Academic literature on the topic 'Testicular measurements'
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Journal articles on the topic "Testicular measurements"
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Manso Filho, H. C., H. E. C. Costa, F. L. Santos, M. G. Abage, L. M. C. Ferreira, and S. R. Marques. "Testicular measurements in Campolina stallions." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 20, no. 4 (2000): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(00)80349-4.
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Cai, Dongyan, Size Wu, Ya Li, and Qingfang Chen. "Validity of measurements of testicular volume obtained by a built-in software of ultrasound systems: with formula recommended by updated guidelines as reference." Journal of Ultrasonography 20, no. 82 (2020): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/jou.2020.0030.
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Aim: To investigate the validity of measurement of testicular volume acquired by a built-in software in different ultrasound systems with reference to the updated guidelines. Materials and methods: Archives of 1,976 patients who had undergone scrotal ultrasound evaluation were reviewed. A total of 973 patients with 1,909 testes, who had undergone ultrasound measurement of the testicular volume, were included in the study, and 1,003 patients were excluded. The age of enrolled patients ranged from 17 to 66 years (median age of 39 years). The ultrasound systems included Siemens Sonoline S2000, Philips EPIQ5, GE Logiq E9, Hitachi Aloka prosoundα7, Mindray DC-8 and Mindray Resona7. The transducers have imaging frequencies of 5–14 MHz. Validity of the measurement of testicular volume acquired by a built-in software in different ultrasound systems was assessed with reference to the formula that Volume (V) = Length (L) × Width (W) × Height (H) × 0.71, recommended by the updated guidelines, by recalculating the original numbers using a calculator. Results: The values obtained by the built-in software of Mindray DC-8 and Mindray Resona7 ultrasound systems and measurements recalculated on a computer were all in concordance; and the values obtained by the built-in software of Siemens Sonoline S2000, Philips EPIQ5, GE Logiq E9, and Hitachi Aloka prosoundα7 ultrasound systems and measurements recalculated on computer were all discordant. The same testicular measurements calculated with different formulas (V = L×W×H×0.71 vs. V = L×W×H×0.52) produced 26.76% difference. Conclusion: Values of testicular volume obtained by some ultrasound systems are not accurate with reference to the formula recommended by the updated guidelines.
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Pedersen, Malene, Henrik Møller, Palle Osther, Peter Vedsted, René Holst, and Søren Rafaelsen. "Comparison of Tissue Stiffness Using Shear Wave Elastography in Men with Normal Testicular Tissue, Testicular Microlithiasis and Testicular Cancer." Ultrasound International Open 03, no. 04 (2017): E150—E155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-116660.
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Abstract Objectives To compare elastography measurements in men with normal testicular tissue, testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer. Methods A total of 248 consecutive patients were included. All men provided written informed consent. Testicular stiffness was assessed using shear wave elastography (SWE). Three SWE velocity measurements were assessed in each testicle. The patients were divided into three groups; men with normal testicular tissue (n=130), men with testicular microlithiasis (n=99) and men with testicular cancer (n=19). Results We found a higher mean velocity in the group of patients with testicular cancer (1.92 m/s (95% CI 1.82–2.03)) compared to both the group with normal tissue (0.76 m/s (95% CI: 0.75–0.78)) (p<0.001) and the group with testicular microlithiasis 0.79 m/s (95% CI: 0.77–0.81) (p<0.001). Conclusion The presence of testicular microlithiasis increased stiffness slightly, but within the range of variation in normal testicles. Increased stiffness may indicate testicular malignancy in testicular lesions. Ultrasound elastography could be a very useful tool when investigating scrotum.
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YARNEY, T. A., L. M. SANFORD, and W. M. PALMER. "PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT OF RAM LAMBS: BODY WEIGHT AND TESTICULAR SIZE MEASUREMENTS AS INDICES OF POSTPUBERTAL REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 1 (1990): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-016.
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The relationship between the pattern of early testicular growth and postpubertal spermatogenic function and libido was investigated with 14 Suffolk rams born in March. Scrotal circumference and testicular diameter (TD) measurements were taken every 10 d between 30 and 190 d of age, and at 13 and 17 mo. Daily sperm output (DSO, sperm voided in urine) or semen quality, and libido were assessed at approximately 6, 13 and 17 mo of age. At 6 mo of age, rams with the larger testes had a greater DSO (r ≥ 0.77, P < 0.01) and mated estrual ewes more frequently (r ≥ 0.72, P < 0.01). Rams with larger testes at 13 mo had a greater DSO (r ≥ 0.74, P < 0.01), and those with larger testes at 17 mo ejaculated a higher percentage of motile spermatozoa (r ≥ 0.55, P < 0.05) and a greater number of spermatozoa (r = 0.61, P < 0.05; TD only). DSO at 13 mo was related to testicular size (r ≥ 0.54, P < 0.05) between 150 and 190 d of age. There were also correlations between the number of spermatozoa ejaculated at 17 mo and testicular size measurements (r ≥ 0.56, P < 0.05) taken between 170 and 190 d. However, ejaculation frequency (EF) at both 13 and 17 mo was not related to earlier testicular size measurements. Whereas testicular size and spermatogenic function of yearling Suffolk rams relate to testicular size measurements taken at about 6 mo of age, juvenile testicular size measurements correlate with EF only in the immediate postpubertal period. Key words: Sexual maturation, reproductive traits, interrelationships, ram
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Walkden-Brown, SW, BJ Restall, and WA Taylor. "Testicular and epididymal sperm content in grazing Cashmere bucks: seasonal variation and prediction from measurements in vivo." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 6 (1994): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940727.
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Each month, for 15 months, the testes and epididymides were recovered from five Australian cashmere bucks selected at random from a group of mature bucks (initial n = 116) at pasture (location 29 degrees S, 153 degrees E). The extent of seasonal change in testicular and epididymal sperm reserves was determined and indirect methods for predicting these reserves were developed. Paired testicular weight exhibited clear seasonal variation from 137 g in August to 269 g in February. The total elongated spermatid content of the testes, determined by homogenization, showed a very similar seasonal pattern, ranging from 13.8 x 10(9) in September to 36.2 x 10(9) in March. Seasonal changes of similar timing were observed for paired epididymal weight and sperm content. Although changes in total testicular spermatid content were largely the result of change in testicular weight (R2 = 0.72, P < 0.001), the elongated spermatid content of testicular parenchyma (mean, 127 x 10(6) g-1) exhibited significant seasonal variation with elevated values between February and June, suggestive of an increase in the efficiency of spermatogenesis. Daily sperm production, calculated by means of a spermatogenic time divisor for sheep, ranged from 2.76 x 10(9) in September to 7.23 x 10(9) in February. Scrotal circumference, scrotal volume and testicular length x diameter2 were identified as accurate predictors of testicular weight (R2 > or = 0.87) and sperm content (R2 > or = 0.70). The results demonstrate that: (a) cashmere bucks exhibit considerable seasonal variation in spermatogenesis associated primarily with changes in testicular mass but also with changes in the efficiency of spermatogenesis; and (b) indirect measures of testicular size are good predictors of testicular elongated sperm content. When the correct spermatogenic time divisor for goats is determined, such indirect measures may be used to predict daily sperm production.
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COULTER, G. H., and D. R. C. BAILEY. "TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT OF SALERS BULLS TO ONE YEAR OF AGE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (1988): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-106.
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Scrotal circumference measurements were taken on 255 Salers bulls located at five growth performance test stations at the 56-d (26.9 ± 0.2 cm), 84-d (28.8 ± 0.2 cm) and 140-d weighings (30.8 ± 0.2 cm) in 1986, and on 248 Salers bulls located at four test stations at the 140-d weighing (31.3 ± 0.1 cm) in 1987. The estimated scrotal circumference measurement for Salers bulls at 365 d of age was 29.4 cm. Test station, percentage of Salers breeding within test station, sire of bull within year and test station, and the covariate body weight all contributed to the variance in scrotal circumference measurements. Incorporation of sire of bull within year and test station into the statistical model accounted for a much higher proportion of the variance in scrotal circumference measurements (r2 = 65%) than when percentage of Salers breeding within test station was substituted (r2 = 32%). Key words: Testicular development, scrotal circumference, Salers bulls, recommendations
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Bott, J. Rodriguez, S. Sandoval, and A. Tibary. "Relationship between testicular measurements using calipers or ultrasonography with testicular weight in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)." Theriogenology 70, no. 3 (2008): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.05.012.
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Rodrigues, N. N., D. P. Vrisman, G. F. Rossi, et al. "152 Correlation between testicular and accessory sex glands biometric characteristics in Nellore and Caracu bulls." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, no. 1 (2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv31n1ab152.
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The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between testicular and accessory sex gland measurements in Nellore (Bos taurus indicus) and Caracu (Bos taurus taurus) bulls. Bulls (n=282, including 203 Nellore from 12 to 61 months and 79 Caracu from 12 to 48 months) had their reproductive organs measured. Scrotal circumference was measured with a tape. Length (dorso-ventral) and diameter (mid-lateral) of testes were measured using a graduated ruler. Testicular volume (V) was calculated by the cylinder formula: V=2[(R2)×π×L], where R=radius (diameter/2), L=testicular length and π=3.14 (Fields et al. 1979 J. Anim. Sci. 48, 1299-1304). B-mode ultrasonographic examinations with a 7.5-MHz transrectal linear-array transducer were performed to obtain the mean of 3 vertical dimensions of the vesicular glands, disseminated prostate, ampulla of vas deferens, and lumen of ampulla, and cranio-caudal and dorso-ventral dimensions of the prostate body and bulbourethral glands. For paired organs, the mean was calculated and used in analyses. Biometry data of testes and accessory sex glands were analysed by the PROC CORR (Pearson correlation) of the SAS program (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA; P&lt;0.05). Testicular measurements (scrotal circumference, diameter and length) were positively correlated with each other (r=0.69 to 0.92). Similarly, biometrics of the accessory sex glands had positive correlations with testes. The vesicular glands had correlations of r=0.62, 0.43, 0.58 and 0.59 with testes length, diameter, and volume and scrotal circumference, respectively. Correlations testicular biometry characteristics and ampulla of vas deferens ranged from 0.52 to 0.68, whereas those between testicular characteristics and lumen of ampulla were much lower (r=0.28 to 0.37), perhaps due to bulls riding penmates and ejaculating before the ultrasonographic examination. The dorso-ventral measure of the prostate body had positive correlations with size of testes (r=0.13 to 0.28), whereas cranio-caudal measurement of this gland was not correlated with size of testes. Finally, there were positive correlations between testes and disseminated prostate (0.28 to 0.36), and testes and bulbourethral glands, both in the dorso-ventral and cranio-caudal dimensions (0.17 to 0.42). In conclusion, testicular biometry in bulls was correlated with measurements of accessory sex glands, perhaps due to testosterone synthesis, which is essential for accessory sex gland development.
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Abbate, B., S. Pancani, D. A. Danti, C. Calabrò, R. Parenti, and A. Taddei. "Varicocele in Paediatric Age: Comparison between Testicular Size Measured by Ultrasound, Prader Orchimeter and Sliding Calibre." Urologia Journal 61, no. 4 (1994): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039406100406.
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Varicocele in paediatric age requires a different clinical management from that in adults. Because of the lack of seminal data, the accurate evaluation of the testicular size is of great value in the clinical approach and in the follow-up of varicocele in the child. The Authors present their experience, refering to 57 children with left idiopathic varicocele, in which the testicular size was measured by three different means: Prader's orchimeter, sliding calibre and scrotal ultrasound. The measurements were carried out by the same surgeons and radiologists. No significant differences were observed between the measurements obtained by the use of the different means. The data were compared by Fisher's statistical test. In conclusion the sliding calibre and the orchimeter are accurate enough methods, and very cheap. The ultrasound is more accurate in the evaluation of testicular size and is the method employed in the presence of other testicular and scrotal diseases.
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Silva, Neyton Carlos da, Raphael Colombo Gaspar, Amália Saturnino Chaves, Luciana Castro Geraseev, André Luiz Mendes Athayde, and Letícia Ferrari Crocomo. "Morphometric measurements of sheep fed with increasing levels of sunflower meal." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 41, no. 1 (2019): 42891. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v41i1.42891.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, body morphometric measurements and testicular development in lambs fed with different rates of sunflower meal inclusion. The animals (24) were randomly distributed in treatments with 0, 10, 20 and 30% of sunflower meal in the dry matter of the diet, in six replicates, during 56 days of confinement. The addition of the coproduct at increasing dietary rates increased linearly the dry matter intake in the percentage of live weight and neutral detergent fiber. Despite this, there was a linear reduction in ether extract intake and chest width. On the other hand, there was no difference in daily, total and final weight gains. The body condition score; height of withers, croup and thorax; length of body and croup; width of fore croup, hind croup and chest; thoracic and neck diameters also did not change with the addition of the coproduct. The testicular measures 26.76; 6.11; 6.08; 5.22; 5.21; 4.80, and 4.81cm varied quadratically with the inclusion. Therefore, the inclusion of 30% of the coproduct changes nutrient intake and testicular biometry, but does not interfere in the body weight and development, being an economical alternative.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Testicular measurements"
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Kavak, Ants. "Evaluation of sperm production, testicular measurements and post-thaw sperm quality in Tori and Estonian breed stallions /." Uppsala : Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/9329559.pdf.
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Martins, Jorge Andrà Matias. "AvaliaÃÃo da biometria testicular, epididimal e de glÃndulas sexuais acessÃrias e correlaÃÃes entre caracterÃsticas biomÃtricas e histolÃgicas em carneiros deslanados sprd." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1386.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biometria de partes do trato reprodutor de ovinos deslanados sem padrÃo racial definido (SPRD) criados no semi-Ãrido nordestino, e
correlacionar os dados biomÃtricos testiculares, epididimais e de glÃndulas sexuais acessÃrias com variÃveis associadas ao processo espermatogÃnico. Os dados biomÃtricos foram obtidos a partir dos testÃculos, epidÃdimos e das glÃndulas sexuais acessÃrias de 19 animais abatidos em torno de 60 semanas de idade. O parÃnquima testicular foi avaliado quanto ao diÃmetro, volume e comprimento dos tÃbulos seminÃferos, altura do epitÃlio germinativo e populaÃÃo de
cÃlulas e Sertoli e germinativas. Foram realizadas anÃlises de correlaÃÃo de Pearson (p < 0.05) entre as caracterÃsticas estudadas e montados modelos de regressÃo linear simples para estas mesmas variÃveis atravÃs do programa estatÃstico StatView, 5.0 (SAS, 1998). CorrelaÃÃes significativas foram verificadas entre todas as medidas testiculares (peso, comprimento, largura e volume) e as outras medidas do trato reprodutor, como comprimento da cauda do epidÃdimo (CCauEp; r=0,66 a 0,68) e as peso das glÃndulas sexuais acessÃrias (r=0,68 a 0,72). Estas tambÃm tiveram correlaÃÃes significativas com o peso do epidÃdimo e com o CCauEp
(r=0,56 e 0,70, respectivamente), o que sugere a existÃncia de uma sinergia no desenvolvimento do trato genital masculino. A largura testicular (LT) foi o parÃmetro que
apresentou correlaÃÃes mais significativas com peso, comprimento e volume testiculares (r=0,88; 0,87 e 0,94) e os modelos de regressÃo que permitem estimar qualquer uma dessas caracterÃsticas, a exemplo do volume testicular: VT = -260,17 + 68,479 x LT; RÂ= 0,95. Esta caracterÃstica tambÃm esteve alta e significativamente correlacionada com mportantes parÃmetros histolÃgicos, como volume do tÃbulo seminÃfero (r=0,96), nÃmero de espermÃtides arredondadas por testÃculo (r=0,89) e produÃÃo diÃria de espermÃtides
arredondadas (r=0,89). Os modelos de regressÃo linear simples com coeficientes de determinaÃÃo (RÂ) elevados permitem estimar as caracterÃsticas histolÃgicas a partir da largura testicular. No presente estudo, foram obtidos, pela primeira vez, os pesos das glÃndulas vesiculares e bulbo-uretrais em ovinos SPRD e pÃde-se observar que animais com maior medidas testiculares tambÃm apresentaram elevados parÃmetros quantitativos da espermatogÃnese e maiores epidÃdimos e glÃndulas vesiculares. A largura testicular pode ser Ãtil para seleÃÃo de reprodutores por ser uma caracterÃstica de fÃcil mensuraÃÃo.<br>The present study was conducted to evaluate aspects of the reproductive tract of crossbred rams raised in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast. Correlations between measurements of the testes, epididymis and accessory sex glands and variables related to the
spermatogenic process were also determined. Data were obtained from 19 animals slaughtered at the approximate age of 60 weeks. Seminiferous tubules were studied with
regard to volume, length and height and the population of Sertoli and germ cells. Associations between variables were estimated by Pearsonâs method (p < 0.05) and linear regression analysis using StatView 5.0 software (SAS, 1998). Significant correlations were found among
all testis measurements (weight, length, width and volume) and other aspects of the reproductive trait, such as length of the cauda epididymis (CCauEp; r = 0.66 to 0.68) and weight of the accessory sex glands (AG; r = 0.68 to 0.72). Weight of AG was also associated with epididymal weight and CCauEp (r = 0.56 and 0.70, respectively), suggesting the existence of a synchronized development of the male reproductive trait. Testis width (TW)
represented the variable with the most significant correlations with testis weight, length and
volume (r = 0.88; 0.87 and 0.94). Moreover, regression model allowed the empirical estimate of testis volume (TV) based on testis width: TV = - 260.17 + 68.479 x TW (RÂ = 0.95). This characteristic (TW) was highly correlated with important aspects of gonad histology, such as volume of the seminiferous tubules (r = 0.96), number of round spermatids per testis (r = 0.89) and daily production of round spermatids (r = 0.89). Linear regression models with high coefficients of determination (RÂ) allowed the estimation of histological parameters based on testis width. In conclusion, the present study shows, for the first time, information about the weight of accessory sex glands in crossbred rams. It was also observed that animals with larger testes had larger epididymis and accessory sex glands and greater quantitative estimates
of the spermatogenesis. Testis width should be useful for selection of sires because it is of easy measurement.
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Martins, Jorge André Matias. "Avaliação da biometria testicular, epididimal e de glândulas sexuais acessórias e correlações entre características biométricas e histológicas em carneiros deslanados sprd." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18760.
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MARTINS, Jorge André Matias. Avaliação da biometria testicular, epididimal e de glândulas sexuais acessórias e correlações entre características biométricas e histológicas em carneiros deslanados sprd. 2006. 56 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2006.<br>Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-01T12:33:32Z
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Previous issue date: 2006<br>The present study was conducted to evaluate aspects of the reproductive tract of crossbred rams raised in the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast. Correlations between measurements of the testes, epididymis and accessory sex glands and variables related to the spermatogenic process were also determined. Data were obtained from 19 animals slaughtered at the approximate age of 60 weeks. Seminiferous tubules were studied with regard to volume, length and height and the population of Sertoli and germ cells. Associations between variables were estimated by Pearson’s method (p < 0.05) and linear regression analysis using StatView 5.0 software (SAS, 1998). Significant correlations were found among all testis measurements (weight, length, width and volume) and other aspects of the reproductive trait, such as length of the cauda epididymis (CCauEp; r = 0.66 to 0.68) and weight of the accessory sex glands (AG; r = 0.68 to 0.72). Weight of AG was also associated with epididymal weight and CCauEp (r = 0.56 and 0.70, respectively), suggesting the existence of a synchronized development of the male reproductive trait. Testis width (TW) represented the variable with the most significant correlations with testis weight, length and volume (r = 0.88; 0.87 and 0.94). Moreover, regression model allowed the empirical estimate of testis volume (TV) based on testis width: TV = - 260.17 + 68.479 x TW (R² = 0.95). This characteristic (TW) was highly correlated with important aspects of gonad histology, such as volume of the seminiferous tubules (r = 0.96), number of round spermatids per testis (r = 0.89) and daily production of round spermatids (r = 0.89). Linear regression models with high coefficients of determination (R²) allowed the estimation of histological parameters based on testis width. In conclusion, the present study shows, for the first time, information about the weight of accessory sex glands in crossbred rams. It was also observed that animals with larger testes had larger epididymis and accessory sex glands and greater quantitative estimates of the spermatogenesis. Testis width should be useful for selection of sires because it is of easy measurement.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biometria de partes do trato reprodutor de ovinos deslanados sem padrão racial definido (SPRD) criados no semi-árido nordestino, e correlacionar os dados biométricos testiculares, epididimais e de glândulas sexuais acessórias com variáveis associadas ao processo espermatogênico. Os dados biométricos foram obtidos a partir dos testículos, epidídimos e das glândulas sexuais acessórias de 19 animais abatidos em torno de 60 semanas de idade. O parênquima testicular foi avaliado quanto ao diâmetro, volume e comprimento dos túbulos seminíferos, altura do epitélio germinativo e população de células e Sertoli e germinativas. Foram realizadas análises de correlação de Pearson (p < 0.05) entre as características estudadas e montados modelos de regressão linear simples para estas mesmas variáveis através do programa estatístico StatView, 5.0 (SAS, 1998). Correlações significativas foram verificadas entre todas as medidas testiculares (peso, comprimento, largura e volume) e as outras medidas do trato reprodutor, como comprimento da cauda do epidídimo (CCauEp; r=0,66 a 0,68) e as peso das glândulas sexuais acessórias (r=0,68 a 0,72). Estas também tiveram correlações significativas com o peso do epidídimo e com o CCauEp (r=0,56 e 0,70, respectivamente), o que sugere a existência de uma sinergia no desenvolvimento do trato genital masculino. A largura testicular (LT) foi o parâmetro que apresentou correlações mais significativas com peso, comprimento e volume testiculares (r=0,88; 0,87 e 0,94) e os modelos de regressão que permitem estimar qualquer uma dessas características, a exemplo do volume testicular: VT = -260,17 + 68,479 x LT; R²= 0,95. Esta característica também esteve alta e significativamente correlacionada com mportantes parâmetros histológicos, como volume do túbulo seminífero (r=0,96), número de espermátides arredondadas por testículo (r=0,89) e produção diária de espermátides arredondadas (r=0,89). Os modelos de regressão linear simples com coeficientes de determinação (R²) elevados permitem estimar as características histológicas a partir da largura testicular. No presente estudo, foram obtidos, pela primeira vez, os pesos das glândulas vesiculares e bulbo-uretrais em ovinos SPRD e pôde-se observar que animais com maior medidas testiculares também apresentaram elevados parâmetros quantitativos da espermatogênese e maiores epidídimos e glândulas vesiculares. A largura testicular pode ser útil para seleção de reprodutores por ser uma característica de fácil mensuração.
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WANG, YU-YIN, and 王佑尹. "Analysis and Measurement of the Testicular Dose with Shielding During Rectal cancer Radiotherapy." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22327809196168334828.
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碩士<br>元培醫事科技大學<br>醫學影像暨放射技術系碩士在職專班<br>104<br>In radiotherapy for rectal cancer, control of the testicular dose for young patients is important, since exposure of the testis could lead to temporary or permanent infertility. Although the testis is located out of the treatment field for patients receiving radiotherapy , the testis is inevitably exposed to scattered radiation resulting from the interaction between primary beams and patients and collimators. In this study, the dosimeters were used to measure the testicular dose with and without a testicular shielding to verify the effect of shielding.
The rando phantom was irradiated according to the treatment protocol of rectal cancer. The optical stimulation luminescence dosimeters, OSLDs, were used to measure the testicular dose with and without a testicular shielding. OSLDs were also placed surround the shielding to estimate scatter dose.
As the result of measurement, the testicular dose was about 59.9~85.1 cGy when a dose of 4500 cGy was given to the whole pelvic. The testicular dose was reduced to 33.8~50.0 cGy when the testicular shielding was used. For patients of reproductive age, the use of testicular shielding is still necessary.
Books on the topic "Testicular measurements"
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Winter, Christian, and Peter Albers. Testicular cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0090.
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Testicular germ cell tumours (GCTs) represent the most common solid malignancy of young men aged 15–40 years. The disease is rising in incidence. Germ cell tumours are best divided into those with pure seminoma and non-seminoma (NSGCT) histology. While cryptorchidism is clearly established as a risk factor, the pathogenesis of testicular cancer remains unknown. Familial studies and molecular analyses suggest an association to genetic alterations. Most testicular cancer patients present a primary tumour in the testis. Diagnostic examinations include testis palpation and ultrasound, and measurement of serum tumour markers (AFP, ß-HCG, and LDH). Surgical exploration is obligatory for suspected tumours and radical orchidectomy should be performed if a tumour is found. Prognosis and subsequent treatment depends upon the clinical stage and the IGCCCG classification (in case of advanced GCT disease).
Book chapters on the topic "Testicular measurements"
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McCue, Patrick M. "Measurement of Testicular Size and Estimation of Daily Sperm Output." In Equine Reproductive Procedures. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118904398.ch117.
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Behre, Hermann M., and Eberhard Nieschlag. "Endocrine evaluation." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.9037.
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The main constituent of endocrine laboratory diagnosis of testicular dysfunction is the determination of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from the pituitary gland, of testosterone secreted from the Leydig cells, and of inhibin-B secreted from the Sertoli cells. Where hypothalamic or pituitary disorders are suspected as causes of testicular dysfunction, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test can be performed for further differentiation. A human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation test is done for evaluation of the endocrine reserve capacity of the testis. Additional hormone measurements are performed for special diagnostic questions, e.g. of oestradiol in cases of gynaecomastia, or hCG and oestradiol upon suspicion of a testicular tumour. Various steroid hormones, including dihydrotestosterone, androgen receptors, or androgen metabolizing enzymes (e.g. 5α-reductase) in the target organs are analysed in patients with disturbances of sexual differentiation.
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Reynard, John, Simon F. Brewster, Suzanne Biers, and Naomi Laura Neal. "Infertility." In Oxford Handbook of Urology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783480.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Male factor infertility is outlined in an easily digestible format to provide clear information on this sometimes less familiar topic, starting with the basics of male reproductive physiology, the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis, and spermatogenesis. This chapter includes a review of the aetiologies of abnormal sperm counts (with particular emphasis on azoospermia and oligospermia), relevant clinical assessment, and key male factor infertility investigations such as semen analysis, hormone measurement, karyotying, imaging, and testicular biopsy. The chapter explains the management options for the infertile male and couple, including information on the different assisted reproductive techniques. The chapter covers additional important clinical and exam topics, including varicoceles, indications for repair in males of different ages, red flag signs that should trigger further investigation, and the treatment options of embolization and surgical repair. The fourth edition also includes the addition of new material exploring the pros and cons of vasectomy and vasectomy reversal.
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"Cancers of the genitourinary system." In Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology, edited by Thankamma Ajithkumar, Ann Barrett, Helen Hatcher, and Sarah Jefferies. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745440.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter deals with renal, bladder, prostate and penile cancers, and tumours of the testis. Epidemiology, aetiology, and risk factors including specific genetic mutations as well as general lifestyle factors are described for each tumour type. For renal tumours, classification takes into account different clinical behaviours and genetic mutations. The role of surgery in the cure of disease and treatment of metastatic disease are discussed as well as the role of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the use of tyrosine kinase, mTor, and T-cell checkpoint inhibition. The role of surgery in bladder cancer is defined in the management of localized and muscle invasive cancer and the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both in advanced or metastatic disease. As well as discussion of the different aspects of management of prostate cancer, consideration is given to the use of absolute values of PSA measurement and other parameters in screening, treatment monitoring, and surveillance. Endocrine therapies are also discussed. Epidemiology aetiology, genetic factors, and pathology of testicular tumours are considered and the curative potential of treatment is underlined as well as the appropriate use of surveillance. For penile cancer treatment, modalities including surgery and different radiotherapy approaches are outlined.
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Eisen, Tim, Freddie C. Hamdy, and Robert A. Huddart. "Malignant diseases of the urinary tract." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by John D. Firth. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0508.
Full textAbstract:
Bladder cancer—the seventh commonest cancer in the United Kingdom and the fourth most common in men. Nonmuscle-invasive disease is usually treated by transurethral resection with postoperative intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin or bacillus Calmette–Guérin. Local muscle-invasive disease in patients who are fit enough is usually treated with radical cystoprostatectomy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Metastatic disease is typically treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Renal cell cancer—approximately 3% of the total cancer burden. For operable patients with no distant disease, the treatment of choice is nephron-sparing (if possible) or radical nephrectomy. Metastatic renal cancer can behave in a very variable manner. Palliative nephrectomy may be required for bleeding or pain. First-line systemic treatment is with antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling. Prostate cancer—second most common cause of male cancer deaths in the Western world. Most cases are asymptomatic at presentation, being detected following measurement of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or after digital rectal examination, although screening by measurement of PSA remains a contentious issue. Clinically localized prostate cancer is treated with active monitoring, radiotherapy, or minimally invasive surgery. Locally advanced disease is likely to progress and requires intervention, usually in the form of androgen deprivation therapy and radiotherapy. First-line treatment for metastatic prostate cancer is androgen deprivation therapy; second-line treatment may be with newer antiandrogens in combination with steroids and cytotoxics. Testicular cancer—affects predominantly young adult men in whom they are the most common malignant tumours. For most patients, initial management consists of an inguinal orchidectomy, with or without immediate adjuvant therapy. Standard treatment of metastatic germ cell tumours is with a combination of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin.