and type. No relationship was found between temperature and use of the platforms or nestbox. On the basis of the present results we may conclude that platforms are not actually necessary for foxes during winter period.
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Dina, Rusy, Akhirmen Akhirmen, and Novya Zulva Riani. "ANALISIS PREFERENSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP BUS TRANS PADANG." Ecosains: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 5, no. 1 (2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/ecosains.10976657.00.
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This research aims to analyze the effect of: respondents income,services quality, private vehicle ownership, and tarrifs of Trans Padang to preference of societies to Bus Trans Padang. This type of research is descriptive and associative. Data in this research are primary data, taken at August 2015. The data collection technique is by distributing questionnaires and direct observation. Population in this research is all users of transport services Trans Padang, by taking a sample of 100 respondents. Inductive analysis in this research include: multiple linear regression analysis; Multicolinearity test; Heteroskedastisitas test; The coefficient of determination; t test; and F test. The results showed that respondents income and ownership of two-wheeled vehicle does not significantly influence people's preferences of Bus Trans Padang. As for the quality of service and tariff Trans Padang significant effect on people's preferences of Bus Trans Padang. In collectively respondents income, services quality,the ownership of two-wheeled vehicle, and tariff Trans Padang have significant influence to preferences of societies to Bus Trans Padang. Keywords: Preference, income, quality of service, the two-wheeled personal vehicle ownership, tariff Trans Padang.
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Morimoto, Masayuki, Zyun‐iti Maekawa, Hideki Tachibana, Yoshio Yamasaki, Yoshio Hirasawa, and Christoph Pösselt. "Preference test of seven European concert halls." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (1988): S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2025763.
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van der Meer, Jaap. "Statistical analysis of the dichotomous preference test." Animal Behaviour 44, no. 6 (1992): 1101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80322-7.
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Selvanathan, Saroja. "A Monte Carlo test of preference independence." Economics Letters 25, no. 3 (1987): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(87)90224-2.
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Giaccherini, Matilde, and Giovanni Ponti. "Preference Based Subjective Beliefs." Games 9, no. 3 (2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9030050.
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We test the empirical content of the assumption of preference dependent beliefs using a behavioral model of strategic decision making in which the rankings of individuals over final outcomes in simple games influence their beliefs over the opponent’s behavior. This approach— by analogy with Psychological Game Theory—allows for interdependence between preferences and beliefs but reverses the order of causality. We use existing evidence from a multi-stage experiment in which we first elicit distributional preferences in a Random Dictator Game, then estimate beliefs in a related 2×2 effort game conditional on these preferences. Our structural estimations confirm our working hypothesis on how social preferences shape beliefs: subjects with higher guilt (envy) expect others to put less (more) effort, which reduces the expected difference in payoffs.
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Franco, Antonella, and Antonino Vitetta. "Preference Model in the Context of Mobility as a Service: A Pilot Case Study." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (2023): 4802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15064802.
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In this paper, a pilot study of a pre-test preference model in the context of mobility as a service (MaaS) is defined by following the steps required for transport system engineering: survey, specification, calibration, and validation. The availability of a MaaS preference model is crucial to support decision takers and decision makers before starting planning activities for new, sustainable transport services. In this paper, a pre-test model is proposed for evaluating user preferences. The pre-test model was specified with a Logit random utility model and the parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. To define the preference model, a pilot survey was conducted in the Gioia Tauro area, an extra-urban area in southern Italy. For the pre-test model, a pilot sample of users was considered. In the area, a high percentage of users traveled by an individual transport system; this high percentage was also present in the survey, with 76% traveling by private car. Short- and long-distance scenarios were proposed to users. In the calibrated model, it emerged that bundles were more attractive for long-distance journeys and decreased with the cost of the package. The additional cost in the present scenario influenced the preference for bundle cost. Considering the parking cost in the present scenario (scenario 2), the MaaS preference probability started at higher probability values but increased less quickly. The pre-test model was defined starting from a pilot sample and represents the basis for a larger MaaS preference model built starting from a larger survey and a sample with a greater number of calibrated parameters.
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Hua, Lei, Zhong Yang, Jiyou Shao, and Dan Jin. "The Impact of the Preferential Attachment Level on the Innovation Network Structure and Innovation Efficiency." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (September 23, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9928897.
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In the formation process of innovation networks, the level of preferential attachment between agents has an important impact on the resulting structural and functional characteristics of a network. A simulation model of innovation networks with variable preferential levels of attachment is established to study these impacts. Negative preferences tend to form chain-type structures, while positive preferences tend to form star-type structures. Furthermore, a simulation process of innovation is added to the network model to test the impact of the resulting structures on innovation efficiency. For explorative innovation, the structure with unbiased preference has the fastest innovation speed, but the structures with strong positive preference show lower innovation costs. For exploitive innovation, strong negative preferences generate the fastest innovation speed and relatively low cost, while strong positive preferences show a slightly lower cost than negative preference structures but a much lower innovation speed. Finally, some internal mechanisms of the results are discussed.
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Shepley, Mardelle McCuskey. "Spatial- versus Object-Oriented Architectural Environments: Preference and Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 1 (2005): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.149-162.
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This study examined changes in perceptual response and preference for a specific category of architectural environment by age groups. Understanding relationships among age, perception, and preference is important in creating more appropriate environments. The hypothesis was that individuals who score field-dependent on an Embedded Figures Test would prefer architectural environments which support spatial orientation, while individuals who are field-independent would prefer environments without information on spatial organization or an object-oriented space. It was also hypothesized that children and elderly persons would score more field-dependent and prefer spatially orienting spaces. 64 subjects ages 4 to 85 years were recruited from local schools, various organizations for seniors and adults, given the Embedded Figures Test to measure field dependence, and were compared. Their scores were compared by preference for one of the two environments. Hypotheses were not supported for the spaces overall, however, clear patterns regarding seating preference were identified. Children and seniors had significantly more field-dependent preferences.
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Downer-Bartholomew, Benjamin M. B., and F. Helen Rodd. "Female preference for color-enhanced males: a test of the sensory bias model in medaka, a drab fish." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (2021): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab131.
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Abstract Sexual selection research has long focused on the evolution of female mate preferences. Most of the models that have been developed posit that mate preferences evolve in a mating context. In contrast, the sensory bias model proposes that mate choice preferences arise in a non-mating context, as a by-product of natural selection acting on a female’s perceptual system. Recent research has shown that many species of fishes, from across a large clade including poeciliids, goodeids, and medaka, have a bias for long wavelength (LW) colors (yellow, orange, red) in a non-mating context. Even species that do not have LW-colored ornaments, apparently because they have been lost secondarily, retain this latent bias for LW colors. Here, we predicted that female Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka), a drab species with a latent preference for LW colors, would show a mate choice preference for males with an artificial secondary sexual trait—a colored stripe added to their flank. We confirmed that females were more responsive to red and orange objects in a non-mating context than to other colors. We also showed that females were less resistant towards males with an LW-colored stripe than to those enhanced with a non-LW stripe and that, for many females, responses towards specific LW colors were consistent across these non-mating and mating contexts. Therefore, our results provide support for the sensory bias model by providing a link between a sensory bias in a non-mating context and a mate choice preference in a drab species like medaka.
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Nojo, Saori, Ryosuke Kimura, and Yasuo Ihara. "An Empirical Investigation on the Sexual Selection Hypothesis of Human Phenotypic Diversity: A Test in Okinawa and Mainland Japan." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 13, no. 1 (2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2022.94.
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Sexual selection may have played a role in the formation and maintenance of phenotypic diversity among human populations. A theoretical study has shown that phenotypic diversification between neighboring populations connected by gene flow can occur if individuals have a mating preference for typical characteristics of their population (i.e., own-group preference), or if preferences are culturally transmitted only between the members of the same population (i.e., model-dependent mate-choice copying). To date, however, empirical investigation is lacking on the presence or absence of own-group preference and model-dependent mate-choice copying in neighboring populations exhibiting phenotypic differentiation. Here we report the results of an experiment on preference for faces in Okinawa Islanders and Mainland Japanese as an example of such populations. It was suggested that female Okinawa Islanders tend to prefer male faces of their own population to those of Mainland Japanese, and male Okinawa Islanders’ evaluation of faces is affected more by members of their own population than those of the other. These findings support the argument that the phenotypic difference between Okinawa Islanders and Mainland Japanese may be partially explicable by sexual selection.
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Shrinivas, Aditya, and Marcel Fafchamps. "Testing Efficient Risk Sharing with Heterogeneous Risk Preferences: Comment." American Economic Review 108, no. 10 (2018): 3104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170413.
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Mazzocco and Saini (2012) propose and implement a test of efficient risk sharing that allows for preference heterogeneity. They motivate their approach as yielding different results from those of a standard efficiency test with homogeneous preferences. We show that the standard efficiency test results are misreported in their paper and that the correctly reported results do not present as compelling a case for the importance of accounting for heterogeneous preferences. (JEL D12, D81, G22, O12, O18, R23, Z13)
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Mila, FA, and SK Raha. "Consumers preferences for processed milk A study in Mymensingh town." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10, no. 2 (2013): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14918.
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The study examined the consumer preference for processed milk in Mymensingh town. The study was mainly based on primary data in which 40 consumers were purposively selected from Mymensingh town. In the study, preference of consumers for processed milk i.e. powder milk, condensed milk and pasteurized milk were investigated. Consumers preference for processed milk was ascertained through a 4-point numerical rating scale. The consumers highly preferred powder milk and the computed preference index of powder milk was 80. The computed preference index of pasteurized milk was 71. The computed preference index of raw milk was 54. The lowest preference of consumers was for condensed milk and the computed preference index of condensed milk was 36. The study revealed that Milk Vita has ranked first (90) followed by Diploma (85), Dano (81), Arong (68) and Red Cow (61) were the major brands preferred by the consumers. On the other hand, Danish (36), Nido (34), Starship (34), Marks (27) and Farmland (26) were less preferred for consumption of processed milk. The relationship between the factors that influencing consumers preferences and their preferences of processed milk was also explored. Spearman rank correlation coefficient test was used to explore relationship between the variables. The monthly income of the family, price level, taste level, fat content, nutritional value and attitudes towards processed milk of the consumers were significantly related with their preferences of processed milk while the other factors (age, family size, education level) were not significantly related.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14918 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 267-276, 2012
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Molin, E., H. Oppewal, and H. Timmermans. "Group-Based versus Individual-Based Conjoint Preference Models of Residential Preferences: A Comparative Test." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 31, no. 11 (1999): 1935–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a311935.
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Franic, Duska M., and Dev S. Pathak. "EFFECT OF INCLUDING (VERSUS EXCLUDING) FATES WORSE THAN DEATH ON UTILITY MEASUREMENT." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 19, no. 2 (2003): 347–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230300031x.
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Objectives: Most studies typically measure health preferences excluding health states perceived as worse than death. The objective of this study is to test the impact of including (versus excluding) health states perceived to be worse than death on utility measurementusing standard gamble (SG) and visual analogue scale (VAS) methods.Methods: By means of a cross-sectional descriptive study design, women were asked to rate the utility of three hypothetical breast cancer health states: cure, treatment, and recurrence (n=119). Preference weights were estimated, allowing for negative utilities with death (perfect health) scaled at zero (1.0).Results: Unpaired t-test analysis showed significantly greater change in SG and VAS weights for individuals perceiving cancer recurrence as worse than death than those perceiving death as least desirable state. Excluding negative utilities from the study resulted in significantly smaller changes in utility. Study results show that preference elicitation methods can be successfully adapted to acquire negative utilities.Conclusions: Changes in utility were greater when negative preferences were permitted. Addressing negative preference scores could significantly affect quality adjusted life year estimates in economic analyses.
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Arntzen, Erik, and Mateusz Mysior. "Expansion of Classes, Transfer of Function, and Preference Tests in Adult Participants." Perspectivas em Análise do Comportamento 15, no. 2 (2024): xx. https://doi.org/10.18761/pac071024.
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The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of transfer of function on preferences on different stimuli conditions in 15 adults. Participants were trained on six conditional discriminations arranged as one-to-many training (AB/AC) and tested for the emergence of three 3-member equivalence classes. Fourteen of 15 participants passed the equivalence test. For the 14 participants, the classes were expanded by training three new stimuli GOOD (D1), NEUTRAL (D2), and BAD (D3), to A1, A2, and A3 and followed by a test equivalence class formation including all relations. The participants were also tested for the preference of the B-stimuli before the conditional discrimination training and after the test for expansion of classes. In the preference test after the expansion test, participants were presented with the three B-stimuli mounted on pictures of identical objects in groups of three (three stimulus conditions). The pictures of objects were three identical soda cans, cars, and mobile phones. The main findings were that 3 of 14 participants picked B1 in the pretest while 8 of 14 participants picked B1 for all stimulus sets in the preference test.
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Hartati, Sri, Yufrida Khotimatul Khusnah, A. Intan Niken Tari, and H. Catur Budi. "The Rice Bran-based Traditional Foods: Study of Existence, Antioxidant Activity, and Consumer Preference." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1228, no. 1 (2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1228/1/012010.
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Abstract Rice bran is a by-product of milling rice from rice processing. Rice bran-based food is known to have been consumed since ancient times, especially in Central Java, Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the existence and antioxidant activity of rice bran-based traditional foods and the consumer preferences for traditional bran-based foods by the younger generation. This study was carried out with several stages, including a literature study, existence test, antioxidant activity test, and preference test. The data collection technique in the existence test was conducted with the survey using observation and interviews. The antioxidant activity was tested using DPPH analysis. The preference test was conducted using the hedonic test. The results show that rice bran-based traditional foods in traditional markets still exist with the discovery of three traditional markets: Telukan market, Bekonang market, and Gawok market in Sukoharjo district, Central Java. The antioxidant activity of the three-rice bran-based traditional foods is relatively high. However, the consumer preference from the younger generation could be higher, with an average score below moderate regarding color, taste, aroma, and overall. Therefore, the future innovation and development of rice bran-based traditional foods.
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Rahmadewi, Yunda Maymanah, and Palupi Melati Pangastuti. "Karakteristik sensoris krimer kental dari kacang hijau menggunakan metode uji segitiga dan hedonik." Teknologi Pangan : Media Informasi dan Komunikasi Ilmiah Teknologi Pertanian 13, no. 1 (2022): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/tp.v13i1.2856.
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The shift in the vegan concept into a new lifestyle trend for urban communities has led to the development of plant-based foodstuffs into several processed products. Green beans with complex nutritional content have the potential to develop into a sweet thick creamer that can be developed as a complement to bakery pastry products. The purpose of this study was to develop sweetened condensed creamer made from mung bean as an alternative to filling in milk pies, to assess whether or not there was a difference between sweet thick creamer made from mung bean and animal sweetened condensed creamer, and to assess the panelists' preference for sweetened mung bean creamer. Sweet thick creamer is made from peeled green peas with variations in the amount of added sugar as much as 35%, 40%, and 45%. The evaluation method for sweet thick creamer uses a differentiation test with the triangle test method and a preference test with the hedonic test method. The results obtained were then tested binomially with a probability of 1% for the difference test and statistically with a probability of 5% for the preference test. The results of the binomial test on the triangle test showed that the thick creamer of mung bean had different sensory attributes from the thick creamer of cow's milk. The sugar concentration which increased from 35% to 45% did not make any difference and increased the preference of the panelists on the attributes of viscosity, color, taste, aroma, and overall preference for sweet thick creamer of mung bean. The conclusion obtained is that the sweetened thick creamer of mung bean has different attributes of thickness, color, sweetness, and aroma compared to the sweetened condensed creamer of cow's milk. The use of sugar with different concentrations did not give a significant difference to the preferences of the panelists on the attributes of thickness, color, taste, aroma, and overall preference for sweetened mung bean creamer.
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Anggraini, Anggraini, and Siti Wahyu P. "THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON GENRE PREFERENCES AND READING ACHIEVEMENT TO NINTH GRADE STUDENTS’ OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL." MEDIA BINA ILMIAH 14, no. 4 (2019): 2493. http://dx.doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v14i4.360.
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This study aims to identify the effects of gender on genre preferences (narrative, recount, descriptive, report and procedure) and reading achievement, and also to analyze the correlation between genre preference and reading achievement. The sample of this study was 30 students of Junior High School 15 Mataram. To gather the data, a closed questionnaire was given to collect students’ genre preferences; reading test was given to get students’ score in reading; and the open questionnaire was given to collect the factors that affect students’ reading interest and achievement. The data were analyzed by using Regression analysis test. The result of the analysis indicates that there is significant effect of gender on genre preference. It is evidenced by the result of f-test and t-test, where the value of fcount is higher than ftable (4.435 > 3.354) and the value of tcount is higher than ttable (2.106>1.699). Meanwhile, there is no significant effect of gender on students’ reading achievement. It is evidenced by the result of f-test and t-test. The value of fcount is lower than ftable (0.000<3.354) and the value of the tcount is lower than ttable (0.57 < 1.699). Furthermore, the result of Partial Correlation showed that there is no significant correlation between genre preference and reading achievement. It proofed by the result of probability value that higher than significant level (0.232 > 0.05) and the result of reading test presents that both genders were fail on genre that they prefer in.