Journal articles: 'Test workpiece'

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Wang, Xiaomin, Zexiao Xie, Kun Wang, and Liqin Zhou. "Research on a Handheld 3D Laser Scanning System for Measuring Large-Sized Objects." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 21, 2018): 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103567.

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A handheld 3D laser scanning system is proposed for measuring large-sized objects on site. This system is mainly composed of two CCD cameras and a line laser projector, in which the two CCD cameras constitute a binocular stereo vision system to locate the scanner’s position in the fixed workpiece coordinate system online, meanwhile the left CCD camera and the laser line projector constitute a structured light system to get the laser lines modulated by the workpiece features. The marked points and laser line are both obtained in the coordinate system of the left camera in each moment. To get the workpiece outline, the handheld scanner’s position is evaluated online by matching up the marked points got by the binocular stereo vision system and those in the workpiece coordinate system measured by a TRITOP system beforehand; then the laser line with workpiece’s features got at this moment is transformed into the fixed workpiece coordinate system. Finally, the 3D information composed by the laser lines can be reconstructed in the workpiece coordinate system. A ball arm with two standard balls, which is placed on a glass plate with many marked points randomly stuck on, is measured to test the system accuracy. The distance errors between the two balls are within ±0.05 mm, the radius errors of the two balls are all within ±0.04 mm, the distance errors from the scatter points to the fitted sphere are distributed evenly, within ±0.25 mm, without accumulated errors. Measurement results of two typical workpieces show that the system can measure large-sized objects completely with acceptable accuracy and have the advantage of avoiding some deficiencies, such as sheltering and limited measuring range.

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Slătineanu, Laurenţiu, Margareta Coteaţă, Irina Besliu, Lorelei Gherman, and Oana Dodun. "Machining of External Cylindrical Surfaces on a RAM Electrical Discharge Machine." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1800–1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1800.

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As other nonconventional machining methods, the electrical discharge machining is applied when the workpieces materials are difficult to be machined by classical machining methods or the surfaces could not be obtained in efficient conditions by classical machining methods. Such a situation could appear, for example, when test pieces must be separated from materials whose machining by classical methods is difficult. Taking into consideration the necessity to detach a cylindrical test piece from a workpiece made of a high resistance metallic alloy, the problem of using the electrical discharge machining was formulated. An initial experimental test by using the common work motion of the tool electrode from up to down highlighted high shape errors, due to the accumulation in the work zone of the particles detached from the workpiece and from the tool electrode, as a consequence of electrical discharge machining process. A second set of experiments were developed, placing the test piece over the electrode tool and ensuring a work motion of workpiece from up to down; in this situation, a diminishing of the shape error was noticed. The second set of experiments highlighted a relatively reduced conicalness of the machined surface and a low decrease of the machining speed. as the penetration depth of the tool electrode in the workpiece increases, too.

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Holub, Michal, Robert Jankovych, Jan Vetiska, Jan Sramek, Petr Blecha, Jan Smolik, and Petr Heinrich. "Experimental Study of the Volumetric Error Effect on the Resulting Working Accuracy—Roundness." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186233.

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Currently, various types of software compensations are applied to machine tools. Their aim is to increase the working accuracy of the tools. The improvement in working accuracy is then further assessed according to the increase in the dimensional and shape accuracy or the surface quality of the workpiece. This publication describes the effects of the volumetric accuracy of a machine tool on the working accuracy of a workpiece, where total roundness (RONt) is evaluated in multiple cuts. In the experiment, two test workpieces are manufactured on a three-axis milling machining centre. The first is made using a standard machine setup while the second with activated volumetric compensation. The LaserTRACER self-tracking laser interferometer is used to compensate for volumetric accuracy. In the second part, verification measurements are performed with a Ballbar, where roundness error is evaluated according to ISO 230-4. Then two test workpieces are machined, and, in the last part, measurement is performed on Talyrond 595S roundness measuring equipment. Finally, the results are analysed and the dependence between the volumetric accuracy, the circularity error of the machine and the working accuracy of the CNC machine tool is established, represented by the RONt of the workpiece. This paper presents new and unpublished relations between the volumetric accuracy of the machine tool and the RONt of the workpiece.

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Kang, Yong Gang, Zhong Qi Wang, J. J. Wu, and Cheng Yu Jiang. "Efficient Algorithms for Calculations of the Maximum Surface Form Errors in Peripheral Milling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 10-12 (December 2007): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.10-12.757.

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An efficient flexible iterative algorithm with a general approach is presented for calculations of surface form errors in peripheral milling of thin-walled workpiece. An efficient finite-element model for tool/workpiece is presented to analyze the surface dimensional errors in peripheral milling of aerospace thin-walled workpieces. The efficient flexible iterative algorithm is proposed to calculate the deflections and the maximum surface form errors as contrasted with the rigid iterative algorithm used in the literatures. Meanwhile, some key techniques such as the finite-element modeling of the tool-workpiece system; the determinant algorithm to judge instantaneous immersion boundaries between a cutter element and the workpiece; iterative scheme for the calculations of tool-workpiece deflections considering the former convergence cutting position are developed and the method for calculating the position and magnitude of the maximum surface form errors are developed and presented in detail. The proposed approach is validated and proved to be efficient through comparing the obtained numerical results with the test results.

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Qu, Li Gang, Guo Tao Chen, Chang Qing Su, and Yu Juan Xin. "A Test to Measure the Rate of Adsorption Deformation of Flexible Assembly Tooling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (December 2014): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.451.

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Traditional tooling for aircraft skin will produce a large clamping deformation of the inadequacies in the assembly process, designed a vacuum suction cup flexible assembly tooling, that tooling using vacuum suction force to clamp the workpiece in the assembly process, greatly reduces the amount of deformation of the workpiece. In order to accurately grasp the new tooling excellent performance in terms of adsorption deformation, through the establishment of a laser measuring device test platform, we conducted a large number of studies of vacuum adsorption deformation experiment on different thickness of the workpiece,has been obtained the workpiece adsorption deformation rate range under the flexible tooling system, as well workpiece thickness, sucker adsorption, the number of anchor effect on the adsorption deformation rate of the workpiece, and verify the reasonableness of the flexible assembly tooling.

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Umezu, Takuma, and Daisuke Kono. "Machining Process for a Thin-Walled Workpiece Using On-Machine Measurement of the Workpiece Compliance." International Journal of Automation Technology 13, no. 5 (September 5, 2019): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2019.p0631.

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Demand for highly productive machining of thin-walled workpieces has been growing in the aerospace industry. Workpiece vibration is a critical issue that could limit the productivity of such machining processes. This study proposes a machining process for thin-walled workpieces that aims to reduce the workpiece vibration during the machining process. The workpiece compliance is measured using an on-machine measurement system to obtain the cutting conditions and utilize the same for suppressing the vibration. The on-machine measurement system consists of a shaker with a force sensor attached on the machine tool spindle, and an excitation control system which is incorporated within the machine tool’s numerical control (NC). A separate sensor to obtain the workpiece displacement is not required for the estimation of the displacement. The system is also capable of automatic measurement at various measurement points because the NC controls the positioning and the preloading of the shaker. The amplitude of the workpiece vibration is simulated using the measured compliance to obtain the cutting conditions for suppressing the vibration. An end milling experiment was conducted to verify the validity of the proposed process. The simulations with the compliance measurement using the developed system were compared to the results of a conventional impact test. The comparison showed that the spindle rotation speed for suppressing the vibration could be successfully determined; but, the axial depth of cut was difficult to be determined because the simulated vibration amplitude was larger than that found in the experimental result. However, this can be achieved if the amplitude is calibrated by one machining trial.

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Henerichs, Marcel, Michael Egeter, Thomas Liebrich, Robert Voß, and Konrad Wegener. "Evaluation of the IWF-Wunder Reproduction Method for Generating Positive Replica." International Journal of Automation Technology 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2014): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2014.p0049.

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Research into manufacturing technology requires regular measurement and documentation of workpiece and tool quality. The instant or direct measurement of tool or workpiece surfaces is often difficult or impossible. Remounting of workpieces or tools leads to undesired remounting errors, a direct integration of adapted measurement systems is not suitable for research and development. Additionally, abrasive or transparent surfaces can be unsuitable for use with some measurement systems. This study evaluates an imprinting method for the production of positive replicas of tool or workpiece surfaces. The resulting errors between original sample and replica are evaluated. The analyses include common test methods, such as tactile surface profiling, focus variation microscopy, and white light interferometry. The study shows that for the evaluated reproduction method, the difference between original and replica is less than 10%of the surface roughness, Ra, for original surface roughnesses greater than Ra= 0.1µm. Mostly better results are achieved (difference <2%). In addition, contour dimensions greater 1 mm can be copied with deviations less than 0.5%.

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Matsumoto, Ryo, Hiroshi Utsunomiya, and Shinya Ishigai. "Lubrication in Hot Forging with Pulsed Ram Motion." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.149.

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The effect of pulsed (oscillating) ram motion control on lubrication was investigated in hot forging of stainless steel workpiece with oxide glass lubricant. During the retreat in the pulsed ram motion, the workpiece was re-lubricated by flow of lubricant through the gap between the workpiece and the die. A hot spike-type forging test on a servo press with pulsed ram motions was carried out to investigate the lubrication performance of the oxide glass. In the test, the workpiece with a temperature of 1223 K was extruded into the hollow part of the upper die together with oxide glass in a manner that combined pulsed and stepwise ram operations. The re-lubrication of the workpiece with oxide glass was confirmed by the test results showing 5–10% reduction in the forging load and 5% longer length of the backward extruded part of the workpiece under an appropriate pulsed ram motion.

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Kang, Yong Gang, and Zhong Qi Wang. "The Flexible Iterative Algorithm for Calculations of Static Form Errors in Peripheral Milling Thin-Walled Components." Advanced Materials Research 102-104 (March 2010): 455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.102-104.455.

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This paper proposes a new efficient iterative algorithm which named flexible iterative algorithm (FIAL) with a general approach suitable for surface form errors prediction in peripheral milling of thin-walled workpiece. First, a FEA-Based model is presented to analyze the surface dimensional errors in peripheral milling of thin-walled workpieces. Then the FIAL is discussed in detail for the procedure of deformation prediction. From FIAL, an iterative scheme for the calculations of tool/workpiece deflections considering the former convergence cutting position are developed，in the scheme a small variable must be included in the calculation of radial cutting depth which never been considered in the literatures before.The proposed approach is validated and proved to be efficient through comparing the obtained numerical results with the test results.

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Gao, Siyang, Bangcheng Zhang, and Jianwei Sun. "Research on the Design Method of a Bionic Suspension Workpiece Based on the Wing Structure of an Albatross." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2539410.

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An air suspension platform uses air pressure to realize the suspension function during the suspension process, and it has the disadvantage of large air pressure and a small suspension force. In this study, an air suspension platform was built using bionic design to reduce the required air pressure and increase the suspension force. A suspension structure mapping model was established according to the physiological structure characteristics of albatross wings. A bionic model was established by using the theoretical calculation formula and structural size parameters of the structural design. A 3D printer was used to manufacture the physical prototype of the suspended workpiece. Based on this, a suspension test rig was built. Six sets of contrast experiments were designed. The experimental results of the suspension test bench were compared with the theoretical calculation results. The results show that the buoyancy of the suspended workpiece with a V-shaped surface at a 15-degree attack angle was optimal for the same air pressure as the other workpieces. The surface structure of the suspended workpiece was applied to the air static pressure guide rail. By comparing the experimental data, the air pressure of the original air suspension guide rail was reduced by 37%, and the validity of the theory and design method was verified.

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Wang, Hui Gai, Fei Wang, Yan Pei Song, and Kai Feng Zhang. "Friction and Flow Behavior of Ceramics in Ring-Compression Test." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1752.

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Float polishing is one of the advanced ultra-smooth surface polishing techniques. Mechanical structure and polishing principle of float polishing are introduced. Polishing experiment about polishing ultra-smooth surface of GCr15 rectangular workpiece is performed by the CJY500 ultra-precision polishing machine, experimental results show that float polishing should be achieved metal nanometer level surface without degenerating layer. The application scope of float polishing is extended, the application has significant reference value for polishing ultra-smooth surface of metal workpiece.

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Liu, Dong Sheng, Ming Luo, and Ding Hua Zhang. "Experimental Analysis of Damping Fixture for Thin-Walled Workpiece Milling." Materials Science Forum 836-837 (January 2016): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.836-837.296.

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Thin-walled workpieces are widely used in the aerospace manufacturing industry in order to reduce the weight of structure and improve working efficiency. However, vibration is easy to occur in machining of thin-walled structures due to its low stiffness. Machining vibration will result in lower machining accuracy as well as machining efficiency. In order to reduce the machining vibrations of thin-wall workpieces, commonly used method is to select proper machining parameters according to the chatter stability lobes, which is generated according to the machining system parameters. However, this method requires exact system parameters to be determined, which are always changing in the machining process. In this paper, a special designed fixture with damping materials for the thin-walled workpiece is presented based on the machining vibration control theory, and analysis of the effect of vibration suppressing is obtained through the contrast of vibration tests of milling the thin-walled workpiece on the damping clamp. The damping material is used to consume vibration energy and provide support for thin-walled structure. Machining test was carried out for thin-walled structure machining to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Deng, Yaohua, Sicheng Chen, Qiwen Lu, Jiayuan Chen, Qiaofen Zhang, Liming Wu, Jiandong Shi, and Xiali Liu. "Study and Simulation of Deformation Mechanics Modeling of Flexible Workpiece Processing by Rayleigh-Ritz Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/157951.

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This paper discusses the calculation problems of bending deformation of FWP processing. Take three axis CNC machining as an example, to establish mechanics model of flexible workpiece processing process. The flexible workpiece balance equation is a two-dimensional partial differential equation, to solve the problem of flexible workpiece bending deformation using Rayleigh-Ritz method and designing the test function of bending deformation of flexible workpiece. By satisfying the minimum potential energy condition of FWP processing to work out the approximate solution of bending deformation of flexible workpiece, find out the relationship between material properties of flexible piece, acting forceFz, and deformation value. Finally, the rectangle flexible workpiece which is made up of polyurethane sponge is selected as an experiment subject. The results show that the average relative deviation between theoretical value and observed value is only 5.51%. It is proved that the bending deformation test function satisfies the actual deformation calculation requirements.

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Narita, Hirohisa, Keiichi Shirase, Eiji Arai, and Hideo Fujimoto. "An Accuracy-Prediction Model Taking Tool Deformation and Geometric Machine-Tool Error into Consideration." International Journal of Automation Technology 4, no. 3 (May 5, 2010): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2010.p0235.

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Test cutting used to verify cutting conditions and machining accuracy after a numeric control (NC) program is written for end milling the mold and die indispensable to manufacturing is generally effective, because it is based on trial and error. The virtual machining simulator we designed to verify machining accuracy uses an accuracy-prediction model and an error prediction expression for workpieces, integrating machine-tool deformation and geometric error models. We also propose calculation for copying errors to a workpiece.

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Zhou, Jian Ping, Yan Xu, Jun Ze Zhang, and Bo Ma. "Analysis and Study on Surface Quality of Workpiece of Short Electric Arc Machining Process." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.47.

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Owing to the Poor Surface Quality of Workpiece Processed by SEAM, the Work Used the Design Method of Orthogonal Experiment to Search for the Rules between Process Factors and Surface Quality of Machining. through the Range Analysis of Test Results and the Establishment of Process Regression Equation to Find the Rules between the Surface Quality of Workpiece and Process Factors, the Paper Provided the Test and Theoretical Basis to Achieve the Purpose of Improving the Surface Quality of Workpiece of Short Electric Arc Machining Process.

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Żółkoś, Marcin, Marek Krok, Janusz Porzycki, Janusz Świder, and Marek Grabowy. "Grinding processes automated diagnostic test stand." Mechanik 91, no. 8-9 (September 10, 2018): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2018.8-9.122.

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Presented is the automated measuring test stand based on the modified Haas VF-2YT machining center. That allows conducting experimental research of conventional and assisted with workpiece ultrasonic oscillations grinding processes (UAG). Respective measurement paths and automated measurement data acquisition process during the experimental research was discussed. Particular notice was given to grinding force components measurement system.

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Wang, Kai, Wan Chen Sun, Feng Ming Nie, Qing Tang Wu, Huan Wu, and Shan Li. "Research on the Influence of NС Quick-Point Grinding Parameters to Complex Rotator Surface Roughness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1083–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1083.

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It studies the influence of linear speed of grinding wheel and rotational speed of workpiece to complex rotator surface roughness. Using self-designed NC quick-point grinding machine do the grinding test at different linear speeds of grinding wheel and different rotational speeds of workpiece, gained the relationship curve between the linear speed of grinding wheel, rotational speed of workpiece and complex rotator surface roughness. The test results show that using quick-point grinding technology can grind multiple external cylindrical and cone-shaped surfaces by only one time fixing, it can get 0.025um surface roughness in a reasonable condition of the grinding parameters. During point grinding process, higher wheel speed gets better surface roughness, higher workpiece shaft speed gets worse surface roughness.

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Li, Xue Kun, Lan Yan, Waleed Bin Rashid, and Yi Ming Rong. "Research on Microscopic Grain-Workpiece Interaction in Grinding through Micro-Cutting Simulation, Part 1: Mechanism Study." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.9.

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Grinding is regarded as a special multiple edge cutting process, which can be decomposed into grain-workpiece interface, chip-workpiece/bond interface, and bond-workpiece interface at microscopic level. The grain-workpiece interface, which resembles a micro-cutting process, directly modifies the workpiece surface and dominates all the output measures of a grinding process. Therefore, the study of the grain-workpiece interaction through micro-cutting analysis becomes necessary. As the emergence of the packaged FEM software for micro-cutting simulation, apart from single grit cutting test, it enables another qualitative and quantitative investigation method on grain-workpiece interface mechanism in an efficiency and effective manner. In this paper, the efficacy of the commercialized cutting simulation software Third Wave AdvantEdgeTM is evaluated, and the possibility of using AdvantEdgeTM for in-depth understanding of grain-workpiece interface as well as grinding process modeling is studied, too.

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Asai, Kazuhito, Kazuhiko Kitamura, Keisuke Goto, and Nobukazu Hayashi. "Estimation of Frictional Coefficient between Punch and Billet at Back-Stroke in Backward Can Extrusion Test of Steel." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.248.

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A backward can extrusion test provides severe tribological conditions because high pressure, high temperature, and large surface expansion ratio affect the lubricant. During the forward stroke these conditions intensify with increasing cup depth of the extruded workpiece; additionally, the back-stroke force during retraction of the punch rises to a significant level under a poor-lubricated condition. This study estimates the coefficient of friction μp between punch and workpiece during the back-stroke by combining experiments using conventional soap-phosphate coated steel and numerical analysis by FEM. The values of μp were estimated to be 0.09 and 0.03 in case of small and large workpiece depth, respectively. Friction decreased with elevating temperature.

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Guo, Canzhi, Chunguang Xu, Dingguo Xiao, Juan Hao, and Hanming Zhang. "Trajectory planning method for improving alignment accuracy of probes for dual-robot air-coupled ultrasonic testing system." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 172988141984271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419842713.

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Composite workpieces, especially the complex-curved surfaces composite workpieces, have been increasingly used in different industries. Non-destructive testing of these parts has become an urgent problem to be addressed. To solve the problem, this article presents a dual-robot air-coupled ultrasonic non-destructive testing scheme and introduces the structure of the system and a general calibration method for the workpiece frame of a dual-robot system in detail. Importantly, this article proposes a tangential constraint method, which makes the probes completely aligned during the inspection process. Verification experiments and ultrasonic testing experiments for a glued multilayered composite workpiece were performed using the dual-robot air-coupled ultrasonic non-destructive testing system. A comparative experiment was also performed using a dual-robot water jet-coupling ultrasonic testing system. Experimental results show that the dual-robot non-destructive testing scheme and the tangential constraint method function well, and all the artificial defects on the sample can be detected by both kinds of testing methods. Vivid 3-D C-scan image based on the test result is provided for convenience of observation. In other words, a kind of flexible versatile testing platform with multiple degrees of freedom is established.

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Shang, H. M., G. S. Tan, and W. C. M. Tan. "Effects of Prestrain With Strain Gradient Present on Sheet Metal Formability." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 107, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225823.

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In this investigation, two double-stage forming processes are used to study the effects of prestrain on sheet metal formability. The processes chosen are the bulge test and the plunger test using a die throat to punch diameter ratio of 2.42. It is seen that during the second stage of forming, deformation and shape of the deformed shell are influenced by the level of prestrain and strain gradients on the prestrained workpiece. An improved formability is observed when the workpiece for the plunger test is prestrained by hydroforming, but the formability is reduced when the prestraining process becomes the plunger test. The present results also imply that care should be taken in utilizing the forming limit diagram even if it is constructed from double-stage forming, in which strain gradient on the prestrained workpiece is generally absent.

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Hackenhaar, William, Filippo Montevecchi, Antonio Scippa, and Gianni Campatelli. "Air-Cooling Influence on Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.241.

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WAAM (Wire-Arc-Additive-Manufacturing) is an additive manufacturing process which uses arc welding to produce metal parts. This process is prone to heat accumulation, i.e. a progressive increase of the interlayer temperature and molten pool size, having detrimental consequences on the material properties and on the workpiece integrity. This paper investigates the effect of air jet impingement, an active cooling technique, to prevent heat accumulation, on the surfaces of WAAM workpieces. A reference test case was manufactured using traditional free convection cooling and air jet impingement. The workpiece temperature was measured using Ktype thermocouples. The manufactured surfaces were measured using a coordinate measuring machine and compared in terms of deposition efficiency, deposit height and average arithmetical deviation. The temperature results highlight that air jet impingement is effective in preventing the occurrence of heat accumulation. The surface data highlight that air jet impingement increase the deposited height and the surface waviness with a consequent decrease of the deposition efficiency.

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Yin, Peili, Jianhua Wang, and Chunxia Lu. "Measuring Software Test Verification for Complex Workpieces based on Virtual Gear Measuring Instrument." Measurement Science Review 17, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2017-0023.

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AbstractValidity and correctness test verification of the measuring software has been a thorny issue hindering the development of Gear Measuring Instrument (GMI). The main reason is that the software itself is difficult to separate from the rest of the measurement system for independent evaluation. This paper presents a Virtual Gear Measuring Instrument (VGMI) to independently validate the measuring software. The triangular patch model with accurately controlled precision was taken as the virtual workpiece and a universal collision detection model was established. The whole process simulation of workpiece measurement is implemented by VGMI replacing GMI and the measuring software is tested in the proposed virtual environment. Taking involute profile measurement procedure as an example, the validity of the software is evaluated based on the simulation results; meanwhile, experiments using the same measuring software are carried out on the involute master in a GMI. The experiment results indicate a consistency of tooth profile deviation and calibration results, thus verifying the accuracy of gear measuring system which includes the measurement procedures. It is shown that the VGMI presented can be applied in the validation of measuring software, providing a new ideal platform for testing of complex workpiece-measuring software without calibrated artifacts.

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Silva, Olivério Moreira Macedo, Maria do Carmo de Andrade Nono, José Vitor C. Souza, and M. V. Ribeiro. "α-SiAlON: Development and Machining Test on Gray Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 591-593 (August 2008): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.591-593.565.

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The α-SiAlON ceramic cutting tool insert is developed. Silicon nitride and additives powders are pressed and sintered in the form of cutting tool inserts at temperature of 1900 oC. The physics and mechanical properties of the inserts like green density, weight loss, relative density, hardness and fracture toughness are evaluated. Machining studies are conducted on grey cast iron workpiece to evaluate the performance of α-SiAlON ceramic cutting tool. In the paper the cutting tool used in higher speed showed an improvement in the tribological interaction between the cutting tools and the grey cast iron workpiece resulted in a significant reduction of flank wear and roughness, because of better accommodation and the presence of the graphite in gray cast iron. The above results are discussed in terms of their affect at machining parameters on gray cast iron.

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Dubois, A., J. Oudin, and J. M. Rigaut. "Surface behaviour testing of phosphate—stearate coated steel parts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 211, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406971521692.

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Two recently developed tests are used in this work in order to simulate contact and friction conditions in metal working processes. The upsetting—sliding test and the indentation—rotation test are able to measure the frictional properties induced by various lubricants or steel surface treatments during the actual forming operation. In this paper, the interest is focused on friction measurement and seizure performance of steel phosphate coatings strengthened by localized high contact pressures. In the upsetting—sliding test, the indenter slides along the workpiece surface with a given penetration. Depending on the penetration and on the indenter geometry, a more or less strengthened plastic zone appears in the contact surface vicinity. Indenter normal load and tangential force values are related to mean contact pressure and mean friction stress at the contact surface. The experimental surface behaviour is then identified using friction stress—contact pressure curves. In the indentation—rotation test, the workpiece rotates while in contact with a fixed semi-cylindrical slider. Curves of friction force versus workpiece revolutions are related to an increase in coating damage and to seizure. The sensitivity of the upsetting—sliding test is illustrated by friction stress—contact pressure curves obtained for different phosphate—stearate coatings, indenter velocities and workpiece initial roughness. Phosphate—stearate coating performance until seizure is finally obtained from the indentation—rotation test and results from both tests are compared and discussed.

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Gong, Yun Qiu, and Yang Zhang. "A Method to Get Template for Ultrasonic Inspection." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1566.

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In order to avoid getting the CAD model of the workpiece repeatedly in ultrasonic inspection, we use a few measurement points on the workpiece and the template to match the position, and use coordinate transformation in CAD template to quickly generate CAD model of the workpiece under test in the scanning system. In this paper, several aspects such as kinematics modeling for mechanical arm, ultrasonic measurement, surface reconstruction and profiling measurement are studied to introduce the specific process of getting a detection template.

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Guo, Zhi Ping, Zhi Yong Song, and Rong Bo Shi. "Error Source Identification of Machining Accuracy of Five-Axis Linkage CNC Machine Tools." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.34.

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The error sources of machining accuracy of CNC machine tools including geometric error, thermal error, system error and error of load control etc. The error source affect the relative position of the cutting tool and the workpiece by the dynamic motion, and then affect the machining accuracy of the workpiece. By trial cutting method, "S" test part is a new test part for detecting machining accuracy of five-axis linkage machine tools. Through experiment and simulation, identification of the error source of the machining accuracy and the regular of "S" test part surface errors, surface quality, results show that "S" test part can reflect the machining accuracy of CNC machine tool.

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Zhang, Ying, Pei Qi Ge, Lei Zhang, and Jing Liang Jiang. "The Numerical Simulation for Thermal Deformation in Grinding Hardening Thin Workpiece." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.500.

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The high temperature in grinding hardening induces workpiece thermal deformation. The thermal deformation causes a concavity on the ground profile and affects the grinding hardening depth. The paper uses ANSYS thermo-mechanical coupling module to simulate the thermal deformation in grinding hardening. The workpiece profile by simulated is compared with the test result.

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29

Cui, Tonglei, Guixiang Zhang, Yuntao Cui, Linzhi Jiang, Peixin Zhu, and Jiajing Du. "Effect of atomizing rapid solidification spherical abrasive finishing on the surface quality of copper-nickel alloy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235, no. 12 (April 5, 2021): 2004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544054211007993.

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To improve the surface roughness of Copper-Nickel alloy (Cu-Ni alloy) and explore the effect of magnetic abrasive finishing on the surface hardness and hydrophobicity of Cu-Ni alloy, the spherical magnetic abrasives are prepared by atomizing rapid solidification method. The effects of various process parameters on the surface quality of Cu-Ni alloy are explored, and the optimal process parameters of magnetic abrasive finishing of Cu-Ni alloy are obtained. The Neodymium-Iron-Boron permanent magnetic pole is used to grind the workpiece with XK7136C CNC milling machine. Three dimensional profilometer, metallographic microscope, and digital Vickers hardness tester are used to analyze the surface morphology of the workpiece. The hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the workpiece are measured by a contact angle goniometer. The effects of spindle speed, feeding rate, processing distance, and abrasive filling amount on the surface quality of workpiece are investigated by the orthogonal experiment and the single factor test. When the spindle speed is 1300 r/min, the feeding rate is 13 mm/min, the processing distance is 1.2 mm, and the abrasive filling amount is 2.0 g, the surface roughness of Cu-Ni alloy decreases from 0.212 to 0.023 μm and the hardness increases from 114 to 119.8 hv. Finally, the mirror effect of Cu-Ni alloy is achieved. When the optimal test parameters are used, the surface roughness of Cu-Ni alloy can be effectively reduced in a short time. The surface quality of the workpiece is improved, the surface hardness of the workpiece is affected to a certain extent, and the service life of the workpiece is prolonged.

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Liu, Li Hong, Han Bing Cao, and Zhan Ni Li. "Metal Low Temperature Brittleness and Low Temperature Machining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 79 (July 2011): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.79.288.

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Most metal materials tend to produce brittle fracture at low temperature. Nominal stress of producing brittle fracture is low, generally lower than yield limit. By use of this property, the machinability of the workpiece, tool life and workpiece surface quality can be improved. Classification and application of low temperature machining was introduced in the paper. Tests of low temperature machining were carried out. The test results show low temperature machining is superior to the cutting in normal temperature for the aspects of tool life and the roughness of workpiece surface.

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31

Samanta, B., W. Erevelles, and Y. Omurtag. "Prediction of workpiece surface roughness using soft computing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 222, no. 10 (October 1, 2008): 1221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem1035.

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A study is presented to model surface roughness in end-milling using soft computing (SC) or computational intelligence (CI) techniques. The techniques include the artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). ANFIS combines the learning capability of ANN and the effective handling of imprecise information in fuzzy logic. Prediction models based on multivariate regression analysis (MRA) are also presented for comparison. The machining parameters, namely, the spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, were used as inputs to model the workpiece surface roughness. The model parameters were tuned using the training data maximizing the modelling accuracy. The trained models were tested using the set of validation data. The effects of different machining parameters, number, and type of model parameters on the prediction accuracy were studied. The procedure is illustrated using the experimental data of end-milling 6061 aluminium alloy. Although statistically all three models predicted roughness with satisfactory goodness of fit, the test performance of ANFIS was better than ANN and MRA. In comparison with MRA, the performance of ANN was better in training but similar in test. The results show the effectiveness of CI techniques in modelling surface roughness.

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32

Xu, Xiao Cun, Zhe Jun Yuan, and Bing Lin. "Study on Contact Pressure between Grain and Workpiece during Floating Polishing." Advanced Materials Research 24-25 (September 2007): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.24-25.161.

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Since almost large die surfaces are free-form surfaces, currently, these are almost manually implemented. In order to overcome this barrier, floating polishing is a feasible polishing technology. The contact pressure between grain and workpiece is a key problem of floating polishing technology. This paper focuses on contact pressure between grain and workpiece. At first, study the friction bound condition between grain and workpiece by ANSYS analysis software, then, compare with the analysis results of slip-line field theory and the test results of single grain. The results show the feasibility of the hypothesis of full friction condition. Finally, study the contact pressure between polishing disk and workpiece using the analysis results of single grain. The research achievements will be used for developing the floating polishing.

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33

Zhou, Shu Hong. "The Automatic Measurement of Complex Surface Based on ZOO-Type CMM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 1682–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.1682.

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In general, when using the three-dimensional measuring machine to test a workpiece, the measuring route should to be planned firstly. Regarding workpieces which are formed by elementary curve or surface, there are specific software installed in the Coordinate Measuring Machine which can be used to generate the measuring route. However, when there are workpieces with no mathematic model, measuring process usually has to be done by manual operation. In this paper, we concentrate on the technical problem of measuring the blade with complex surface. After analyzing the geometric characteristics of blade, we did research on the self-study function of the Coordinate Measuring Machine, and finally put forward a method to rewrite the self-study measuring program according to geometric characteristics, which will successfully realize the automatic measurement of complex curved surface.

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34

Han, Zhi Ren, Qiang Xu, and Ze Bing Yuan. "A Same Area Method Used to Calculate the Strain in Forming for an Axisymmetric Workpiece." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1609.

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An experimental study is conducted to explore a new method to calculate the strain in axisymmetric workpiece forming. When designing deep drawing die for an axisymmetric workpiece, the principal strain during the forming is needed to estimate formability and to decide whether the forming is finished in one pass. Strain calculation is a difficult task, so an ideal same area method used to calculate the strain for an axisymmetric workpiece along with a correction same area method considered thickness reduction rate is proposed here. The deep drawing test for an axisymmetric workpiece is used to obtain the strain along circumference and generatrix direction. The strain along the two directions calculated by the ideal same area method and correction same area method is compared with experimental results. The results show that ideal same area method can be used to calculate the strain during the forming process for an axisymmetric workpiece and the result from correction same area method is close to the experiment.

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35

Mejia-Parra, Daniel, Jairo Sánchez, Oscar Ruiz-Salguero, Marcos Alonso, Alberto Izaguirre, Erik Gil, Jorge Palomar, and Jorge Posada. "In-Line Dimensional Inspection of Warm-Die Forged Revolution Workpieces Using 3D Mesh Reconstruction." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061069.

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Industrial dimensional assessment presents instances in which early control is exerted among “warm” (approx. 600 ∘C) pieces. Early control saves resources, as defective processes are timely stopped and corrected. Existing literature is devoid of dimensional assessment on warm workpieces. In response to this absence, this manuscript presents the implementation and results of an optical system which performs in-line dimensional inspection of revolution warm workpieces singled out from the (forming) process. Our system can automatically measure, in less than 60 s, the circular runout of warm revolution workpieces. Such a delay would be 20 times longer if cool-downs were required. Off-line comparison of the runout of T-temperature workpieces (27 ∘C ≤ T ≤ 560 ∘C) shows a maximum difference of 0.1 mm with respect to standard CMM (Coordinate Measurement Machine) runout of cold workpieces (27 ∘C), for workpieces as long as 160 mm. Such a difference is acceptable for the forging process in which the system is deployed. The test results show no correlation between the temperature and the runout of the workpiece at such level of uncertainty. A prior-to-operation Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test validates the repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) of our measurement system. In-line assessment of warm workpieces fills a gap in manufacturing processes where early detection of dimensional misfits compensates for the precision loss of the vision system. The integrated in-line system reduces the number of defective workpieces by 95 % .

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Teller, Marco, Ingo Ross, André Temmler, Reinhart Poprawe, Stephan Prünte, Jochen M. Schneider, and Gerhard Hirt. "Investigation of Friction Conditions in Dry Metal Forming of Aluminum by Extended Conical Tube-Upsetting Tests." Key Engineering Materials 767 (April 2018): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.767.189.

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In cold forming of aluminum, various lubricants and coatings are typically used to reduce friction and wear, resulting in higher workpiece surface quality. The preparation of the workpiece surfaces and the cleaning of the products after the forming step generate a significant amount of environmentally hazardous residues. Therefore, current research focuses on the realization of dry metal forming processes. Instead of lubricants, modified tool surfaces can also optimize tribological conditions in the interaction zone of forming tool and workpiece. The applicability of these surfaces needs further examination before usage within an industrial manufacturing process. In this paper, different surface modifications are examined by using a conical tube-upsetting test setup that is based on the concept of the well-known ring-compression test. The conical tool surface homogenizes the relative displacement between tool and workpiece and suppresses the appearance of a neutral point. Conical tools from AISI H11 / DIN 1.2343 and AISI D2+ / DIN 1.2379+ are laser polished and functionalized with self-assembled monolayers. Friction conditions resulting from different surface modifications are analyzed and evaluated by the use of nomograms. Moreover, the applicability of different friction laws for dry metal forming of aluminum is investigated.

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37

Harada, Yasunori, Minoru Matsumoto, Masayuki Nunobiki, and Katsuhiko Takahashi. "Surface Modification of Magnesium Alloy by Shot Lining and Laser Heating." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.703.

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Magnesium alloy has a wide range of application prospects in the automobile and electronic industries. However, peeling of the coating material may occur under harsh environments such as high and low temperatures and high humidity with the conventional coating techniques. The authors have proposed a lining process of metals with thin aluminium foils using shot peening. In this method, the foil can be bonded to the workpiece surface bringing about large plastic deformation. The pressure generated by the hit of many shots is utilized for the bonding. In the present study, to improve the surface characteristics of magnesium alloy, the formation of an Fe-Al intermetallic compound film on magnesium alloy by compound treatment combining shot lining method and heat treatment was mainly investigated. Shot peening was performed with a centrifugal-type machine using cast steel ball. The lined sheet is aluminum foil with pure iron powders, and the workpiece was the commercial magnesium alloys. The lined workpieces are heat treated by laser in air. The Vickers hardness test was performed with a microhardness tester. It was confirmed that the present method could be used for the formation of functional films on the magnesium alloy.

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38

Liu, Qing Yu, Qin He Zhang, Jian Hua Zhang, and Min Zhang. "Influence of Grain Size and Grain Boundary of Workpiece on Micro EDM." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 2116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.2116.

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Micro EDM is used to machine micro features which are of the same size order as material microstructure of workpiece. Due to the difference of the thermal properties between the crystal grain and grain boundary, the machining performance of micro EDM varies with the crystal grain sizes of workpiece. This paper investigated on the influence of grain size and grain boundary on the machining performance of micro EDM. By drilling micro holes on two pieces of stainless steel 304 (SUS 304) which are different in grain sizes, test results revealed that the characteristics of micro EDM is influenced by grain sizes of workpiece materials significantly.

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39

Ettouney, O. M., and K. A. Stelson. "An Approximate Model to Calculate Foldover and Strains During Cold Upsetting of Cylinders Part II: Use of the Foldover Model to Estimate Friction." Journal of Engineering for Industry 112, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899585.

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This paper addresses an approach to calculate the friction coefficient during nonuniform compression of cylinders. The approach combines new friction-calibration curves (prepared using the finite-element analysis) that relate friction to workpiece shape and the foldover model from Part I. Foldover in upsetting is used in the same way that the change in internal diameter is used in the ring test to determine friction. However, the new approach has the advantage that measurements are taken directly from the workpiece. Comparisons of friction values calculated from the ring test and the new approach showed good agreement.

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40

Hu, Chun Ying, Jiang Hua Ge, Xiu Lin Sui, and Ji Jun Zhang. "The Cutting Test Research of Cemented Carbide Face Milling Cutter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (January 2013): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.157.

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According to the requirements of the machined workpiece and the actual cutting conditions, the four cemented carbide face milling cutters with equal pitch are selected, using orthogonal test method, the four factors are studyed ,including spindle speed ,feed per tooth ,axial depth of cutting,radial cutting width, and determining the optimal cutting parameters of the milling tool under the condition of different cutting parameters, to improve processing efficiency and surface quality.

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41

Li, Xue Kun, Lan Yan, M. J. Yi, and Y. M. Rong. "The Study of Wear Flat Effect on the Single Grain Micro-Cutting Performance in Superabrasive Grinding from a Simulation Perspective." Key Engineering Materials 487 (July 2011): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.487.11.

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Grain-workpiece interface, which resembles a micro-cutting process, directly modifies the workpiece surface and dominates all the output measures of a grinding process. The abrasive grains always become worn or dulled during grinding, which alters the grain-workpiece interface output and turns to be the primary factor that causes the transient or time dependent behavior in monolayer superabrasive grinding. Therefore, the study on how the grain wear influences the grain-workpiece interaction through micro-cutting analysis becomes necessary. As the emergence of the packaged FEM software for micro-cutting simulation, apart from single grit cutting test, it enables another qualitative and quantitative investigation method on grain-workpiece interface mechanism in an efficiency and effective manner. Based on previous efficacy verification of Third Wave AdvantEdgeTM, the FEM simulation is carried out to investigate the effect of grain wear on its micro-cutting performance. The simulation results provide an illustrative manner to interpret the phenomenon and mechanism, and the results can be used in the grinding process modeling in the future as well.

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42

Peng, Zi Long, Yi Nan Li, and Z. L. Wang. "Study on Micro Growth Process and Characteristics of Deposited Material in Micro EDM Deposition." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.182.

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The micro growth process and characteristics of deposited material in micro EDM deposition are researched in this paper. In the initial stage of the deposition the deposited material is not an even layer in the diameter direction of tool electrode. The emergence of deposited material will affect the next pulse discharge distribution between tool electrode and workpiece. A micro cylinder with the diameter of 85µm, height of 255µm formed successfully with the fine surface quality using the tool electrode diameter of 200µm. It has shown that micro EDM deposition process has the ability to fabrication more finer micro structures with thinner electrode. The characteristics of deposited material including bonding behavior between deposited material and workpiece, energy spectrum analysis, hardness test and resist compression test of the deposited material have been tested. Results show that the deposited material has compact microstructure and bonds close to the workpiece, which can be used in the occasion of withstanding compress.

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43

Cheng, Xue Li, Yao Hua Si, and Xin Sheng Li. "Structural Dynamic Analysis for the Natural Frequency of the Horn and Workpiece Combination." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.293.

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In order to find the vibration frequency when the workpiece obtains optimum vibration effect, the structural dynamic analysis were conducted in this paper, using finite element dynamic analysis methods on the horn and the workpiece combination. Through the vibration mode analysis, the resonant frequency of the horn and workpiece combination along the workpiece axial direction (y) is 20.845KHZ, along the x, z direction are respectively 22.373KHZ and 22.375KHZ, which are in the range of the ultrasonic generator frequency adjustment. Through the harmonic response analysis, the displacement amplitude in the big end of the horn is substantially equal, the displacement of each node on the symmetry axis of the horn increases firstly and then decreases along the axial, reaching the minimum at the wave node, and then gradually increases, reaching the maximum on the free end. The magnification is up to 18.84um, which can meet the requirements of ultrasonic vibration. In addition, it can be seen from the model graph of the workpiece thin segment that in the ultrasonic loading conditions, the thin segment of the workpiece at the middle position are mostly easy to break, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. These findings and follow-up of test results are consistent, which proved the validity and reliability of software analysis.

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44

Abdullah, Ahmad Baharuddin, and Z. Samad. "Measurement of Twist Springback on AA6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Strip - A Preliminary Result." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.44.

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Twist forming is one of a critical process in a sheet metal forming process that has a complex profile. There are a few parameters that need to be taken into consideration, such as twist angle, workpiece geometries including length, width and thickness and material properties of the workpiece material. In this study, the preliminary result of the twist forming behavior of an aluminum alloy strip with uniform section will be studied. The experiment is conducted using torsion test machine. At this stage, the torque pattern was studied and compared with the published work to validate the experiment test rig. The result showed an agreement with the published work.

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45

Shao, Xiao-Dong, Si-Meng Liu, Liu Zhang, and Zhao-Xu Lin. "SIMULATION OF WORKPIECE DEFORMATION CAUSED BY RELEASING THE CLAMPING FORCE." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0058.

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A novel algorithm to predict machining error caused by releasing the clamping force is put forward in this paper. First, the deformity of the workpiece by clamping force is calculated using FEM. Then the relaxing deformity of the workpiece caused by releasing the clamping force is calculated by the mapping method based on mesh model. The machining error is achieved using error analysis technology. A test is conducted to verify the performance of the simulation result.

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46

Lubis, Sobron, Rosehan Rosehan, and Rico Wiguna. "PENGARUH VARIASI SUDUT UJUNG MATA POTONG KARBIDA TERHADAP KEKASARAN DAN TOPOGRAFI PERMUKAAN LOGAM Al 6061 PADA PROSES PEMBUBUTAN." POROS 15, no. 1 (January 6, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/poros.v15i1.1251.

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Abstract: In the process of metal cutting, cutting tools is an important factor to consider. Selection of cutting parameters and cutting tools geometry contributes to the surface condition of the resulting workpiece, especially surface roughness. The nose radius of cutting tools is a piece that rubs against the workpiece that will form a scratch to produce a flake. Various types of cutting tools angles today are developed and certainly give effect to changes in surface roughness of the workpiece and topography. To know the condition of surface workpiece produced, then conducted research influence variation tool nose radius cutting tools to roughness and topography surface workpiece. This research was conducted using CNC lathe. Three variations of end of carbide insert tip used i.e. 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mm are installed. Right on tool holder cutting tools. The cutting speed used is 500 m / min, depth of cut 0.2 mm, and feeding of 0.3 mm / put. Material workpiece aluminum alloy type 6061 turning without using coolant. The workpiece of the lathe result is measurement of surface roughness by using Mitutoyo surface test, and observation of workpiece surface condition done by Jenco digital microscope model BC 4-311. The result of the analysis shows that the surface roughness value is inversely proportional to the increase of nose radius cutting tools tool. The larger the nose radius cutting tools, the smaller the surface roughness. The lowest roughness value is 1.046 μm with cutting speed of 500 m / min and 1.2 mm tool nose radius cutting tools. The percentage decrease in surface roughness with the difference of nose radius cutting tools tool is 12.24%.

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47

Hwang, Jihong, Sridhar Kompella, Srinivasan Chandrasekar, and Thomas N. Farris. "Measurement of Temperature Field in Surface Grinding Using Infra-Red (IR) Imaging System." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 2 (March 19, 2003): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1537748.

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An experimental technique is described for measuring the temperature field in a workpiece during surface grinding. The technique involves measurement of the radiation emitted by a side of the workpiece immediately adjoining the wheel-workpiece contact region using a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) based Infra-Red imaging system. By using an appropriate calibration procedure, measured radiation values are converted to temperatures. Novel aspects of the experimental technique are full-field measurement of temperature at high spatial and temporal resolution, high sensitivity and non-intrusive measurement. The repeatability of temperature measurement is found to be very good. The experiments have provided an accurate estimate of the surface and sub-surface temperatures in the workpiece. Furthermore, by grinding along a taper with a continuously increasing depth of cut, the effect of material removal rate on temperature field has been characterized. Measurements of the temperature field in taper grinding have been found to correlate well with those made in conventional constant depth grinding thereby, establishing taper grinding as a viable, accelerated test for studying grinding temperatures. Full-field measurements of workpiece temperature should facilitate study of thermal damage and multi-scale validation of thermal models in grinding.

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48

Xia, Qin Xiang, Ying Pin Wang, Ning Yuan, and Xiu Quan Cheng. "Study on Spinning of Pentagonal Cross-Section Hollow-Part Based on Orthogonal Experiment Design." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.783.

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The investigation of the effect of processing parameters on forming quality has been one of the highlight researches in spinning. The thickness distribution is an important criterion to evaluate the forming quality. Spinning force affects the processing and equipment design greatly. Combining with the FEA simulation and orthogonal test method, taking the maximum reduction ratio in thickness of workpiece and the maximum spinning force as the evaluation criterion, the esequence of the main forming parameters, such as the feed rate and roundness radius of roller, and the relative height of workpiece were analyzed based on an orthogonal scheme of three-factor and three-level. Both FEA simulation and experiment results show that, during the pentagonal section hollow-part spinning, the influence sequence on the maximum reduction ratio in thickness is relative height of workpiece, feed rate and roundness radius of roller; the influence sequence on the maximum spinning force is relative height of workpiece, roundness radius of roller and feed rate.

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49

Erizon, Nelvi, M. Iksan Ardiyansyah, Jasman Jasman, and Yufrizal A. "Effect of Cooling Media on Steel Hardness ST 37 On Conventional Lathe Process." Teknomekanik 1, no. 1 (June 10, 2018): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/tm.v1i1.372.

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This study aims to determine the type of air cooling media, soluble oil, and air to the result on lathe ST 37 steel. The cooling medium is very important to maintain boring tool deformation and can add product quality. In the process lathe of friction between the workpiece and chisel cut that can produce overheating and influence on the result of the slice boring tool on the workpiece. The research that will be carried out is experimental research with variables that are controlled that is feeding, deep of a cut, and spindle rotation and examination of the hardness of the specimen on the object before done lathe. The sample in this study which is ST 37 steel with diameter 25 mm and length 60 mm as many as 9 specimens which will be done lathe with different type media kind inprocess working. To know influence the type of cooling medium against steel ST 37 is done brinnel hardeness test using test equipment hardness tester. Of the 9 specimens lathe will be determined 3 points to do hardeness tests. From the result of hardness test and analysis obtained from hardness test on steel ST 37 average data that is use of soluble refrigerant media that produce a very good cooling at the time of the lathe process. The results of research is obtained that the use of soluble refrigerant media is the best with an average hardness of 224.10 kg / mm². On the lathe process, the cooling media has oil content will be able to maintain the scores hardness and time-worn on boring tool. Thus to maintain the hardness values can be used soluble oil cooling media and to increase the hardness values of workpieces can be used air cooling media.

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50

Chien, Hsin-Yi, Yu-Chen Wang, and Guan-Chen Chen. "Application of image recognition in workpiece classification." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 6 (June 2021): 168781402110260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211026082.

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With the rapid development of information technology and widespread use of the Internet of Things, machine intelligence will undoubtedly emerge as a leading research topic in the future. The main purpose of the present research is to incorporate an image recognition system into a robotic arm motion to achieve automatic classification. First, we upload captured images to a PC for classification process and use chess patterns to conduct a sampling test. Next, when the system identifies these patterns as proper chess patterns, the robotic arm grabs the objects and moves them to designated locations. The project is divided into two main sections: image recognition and robotic arm motion. In the image recognition section, we use Keras and the Tensorflow open source learning machine to build a convolutional neural network model. Then, we use a learning model network that is a considerably more compact variant of the VGGNet network in the image recognition system. With this model, we achieve a recognition accuracy of 95%. In the robotic arm section, we use a five-axis robotic arm and an Arduino Uno board as the controller. We design the Denavit–Hartenberg parameters of the arm and calculate the direct (inverse) kinematics parameters to plan its trajectory. Thereafter, we use MATLAB software to simulate prototype processes, such as grabbing, moving, and placing. Finally, we import the program into the controller so that the robotic arm can execute classification based on the chess pattern.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Test workpiece'

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