Journal articles: 'Testes pin-on-disc'

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Dzierwa, Andrzej, Pawel Pawlus, Wieslaw Zelasko, and Rafal Reizer. "The Study of the Tribological Properties of One-Process and Two-Process Textures after Vapour Blasting and Lapping Using Pin-on-Disc Tests." Key Engineering Materials 527 (November 2012): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.527.217.

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Wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tester. In the experiment, a steel disc of hardness 40 HRC was put in contact with a steel pin of hardness 64 HRC with spherical end. Disc samples were prepared in order to obtain very similar values of the Sq parameter of one-process and two-process isotropic surfaces. Height of one–process disc surfaces, characterized by the Sq parameter was in the range 0.5 – 6 µm, but of two-process textures 1- 4.5 µm. Dry and lubricated tests, using different contact conditions were carried out. During testing, the friction force was monitored as a function of time. Wear of disc was measured after the test using white light interferometer. Tests under boundary lubrication condition were done using L-AN 46 oil.

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Kaur, Rita G., C. F. Higgs, and Hooshang Heshmat. "Pin-on-Disc Tests of Pelletized Molybdenum Disulfide." Tribology Transactions 44, no. 1 (January 2001): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402000108982429.

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Andersson, Peter. "Water-lubricated pin-on-disc tests with ceramics." Wear 154, no. 1 (April 1992): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(92)90241-y.

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Syahrullail, Samion, Ahmad Mohd Azmi, Norzahir Sapawe, and Amir Khalid. "Wear Characterization of Aluminum Lubricated with Palm Olein at Different Normal Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.401.

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The pin-on-disk tester is a method used for investigating wear. The sliding mechanism between the pin and the disc experimentally creates wear. In this paper, the wear characteristics of an aluminium pin sliding on an SKD11 disc lubricated with double fraction palm olein were investigated. The pin was made from pure aluminum A1100. The results were compared with those of tests in which the disc was lubricated with commercial hydraulic oil. In both sets of experimental conditions, the normal load varied from 4 to 10 kg. Rotational speed was set to 1200 rpm. From this study, it was found that different types of lubricant affect the wear progression and friction coefficient during a sliding movement. The wear progression and friction coefficient depend also on the load applied, surface roughness, pressure applied and contact surface area.

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WOŚ, Sławomir, Waldemar KOSZELA, and Paweł PAWLUS. "THE EFFECT OF THE SHAPE OF OIL POCKETS ON THE FRICTION FORCE." Tribologia 280, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7556.

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Tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc tester under starved lubrication conditions. To achieve a conformal contact, a special construction was used with an adjustable counter sample. Textured surfaces with two dimple patterns (spiral an radial) and four shapes (circle, oval, triangle, and chevron) were tested. The contact area was lubricated with L-AN-46 oil. Before the tests, surface topographies of the discs were measured by a white light interferometer Talysurf CCI Lite. Tests showed that, in starved lubrication conditions, oil pocket shape and pattern affected the friction force.

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PIOTROWSKA, Katarzyna, Paweł BARANOWICZ, Joanna WYSOKIŃSKA-MISZCZUK, Monika MADEJ, and Monika SKÓRA. "THE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE Ti6Al4V ALLOY WITH NITROGEN ION IMPLANTATION." Tribologia 283, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1434.

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The article presents the analysis of the influence of ion implantation on the properties of titanium alloy used in biotribological systems. The object of the study was the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V implanted with nitrogen ions. Tribological model tests were carried out in combination with a sphere with Al2O3 – a Ti6Al4V alloy disc implanted with N+ ions. Experimental friction tests were carried out on pin-on-disc testers in conditions of technically dry conditions and in conditions of lubrication with the Ringer’s solution. The tests on the TRB tester were carried out in a swinging motion, while on the T-01 tester in a sliding movement. Friction coefficient and wear were determined for all tests. Surface morphology testing and chemical composition analyses were performed using the Jeol JSM-7100F scanning electron microscope, equipped with an EDS microanalyzer. Surface geometry measurements prior to and after tribological tests were performed on a Taylor Hobson’s Talysurf CCI contactless optical profilometer. The optical tensiometer was used to determine the contact angles with demineralized water and Ringer’s solution. The tribological tests of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V lead to the conclusion that implantation of N+ ions results in better tribological properties of the alloy. The best tribological characteristics were obtained for a titanium alloy implanted with nitrogen ions under technically dry friction conditions. The influence of the tribological system on Ringer’s fluid influenced the reduction of coefficients of friction in the oscillating movement (Tribometer TRB) and sliding motion (Tester T-01M). In the case of a oscillating movement, higher wear of the tested friction pair was observed under friction conditions with the Ringer solution lubrication.

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Dzierwa, Andrzej. "Influence of Steel Surface Preparation Method on Topography and Tribological Behaviour in Dry Sliding Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 674 (January 2016): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.674.265.

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Tribological tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tester. In the experiment, a steel disc of hardness 40 HRC was put in contact with a steel ball of hardness 62 HRC. Disc samples were prepared in order to obtain very similar values of the Sa parameter, smaller than 0.5 μm. Different methods of preparing smooth surfaces were used. Dry tests using similar contact conditions were carried out. During tests, the friction force was monitored as a function of time. Wear of discs and balls was measured after the test using white light interferometer. In order to decrease variation of the experimental results, during tests the wear debris was continuously removed from the disc surface. It was shown that type of treatment play a role on tribological behavior of sliding pairs.

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Chen, Wei, and Yi Min Gao. "Tribological Characteristics of Si₃N₄-HBN Ceramic Materials for Dry Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.146.

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Using air lubricants, wear tests of Si3N4-hBN composites with different hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) volume fraction sliding against Si3N4ceramic were carried out on a MMU-5G type pin-on-disc tester. For comparison, Si3N4/Si3N4pairs were also tested under the same conditions. The worn surfaces of specimens were observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, the wear debris were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Wear debris layers are formed on the wearing surface when Si3N4-hBN composites slide against Si3N4ceramic under air lubrication. In this situation, the friction coefficients are as high as 0.80-1.20 and the wear coefficients are above 10-5 mm3/Nm for all materials tested.

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Nosko, Oleksii, Takuo Nagamine, Hiroki Mori, and Yuichi Sato. "Friction-Induced Oscillations of a Non-Asbestos Organic Pin Sliding on a Steel Disc." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2015-0014.

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Abstract Friction-induced oscillations result in deterioration of performance of disc brakes and are generally undesired. We conduct experimental study of friction-induced oscillations in a non-asbestos organic material / steel pair used in disc brakes of motor vehicles. The tests are done by use of a pin-on-disc machine in which the pin sample is supported on a deformable beam. The adjustable friction parameters are the disc velocity, contact pressure and temperature. The tests show that the friction coefficient decreases with the sliding velocity and increases with the temperature. The friction-induced tangential oscillation of the pin sample occurs with a frequency equal to the first natural frequency of the beam. The effects of the disc velocity and temperature on the oscillation characteristics are investigated. The oscillation amplitude increases with the disc velocity on the interval of velocities below 2 m/s. Temperature changes of several tens of degrees Celsius lead to the oscillation occurrence / decay. The obtained results can be useful for prognostication of friction-induced oscillations in disc brakes with non-asbestos organic pads.

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WOŚ, Sławomir, Waldemar KOSZELA, and Paweł PAWLUS. "THE EFFECT OF OIL POCKET ARRAYS ON FRICTION COEFFICIENT." Tribologia, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6037.

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Experiments were carried out using pin-on-disc tester in conformal lubricated contact conditions for different normal loads. Surface texturing was done using abrasive jet machining with the application of laser cut mask. In order to eliminate the effect of different input variables in all the experiments, pit-area ratio and sizes of oil pockets were very similar. Five types of oil pocket arrays were tested: radial, concentric, spiral, of a square arrangement, and of a random arrangement for 5% and 17% of pit-area ratio. Different dimple diameters caused various oil pocket densities. The experiments were also made for untextured polished discs. During tests, the friction force was monitored as a function of time. Before and after tests, disc surface topography was measured using a white light interferometer Talysurf CCI Lite. The beneficial effect of surface texturing was obtained for spiral arrays of dimples on disc surface. The presence of a radial array of oil pockets resulted in the worst tribological properties of tribological assemblies containing textured discs.

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Ramesh, M., T. Karthikeyan, A. Kumaravel, and C. Kumaari. "The Effects of Applied Load on Wear Behavior of Al-Quarry Dust Particle Composite Disc Sliding against Automobile Brake Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1357.

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The wear behavior of aluminium alloy (A356) reinforced with 5 wt. % of quarry dust particles composite disc was sliding against automobile brake friction lining pin was investigated. Dry sliding wear studies were investigated in pin-on-disc apparatus. The wear tests were carried out range of applied load 20 to 60 N and constant sliding velocity (0.5 m/s) under sliding distance of 500 m. The wear behavior of aluminium metal matrix composite (AMC) has been compared with the commercially used 25 grade Gray Cast Iron disc (GCI).The results showed that the wear rate of AMC disc decreased with increasing the applied load. However the wear rate of AMC disc with respective pin decreased with increasing the applied load. The coefficient friction increased with increasing the applied load. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) used to investigate the disc and pin. The wear debris was analyzed by SEM image.

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González, C., A. Martín, J. Llorca, M. A. Garrido, M. T. Gómez, A. Rico, and J. Rodríguez. "Numerical analysis of pin on disc tests on Al–Li/SiC composites." Wear 259, no. 1-6 (July 2005): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2005.02.107.

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WIELOWIEJSKA-GIERTUGA, Agnieszka, Tomasz WIŚNIEWSKI, and Rafał RUBACH. "FRETTING CORROSION STUDIES OF MATERIALS USED FOR ELEMENTS OF HIP JOINT ENDOPROSTHESES." Tribologia 281, no. 5 (November 1, 2018): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7667.

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The operational durability of a hip endoprosthesis depends, among others, on the intensity of the damage processes of kinematic junction elements caused by fretting corrosion processes. In the article, the results of comparative studies on the fretting corrosion resistance of alloys commonly used for hip joints, i.e. Ti6Al4V, CoCrMo, stainless steel M30NW, and 316LVM, are presented. The research was carried out by means of a tribological pin-on-disc tester working in reciprocating motion, integrated with a potentiostat equipped with a triac electrode. The tribosystem was a pin pressed by a constant force to a reciprocating disc with a certain amplitude and frequency. The tests were carried out in a medium of aqueous bovine serum heated to 37°C. The conducted comparative tests of the above mentioned materials will allow selection of the best material combination in terms of tribological and fretting corrosion resistance. Under optimized conditions, the modified oils obtained a needed appropriate viscosity class.

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Zhao, Wei, N. He, and L. Li. "Friction and Wear Properties of WC-Co Cemented Carbide Sliding against Ti6Al4V Alloy in Nitrogen Gas." Advanced Materials Research 188 (March 2011): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.188.49.

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Titanium alloys are known for their strong chemical reactivity with surrounding gas due to their high chemical affinity, especially in dry machining. But it is very difficult to study the influence of surrounding gas on the tool-workpiece interface because of the machining processes’ complexity. In this paper, rotating pin-on-disc friction tests have been carried out at room temperature in ambient air and nitrogen gas to investigate the friction and wear behavior of WC-Co cemented carbide sliding against Ti6Al4V alloy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) have been used to examine the worn surface of the WC-Co pin and Ti6Al4V disc. The result shows that, compared to air, nitrogen gas brings a slight decrease in coefficient of friction, but a significant deduction in wear of the pin and disc. The SEM observation and EDX analysis indicate a distinct difference in wear mechanism between the pin and disc. Severe grooved wear, squeezing, adhering and tearing interactions are the main mechanisms causing the extensive wear of Ti6Al4V disc. Abrasion, adhesion and “pulling out” are the main mechanisms resulting in the wear of WC-Co pin.

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Rana, Ramakant, Qasim Murtaza, and R. S. Walia. "GA based optimization of tri-bological behaviour of diamond coated tungsten carbide." World Journal of Engineering 17, no. 3 (May 7, 2020): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2019-0220.

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Purpose In this study, the tri-bological behaviour of the un-coated and diamond coated tungsten carbide was evaluated using the pin-on-disc test rig. The same was also tested on a lathe machine tool. This paper aims to compare the tri-bological behaviour of coated tungsten carbide pin with un-coated tungsten carbide pin it also correlates the wear obtained from the two machines used. Design/methodology/approach Experiments were performed using L8 orthogonal array and results obtained on a pin-on-disc test rig under dry sliding process were optimized through a modern optimization technique i.e. genetic algorithm (GA). The response surface methodology model (L8 orthogonal array) formed the basis for the development of the GA model, which defines the conditions of minimum wear, minimum coefficient of friction and minimum surface roughness for the sliding process of the pin-on-disc test rig. Findings Implementation of the heuristic approach for optimization of input parameters for the combination of tool material used for the turning process. The initial approach involves tri-bological testing considering the same combination. The set of experiments further performed, inferred that the results were similar and that the diamond coating enhances the life of the tool. Originality/value Successfully synthesized the diamond coating on tungsten carbide tool material. Implantation of the heuristic approach, i.e. GA to tri-bological tests to identify the optimized level of input variables. Experimentation involves the tri-bological testing whose results were confirmed through performing experiments on the lathe machine tool.

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Wang, Xin, Rong Bin Li, and Jing Zhang. "Microstructural Evolution in Worn Surface Layer of T10 against 20CrMnTi Steels after Dry Sliding Friction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 692 (November 2014): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.692.282.

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The dry sliding friction test of normalized T10 steel against hardened quenched and tempered 20CrMnTi steel under normal load of 60 N and sliding speed of 0.29m/s was carried out on a pin-on-disc tribo-tester. The microstructures in the worn surface layer of T10 steel pin and 20CrMnTi steel disc were analyzed by OM, SEM, and TEM, which were all severely plastically deformed. The ultrafine and even nanoferrite grains (5 nm to 200 nm) were observed in the worn surface layer of T10 steel pin, which was considered to be the result of severely shear deformation.

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Zhao, Xingzhong, Jiajun Liu, Baoliang Zhu, Hezhou Miao, and Zhenbi Luo. "Wear simulation of Si3N4 cutting tool material on a pin-on-disc tester." Ceramics International 23, no. 6 (January 1997): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-8842(96)00058-2.

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Yusubov, Fikrat Fakhraddin. "Frictional Heat Simulation of Brake Composites in a Pin-on-Disc Tribotesting." Nano Hybrids and Composites 32 (April 2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.32.63.

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This paper presents the comparative investigation of temperature distributions in the pin-on-disc tribo-contact with dry friction conditions. Heat generation and distribution mechanism in contact of a pin made by phenolic resin–based brake friction composite and 35HNL steel disc counter-face material were studied. Both experimental and simulation methods were used to study the temperature changes. In order to analyse the thermal effects, the change in the coefficient of friction with time were also characterized. Experimental friction tests performed on universal “pin-on-disc"-type friction and wear test machine model MMW-1. Interface temperature measurements of the disc was conducted non-contact type infra-red laser thermometer. Heat simulations were modelled via finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5, Heat Transfer in Solid Module. The simulations helped to determine in the increase of temperature over selected time period. Obtained experimental results compared with results of numerical analysis.

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BORAWSKI, Andrzej, Dariusz SZPICA, and Grzegorz MIECZKOWSKI. "Verification tests of frictional heat modelling results." Mechanics 26, no. 3 (June 18, 2020): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.26.3.23775.

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Simulation tests have currently become very popular. It gives access to values and parameters which are difficult or impossible to obtain in real conditions. However, in many cases the accuracy of the results may raise concerns, as not every researcher conducts verification tests. This article looks into the quality of results obtained in virtual tests. The tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc station. The main parameter of the verification study was the temperature of the pin measured along its axis at 1mm from the friction surface. This shows that computer models produce results which accurately reflect real-life phenomena.

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Zsidai, Laszlo, and Robert Keresztes. "Tribological behaviour and surface quality of polymeric industrial sealing materials." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 1, no. 1 (November 6, 2010): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v1i1.20427.

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Tests presented in our research work as an example give look into the wear and frictionbehaviour of some typical polymer sealing compound (POM, PEEK, PA). The measurementsexamine above all the effect of surface roughness onto the wear and friction behaviour wear incase of optimal loading relations. We have carried out the test in pin-on –disc system. Based onthe test results we have classified the polymers on the basis of wear and friction factors.Keywords polymer tribology, sliding seals, surface roughnes, pin on disc

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Rajan, Rakesh K., Hemant Kumar, Shaju K. Albert, and T. R. Vijayaram. "Sliding Friction and Wear Characteristics of Grade 410 Martensitic Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1346.

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Present work aimed at investigating the friction and wear of martensitic stainless steel of grade 410. This steel is used in nuclear industry for various moving components due to its high strength and moderate corrosion resistance. Properties of this material depend upon the heat treatment to which subjected to. The wear tests by sliding were performed on a pin on disk apparatus whose pin is in normalized and tempered condition. The counter face disc was machined from EN24 steel of high hardness in nature. The AISI 410 stainless steel wear rates were evaluated using Pin-on Disc Tribometer at various load and sliding speed. The worn pins were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometer.

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Studnicki, A., M. Gromczyk, M. Kondracki, J. Suchoń, and J. Szajnar. "Primary Crystallization Studies and Abrasion Analysis of Cr-Ni-Mo Cast Steel." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0083.

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Abstract The article shows results of studies of primary crystallization and wear resistance of Cr-Ni-Mo cast steel intended for work in corrosive and abrasive conditions. The studies of primary crystallization were conducted with use of TDA method and modified tester allowing measurement casting cooling time influence on the cooling and crystallization curves of studied alloys. After heat treatment of examined cast steel wear tests of the samples were conducted on pin-on-disc type device.

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Huskic, Aziz, Bakir Mehic, Martin Kasper, and Douglas Vaught. "Development of a Heating System for a Spiral Tribometer to Investigate the Influence of Temperature on Tribological Systems." Advanced Materials Research 966-967 (June 2014): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.966-967.87.

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Tribometer measurements are used to simulate and investigate friction and wear mechanisms in sliding solid state systems. In metal forming and especially in deep drawing, tribometers are used to study the friction characteristics in the area of the stamp edge and draw edge rounding of a deep drawing tool. To replicate the reality of the deep drawing process a commercially available pin-on-disc tribometer is only useable to a certain extent because only a circular path can be traversed. At the Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences in Wels a spiral tribometer has been developed that can measure the friction coefficient along the desired friction distance. During the deep drawing process the temperature on the surface of a deep drawing tool rise due to the friction and wear conditions caused by the process. In order to investigate the influence of temperature the spiral tribometer is equipped with a heating system. To verify the results, comparison tests are performed with a commercially available pin-on-disc tribometer. Comparative tests confirm that the results obtained with the developed spiral tribometer match the values of the pin-on-disc tribometer.

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Pradeep, M., Packkirisamy Vignesh, M. Arun, and M. Durairaj. "Investigation of Surface Roughness on R19 Steel Using PIN on Disc Apparatus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.81.

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Influence of surface roughness on coefficient of friction of Titanium coated R19 Steel is investigated in this paper using Pin on Disc Apparatus. Wear properties of R19 Steel are evaluated because it is widely used in making the rail wheel and rail roads over the years. Titanium coating of 100nm thickness was deposited on the R19 Steel by Electron Beam Gun Physical Vapor Deposition method. Wear and friction parameters were evaluated using Pin on Disc apparatus. The Surface morphology plays an important role in affecting the wear rate. Non-contact surface roughness tester was used to examine the surface texture and measure the surface roughness of the specimens. The test was carried out in a pin on disc apparatus for Normal Load of 15N, Sliding Velocity of 3m/s and Time 5 min. The texture and the roughness parameters of the surface affect the coefficient of friction. The experimental values of roughness parameters of uncoated and coated disc and its effect on coefficient of friction are compared and validated. Results show that the Coefficient of friction decreases with lower value of Ra. Lower values of frictional force and coefficient of friction results in lower wear rates.

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PTAK, Anita, and Piotr KOWALEWSKI. "THE INFLUENCE OF REDUCING TEMPERATURE ON CHANGING YOUNG’S MODULUS AND THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF SELECTED SLIDING POLYMERS." Tribologia 279, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7018.

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For the polymeric materials, changing of the temperature causes changes in mechanical and tribological properties of sliding pairs. The goal of the present study was to determine the change in Young's modulus and kinetic friction coefficient depending of the temperature. Three thermoplastic polymers, PA6, PET and PEEK, were tested. These materials cooperated in sliding motion with a C45 construction steel disc. As part of the experiment, the Young's modulus tests (by 3-point bending method) and kinetic friction coefficient studies (using pin-on-disc stand) were carried out. The temperature range of mechanical and tribological tests was determined at T = –50°C±20°C. Comparing the results of mechanical and tribological properties, there is a tendency to decrease the coefficient of friction as the Young's modulus increases while reducing the working temperature.

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khaleal, Jwan, Ramadan Gardi, and Dlair Ramadan. "Wear Resistance of 304 Austenitic Stainless-steel Friction Welded Joints." Journal of Duhok University 23, no. 1 (September 14, 2020): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/csjuod.2020.23.1.20.

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In the present work, similar joint of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel with a designed joint interface by 6 mm diameter and 6 mm depth, were processed by rotary friction welding route. Different parameters including forging pressure (192.4, 240.5, 288.6 and 384.8 MPa), friction pressure (192.4 MPa), frictional speed (560 RPM) and frictional time (1min) are examined. Pin on disc wear tester was used for wear test with counter disc SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel and cylindrical AISI 304 pin specimens. The surface roughness of duplex stainless-steel disc was measured. The wear rate in terms of weight loss were obtained for the pin specimens. The results of designed joint interface specimens showed better wear resistance than as-received. The variation of increasing wear loss with sliding distance has been found to be uniform for all the specimens. Further, it was noted from the experiments that the wear rate increased with increasing forging pressure.

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Wieszała, R., and J. Piątkowski. "Selected Tribological Properties of A390.0 Alloy." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0153.

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AbstractEmergence of new designs for internal combustion engines resulted in a necessity to search for new materials which will rise to excessive technological requirements under operating conditions of modern internal combustion engines of up to 150 kW. Focusing only on material properties, theoretically existing alloys should meet presents requirements. More importantly, existing materials are well fitted to the entire crank-piston system. Thus, there is a need for a more thorough examination of these materials. The paper presents studies on determination of coefficient of friction μ and wear for the A390.0 alloy modified with AlTi5B master alloy combined with EN GJL-350 cast iron. The characteristics of a T-11 tribological tester (pin on disc) used for the tests, as well as the methodology of the tribological tests, were described. Also, the analysis of the surface distribution of elements for the pin and the disc was presented. The studies were realized in order to find whether the analyzed alloy meets the excessive requirements for the materials intended for pistons of modern internal combustion engines. The results show that the A390.0 alloy can only be applied to a load of 1.4 MPa. Above this value was observed destructive wear, which results in the inability to use it in modern internal combustion engines.

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Li, Jian, Yong Zhen Zhang, Peng Li, Bao Shangguan, and San Ming Du. "Influence of Contacting Pressure on Current Stability and Tribological Properties of CPMM Collector Materials against Cu/Cr Alloy under High Sliding Speed with Electric Current." Advanced Materials Research 51 (June 2008): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.51.99.

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Dry sliding tests with electric current were carried out on a pin-on-disc system tribometer in this study, where copper-base powder metallurgy material and copper alloy QCr0.5 were used as the pin and the disc respectively. The researches were aimed at exploring relation between tribological properties and current stability of the couple under different loads. The results indicate that the current stability and friction coefficient increases with current and load. Moreover, co-effect between the current stability and tribological behavior has been found, which behaves in the way that the higher the current stability, the higher dynamic current collection capability and tribological properties.

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Sun, Xue Tong, and Cheng Xin Lin. "Tribological Behaviour of Ceramic Coatings Formed on Titanium Alloy through Miro-Arc Oxidation Technique." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.898.

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In the present work, the wear behaviour of coatings produced on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by micro-arc oxidation method was studied. The wear tests were performed using a pin-on-disc wear machine under dry sliding conditions. It is found that the MAO coating can efficiently improve the wear-resistant performance of Ti alloy in the test range of this paper. The coated samples demonstrated wear rates up to 5-12 times lower than that of the uncoated substrates tested. The wear behaviours are deeply characterized by the variations of coating structure and composition.

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Sun, Shaoni, Liyang Xie, Peter Kelly, Risheng Long, Manhong Li, and Jiling Feng. "The Influence of Rotating Direction on the Tribological Behavior of Grey Cast Iron with Curve Distributed Pit Textured Surface." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8095916.

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To investigate the influence of surface features, in the form of pits, on the wear resistance of grey cast iron (GCI), a finite element model of the pin-on-disc friction system, with pits distributed in a curved radial direction, was developed using APDL programming and the tribological behavior of textured surfaces was studied. The influence of relative rotation direction between the disc and the pin on the thermal behavior of the friction system under dry wear conditions was researched. GCI and C30E steel samples with pit textured surfaces were manufactured using laser marking equipment and tested using a tribology wear testing rig. The mass losses were measured and the worn surfaces were characterized. The influence of different rotation directions on the tribological behavior of the pit textured surfaces was also investigated. The simulation and test results revealed that rotation direction was a crucial parameter in determining the tribological behavior of surfaces with these features, regardless of the material. Under the conditions tested, when the pin rotated anticlockwise, the samples showed better friction and wear behavior than when the pin rotated clockwise. These results can provide important guidance for the optimization of the design of heavy-load brake systems and other similar applications.

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So, H. "Characteristics of wear results tested by pin-on-disc at moderate to high speeds." Tribology International 29, no. 5 (August 1996): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(95)00097-n.

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Meresse, Damien, Michel Watremez, Souad Harmand, and Laurent Dubar. "Determination of Heat Repartition Parameters on High Speed Pin-on-Disc Tribometer by Inverse Heat Conduction Method." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1061–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1061.

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The heat transfers are investigated between a phenolic pin sliding against a steel disc. Inverse heat conduction methods are used to identify the temperature fields and the heat fluxes at the contact surface for each part. Experimentals tests are performed on the High Speed Tribometer designed to reproduce mechanical and thermal conditions met in forming and braking applications at reduced scale. It allows to measure temperatures inside rotating part in seven locations with K-type thermocouples sensors connected to a telemetry system. Their positions have been chosen regarding a sensibility analysis performed in expected thermal conditions. The heat distribution on the disc surface, the heat repartition parameter α between the pin and the disc and the sliding thermal conductance hc are discussed regarding the friction conditions during the tribological tests performed. In this tribological system, the temperature and the pressure influences on hc are highlighted. The originality of this work is the possibility to calculate two dimensional transient heat fluxes for sliding speed until 15m.s-1 thanks to several thermocouple measurements.

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Selmy, AI, MA Abd El-baky, and DA Hegazy. "Wear behavior of glass–polyamide reinforced epoxy hybrid composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 2 (November 11, 2018): 214–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718805127.

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The abrasive wear performance of glass–polyamide fibers/epoxy composites was experimentally studied using a pin-on-disc wear tester at different applied normal loads. Specimens were fabricated in inter-ply configuration using the hand layup technique. Specimens were subjected to distilled water and sea water immersion at room temperature for 200 days. The effects of the reinforcement hybridization, stacking sequence, and relative fiber amounts on the wear behavior of dry and wet specimens were discussed. Temperature rise at the specimen pin–disc interface has been measured. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that distilled water and sea water uptake of glass/epoxy composite is 2.5 and 2 times those of polyamide/epoxy counterparts. Correction factor decreases the diffusion coefficient by about 24% and 26% for, respectively, polyamide/epoxy and glass/epoxy composites. Hybridizing glass fiber composite with polyamide fiber could reduce the specimen’s weight loss during wear test for dry and wet specimens. Water uptake induces a significant decrease in wear resistance of the studied composites. Stacking sequence has a slight effect on wear resistance, while relative fiber amounts have a noticeable effect. The maximum temperature at the specimen pin–disc interface (21.5°C) was noticed for glass/epoxy composite under applied load of 10 N. As the applied load and the sliding time increase, the wear resistance of the composites decreases but the temperature at the specimen pin–disc interface increases. SEM observations show debonding, cracks, fiber fracture, and debris formation.

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TARASIUK, Wojciech, Jerzy NAPIÓRKOWSKI, Krzysztof LIGIER, and Bazyli KRUPICZ. "COMPARISON OF THE WEAR RESISTANCE OF HARDOX 500 STEEL AND 20MnCr5." Tribologia 273, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6254.

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The paper presents the results of experimental studies on abrasion resistance of Hardox 500 steel and 20MnCr5 steel subjected to thermo-chemical treatment. These types of steel are often used for agricultural or construction machinery. Abrasion tests were performed on a T-11 pin using a disc tester. The test conditions correspond to the wear caused by micro-grinding and grain-cutting using particles from the product as well as a result of abrasion produced by loose abrasive material created through the chipping of silica sand grains. The obtained results can be useful in the selection of materials for machine components.

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Sadowski, Piotr, and Emil Czajka. "Modification of tribological tester t-01m allowing testing in conditions of lubrication." MATEC Web of Conferences 252 (2019): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925208004.

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Researchers often want to develop their experiments in terms of wide range of testing conditions and results possible to acquire. One way to achieve this is to adapt existing testing equipment to new requirements. This paper proposes a method for extending the capabilities of the T-01M tester with a pressure lubrication system of a pin on disc contact, its construction and adjustments. Tribological tests carried out with the presence of a lubricant showed the correct functioning of the modified tester. We obtained several variables for the selected friction pair and friction parameters in the lubricated joint: friction force, friction coefficient, mass wear, friction work, wear intensity and specific wear. Verification tests confirmed suitability of the tester modification, adapting it to friction and wear tests in a lubricated contact. The expanded stand can be used (in the future) for tribological tests of lubricated frictional pairs to measure friction, wear, friction pairs temperature and to compare used lubricants.

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Ozsoy, Iskender, Adullah Mimaroglu, and Huseyin Unal. "Influence of micro- and nanofiller contents on friction and wear behavior of epoxy composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 4 (July 26, 2017): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2014-0262.

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AbstractIn this study, the influence of micro- and nanofiller contents on the tribological performance of epoxy composites was studied. The fillers are micro-Al2O3, micro-TiO2, and micro-fly ash and nano-Al2O3, nano-TiO2, and nanoclay fillers. The microfillers were added to the epoxy by 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight. The nanofillers were added to the epoxy by 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. Friction and wear tests were conducted using the pin-on-disc arrangement. Tribo elements consisted of polymer pin and DIN 1.2344 steel counterface disc. A load value of 15 N, a sliding speed of 0.4 m/s, a sliding distance of 2000 m, and dry atmospheric conditions were applied to test conditions. The results show that the friction coefficients and the specific wear rates of the nanofilled composites increase as the filler content increases. For microfiller-filled epoxy composites, these values decrease as filler content increases. The tribological performance of epoxy composites is enhanced by the addition of microfillers, and the higher enhancement is reached with the addition of 30% fly ash filler. Finally, the pin and disc worn surface images show the presence of adhesive and some abrasive wear mechanisms.

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Liang, Chenfan, Yu Wang, Kai Zhang, and Zhijian Peng. "Dry Sliding Behavior of Qbe-2 Beryllium Bronze against 38CrMoAlA Steel in Pneumatic Downhole Motor under Different Loads." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030459.

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In drilling engineering, the wear of tribo-pairs is the primary cause for the rapid failure of rotating seals in pneumatic downhole tools. In order to reduce the wear of tribo-pairs, a new type of rotating seals was designed in this work, which introduced copper alloys between the stator and rotor. To elucidate the wear and failure mechanism of the copper-steel tribo-pair rotating seals in pneumatic downhole motors, pin-on-disc dry sliding tests with Qbe-2 beryllium bronze pin against 38CrMoAlA steel disc under different loads were thus designed to simulate the friction and wear behavior of such tribo-pair. During the dry sliding process, the friction behavior of the copper pin would go through a running-in period and then become stable. As the load increases, the running-in period will be shortened, while the friction coefficient during the stable period decreases. Interestingly, a false stability occurs when the load is low. However, this phenomenon will disappear under heavy loads. The wear mechanism of the copper pins would change from adhesive wear to ploughing wear as the load increases, which is mainly related to the spalling of asperities and the filling of wear debris into the steel disc. The wear debris consists of copper and copper oxide. The surface roughness of the steel disc and copper pin decreased and the size of the wear debris increased with the increase of the load. The material removal mainly occurs on the copper pin, which will present a relatively small value under 45 N. On contrast, due to the filling of wear debris, the volume of the steel disc increased. Therefore, considering the value and stability of friction coefficients, as well as the wear amount of the sample, it would be better that such tribo-pair could work under 45 N. The present work will provide a fundamental understanding and solid support for systematically designing the tribo-pairs in pneumatic downhole tools under practical working conditions.

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Caliman, Radu. "Studies Regarding the Influence of Loading Force on the Wear Intensity in Case of Polymeric Composite Materials Reinforced with Short Carbon Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.36.

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This paper presents a study of the wearing behaviour of polymeric composite materials reinforced with short carbon fibres. Reinforces carbon fiber materials are more effective if refer to specific properties per unit volume compared to conventional isotropic materials. The composite materials used in this research work are obtained combining epoxy with short carbon fibres with titanium carbide and tantalum carbide in order to investigate the wearing intensity of the obtained composites. Varying the percent of epoxy from 29,35% to 43,92% and the percent of short carbon fibres from 35,43% to 53,70%, two different composite materials are obtained and tested. Wearing intensity tests are carried out, at room temperature, in dry conditions, on a pin-on-disc machine. The friction coefficient was measured maintaining constant the rotational speed (14 m/s) and time (120s) and varying the pin-on-disc pressing force: 4, 8 and 12 daN. The pressing load had different effects on the wearing behaviour of the composite coating in dry friction condition. With low percent of epoxy and high percent of carbon fibers the wearing intensity is touching the highest value and gradually decreases with the increasing load, while in low percent of carbon fibers the wearing intensity became larger gradually along with the load increasing.

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Lin, Yuan Ching, Jia Bin Bai, and Jiun Nan Chen. "Improved Wear Resistance of AISI 304L by Cladding Boride Layers Using the GTAW Process." Advanced Materials Research 966-967 (June 2014): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.966-967.386.

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The austenitic stainless steel (SS) of AISI 304L is widely used in industrial applications because of its superior anti-corrosion resistance. However, the material suffers from a lower hardness, thus reducing wear resistance. In this study, AISI 304L was clad with tungsten boride (WB) ceramic powder using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process to increase surface hardness and improve wear resistance. The microstructure of the cladding layer was investigated using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The hardness distribution of the cladding layer was measured using a micro-Vickers hardness tester. Wear tests were conducted with a pin-on-disc tribometer at the ambient condition, while simultaneously monitoring friction coefficient variation. Surface frictional temperature was recorded with K-type thermocouples during wear tests. The worn morphology of the tested specimens was observed by SEM to identify wear characteristics. The results show that WB cladding successfully increased the hardness and the wear resistance of AISI 304L. Keywords: GTAW, WB, wear resistance, microstructure

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Tarasiuk, W., A. I. Gordienko, A. T. Wolocko, J. Piwnik, and B. Szczucka-Lasota. "The Tribological Properties of Laser Hardened Steel 42CrMo4 / Właściwości Tribologiczne Stali 42Crmo4 Hartowanej Laserowo." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0469.

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The paper presents results of research tribological properties laser hardened steel 42CrMo4. Parameter influencing on the quality of the hardened surface was laser head speed. The study was conducted on friction tester pin-on-disc type T-11, and a counter sample disc was silicate. Parameter determining the quality of the surface layer is the intensity of wear. Based on the results we obtain information about the laser head speed to temper steel 42CrMo4 so as to maintain a high resistance to wear.

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Lee, Jung Moo, Suk Bong Kang, and Jian Min Han. "Effects of Surface Coating on Wear Properties of A356-20vol.%SiCp Composites." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1409.

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Thick alumina coatings were performed on A356-20vol.% SiCp composites by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process with different processing time. The dry sliding wear tests were performed on A356-20vol.% SiCp composites with and without surface coating. The samples were tested by pin-on-disc wear test equipment with different applied load and sliding velocity. It is revealed that MAO coating improves resistance to wear of A356-20vol.% SiCp composites in the severe wear conditions. On the basis of the observations and analysis of the worn surface, worn subsurface, wear debris and variation of friction coefficient, the role of MAO coating layer is examined.

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Rodriguez-Rojas, Fernando, Oscar Borrero-Lopez, Paul J. Constantino, Amanda G. Henry, and Brian R. Lawn. "Phytoliths can cause tooth wear." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 17, no. 172 (November 2020): 20200613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0613.

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Comparative laboratory sliding wear tests on extracted human molar teeth in artificial saliva with third-body particulates demonstrate that phytoliths can be as effective as silica grit in the abrasion of enamel. A pin-on-disc wear testing configuration is employed, with an extracted molar cusp as a pin on a hard disc antagonist, under loading conditions representative of normal chewing forces. Concentrations and sizes of phytoliths in the wear test media match those of silica particles. Cusp geometries and ensuing abrasion volumes are measured by digital profilometry. The wear data are considered in relation to a debate by evolutionary biologists concerning the relative capacities of intrinsic mineral bodies within plant tissue and exogenous grit in the atmosphere to act as agents of tooth wear in various animal species.

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BROŃCZYK, Anna, Piotr KOWALEWSKI, and Damian PIEKARZ. "INVESTIGATION OF SLIDING PROPERTIES OF SELECTED PLASTICS AND GREASES APPLIED FOR ELEMENTS OF WINTER SPORT EQUIPMENT." Tribologia 282, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8412.

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The article presents the results of friction coefficient measurements of selected polymer materials applied for elements of winter sports equipmentsliding against ice. After testing, one of thematerials, polyethylene, which is the most commonly used material for ski slides, was selected and tested again, this time, in the presence of various types of ski lubricants. The research was carried out on a pin-on-disc tester placed in a climatic chamber. Obtained results revealed that the selection of the lubricant is a matter of great importance to the reductionof the frictional resistance and should be strictly conditioned by the ambient temperature and associated prevailing snow conditions.

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Morris, S., R. J. K. Wood, T. J. Harvey, and H. E. G. Powrie. "Use of Electrostatic Charge Monitoring for Early Detection of Adhesive Wear in Oil Lubricated Contacts." Journal of Tribology 124, no. 2 (June 19, 2001): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1398293.

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Electrostatic charge sensing technology has been used to monitor adhesive wear in oil lubricated contacts. Previous work in this area demonstrated that “precursor” charge events may be detected prior to the onset of scuffing. Possible charging mechanisms associated with the precursor events were identified as tribocharging, surface charge variation, exo-emissions and debris generation. This paper discusses the proposed charging mechanisms and details a series of investigative tests using an adapted pin-on-disc (PoD) rig. The PoD tests focused on surface charge variation effects and were of two types, non-contact, where different materials were inserted in the disc, and controlled scuffing tests.

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Samyn, Pieter, and Patrick de Baets. "Determination of Friction and Wear of Engineering Polymers by Means of Large-Scale Specimen Testing." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1077.

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Although tribological tests on polymers are traditionally performed on small-scale pin-on-disc or bloc-on-ring configurations, present sliding tests under high load provide more accurate de-sign data. For wear tests on large samples edge effects, stress concentrations and the moveability of wear debris into the contact zone are simulated close to practice. It is illustrated that friction is gene-rally lower compared to small-scale tests, while overload and deformation occur more frequently.

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Mojumder, Soumyajit, Soumya Sikdar, and Subrata Kumar Ghosh. "Experimental study of wear for implant materials under dry sliding conditions." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-04-2016-0079.

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Purpose Artificial biomaterials are implanted to the human body to support the structure depending upon the extent of deformity or damage. This paper aims to formulate an experimental approach to assess the suitability of materials that can be used in the manufacture of human implants. Design/methodology/approach Five different pin materials such as SS304, Alumina, HDPE, UHMWPE and Brass have been chosen to be suitable for implants. The tribological properties of the aforementioned materials have been tested on a simple pin-on-disc apparatus. EN31 was chosen as the disc material because its hardness value is much higher than that of the pin materials used. The test materials were constructed in the form of spherical end pins to have point contacts and to reduce the depth of wear. Findings It has been observed that the polymeric (HDPE and UHMWPE) and ceramic materials (Alumina) are much better than the traditional metallic materials. The wear rate is very low for these materials owing to their self-lubricating properties. Practical implications The experimental studies will help predict the performance and life of implant materials in the human body. Originality/value In most cases, SS316L that possesses nickel compositions is used as the disc material; SS316L is toxic to the human body. In the present study, a high carbon alloy steel with high degrees of hardness EN31 is used as a disc counter-face material.

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Pakuła, Daniel, Marcin Staszuk, Małgorzata Dziekońska, Pavel Kožmín, and Adam Čermák. "Laser Micro-Texturing of Sintered Tool Materials Surface." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193152.

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The purpose of this paper is to show the effect of tool materials surface treatment while using laser texturing on the structure and properties of cemented carbides and sialon ceramics. The tests were made on multi-point inserts subjected laser texturization and honeycomb-like texture was obtained. Comprehensive investigations in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were made. Morphology was examined by the use of atomic forces microscope (AFM) and confocal microscope. The chemical composition of the tested materials using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) was investigated. Moreover, exploitative properties, including wear resistance using the "pin on disc" method and roughness, were also tested. It was found that the laser texturing provides a suitable modification of the structure improving tribological properties. Tests suggest that laser texturing can contribute to the durability of cutting tool’s edge, which qualifies this type of surface treatment for wide industrial applications.

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Ding, Tao, Guang Xiong Chen, Ming Xue Shen, Min Hao Zhu, and Wei Hua Zhang. "Effect of Arc Discharge on Friction and Wear Behaviors of Stainless Steel/Copper-Impregnated Metalized Carbon Couple under Electric Current." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1364.

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Friction and wear tests of stainless steel rubbing against copper-impregnated metalized carbon with electric current were carried on the pin-on-disc tester. The result indicates that arc discharge occurs in the process of experiments, and the intensity of arc discharge of interface increases with increasing of electric current and sliding velocity. As increasing of the arc discharge intensity, friction coefficient shows a tendency of slightly increase. While the rate of copper-impregnated metalized carbon material increase significantly with the increase of arc discharge intensity. Through observing the worn surface morphology of pin samples, it is found that the abrasive wear is dominant at small arc discharge due to worn particles and arc ablation craters, but arc erosion and oxidation wear are the main wear mechanisms in condition of large arc discharge due to arc discharge and its producing high temperature. The materials transfer of contact couple occurs in the process of friction and wear.

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Heuberger, Roman, Emely Lea Bortel, Jorge Sague, Pablo Escuder, and Jiri Nohava. "Shear resistance and composition of polyethylene protuberances from hip-simulating pin-on-disc wear tests." Biotribology 23 (September 2020): 100139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biotri.2020.100139.

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Jędrzejczyk, Dariusz, and Elżbieta Szatkowska. "The Impact of Heat Treatment on the Behavior of a Hot-Dip Zinc Coating Applied to Steel During Dry Friction." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030660.

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The analyzed topic refers to the wear resistance and friction coefficient changes resulting from heat treatment (HT) of a hot-dip zinc coating deposited on steel. The aim of research was to evaluate the coating behavior during dry friction after HT as a result of microstructure changes and increase the coating hardness. The HT parameters should be determined by taking into consideration, on the one hand, coating wear resistance and, on the other hand, its anticorrosion properties. A hot-dip zinc coating was deposited in industrial conditions (according EN ISO 10684) on disc-shaped samples and the chosen bolts. The achieved results were assessed on the basis of tribological tests (T11 pin-on-disc tester, Schatz®Analyse device, Sindelfingen, Germany), microscopic observations (with the use of optical and scanning microscopy), EDS (point and linear) analysis, and microhardness measurements. It is proved that properly applied HT of a hot-dip zinc coating results in changes in the coating’s microstructure, hardness, friction coefficient, and wear resistance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Testes pin-on-disc'

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